UNITED NATIONSINDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION I n ve s t m e n t a n d T e c h n o l o g y P r o m o t i o n B r a n c h THE FUTURE OF PRODUCTS OF THE ANDEAN HIGH PLATEAU AND CENTRAL VALLEYS REPORT MEDICINAL PLANTS ORIGINATING IN THE ANDEAN HIGH PLATEAU AND CENTRAL VALLEYS REGION OF BOLIVIA, ECUADOR AND PERU October 2006 Investment and Technology Promotion Branch in cooperation with the Center for Science and High Technology (ICS-UNIDO) The Future of Products of the Andean High Plateau and Central Valleys October 2006 Consultant: Mahabir P. Gupta, Ph.D. ∗ The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The responsibility for options expressed rests solely with the authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by UNIDO of the opinions expressed. Any indication of, or reference to, a country, institution, firms or other legal entity does not constitute an endorsement. This document has been produced without formal editing. ∗ Acknowledgements: The author of this Report wishes to acknowledge the untiring efforts and assistance of Dr. Angela Calderón, Assistant Research Professor, Center for Pharmacognostic Research on Panamanian Flora, University of Panama, in preparing this Report. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION Pag. 5 8 1. ABOUT THE PRODUCT 1.1. Raw material 1.2. Products 1.3. Producers 10 10 15 16 2. ABOUT THE PRODUCTION 2.1. Productive chain 2.1.1. Farming 2.1.2. Collection 2.1.3. Transformation 2.1.4. Commercialization 2.1.5. Technologies 2.1.6. Agents implied 2.1.6.1. Public sector 2.1.6.2. Private Organizations 2.2. List of Companies 18 19 19 19 19 20 21 21 21 23 25 3. ABOUT THE MARKET 3.1. Internal and external demand 3.1.1. Internal demand 3.1.2. External demand 3.2. Demand: buyer profile and factors influencing the demand 3.3. Distribution channels 3.4. Legislation 3.4.1. General norms on use of renewable and nonrenewable natural resources 3.4.2. Norms on use of Genetic Resources 3.4.3. Norms on promotion of the competitiveness 3.4.4. International Legal Framework 3.5. Commercialization ways 26 26 26 26 30 31 32 32 33 33 34 35 4. REFERENCES 36 5. SWOT analysis 48 6. RECOMENDATIONS 52 3 CONTENTS TABLES Table 1. List of Accepted Medicinal Plants of Bolivia Table 3. Inventory of already processed medicinal plants from Bolivia Table 4. List of Peruvian producers by economic sector and economic location Table 5. List of Bolivian companies Annex 1 Pag. 59 60 74 81 83 87 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ∗∗ This report is state of art information on different aspects of medicinal plants in the country. Sources of raw material of medicinal plants are grouped by families containing medicinal properties, geographic location and farming. Inventory of the already processed medicinal plants, identification of possible future products, list of producers by economic sector and economic location are provided This report also provides an overview of the productive chain of medicinal and aromatic plants for herbal medicinal products, nutraceuticals, cosmetics and pharmaceutical aids. Information on companies engaged in different aspects of medicinal plants industry is provided. It briefly describes current tendencies of the market, distribution channels, social, legal and commercialization ways of medicinal plant based products. Based on critical evaluation and industrial potential, the most promising plants of Bolivia are Acanthostyles buniifolius (Hook. ex Arn.) R.M. King & H. Rob., Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) DC., Artemisia absinthium L., Baccharis dracunculifolia DC., ∗∗ Thanks are due to the following contributors for their active participation and collaboration at various stages in the preparation of this report. Dr. Alberto Giménez. Institute of Pharmacobiology, Universidad Mayor San Andres, La Paz.
[email protected] Dr. Carlos Aguirre, Personal Communication.
[email protected]. Lic. Ivanna Vega. Communications and Training, Biocomercio Bolivia, La Paz, Bolivia.
[email protected]. 5 Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC., Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl., Peumus boldus Bitter, Cinchona calisaya Wedd., Citrus aurantium L., Croton lechleri Müll. Arg., Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf, Chenopodium ambrosioides L., Eucalyptus citriodora Hook., Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Galipea longiflora K. Krause, Satureja boliviana (Benth.) Briq., Juglans boliviana (C. DC.) Dode, Marrubium vulgare L., Matricaria chamomilla L., Mentha aquatica L., Minthostachys mollis (Kunth) Griseb., Ocimum micranthum Willd, Pera benensis Rusby, Plantago major L., Porophyllum ruderale (Jacq.) Cass., Rubus boliviensis Focke, Schinus molle L., Sida rhombifolia L., Smilax campestris Griseb., Solanum lorentzii Bitter, Tagetes terniflora Kunth, Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg, Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd. ex Spreng.) K. Schum., Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.) DC., Uncaria guianensis (Aubl.) J.F. Gmel. Bolivia has 43 enterprises related to several stages in the industrialization of medicinal plants in the Andean region, of which 63% are concentrated on production of herbal medicinal products, 30% on farming, collection and processing of medicinal plants. The rest of the companies are either dedicated to cosmetics or food industry. Among herbal medicinal products’ industry, exploitation of the following plants was noteworthy: Uncaria tomentosa (Willd.) D.C., Cynara scolymus L., Lepdium meyenii Walp, Baccharis genistelloides (Lam.) Pers., Matricaria chamomilla L., Valeriana officinalis L. It ends with a SWOT analysis and recommendations on industrialization of medicinal plants. 6 BOLIVIA ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg ggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg 7 . 26330. Aysiris. Kolliris. D. which promotes the study and application of traditional pharmacopoeia in Chapter IV. which indicates that providers of indigenous health care will be traditional doctors (Amautas. a Basic Health Insurance has been created (Decree D. which is characterized by a great biological richness. 8 . 22/09/2001. and who are recognized by the 2 Ministerio de Salud y Previsión Social. Nowadays it is even common to see Kallawayas. Two hundred sixteen medicinal plants are officially accepted 2 (Table 1). and later a Basic Health Insurance of Indigenous Health SBS-IO.000 species of higher plants in deserts and humid tropics in life zones from 150 to 6. 25265. Ipayas). Chamans. natural physicians of Aymará origin.000 mm. Bolivia not only has a higher number of plants and animals species but also boasts diversity of environment and ecosystems.500 m above sea level and annual rainfall from 0 to 6. According to studies performed by Institutions such as Institute of Pharmacobiology. It has around 20.INTRODUCTION Bolivia is a country. Kakoris. 3/12/1998). Huatos. Article 9 (of providers).S.S. it is estimated that there are at least 1. 2001. Within the frame work of existing health policies. Jampinis. Resolución Ministerial 0013 del 16 de Enero.000 species of medicinal plants in Bolivia. The knowledge about medicinal plants in Bolivia comes from ancient cultures from Andean and Amazon regions and has lasted through time. Universidad Mayor de San Andres and National Herbarium. Normas para Medicamentos Naturales. Qhacodosos. Tradicionales y Homeopáticos. perinatal diseases. According to SOBOMETRA. the TM is very much in use. is a recognized society which has plans to prepare guidelines for the production registration. 0013 of 16 January 2001. prepare traditional medicine professionals and control their profession. and it is estimated that during the recent years. external causes. La Paz and Universidad Mayo de San Simon (UMSS). malnutrition in < 5 year old and high-risk pregnancy.Bolivian Society of Traditional Medicine (SOBOMETRA). Within the framework of Drugs Act (Law No 1737 of December 1996). The main causes of mortality in Bolivia are circulatory diseases. transmissible diseases. the SOBOMETRA. It is currently working towards creating a National Public University dedicated to the study of Traditional Medicine/Complimentary and Alternative Medicine (TM/CAM). Since Bolivia has mainly indigenous population. Through a Ministerial Resolution No. neoplasms. and control of natural medicine and to train. However. pneumonia. among others. Traditional and Homeopathic Drugs have been implemented. 80% of the national population uses TM/CAM. acute respiratory infections. The research is carried out at the Major University (UMSA) of San Andres. Data on the main causes of morbidity are diarrhea in children < 5 year old. homeopathic products. this number has increased because of the introduction of 9 . the Norms of Natural. there is an expressed need to regulate the market offers of natural products. according to the Ministry of Health’s resolution No 231187. 10 . where 55% of the population opts for traditional medicine. 69% in Bilbao. Santa Cruz and Amazons. Camacho. gastrointestinal problems respiratory tract and skin affections. ABOUT THE PRODUCT 1. especially in the province of the north Potosi. fever and inflammation. WHO Global Atlas of Traditional. 1. Text Volume. central nervous system diseases. 2005. the most common medical uses in decreasing order are: pain. this figure increases to over 30%.acupuncture and other alternative therapies. Kobe.1. Similar figures are estimated for the southern periphery of Cochamba in the Bolivar and Arque provinces. Litorl. Japan. in Tamayo. with the exception of provinces that include capital cities of the Departments (Murrillo en La Paz y Cercado in Oruro). Total number of TM/CAM providers within and outside the conventional health system is 1. The Quechue Population is the most marginal and thus relies heavily on TM.600 3 . and 50% in Chayanta. The preference for TM in Bolivia is very high. 3 WHO. Two hundred sixteen medicinal plants out of 277 are registered by the Bolivian Ministry of Health. Among the Bolivian medicinal plants reported. Raw material The important medicinal plants (277) and their properties appear in Table 1. 85% in Charcas. Norcarangas de Oruro. 70% in Ibañez. over 10% of the population depends on the TM. In the whole area of Aymara. 216 p. An analysis of Table 1 indicates that most of the plants are found in Departments of La Paz. Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Muecas and Arome de La Paz and San Pedro de Totora. Hills (62 species. FONAMA-EIA.700 m asl). Bolivia. 4. 1987. Subtropical valleys (124 species.200-3. 4 Girault.700 m asl). Bolivia. et al.. Tacana: Ecuanasha Aquí. UNICEF-OPS-OMS-PL-480-ORSTOM. Plateau (92 species. Editorial Quipus. A. 1.200 m asl).100 m asl). Tropical regions (116 species. • Moreover. Savannahs (5 species. In this book.600 m asl). Macahua. 1. Carmen Pecha. Tacana: Conozcan nuestros plantas. 238 are reported for their medicinal and economic uses 5 . 1era Edición. La Paz. 3. L. 1999. Buena Vista. Editores: USMA: IIFB-IIQ-IBBA. Ixiamas. there is an ethnobotanical information collected during the period 19951997 in Tacaná communities of Santa Fé. High valleys (386 species. IRD (ex Orstom). Quenevo. 497 pp. 11 . nuestras hierbas.800-2.800-3-900 m asl). Andean valleys (65 species..0004. Translated to Spanish by Carmen Bustillos / René Alcocer. La Paz. Gimenez.900-2. Me Schanapaque.Additional medicinal plants and ethnomedical uses are compiled in the following four books: • The book “Kallawaya Guerisseurs Itinerantes des Andes” written by Louis Girault (1987) 4 comprises information on medicinal uses of 868 plant species belonging to 8 different ecological regions as follows: Highlands and fist (18 species. 500-1. 3. Alta Marani y Santa Rosa de Maravillas.200-1. Ecuanasha Idírene Cuana. 5 Bourdy. G. San Pedro.700 m asl). C. Ediciones Plural. 1. Kallawaya Guerisseurs Itinerantes des Andes. until 500 m asl). on Croton lechleri. Yungas region. 1995. 1st Ed. Ediciones Sirena color. Bolivia. 7 Gupta. 270 Plantas Medicinales Iberoamericanas. I. 2002. similar to ESCOP Monographs. Plantas del Chaco II. are under preparation at this moment. has 23 monographs on Bolivian medicinal plants. 12 . G. WCS Bolivia. Combes.. There are monographs on Uncaria tomentosa. which is in press. Santa Cruz. Interandean valleys. Valeriana officinalis in the US Pharmacopeia 28/National Formulary 23 (2005). IRD. nutritional and industrialization potential (Table 2). • The second edition of the book written by Gupta in 1995 7 . HNB. Matricaria chamomilla. M. Usos tradicionales Izoceño-Guaraní Editores: UMSA. CYTED-Convenio Andrés Bello. Fundación KAA IYA. 6 Bourdy. thirty-five plants have been selected as promising based on their pharmaceutical. Most of the medicinal plants reported herein are distributed in Amazon. CYTED. Baccharis sp. 441 p. Usos tradicionales Izoceño-Guaraní by Bourdy and Combes (2002) 6 comprises ethnobotanical information of 247 plants collected during the period 1997-2000 in Guaraní communities of the Izozog at the Bolivian Chaco (Province Cordillera and Department Santa Cruz).. authored by Alberto Giménez. After evaluation of Table 1. OEA. CYTED monographs. High plateau and Gran Chaco region. Model monographs are appended in Annex 1. Bogotá. Uncaria tomentosa. Colombia.P.• Plantas del Chaco II. 617 p. Achyrocline satureioides. Information on farming of these plants was not available but it is assumed that most of them are wild. coughs Matricaria chamomilla L. Manzanilla Stomachache.) Briq. Petit grain. antiseptic. evanta. Kurisi. Fennel (Hinojo). parasites.M. food preservative. = Satureja boliviana (Benth. disinfectant Juglans boliviana (C. Sangre de drago. Laranku To sweat. Hierba Luisa Digestive Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Pachataya Laxative. eupeptic. digestive. choleretic. rheumatism Baccharis trimera (Less. Jichu cederrón. tonic. blood purifier. Jinuchchu Stomachache. DC.) R. Carqueja Bile stones. antiseptic. diarrhea Hedeoma mandoniana Wedd. epilepsy Croton lechleri Müll. Pasto de cedron. vermifuge Eucalyptus citriodora Hook. febrifuge. evanta macho Leishmaniasis. Galipea longiflora K. Khoa Antiparasitic. melancholia.evanta hembra. psoriasis.) DC. anti- 13 . to regulate menstruation. Ajenjo Stomachache. Krause Yuruma huana. sexual impotence. wira wira Coughs and lung problems Artemisia absinthium L. Vira vira.Table 2. Llausa Mora Purgative Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Cabrera T’ola. aromatic. rheumatism Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl. Paico Hepatic functions. herpes. Arg. Eucaliptus (eucalipto) Cough. memory. feminine sterility. Baccharis dracunculifolia DC. laxative Marrubium vulgare L. bolivian walnut Skin problems (eczema.) Dode Nogal. Rob. black walnut. paludism. emollient Cinchona calisaya Wedd. Jichu sokkos. = Parastrephia lepidophylla (Wedd. bronchitis Foeniculum vulgare Mill. King & H. insecticide. Muña. List of most promising Bolivian plants Plant Common name Medical use(s) Acanthostyles buniifolius (Hook. milk production. Cascarilla Fever. parasites. Toronjil del monte Expectorant. wounds). Paja cedron. burns. ex Arn.) DC. Quina. eyes wash. wound healer. Thola. Romerillo Source of essential oil Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) Stapf Japanese mint. anemia Citrus aurantium L. Brazil nut oil Antioxidant. insomnia. somniferous. migraine. cardiac palpitations.H.) J. kajahuatana. antibacterial. Pharmacobiology.) Cass. intestinal. La Paz. Peperina. añas keru Digestive. flatulence. stomachache. diarrhoea. Molle. bowels movement. ex Spreng. diarrea Ocimum micranthum Willd Albahaca del monte Bronchitis. Schum. blood purifier.. Minthostachys mollis (Kunth) Griseb. hemorrhoids. suico-suico Nervous shivering. Llanten Throat.) DC. antiinflammatory. Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. wounds healing Sida rhombifolia L. mulli Hepaprotector. uterine washings. Gmel.bo. Bolivia.Plant Common name Medical use(s) inflammatory. antispasmodic. milk production Pera benensis Rusby Apainichij. kidney and liver functions Source: Material data sheet. hemorrhoids Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd. uterine stimulators. peperita. blood pressure. Mentha aquatica L. escobilla Antibacterial. digestive. rheumatism Porophyllum ruderale (Jacq. diuretic. apainiki Leishmaniasis Plantago major L. migraine. mora Astringent. Menta Stomach pain.F. appetite loss Taraxacum officinale F. venereal diseases Solanum lorentzii Bitter Guirakillo Antimycotic. etc. fever. sore throat. hepatic functions. diarrhea. Institute of 14 . Sarsaparrilla. kidney inflammations. food Tagetes terniflora Kunth Huacataya. nauseas. & Schult. matin muña Antimicrobial. Cupuazu Pharmaceutical aid for suppositories. Universidad Mayor San Andres. Dr. www. Wigg Amargen. Alberto Giménez. Quilquiña. Uncaria guianensis (Aubl. bereu quid’a Vomiting. menstrual regulation.biocomerciobolivia. antimycotic. fever Smilax campestris Griseb. eupectic.) K. Malva. pills. rheumatism. mexican cilantro Flavouring agent Rubus boliviensis Focke Zarzamora silvestre. Antiseptic. diente de leon Flatulence.org. stomach parasites. otitis. Personal Evaluation. varicose veins. ex Roem. anemia. regulator of heart. diarrhea. wounds healing Peumus boldus Molina Boldo. vertigo. Uña de gato. to sweat. conjunctivitis. skin problems Schinus molle L. associations and communities commercialize 32 plants. Lepidium meyenii Walp.. Moreover “Asociación de exportadores de aceites esenciales” (Association of Essential oils Exporters) is leading the production of essential oils particularly Romerillo and Muña negra.2.. One of the factors that produces loss of incentive in the investments and production of this sector is the lowering of prices in the international market as well as strong fluctuations in prices and demand. Another group involves in cosmetics industry is LABORATORIOS ALEPH. Amaranth. Quinua.). In Bolivia. Products An analysis of the inventory of already processed medicinal plants in Bolivia (Table 3) showed that 27 companies are engaged in production and commerce of herbal medicinal products. To date. Baccharis genistelloides (Lam. red purple from Cochinilla (Dactylopius coccus Costa) and yellow from curcuma (Curcuma longa L. Two associations (“Asociación de productores Multiactiva” (Association of Multiactiva Producers) and “Fundación para la Promoción e Investigación de Productos Andinos” (Foundation for the Promotion and Research on Andean Products) (PROINPA)) are leading the production of Amaranthus caudatus L. Chira for food industry.1.) Pers. Millmi..) D.. three species are produced and used to extract natural colorants: red brick from Anatto seeds (Bixa orellana). Ajipa. Maca. Thirteen entities among companies. Cynara scolymus L. Matricaria chamomilla L. there is no company with large-scale processing capacity of these raw materials. 15 .C. Most of the products are based on the following plants: Uncaria tomentosa (Willd.. Valeriana officinalis L. Andean tubercles. There are various enterprises involved in the smallscale production like Laboratories Valencia. native mints (Minthostachis andina and Satureja boliviana) commercialized as flavouring agents nationally and internationally.3. the prices are more in function of the production in Chile and Peru. The extracts of bixin and nor-bixin produced by Laboratorios Valencia could have good access to the international markets. Producers The economic sectors have been classified in the following fashion: 16 . these products have limitations as raw material for export to the European Union. there are essential oils of: molle (Schinus molle). Regarding Cochinilla. 1. At the present time.500 per metric ton in 1995 to US$ 500 per metric ton in 1999. Among the developed products from native plants for national commercialization. the prices dropped from US$ 2. pampanis or wild anis (Tagetes pusilla) and resins of Eucaluptus globulus for artisan preparation of waxes for floor cleaning. the Agrochemical program of Universidad Mayor de San Simon has been very active in essential oils sector. pharmaceutical and food industries. Both supply about 85% of the total demand of international market. In public research. muña negra (Hedeoma mandoniana) with potential uses of natural insecticides and flavouring agent. Bolivian FBO prices. romerillo (Acanthostyles buniifolius).In the Annato’s case. The production of essential oils in Bolivia show potential due to the implementation of various projects including some by UNIDO. which offer products used in cosmetics. which is used as natural repellent and ointment for muscle pain and wound healing. which is an aromatic component of perfume industry exported to Japan. The medicinal plants sector is controlled by activities of small enterprises and Domestic Artisan Laboratories (LAD). Despite this. resins.• Herbal medicinal products (phytomedicines) • Perfumes and cosmetics (essential oils and colorants) • Nutraceuticals and allies (herbal teas. Before the evidence of limited availability of medicinal plants. food supplements and others) • Pharmaceutical aids (gum. In spite of that there are laboratories and companies dedicated to research and processing of medicinal plants and sale of herbal medicinal products and dietary supplements for the national and international markets. 17 . nutraceuticals and allies (16) and pharmaceutical aids (16) are located mainly La Paz and Cochabamba. extracts. Most of them are not cultivated but that they are collected from the forest. which are grouped in the Bolivian Society of Traditional Medicine (SOBOMETRA) supply the local and national demand of plant extracts and products processed in artisan way. Perfumes and cosmetics (4). An analysis of Table 4 indicates that products of four sectors: herbal medicinal products (24). plans are concentrated on conservation through Botanical Gardens of Kallawayas. medicinal and aromatic plants as raw material) The Bolivian producers by economic sector and economic location are presented in Table 4. certain initiatives to protect medicinal plants used in Traditional medicine have been started by SOBOMETRA. These micro-enterprises are taking advantage of 300 species of native medicinal plants. Laboratories Valencia is providing financial support of herbal medicinal products. and development of mechanism of access to national and international markets with semi-processed and processed products. The main challenges of these producers are the development of sustainable productive system of raw material. which comprises 21 communities of Guaraní-Izoceñas in the Department of Santa Cruz with financial support of USAID and WCS to elaborate an integral plan for management of the National Park Gran Chaco. ABOUT PRODUCTION The development of products and services of the biodiversity with added value is fundamental as an alternative to allow Bolivia to use its biodiversity to satisfy medium to long-term needs of the population. monitoring systems. 2. which try to cultivate and domesticate certain species of wild medicinal plants and cooperate with local communities in the development of herbal medicinal products. CABI is the “Capitanía de Alto y Bajo Izozog”. For the National Program of Biocommerce. these producers grow a variety of promising plants and have a wide ancestral knowledge of traditional healers and a well-established indigenous Pharmacopoeia (particularly Kallawayas). certification.Another example is the Project of Laboratories Valencia and CABI. 18 . 1.1.1. Productive chain 2. tarwi (Lipunus mutabilis). It should be highlighted that cultivation of medicinal plants is in small scale or like secondary cultures within local communities.1. A positive aspect of this is the synchronization of cultivation areas. An interesting example is the management of different ecological zones by Aymaras and Quechuas to cultivate different medicinal plants in parallel or complementary way during the whole year without limiting them to a specific weather season and particular zone. Collection The collection of a majority of medicinal plants is characterized by direct collection from the forest and few come from cultivation.2. Additionally. 2. 2.2. which allows stepwise production increasing the period of harvest or supplies zones as well as diversity of species. pharmaceutical industry and distribution centers of supermarkets characterize this segment 19 . Farming In the organic agriculture.1. groups of Andean grains are highlighted such as quinua (Chenopodium quinua) and amaranto (Amaranthus caudatus).3. Transformation Processes such as cleaning. there are producers and processors of chestnuts (Bertholletia excelsa). which is important for food and pharmaceutical industries. local varieties of corn (Zea mays) and various aromatic plants and items in which there are commercial activities that include criteria of environmental and social management. grinding and packaging of medicinal plants for food processing. In these places. which process and market herbal medicines. La Ramada Market in Santa Cruz and La Paz Market in Cochabamba. 2. permanent and specialized sales centers function regularly.1. there are stores including commercial areas. derivatives and natural medicines elaborated on the basis of homemade formulations. In addition to them. On the other hand. Each LAD supplies an average of about 70 natural medicines between tinctures. even with brand names. such as Calle Las Brujas or San Francisco Market in La Paz. all these microcompanies are affiliated with the Bolivian Society of Traditional Medicine (SOBOMETRA). Although these artisan laboratories work within a frame of informality due to their small-scale production. These enterprises are officially recognized by the Ministry of Public Health as Domestic Artisan Laboratories (LAD). there are 15 medicinal plants based laboratories specialized in medicinal products from traditional medicine such as TERBOL. Commercialization In all Bolivian cities there exist specific places for the commercialization of medicinal plants. On the other hand. Moreover. SOBOMETRA has a wide knowledge of the use of around 500 native plants and their applications. ALPEH. there is a small group of specialized companies.of the productive chain. some even with patent and legal registration at the Ministry of Health. they are legal. artisan laboratories also supply plant extracts.4. whose offers are displayed in better hygienic conditions and presentation. On the other hand. Laboratorios Valencia. ointments and syrups. 20 . whose products are part of prescriptions of Western Medicine and they are commercialized in established pharmacies. raw material like most of the Latin American countries. FITOBOL. Project of Natural Medicine (PROMENAT). 21 . Technologies There is an evident limitation in technology used for medicinal plant industrialization. For instance. formulations. 2. there exist 5 research centers in Bolivia devoted to investigation and systematization of the information on medicinal plants with financial and economical limitations.5. This is a disadvantage of Bolivia in terms of competitiveness versus other Latin American countries. standards and tests.INTI. 2.6. but no in terms of packaging. where chemical synthesis is not developed.1. Recursos Naturales y Desarrollo Forestal. Ministerio de Desarrollo Sostenible y Planificación-Viceministerio de Medio Ambiente. Agents implied 2. Besides.1. Public sector Ministerio de Salud It is responsible for promoting and solving health issues in the country. it has inter alia the task to guarantee a safe use of medicinal plants by the population.6.1. The University Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA) through its Colleges of Sciences and Pharmacy and Biochemistry recently started to help the pharmaceutical industry in terms of technology.1. which restrict their capacity of action. Universidad Mayor de San Andrés. social and technological growth with sustainability of natural resources. SERNAP – Servicio Nacional de Áreas Protegidas. C-PROBOL (Centro de Promoción Bolivia). Instituto de Ecología. (b). Its research interests are conservation. 22 . It is a public institution of the Ministry of International Commerce and Investment. agro-ecology and environment quality.Its main tasks are: (a) Propose policies and norms for the sustainable development in accordance with economical. Moreover. (c) Control protected areas with an objective of sustainable use of natural resources and preservation of biodiversity. it offers programs and services to national and international entrepreneurs that could be compatible with BIOTRADE Initiative. Propose technical norms and reference terms for control and sustainable use of renewable natural resources. which aims to promote investment of non-traditional products and Investments in the country. it promotes the formulation of policies and strategies of conservation and management of renewable natural resources in Andean and Amazon regions. Moreover. It was created in 1997 by the Bolivian Government to coordinate the functioning of the National System of Protected Areas (SNAP) and to guarantee the long-term management and sustainability of the protected areas of national interest and their corresponding buffer zones in Bolivia. biodiversity. environmental conservation and biodiversity. 6. Dr. Universidad Mayor de San Simón It has been helping in various research projects related to the production of essential oils with collaboration of International cooperation agencies. evaluation. Private Organizations Fundación para el Desarrollo de la Ecología (FUND-ECO). 23 . 2. advising including planning. which includes the use and management of natural resources. In order to increase the volume of production.1. Tierras Comunitarias de Origen (TCO).2. research consultantship. conservation and environmental restoration through joint activities with Institute of Ecology (IE) such as diverse projects. inventory of renewable natural resources formulation and execution of technical assistance programs related to the use and management of natural resources. Director of the Institute has instituted a systematic study of Bolivian Flora. biological and pharmacological studies of Bolivian medicinal plants. environmental monitoring. an is currently leading clinical trials of a herbal product for Leishmaniasis. the organization of community small enterprises are being organized to apply a management plan and adequate use of the territories. training. The indigenous groups own 17 millions of hectares of a collective property. Alberto Giménez.Institute of Pharmacobiology. Universidad Mayor de San Andrés It is devoted to chemical. training and conscientization in topics of human ecology. Its main objectives are protection. Fundación BOLINVEST/Bolsa Amazonia Bolivia. including financial assistance Health system and education support. It is an NGO devoted to management of protected areas. Fundación Bolivia Exporta It invests in producing and exporting enterprises of agriculture and agroindustrial sectors in the country in order to increase the exportations of non-traditional products. Within of this framework. Fundación Amigos de la Naturaleza (FAN). technical assistance in marketing and training. looking for ways to implement the Biological Diversity Convention. who are concesionary of Municipal Forestry Reserve. FAN offers alternatives of sustainable production to locals in protected areas. Fundación para la Producción (FUNDA-PRO) It supports.Asociaciones Sociales del Lugar (ASL). Their principal areas are technical assistance in production. fosters and strengthens economy of the private sector through actions to facilitate and expand the credit in favour of social and regional segments. 24 . It is aimed to stimulate job opportunities at all levels through the promotion of exportation of non-traditional products and investment in the country. Groups of 20 farmers and locals. which should be managed in sustainable way through plans of forestry management and annual operative plans. foundations. websites and addresses are given in Table 5. community associations and others related to industrialization of medicinal and aromatic plants. An association of companies devoted to the production in the pharmaceutical sector. Detailed information on their contacts. faxes. social and economical sustainability. List of companies There are 43 enterprises among laboratories. local economies related to biodiversity and establish links with national and international market.PROMETA (Protección del Medio Ambiente – Tarija) It is oriented towards conservation and sustainable use of natural resources of the biodiversity from the Department of Tarija in the southern part of Bolivia. phones. • Strengthen value chain. 2. Programa Nacional de Biocomercio Sostenible (National Program of Sustainable Biotrade) This 5-year National program of sustainable Biotrade has the following objectives: • Stimulate the production and commerce of goods and services of the biodiversity under criteria of ecological.2. Cámara de la Industria Farmacéutica de Bolivia (CIFABOL). 25 . In this market segment. including middle and high-middle income population. In Bolivia. but is also widespread in all the urban centers. It represents a growing niche-market and in general. the market for herbal medicines is growing at a faster rate than that for conventional drugs. these selected herbal 26 . companies seek high quality.1.3. Since the herbal products of huacata (Tagestes terniflora).1.1. exporters in developing countries will find opportunities in the trade of ingredients with known properties and activity. reliable supplies of cultivated material.1. with special emphasis on Traditional Chinese Medicine. zarza mora (Rubus boliviensis) and nogal (Juglans boliviana) are known in the country of origin and no direct trade restrictions exist. although wild-collected/wild-harvested material continues to play a significant role in the industry. External demand In general alternative medicines using spices. quiquiña Porophyllum ruderale). 3. herbs and essential oils of tropical origin have increased in popularity in most EU countries over the last few years. Increasingly.2. the use of medicinal plants by the population is not only prevalent in the indigenous population and/or rural area. ABOUT MARKET 3. Internal demand The demand for medicinal and aromatic plants is stimulated by recent tendencies towards the use of the traditional medicine and an increasing awareness of the use of natural remedies. which are not patented and which can be traded freely. Internal and external demand 3. In 1991. exporters in developing countries will find more opportunities in the trade of essential oils with known properties and activity. Eucalyptus globulus cultivation was started in Pairumani (30 Kms from Cochabamba). In Bolivia. Agrochemical Program of Cochabamba was initiated to start work on the following native Bolivian species of plants for production of essential oils: Acanthostyles buniifolium Romerillo Schinus molle Molle Hedeoma mandoniana Muña Baccharis dracunlifolia Tóla and the following introduced species: 27 . Moreover.products find most opportunities in the pharmaceutical market segment. produced directly from whole plant material. The market segment of herbal medicines. is of particular interest to exporters in developing countries. Agroindustrial cooperative of essential oils (COAACE) in Cochabamba introduced cultivation of : Cymbopogon citratus Japanese Mint or Pasto de Cedron Cymbopogon winterianum Citronella Cymbopogon martini Palma Rosa Citrus aurantium Petit grain This Cooperative closed in 1987. which are not patented and which can be traded freely. However. Table 6. A. National Fund for Environment (FONAMA). A UNIDO Project – Desarrollo Agroindustrial de Chaparé – AD/Bol/93-818. 28 . 263-284.Eucalyptus citriodora Eucaliptus (Eucalipto) Foeniculum vulgare Fennel (Hinojo) Veitveria zizanoides Vetiver For this program the Universidad Mayor de San Simón. and Regional institutes provided the necessary infrastructure for research. In: A. private sector. Argentina. was started at the end of 1993. farmers. It is necessary that the communities diversify their products and not depend upon only on one crop. Bandoni (eds): Los Recursos Vegetales Aromáticos en Latinoamerica. GRET (France). 2000. Production of essential oils in Chaparé Species 1992 PRODUCTION (Kg) 1993 1994 Mentha Japonesa 225 54 70 Pasto Cedron 344 410 213 The Consultants indicated that the production of essential oils in the region of Chaparé may be economically feasible with the existing cultivation 8 . 8 Bandoni. IDRC. La Plata. CYTED. Perspectiva para el desarrollo de una agroindustria de productos aromáticos en Cochabamba. Su aprovechamiento industrial para la producción de aromas y sabores. The concentration of the pharmaceutical industry on particular plants is due to introduction of new methodologies for monitoring 29 .Table 7.3 190 34 2 90 Muña Negra - 39. standardization of the plants and their extracts and solution of technological problems in the processing of natural extracts in foods and natural remedies without undesirable collateral effects or lack of homogeneity of qualities.5 40 T’ola 4 10 15 Romerillo Molle Based on preliminary market analysis following species were chosen: Mentha arvensis Eucalyptus citriodora Vetiveria zizanoides Citrus aurantifolia (Patchouli) Cymbopogom naartinii Cymbopogom winterianus Some factors that have an important impact in the commerce of this sector are: The trend of concentration of the processing industry on certain medicinal plants. Production of essential oils from Native species Species 1996 PRODUCTION (Kg) 1997 1998 85.7 168. sangre de drago (Croton sp.and the need to run expensive clinical trials to introduce new products and ingredients in the market.). uña de gato (Uncaria tomentosa. are growing in importance.2. Demand: Buyer profile and factors influencing the demand Health trends The ever-escalating costs of medical care. and herbal medicine in particular. the negative media reports about the possible side effects and adverse reactions of synthetic drugs. have exerted a consumer push toward alternative medicine in general. vira vira (Achyrocline saturoides) and Sarsaparrilla (Smilax campestris). The extracts of Andean and Amazon plants more frequently used in industrialized countries are: boldo (Peumus boldus). guianensis). quina quina (Cinchona calisaya). as well as the trend toward preferring only natural substances instead of chemicals. 3. waste. U. including packaging waste. carqueja (Bacharis trimera or Baccharis spp. should be avoided or at least reduced with subsequently increase environment consciousness. Health food Health foods. Environment-consciousness Moreover. 30 .). Food manufacturers are using herbs as natural preservatives and anti-oxidants. which are thought to make a positive contribution to good health and which are not harmful to the environment. such as duty. terminal fees. packers and end users in the food and pharmaceutical trade. Larger importers clean and grind herbs before exporting them to other EU and North American markets. They have central warehouses for distribution throughout a specific area or they deliver directly to the distribution centers. They do not buy and sell on their own account.3. but they also buy from larger traders who can offer them better conditions and delivery terms on small quantities of more specialized items. Distribution channels Typically the main parties involved in the distribution of herbs are: Agents / brokers These are independent companies which negotiate and settle business on the instructions of their principals and which act as intermediary between the buyer and the seller. grinding and packaging. Large blenders and packers are increasing their direct purchases of herbs from producers/exporters.2. Grinders/processors They purchase the raw herbs and perform cleaning. local delivery and warehouse costs. unloading charges. These smaller traders distribute herbs to blenders. Smaller traders import some herbs directly. but purchasing through importers/traders is also very 31 . They mainly buy bulk quantities of unground herbs and resell them at an increased price. The importer is responsible for all costs associated with the importation. Traders/importers These specialized traders import on their own account and sell to grinders/processors and to major end users. Legislation 3.4. In addition.significant. End users The largest user group is the industrial sector in which pharmaceutical companies take the largest volumes. on the basis of the incorporation of the environmental dimension in the processes of the national development 32 . Purchasing from an intermediary reduces the risk of late deliveries. they expect deliveries against these orders to be spread over short and frequent intervals. General norms on use of renewable and nonrenewable natural resources Law No 33 of Environment and its Regulation. poor harvest/supply from individual sources and quality problems. This latter channel ensures that they can buy and receive supplies of specific herbs throughout the year. Some industries have joint arrangements with producers to ensure regular supplies and maintain quality standards and specifications of herbs concerned.4. It indicates that the national policy of environment must contribute to improve the quality of life of the population. Requirements are purchased either from blenders and packers or directly from importing/trading companies. the services of specialized traders are important for obtaining small consignments of very special requirements at short notice and at competitive prices. They tend to hold only small stocks and. 3.1. although they place orders covering their requirements over a long period. 4. so that they exercise their right in the conditions established by the agrarian legislation. 3. economic and ecological interests of the country. This regulation establishes the conditions for contracts of access to genetic resources in the Andean countries. It is meant to stimulate and guarantee the national and foreign investment to promote the growth and economic and social development of Bolivia. Norms on use of Genetic Resources Regulation of Decision 391 of the Commission in the Agreement of Cartagena and the regulation on Biosafety. Forestry Law and its reglamentation. 1182 of 1990 and legislative Compendium of Investments (1999). harmonizing the social interest.4.2.3. This law intends to regulate the sustainable use. Its objective is to guarantee the proprietary right on the Earth in favor of Bolivians. 3. Norms on promotion of the competitiveness Law of Investments No.Law INRA. This law helps to establish objective conditions in Biotrade. 33 . protection of the forest and earth in benefit of the present and future generations. and thus in Bolivia. by means of a system that governs national and foreign investments. 16 January 2001. Ley de Medicamentos (Ley No. the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. La Paz. This gives a list of 216 plants. Ministerial Resolution No. It is included all the merchandise and services of the universe tariff except for those with specific legislation like products of biocommerce. 0013. More than 230 medicinal plants species have been added 34 . International Legal Framework CITES Known as CITES. 25235 del 30 de Noviembre de 1998. Bolivia. 3.4.Norms on the Foreign trade Law of Exports (Law No 1489 of 1993) and Legislative compendium of Exports This law guarantees the freedom of import and export of merchandise and services. Normas para medicamentos naturales tradicionales y Homeopáticos. entered into force on 1 July 1975 and now has a membership of 160 countries. 1737 del 17 de diciembre de 1996) and Decreto Supremo Reglamentario No.4. It regulates the guidelines and registration of medicines in Bolivia. These countries act by banning commercial international trade in an agreed list of endangered species (including plants) and by regulating and monitoring trade in others which might become endangered. These norms set forth the guidelines and requirements for registration of traditional natural products. which are accepted by the Ministry of Health. and the interested must submit: o proforma invoices o certificate of origin o phyto or zoosanitary certificate o bromatologic analysis by accredited laboratory o packing guide 35 . The lists of species are available through CITES Internet-site at www.5. Commercialization ways For export of wild species or derivatives. These regulations fully implement the provisions of CITES and include a number of stricter measures. Commission Regulation EC/938/97 and EC/2307/97 They are the legislative instruments regulating the trade in wild fauna and flora at EU level. European Union Council Regulation EC/338/97.to CITES appendices. the authorization of the Vice Ministry of Envionment and Sustainable Development and compliance with CITES are required.cites.org. 3. The procedure for exportation is simple. Bourdy. Boom... Deharo. 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Ver-o-peso: the Ethnobotany of an Amazonian market.R. 1994.. 1988. In Prance G. V. 46 . 1991. Rabetti.M. 1984. Vargas. Effects of hydro.F. 1995. 2.. et al.. C.P. Brine shrimp lethality assay as a prescreening system for anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity. p. Flora Medicinal Boliviana. Zani.G. et al. Popular medicine of the Central Plateau of Haiti. Phytomedicine 2(1): 47-50. Ed. P. Rouzier.L. M. 1992.Weniger. Zalles. J. B. 47 . Chaves. 1986. Bolivia. La Paz.. Ethnopharmacological inventory. 346. J Ethnopharmacol 17(1): 13-3. Los Amigos del Libro. In fact. • Medicinal plants and native natural products could be source of innovation for the development of new products. • High development observed by organic farmers. the traditional uses of more than 1.5. • State-of-the-art technology in natural colorants.000 with uses medicinal. Bolivia is one of the megadiverse countries. • Appropriate legislation governing conservation and sustainable use. • Native Bolivian communities have ancestral knowledge about the utilization of medicinal plants with specific objectives. 48 .500 species are known (4. cosmetics. • Stocks of endemic natural ingredients and available information on ethnobotanicals. food and others). • Preliminary pharmacological research of aqueous and/or ethanol extracts. • High-quality products recognized worldwide. colorant. Upon processing. • Biodiversity. SWOT Analysis STRENGTHS • Bolivia is recognized worldwide as a supplying country of natural ingredients. The different microclimates of several inter-Andean valleys provide unique seasonal crops. • Ancestral knowledge in the handling of these resources. • Widely available land extensions for production. they allow us to be the only suppliers in some market segments. One approach here is to develop mutually beneficial relationships with companies dealing in natural ingredients that may be able to support and guide the supplying company through the legislative requirements. • Lack of research. which are processed and packed in the country of origin. specially in agrotechnology and process technologies.• North American and European companies are beginning to have interest to establish cultures in the country. • High acceptability by population of natural ingredients. • The low demand for herbs. WEAKNESSES • The difficulty facing such new natural ingredients is that they are unknown in Europe and therefore companies will be reluctant to use such ingredients without detailed safety assessments. • National Commitment and high priority to this sector. 49 . • Local producers can add value by drying and cleaning and by offering a highquality product. • The selected herbs as an ingredient for pharmaceutical products offer more opportunities for Bolivia. OPPORTUNITIES • The trade channels for the bulk sale of non-ground herbs to importers/traders is relevant to new exporters. • One advantage that producers/exporters in developing countries have is that many of the new ingredients that companies are looking for could originate in those parts of the world where there is a tradition of using natural ingredients for skin. products with natural ingredients and crossover products (products. products for-on-the-go. THREATS • The prospects for exporting processed consumer packed herbs directly from the countries of origin are low due to the following reasons: Local importers. products that communicate science to the consumers (therapeutic products such as cosmeceuticals). • Important markets for new product development in the cosmetics industry are especially products for ageing consumers. such as organic products offers opportunities.• As the major developed markets have reached maturity and have a limited scope for volume growth. • Marketing ingredients as organic may also be interesting in the case that producers can only supply small quantities of natural ingredients like Bolivia in the case of the natural ingredients discussed since amounts traded in the organic market are usually smaller than in the regular market. hair care and food products. a focus on value-added products. processors and packers have long-established links with their customers and are in a better position than distant processors to know the requirements and fluctuations of the 50 . which have a number of benefits such as color cosmetics with skin-tightening properties and tinted moisturers). • Medicinal products of Colombia and Peru have more competitive prices and large volume of offers at this moment. • Countries like China and India have a great history and experience in production of medicinal and aromatic plants. Non-tariffs barriers like novel foods and novel ingredients law. • High requirements in the targeted markets High requirements of buyer. • Stringent legislation which limits bioprospection contracts 51 . and not considering many other species that could be exploited appropriately. which are not necessarily related. manzanilla or mint provokes over offers in the national market. • The easy adaptability to different microclimates from species like the mint.local market and the needs of end users and they supply supermarket chains directly and are financially able to support exclusive contracts and advertising campaigns or to service in store racks and stock control for herbs. exploitation of very few species in intensive form. giving as results very low prices in relation to the international prices. • It is necessary to think about a sustainable development. thus it is necessary to diversify towards species with international demand. analyzing the potential use of the reserves without causing threat of destruction of the biogenetic resources. • It is very common in Latin America to subutilize the natural forest. • There exists a change of attitude in the user: search for safe and natural products but these concepts could be confused. concrete condition of support from third parties (NGO’s. RECOMMENDATIONS • One approach here is to develop mutually beneficial relationships with companies dealing in natural ingredients that may be able to support and guide the supplying company through the legislative requirements. • Promote creation of enterprises based on ecological and social sustainability like Organic agriculture through incentives: reduced costs to assure the availability of raw materials. • Research sector should create ways of close cooperation with private and productive sectors identifying the needs of the industry and offering services. concrete exigency of the market to request documentation about sustainable management to access the market.6. 52 . international cooperation and others). direct participation of the benefits given by the markets through more attractive prices due to environmental and social awards. thus avoiding export of raw material with added value. infrastructure and experience to develop practical concepts of sustainability to achieve complementation with commercial sector. • Creation of Research and Commercialization networks • Promotion of certification of quality • Integration between State and Private sector • Promote Bioprospection for development of a sustainable industry based on medicinal plants. • Approval. 53 . taking into consideration the WHO guidelines and European models. • Explore the possibilities of creating a National Institute for the study and utilization of medicinal plants. research centers and institutions including agricultural institutes. • Support universities. by the Ministries of Health. • Establish a national policy to include the use of phytopharmaceutical products in health care. for carrying out comprehensive studies on industrial utilization of medicinal plants. of a priority list of medicinal plants to be used for the manufacture of phytopharmaceutical products. • Facilitate and simplify the mechanisms for the registration of phytopharmaceutical products.To the Government: • Set up a National Multidisciplinary Committee to assist the Government to formulate policies concerning all aspects of medicinal plants utilization. • Establish quality control standards for medicinal plants and phytopharmaceutical products. export and local production of medicinal plants and their products. • Implement measures for the conservation of medicinal flora. • Offer preferential financial terms to farmers. as set forth in the Agenda 21 of United Nations' Conference on Environment and Development. cooperatives and business enterprises interested in establishing cultivation and industrialization of medicinal plants. • Take measures to protect patent rights of the whole phytogeographic region by signing contractual agreements with industrial groups in major pharmaceutical manufacturing countries to whom the medicinal plants are supplied. under a separated entity. • Foster international cooperation. on the figures of import. seeds and propagable materials of medicinal plants. 54 . • Set up banks of germplasms. • Take measures to collect detailed statistics.• Promote systematic cultivation and industrialization of medicinal plants and provide incentives for stimulating national plant-based industries. • Include monographs on selected medicinal plants and their extracts in the national pharmacopoeia. 55 . • Stimulate the creation of specialized centers and support multidisciplinary research aimed at exploring the medicinal and economic potential of the national flora. with emphasis on agrotechnology. phytotherapy and handling of multifunctional pilot plants.To the Universities and Research Institutions: • Emphasize the importance of medicinal plants and phytopharmaceutical products in the training of physicians. • Promote exchange of scientific and technological information at regional and interregional level. • Initiate postgraduate programs in the field of medicinal plants to prepare qualified personnel in areas related to the industrial utilization of medicinal plants. quality assessment. process technology. • Assist the Governments on establishing quality control standards and on legal aspects of registration of phytopharmaceutical products. pharmacists and other related health professionals. • Prepare computerized national inventories of medicinal plant resources which allow exchange of information at a regional and interregional level. • Establish links with the industry to provide technical assistance on different aspects of industrialization of medicinal plants. 56 . • Encourage a business outlook among the academicians to facilitate their participation in productive activities and in the industrial utilization of the local medicinal flora. in order to orient them towards the market. • Conduct research on promising lead compounds obtained from medicinal plants for the development of new drugs. • Improve awareness of the public on the usage of medicinal plants and their products and disseminate the information on industrialization of medicinal plants. To the Private Sector: • Establish links with universities and research centers for industrial utilization of medicinal plants. • Call on the National Chambers of Commerce and Industries to promote industrialization of medicinal plants. • Form Associations of entrepreneurs and companies interested in the industrialization of medicinal plants. EEC. preferably through computerized data bases on international markets of medicinal plants and the possibilities of industrial investments in this field.This organization should establish contacts with principal foreign markets. To the International Organizations: • Coordinate the efforts of international organizations like UNIDO. UNDP. UNESCO. etc. FAO. OAS. PAHO/WHO. • Facilitate access to updated information. CEPAL. as well as have access to modern technology for the production of phytopharmaceutical and natural products. • Organize training programs for human resource development through workshops. seminars. which support technical cooperation programs in different aspects of medicinal plants. • Promote joint-venture agreements between firms which have technology and the knowledge of the market and those that have an access to the traditional knowledge and medicinal plant resources and/or phytopoharmaceutical products. which have well defined goals and relationship with the industrial sector. • Support national research centers on medicinal plants and natural products. etc. courses. IDRC. 57 . This can take the following forms: exchange of germplasms and seeds. and exchange of personnel between R & D institutions for specialized training of personnel. exchange of information on crops. process technology. 58 .• Promote cooperation between the research and development laboratories of industrialized and developing countries and among the ones in the developing countries. formulation of products and marketing practices. TABLES 59 . millmi. galactogogue. poison Hypnotic. antihemorroidal Pneumonia. Cicuta Oficial Coriandrum sativum Daucus carota Ferula foetida Foeniculum officinale L. antiinflammatory. All. yuyo (Bolivia). Guatemala. ata Gomphrena L. CNS stimulant. antiinflammatory. antispasmodic. coime. veterinary use. aroeira do Bark. digestive tonic. antispamodic. whole plant tenia (Taenia leaves saginata). bronchitis. typhus fever. source of vitamin A Ingredient of sauces. diuretic. galactogogue.Cilantro Fruits L. diuretic. carminative. fruits Antispasmodic. Méxic.L. illancuma cuimi. antiseptic. coyo. resin Engl. Siempre viva globosa ANACARDIACEAE Maxima Common Names Acaya Acayu Leaves. sertao (Brazil). skin swelling and scorching Astringent. women sterility.) Uline & Icapachaqui. Antispasmodic. tadíe (Bolivia). List of Accepted Medicinal Plants of Bolivia Family Scientific Name Authority ALGAE Spirulina platensis AMARANTHACEAE Amaranthus (L. 60 . Inter-andean blood purifier. lungs. L. vaginal bleeding Temperate zones in Argentina. carminative Mild diuretic. astringent Diarrhea. Geographic International Farming location distribution Source of vitamins and proteins (nutraceutical) Aerial parts. Diuretic. paniculatus trigo inca (Argentina). trauma. antiseptic. Airampo. Whole plant Culantro . rhizome assa.L. Bray quinua de valle. mudíudíuqui. fractures. antiseptic. abortion L. Cuchi. Ecuador. sedative. mild diuretic Pernicious effects of celibacy. Zumaque Venenoso Leaves Bark Spondias mombin L. hybridus var. Aroma. nervous hysteric conditions Antiflatulence. Peru Amazones Tropical America Rheumatic diathesis. flowers Astronium urundeuva (Allemano) Aroeira. aromatic. vulnerary. Apio Seed Conium sp. Loes Medicinal use(s) Whole plant Anacardium occidentale Rhus toxicodendron APIACEAE Spirulina Part(s) Used Hinojo – anís dulce Roots. Zanahoria Aerial part Goma asafetida Roots. gastric ulcers. valleys venereal diseases. antiinflammatory Diarrhea. Cedrillo Bark Anethum graveolens Eneldo Seeds Apium graveolens L.Table 1. W. antispasmodic Antiflatulence. carminative. Macela do campo Whole plant. aerial part. benign prostata hyperplasy Gonolobus condurango Abrotanum sp. diuretic. Glucomanan Whole plant Ginseng siberiano Roots. immunomodulator Ginseng koreano Roots Euterpe oleracea Mart.E. tonic Fruits Antiinflammatory for urinary tract. antiinflammatory. source of mevalonic acid for synthesis of Tamiflu (bird flu virus medication) Stems Asthma Tabernaemontana Woodson ex Sanano rimulosa R. antiseptic Leaves Digestive disorders. Bartram) Small Sabal Serrulata Fruits. cicatrization of wounds. Argentina. & senticosus Maxim. carminative. emetic. Mirabira. Ajenjo Flowers & leaves Baccharis genistelloides Baccharis paniculata (Lam.Koch konjac Eleutherococcus (Rupr.) Nyman Perejil Pimpinella anisum L. Quebracho Roots. Arrayan Leaves Adaptogen. flowers antiinflammatory. bark. Antispasmodic. Leaves Diuretic Carqueja Uruguay. Schult.) Pers. suso.) Maxim. digestive stimulant (Lam. halitosis Fruits Flavouring agent. Raíz de lappa Roots Mild diuretic. antiinflammatory.A. aerial Antispasmodic. Majo Serenoa repens (W. antiviral (Brazil).Family Scientific Name Authority Common Names Part(s) Used Medicinal use(s) Geographic International Farming location distribution stomachic APOCYNACEAE ARACEAE ARALIACEAE ARECACEAE ASCLEPIADACEAE ASTERACEAE Petroselinum crispum (Mill. tonic Antiinflammatory Oenocarpus bataua Mart. Uva ursi (gayuba) Leaves Antiseptic L. Anis Aspidosperma sp.) DC. appetite stimulant. carminative. Birabira. Panax ginseng C. Expectorant. headaches. depurative (L. Carqueja Leaves Treatment of wounds and contusions Stomachaches. eupeptic Diuretic DC. vira-vira. flowers wira-wira. rhizome Adaptogen. Brazil. Leaves.Mey. yerba de chivo (Bolivia). Achillea millefolium Achyrocline satureioides Arctium lappa Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Arnica montana Abrotanum Febrifuge.) Spreng. marcela (Uruguay L. Milenrama Aerial parts. (3600m) intestinal parasites. roots Stimulant. to High valleys improve memory. 61 . stimulant. parts antiflatulence. Arnica Flowers Artemisia absinthium L. roots Amorphophallus K. antiinflammatory L. yateycaa. Don Podofila Cheperequi Jacaranda mimosifolia D. migrane Girasol Oil plant Halitosis L.Don Cheperequi Tanaecium nocturnum (Barb. Agracillo Podophyllum L. benedictus Grindelia robusta Nutt. antiparasitic Seeds Antinflammatory High valleys (3700m) Yungas region (2200m) Central America. bitter. antihelminthic Hypnotic Tussilago sp. bitter. Chamonilla romana Flowers Chamomilla recutita (L. Culcitium Bonpl. Urticaria. Lechuga Lactuca virosa L.) All. BERBERIDACEAE Part(s) Used L. antidiarrhoeic Alcachofa Leaves. Helianthus annus L. roots anti-inflammatory. liver affections Fresh Fever. canescens Cynara scolymus L.H. Wigg. Fucus Grindelia Liver diseases. diuretic root bark Rhizomes. mild sedative Bitter. antiinflammatory Antiinflammatory. L. antidiarrheic. skin eruptions. migraine. stems hallucinogen. roots. Laxative. bloody diarrhea. wound healing. mild sedative Antiinflammatory. fruits Echinacea Rhizome. leaves antiinfective. angustifolia Epicus L. Lactuca (lechuga salvaje) Diente de León Leaves in flowering stage Leaves Expectorant. Bixa orellana L. Roots caustic Bark. Wound Healing. Schum. Xanthium spinosum BIXACEAE Aerial parts Inula helenium Taraxacum dens.Family Scientific Name Authority Common Names ( Lam. Bihua junu Rodr. antidiarrhoeic Aromatic. scorbutic. leonis Taraxacum Weber ex Hoja taraxacum. antitussive.) D. desinfectant Bark. cholagogue. aerial parts Whole plant Echinacea DC. diaphoretic. roots Leaves. Amazones of Brazil. cathartic. mild sedative Diuretic Diuretic. roots Leaves. Syphilis. gentle laxative. antispasmodic. dysentery. Nutt. rhizomes Whole plant Geographic International Farming location distribution Warm interandean valleys (2500m) Antitussive.) Bureau & K. choleretic Acute blenorrhagia Fruits. cholereticcholagogue Immunostimulant. L. Achiote Leaves. ) Pers. diuretic.) Rauschert Manzanilla Camomilia. emetic. Noreast Colombia 62 . migraine. officinale F. L. Tooth aches. throat leaves. Carqueja Leaves Diuretic Calendula Flowers Wound healing Crantz Cardo Mariano Fruits Chamaemelum nobile (L. typhus.Desf. Inula Roots. matricaria flor Cnicus Flowers Hepatoprotector. peltatum Jacaranda copaia (Aubl. carminative. spasmolytic. Yerba de los Tiñosos Amor seco Berberis vulgaris L. leaves anticonceptive Leaves. raíz taraxacum BIGNONIACEAE Medicinal use(s) Baccharis trinervis Calendula officinalis Carduus mariae Cnicus benedictus L. rhizomes Lactuca sativa L. Yarita Cactus grandiflorus L. Hypericum elatum Aiton Geographic International Farming location distribution Vulnerary. West of Ecuador. cold. Nicaragua. papayllo gall bladder. Eina pamu (Bolivia) Insect bites. hepatitis. Nadhudhu. Diuretic.Family BORAGINACEAE BRASSICACEAE BURSERACEAE CACTACEAE Scientific Name Authority Common Names Borago officinalis L. CARICACEAE Carica papaya L. southeast Brazil Laxative. Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq. CAPRIFOLIACEAE Sambucus nigra L. guta) Garcinia Sap Garcinia morella Desr. antiinflammatory Headache (inhalation). stomachache Mild antidepressive. flowers Tabaco de la India Aerial parts Spasmolytic. del monte. otitis. antiemetic CELASTRACEAE CLUSIACEAE Medicinal use(s) Flowers. papaguillo. renal failure. coughs. plant. diuretic. Callacaso (Peru) CRASSULACEAE Kalanchöe pinnata (Lam. emetic. leaves Roots. roots Lower back pain.) Mill. DC.(L. laxative fruit. cholagogue. inflammation.) Pers.f. paico Leaves Hook. kidney and gallbladder stones. febrifuge Papaya Fruits Anticoagulant. Bark. snakebites Headache. Cereus abre de noche ficus. menopausic neurosis. respiratory stimulant Lupulus Flowers Sedative. mild cardiotonic Antiflatulence. papaya liver inflammation.(L. ex molmol Tschirch Consuela Expectorant Col Bolsa bolsa Leaves Antihemorragic Myrra Sap Resin of bark Astringent. diuretic. L. antiseptic. Panama. Costa Rica. CANNABACEAE Humulus lupulus L. diuretic Asthma. Diaphoretic.Sauco Flowers. diuretic. Bobo. ) Medik.) A. Whole pájaro loco. aromatic bitter Sambucus . Borraja Symphytum L. spasmolytic. seeds Yerba de San Juan Whole (Hiperico) plant Hypericum perforatum L. Jacaratia spinosa (Aubl. appendicitis. fever. paperas Tropical and subtropical South America Tropical and subtropical countries 63 . demulcent Antiflatulence Young stems. pajajobobo leaves (Bolivia). Fortuna. hypnotic. Limoncillo. anthelmintic Purgative Purgative Hipericum Flowers. officinale Brassica oigraelae Capsella bursa. CAMPANULACEAE Lobelia inflata L. liver disease. rhizomes Leaves Protium glabrescens Opuntia indica Part(s) Used México to Southern Brazil Northern Argentina to Central America. Gambogia (gomo resina. gargatea. Euonymus Roots CHENOPODIACEAE Chenopodium ambrosioides Garcinia hanburyi L. flowers Nopal Leaves. fruits expectorant. COMPOSITAE (ASTERACEAE) Tessaria integrifolia Ruiz & Pav. vermifuge. pastoris Commiphora Engl. skin ulcers. cahuara. pajajaja. stomach and abdominal pains. pancreatic enzymes producer Capaloi. digestive. bond pain and reumathism (topical application) Muscular relaxant Swart Copal del monte. Leaves Linaza. ear pain. fever. expectorant. allergies. Tolú Piscidia Fruits.Family Scientific Name Authority Common Names Part(s) Used Medicinal use(s) Sedum acre L.antiseptic.) Willd.) Sarg. antiemetic Hypnotic. Alfalfa Myroxylon (L. High plateau skin infections. dandruff Laxative Antiseptic. stolons spasmolytic. antispasmodic. stimulant and digestive. Pam pajarito Leaves Wound healing CUCURBITACEAE Bryonia alba L. local anesthetic Wound healing. bark spasmolytic. Ramillo Seeds Dipteryx odorata (Aubl. Brionia Vera Roots CUPRESSACEAE Citrullus (L. vermifuge. (3900m) rheumatism. Arbol de la Vida Whole plant Whole plant Leaves Antiinflammatory. Leaves. Sangre de draco Sap Jatropha curcas L. fruit antiinflammatory. abortion. antiinflammatory. antiseptic Whole plant Inferior extremities' arthrosis Roots. antiseptic (3600m) Fruit Hypnotic agent. flowers Geographic International Farming location distribution Skin infections. threadworms. Soja (Lecitina) Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Enebro communis Thuja occidentalis L. Leaves Rosa de Siberia Fresh plant Leaves ERYTHROXYLACEAE Erythroxylum coca Lam. genitourinary affections Antitussive Mild stimulant Antirrheumatic. Arg. skin Amazones infections. gout Analgesic.) Schrad. root Sedative. antiviral. rheumatism Drosera longifolia Equisetum arvense Kalmia sp. Naranja (fenchona) colocynthis Juniperus L. gout Chronic rheumatism. antitussive. Raíz de licorice (Regalis) Hymenaea courbaril L. insecticide. rubesfacient. wound healing Flowers & Haemostatic. carminative Diuretic. apainiki Bark FABACEAE Astragalus spp Astragalus Cassia fistuloides Collad. L. Laurel de la montaña Rosa Marina DROSERACEAE EQUISETACEAE ERICACEAE Rhododendron sp. gout pains Diathesis. Almendro Seeds Glycine hispida Maxim. Bboken bones. soap for washing. seeds Pera benensis Rusby Apainichij. antiinflammatory. strong purgative. antiinflammatory. liver High valleys leaves affections. antiinflammatory 64 . Flowers Spores Ledum palustre L.) Harms balsamum Piscidia piscipula (L. Drosera L. Paquio Medicago sativa L. Cola de caballo Leaves. adrenocorticotropic effect Bark. Pinon Leaves. toxic plant Leishmaniasis Tropical America Sweating. vulnerary Emetic. Antiinflammatory. expectorant Seeds. demulcent. Coca Leaves EUPHORBIACEAE Croton lechleri Mull. Vermifuge. expectorant. panu bark. Nogal blanco Leaves KRAMERIACEAE Krameria triandra Ruiz & Pav. antiinflammatory. Expectorant. indica Trifolium L. wound healing Flowers & Fever. Lavanda Espliego Cosmetic astringent. ex Aiton Aguja Aguja GINKGOACEAE Ginkgo biloba L.Family Scientific Name Authority Common Names Psoralea mutisii Kunth Rhynchosia pyramidalis (Lam. Tamarindus L. digestive stimulant. Lavandula vera DC. L. body tonic Snakebite. digestive Laxative Laxative FAGACEAE Quercus stenophylla Makino Quercus GENTIANACEAE Gentiana lutea L. hepatoprotector Flowers Dermatologic agent. fruit Whole plant Medicinal use(s) Geographic International Farming location distribution Digestive sedant Febrifuge. roots ICACINACEAE Leretia cordata Vell. Hisopo Lavandula. Guyanas. Curarina. purgative. febrifuge Leaves. flowers antiseptic Whole plant Aromatic Aromatic Leonorus Aerial part Sedative. diuretic. antipyretic. flowers Leaves. emetic Somniferous. food supplement Leaves Antioxidant HAMAMELIDACEAE Hamamelis virginiana L. vasoconstrictor Rheumatism. Albahaca Hyssopus L. Aerial parts Tamarindo Flor de clavo rojo Ground Ivy (Rich. Sen Cassia Sofora Part(s) Used Leaves. colds. emetic. Castaña de Indias Seeds HIPPOCRATACEAE Salacia impressifolia (Miers) A. High plateau in leaves venereal diseases. antiinflammatory. C. trauma. antimicrobial Leaves Fever. doctorina Roots IRIDACEAE Iris versicolor L. guapomo. Skin wounds. Genciana GERANIACEAE Erodium cicutarium (L. flowers. Amazones antiseptic. antiinflammatory. alexandrina Sophora japonica L. High valleys yellow fever (3700m) Antidiarrhoeic From Panama to the Caribbean then to Southern Brazil Peru.) Urb. Smith Chuchuhuasu. La Paz antiinflammatory. foruncles. roots Whole plant. antidiarrheic. Hamamelis Leaves HIPPOCASTANACEAE Aesculus hippocastanum L. Bandera morada Rhizome JUGLANDACEAE Juglans cinerea L. antiespasmodic. Leonurus cardiaca L. action on veins Antiinflammatory. bruises. antiedema. Antihemorrhagic flowers Seeds. Colombia. Raíces amargas (Orosus) Senna alexandrina Mill. 65 . urolithiasis roots Bitter. Raíz de ratania Roots LAMIACEAE Glechoma hederacea Hyptis mutabilis L. antiseptic. pratense Willa-wallikhaya Cassia. Gynkgo biloba Leaves. fever. fruits Laxative.) L'Hér. hemostatic. mild antispasmodic. kidney pain. Brazil Astringent. antiflatulence. Senna Mill. hypotenssive. impotence. expectorant Bark Antidiarrheic. officinalis Lavandula spicata L.) Briq. Family Scientific Name Authority Common Names Part(s) Used Medicinal use(s) Geographic International Farming location distribution cardiotonic LAURACEAE Marrubium L. vulgare Melissa officinalis L. Marrubio Mentha L. Menta (mentolmentona) piperita L. Mentha spicata L. L. Yerbabuena Ocimum basilicum L. Albahaca Origanum L. majorana Origanum vulgare L. Mejorana Rosmarinus L. officinalis Salvia officinalis L. Romero Mejorana Stems, leaves Leaves Leaves, flowers Leaves, flowers Leaves, flowers Leaves Expectorant, bitter tonic Sedative, choleretic, antispasmodic Antispasmodic, antiflatulence, choleretic, halitosis Antiflatulence Fever, general body Amazones discomfort, tonic, antiseptic, antiinflammatory, antispasmodic, antiflatulence, febrifuge Antispasmodic Antispasmodic Antispasmodic, carminative Salvia Digestive, antiflatulence, oral hygiene Thymus vulgaris L. Tomillo Whole Digestive, vagolytic, carminative, plant rheumatism Aniba canelilla (Kunth) Mez Canelón, canelón Bark, Analgesic, colorado, casca antirrheumatic, leaves preciosa, preciosa, gastric stimulant, yuruma sedative, elimination of residual blood after delivery, regulator of physiological functions in newly borns Aniba duckei Kosterm. Palo de rosa Stem wood, Analgesic, leaves antirrheumatic Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl Alcanfor Cinnamomum Blume zeylanicum Persea americana Mill. LEGUMINOSAE (FABACEAE) Toronjil, Melissa Leaves, fruits Stems, leaves Leaves Dipteryx odorata (Aubl.) Willd. Erythrina dominguezii Hassl. Leaves Canela Bark Palta (palto, aguacate) Almendrillo, mahui (Bolivia), Cumaru, tonea, tonka, tonka bean (Brazil), Charpilla del murciélago, sarrapia, shihuaco (Venezuela) Epagalate (Argentina), Cacho de gallo, cosorio, cuatírui, iba aquí, iba schascha Bark, fruit, leaves Seeds, stems, bark Bark Expectorant, Occidental migraine, toothache, planes asthma, antipruritic, Department of antiinfective Santa Cruz Antiespasmodic, antiflatulence Diuretic, aphrodisiac, astringent Emmenagogue, Guyanas, Brazil, otitis, fever, Peru energizing bath, snakebite, rheumatism, coughs Coughs, hemorrhages, wound healing, hematomas 66 Family LILIACEAE LINACEAE LOGANIACEAE Scientific Name Authority Common Names Part(s) Used Allium sativum L. Ajo Aloe ferox Mill. Mill. Aloe Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. Aloe vera Chamaelirium luteum Colchicum spp A.Gray Unicornio falso Convallaria majalis Drimia indica L. Azafrán de los prados Covalaria (Roxb. ) Jessop Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn Urginea Linum usitatissimum L. Gelsemium sp. L. Jazmín Silvestre Roots Ignatia amara L.f. Bulb Herpes, skin infections, toothaches, intestinal parasites, poisonous insects bites, skin fungi, colds, hypotensive, triglycerid Leaves Cicatrization, migraines, purging, toothaches, coughs, laxative Leaves Laxative, emollient for burns Roots, Uterinetonic, rhizomes emmenagogue Fresh bulbs Antiinflammatory Leaves Cardiotonic Bulbs Expectorant Squill blanco Bulbs Expectorant Lino (Linaza) Seeds Badiana (anetol) Fruit Antidiarrhoeic, antispamolitic Hysteria, neurasthenia Hysteria, neurasthenia, analgesic, colds Gastritis, antiflatulence, dyspepsia Urinary and hepatic affections Antiflatulence, antiespasmodic, digestive stimulant, galactogogue Antiespasmodic Althaea officinalis L. Raíz de altea Roots Demulcent, emollient Malva sylvestris L. Raíz de altea Roots Demulcent, emollient Cedrela fissilis Vell. Cedro, cedro blanco, cuabadíu Bark Cedro Bark Urinary astringent, abortive, diarrhea, fever, bleeding, postpartum hemorrhage, scabies, hematomas Astringent, analgesic, febrifugue, emetic Diarrhea, stomachcramps, intestinal parasitosis, fever, abortion, rheumatism, expectorant, emetic in large dosis Strychnos vomica nux- L. Habas de San Seeds Ignacio, Semilla de San Ignacio Nuez vomica Seeds LYCOPODIACEAE Lycopodium sp. Pie de lobo Spores MAGNOLIACEAE Illicium anisatum L. L. Anís estrella Fruit Illicium verum MALVACEAE MELIACEAE Hook. f. Cedrela odorata L. Guarea guidonia (L) Sleumer Buinapaqui, huapi, Fruit peel, huapisillo, bark, seeds trompillo de monte (Bolivia), Canjarana (Brazil), Cocillana MENISPERMACEAE MENYANTHACEAE Medicinal use(s) Jateorhiza palmata Menyanthes trifoliata Miers Raíz de colombo Roots Dyspepsia L. Meniantes Leaves Laxative Geographic International Farming location distribution Inter-andean valleys Found between 2400 y 3500m above sea level Tropical America from México to Argentina The Antilles (Cuba), Costa Rica and Panama in America Central to tropical region in South America including Paraguay Northern A 67 Family MONIMIACEAE Scientific Name Authority Common Names Part(s) Used Medicinal use(s) Boldoa fragrans (Pers.) Endl. Boldo Leaves Digestive Peumus boldus Molina Boldo Leaves Digestive Brosimum alicastrum Sw. Murure Sap, bark, fruit Ficus anthelminthica Rich. Bibosi Sap, latex MORACEAE Pseudolmedia laevis (Ruiz & Pav.) J.F. Macbride Inaubú, nui, ojoso colorado, palo pichi, pamma Latex Antiasthmatic, antirrheumatic, tonic, aphrodisiac Anthelmintic, purgative, stimulant, caustic Insect bites MYRISTICACEAE Myristica fragrans Houtt. Nuez moscada Seeds MORACEAE MYRTACEAE Otoba parvifolia (Markgraf) Aguanillo, cumala A.H Gentry colorada, gabu, mamilla, naiqui, sangre toro, turu sha ami Eucalyptus Labill. Eucalipto globulus Eugenia Bull. & Clavo de olor caryophyllus Harr. (eugenol) Myrteola O. Berg microphylla Psidium guajava L. Guayabo Leaves, Diarrhea young sprout, bark Whole Local anesthesic plant Fruit, leaves Obesity, diuretic, vasodilatator, hypotensive, mouth wash Whole plant Liver and gastric affections Aerial parts Smooth muscle relaxant, diuretic, laxative, choleretic Fresh Headache, pulmonar rhizomes congestion, pneumonia Sedative, Leaves, antispasmodic fruits Aerial parts Sedative, ansiolytic, antispasmodic Stems Antiinflammatory, analgesic, digestive stimulant Roots Obesity, rheumatism PAPAVERACEAE Chelidonium sp. Fumaria officinalis L. Hierba de la Golondrina Fumaria Sanguinaria L. Raíz roja Passiflora edulis L. Maracuja Passiflora incarnata Harpagophytum procumbens L. Passiflora D.C. Harpago PHYTOLACCACEAE Phytolacca dioica L. Yerba Carmín PINACEAE Pinus palustris Trementina, Pino Pinus sp. Mill. Pineno, canfeno, borneol Tropical America, north, south and East of Andes mountain system Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyanas, Peru, Venezuela. Coughs, colds, asthma, fever Hypnotic, carminative, local anesthetic Antiinflammatory Leaves OLEACEAE PEDALIACEAE Leaves, bark Young flowers Arrayan Syzygium (L.) Merr. & Eugenol aromaticum (L.M. Perry Olea europaea L. L. Olivo PASSIFLORACEAE Resin of bark Hypnotic, antidiarrhoeic, carminative, antispasmodic Scabies, mycosis, insect bites, cold, reumathism, skin infections Geographic International Farming location distribution Plant extract Analgesic, antirrheumatic, disinfectant, deodorant Whole plant Diuretic, antispasmodic 68 Family Scientific Name Authority Common Names Part(s) Used PIPERACEAE Piper peltatum L. Fey a, fey a ke, Leaves, hoja santamaría, aerial parts ibabi ina, ke, piquina, richi ina, santamaría, sipu sipu, ugudi bagasu PLANTAGINACEAE Plantago major L. Llanten Plantago ovata Forssk. Ispaghula Husk – Psyllium Husk Avena sativa L. Avena POACEAE Cina sp. Triticum aestivum L. POLYGALACEAE POLYGONACEAE PORTULACACEAE RANUNCULACEAE L. Polygala senega L. L. Senega officinalis Spach Cebada Seed extract Laxative Trigo (Salvado de Trigo) Seda de maiz Seeds Constipation Stamens, pistil Roots Mild diuretic, demulcent Expectorant, emetic in large dosis Chronical bronchitis, antiinflammatory Capillary fragility Seneca Poligala de Virginia Roots Fagopyrum Moench esculentum Rheum palmatum L. Trigo Sarraceno Flowers Ruibarbo Underground Laxative, astringent plant parts Triplaris americana L. Tangarana (Peru), Bark anani pai, palo diablo, palo santo, Hemilthiasis, ulcers, leishmaniasis Portulaca oleracea Aconitum napellus L. Verdolaga Leaves Tonic and food L. Aconito napelo Cimicifuga racemosa Hydrastis canadensis (L.) Nutt. Cimicifuga L. Hydrastis Whole plant Antipyretic, antiinflammatory, diaphoretic, diuretic Roots, Antirrheumatic, rhizomes emmenagogue Rhizomes Antihemorrhagic, antimicrobial, choleretic roots Anal and rectal ulcers Aerial Antispasmodic, parts sedative, CNS depressant Whole Cellulitis plant Bark Laxative, increases peristaltic movement and restores intestinal tonicity Bark Laxative, increases peristaltic movement and restores intestinal tonicity Paeonia sp. Pulsatilla pratensis Rosa Benedicta (L.) Mil(L. Ranunculus sp. RHAMNACEAE Skin ulcers, liver problems, antiinflammatory, appetite stimulant, indigestion, fever, childbirth, anticonceptive, stomachaches Leaves Wound healing, antiinflammatory Whole plant, Laxative, seeds antidiarrhoeic Frangula purshiana Geographic International Farming location distribution Mexico, Central America, Antilles, South america Flowers, Adjuvant in the leaves, seeds treatment of symptomatic relief of aching joints Semen cina, semen Whole plant Antihelminthic santo (DC.) Stapf Limoncillo Leaves Antiflatulence Cymbopogon citratus Hordeum vulgare L. Zea mays Medicinal use(s) Pulsatillae herba Centella asiatica Cooper Rhamnus frangula L. Cascara sagrada Cascara sagrada from Panama to Peru, Southeastern Brazil 69 Family Scientific Name Rhamnus purshiana Ziziphus mistol ROSACEAE RUBIACEAE Authority Common Names Part(s) Used DC. Griseb. Amarus cerasus Yuai Cereza Bark, leaves Fruit peduncle Leaves L. Espino albar Maxim. Filipendula/rosácea Aerial part Fragaria chiloensis (L.) Duchesne Frutilla Fruits Malus pumila Mill. Manzana Fruit Prunus amygdalus Prunus avium Stokes Almendra Fruit (oil) (L.) L. Almendra, cerezo Pygeum africanum Rosa Hook. f. Rosa canina L. Flowers Spiraea ulmaria L. Reina de los prados Flowers Calycophyllum spruceanum (Benth.) Guayabochi Hook. f. ex K. Schum. Wedd. Quina Bark Cinchona succirubra Pav. Quina Bark Coffea arabica L. Café Fruits Genipa americana L. Nané Bark, fruit Psychotria ipecacuanha (Brot.) Stokes Ipeca Bulb Catechu Leaves Uncaria gambier Roxb. Uncaria guianensis Geographic International Farming location distribution Laxative Crataegus oxyacantha Filipendula ulmaria Cinchona calisaya Medicinal use(s) Disinfectant, diarrhea Digestive, antiinflammatory Cardiotonic, sedative, hypnotic Antiinflammatory, diuretic, stomachic, astringent Billiary antiinflammatory, food supplement Anemia, obesity, sedative Emollient Fruit (oil), Fruit peduncle Pygeum Africanum Bark Antiinflammatory Rosas Aromatic Flowers Bark (Aubl.) J.F. Uña de gato, Stems, Gmel. ontaepome, bark eigahuen, cashahuasca (Quichua), eigahuen (Huaorani), mulupo pashca, ontaepome, soga espinosa, uña de gato (Ecuador), gara Emollient, diuretic Diuretic Febrifuge, antidiarrhoeic, tonic, eupeptic, antimalarial, cardiac antiarrhytmic Febrifuge, antidiarrhoeic, tonic, eupeptic, antimalarial, cardiac antiarrhytmic Stimulant, vasodilatator Diuretic, stimulant, antidiarrhoeic, vulnerary Expectorant, emetic, antiamoebic, antidiarrhoeic, migraine Cosmetic, astringent, antiinflammatory Coughs, colds, stomachic, antiinflammatory, antitumoral, rheumatism, prostate cancer, anticonceptive, prostate cancer, arthritis, diabetes, cirrhosis, bond diseases, conjuntivitis, gastric ulcers Bolivia, Colombia, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela, Guyana 70 Wild Family Scientific Name Uncaria tomentosa RUTACEAE SAPINDACEAE SOLANACEAE Naranja (fenchona) Whole plant Limón Bark Ivanta hembra Bark L. Ruda Zanthoxylum clava-herculis Populus nigra L. Zantoxyli corteza Flowers, leaves Bark L. Alamo Leaves, flowers Salix alba L. Sauce - Salix Bark Dodonaea L. L. Chacataya Guarana Leaves, fruits Seeds Digitalis Leaves Eufrasia Whole plant Stems SCROPHULARIACEAE Digitalis sp. SMILACACEAE Part(s) Used K.Krause Paullinia cupana Kunth SIMAROUBACEAE Common Names (Willd. ex Uña de gato Roots Roem. & Schult.) DC. Hook. Buchu (Agatosma) Leaves Barosma crenulata Citrus aurantium L. L. Citrus limonum Risso Galipea longiflora Ruta graveolens SALICACEAE Authority Euphrasia Reichb. pratensis Picrasma excelsa (Sw.) Planch. Smilax ornata Lem. Atropa belladonna L. Capsicum annum L. L. Datura L. stramonium L. Moench Dulcamara flexuosa Hyoscyamus niger L. Solanum albidum Dunal Solanum sisymbrifolium Tabacum sp. Lam. Quassiae lignum Medicinal use(s) Geographic International Farming location distribution Antinflammatory, anticonceptive, anticancer Urinary antiseptic, diuretic Hypnotic, carminative Hypnotic, carminative, stomachic Antiparasitic, antileishmaniasis Antiparasitic, rheumatism Diaphoretic, circulatory stimulant Digestive, High valleys hemorrhoids, lungs, (3700m) diuretic, expectorant, antiseptic, antiinflammatory Antiinflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, antirrheumatic, astringent Antiinflammatory Source of caffeine, beverage industries, stimulant, dysenteria Arrhythmias, tachycardia, cardiotonic Acute ophthalmic disorders Bitter, anthelmintic Sarsaparrilla Roots, rhizomes Antiinflammatory, antirrheumatic, diuretic Belladona Leaves, Spasmolytic, flowers, narcotic, mydriatic, fruits sedative Aji (Pimiento rojo) Leaves, Throat Cultivated at fruits, seeds inflammations, anti- around 1700m inflammatory, anti- above sea level rheumatic, digestive, carminative, antiseptic, hemostatic, rubefacient Estramonio folio Leaves, Antispasmodic, Fruits antiasthmatic Dulce Amargo Stems Bronchial flu, asthma, rheumatism Henbano Leaves, Antispasmodic flowers, fruits Espino blanco Bark, stems Wound healing Espino blanco Bark, stems Wound healing Yerba de la Reina Leaves Antinausea 71 diuretic Cardamomo Seeds Appetitive stimulant. te yunnan Leaves Astringent. Beauv. mild astringent Stomachache. diuretic. diuretic. ex Schult. emolient. hypotensor. coughs. cholagogue Laxative Antispasmodic. diuretic Antitussive Vasodilatator Vaginal baths. gentle laxative Demulcent. rhizomes Cedrón – Verbena Leaves olorosa Viola odorata L. Ulmus Bark Urtica cerasum URTICACEAE Laxative. 72 . cardiotonic. Violeta Sedative. Orégano Antiinflammatory Valeriana L. fever. flowers Leaves. gastritis.) Kunth Leaves.) Cola Schott & Endl. seeds STYRACACEAE Styrax paralleloneurus Sap THEACEAE Camellia sinensis (L. flowers Leaves Geographic International Farming location distribution Mexico to Northern Argentina Rubefacient. Cadilo prieto Leaves. gastric stimulant. caballo. child delivery. uterine problems. relaxant. kidney pain Stimulant. emollient.Family STERCULIACEAE Scientific Name Authority Common Names Medicinal use(s) (P. Budhubudhuy. back pain. canagre (Peru) Elettaria cardamomum Maton Zingiber officinale Roscoe Guaiacum officinale L. diaphoretic. (Brazil). dysentery. gastrointestinal pain. stimulant. emollient Ortiga picante Leaves Urtica dioica L. officinarum Heliocarpus L. purgative. urinary problems. liver problems. spasmolytic Antiflatulence. fever. officinalis Lippia citriodora (Lam. Central America. stamens ULMACEAE Ulmus rubra Muh L. flowers Valeriana Roots. Damiana Leaves. Cepa roots. West India. caustic Insomnia. sedative. constipation. Theobroma cacao L. diaphoretic and alterative South America. febrifuge. halitosis. Pensamiento VITACEAE Vitis vinifera L. stems rid'a rid'ay TURNERACEAE Turnera diffusa Willd. intestinal parasites. vulnerary Anthelmintic. vagomimetic Antitussive Viola tricolor L.) Kuntze Te verde.Mey.A. Cacao Seeds CNS stimulant Leaves. antiflatulence. snakebite. VALERIANACEAE VERBENACEAE VIOLACEAE ZYGOPHYLLACEAE Leaves. spontaneous abortion. diarrhea. Vid ZINGIBERACEAE Costus scaber Ruiz & Pav. stomachache. Mexico. Ortiga mayor Leaves Urtica urens L. antiflatulence Jenjibre Rhizomes Expectorant. TILIACEAE Cola acuminata Part(s) Used Perkins Benjui Mezereon Bark Tiliac Whole plant Flowers Tilo Triumfetta semitriloba Jacq. dyspepsia THYMELAEACEAE Mezereum C. pega pega. mild diuretic. antiemetic Goma de Guayaco Heart wood Stimulant. caña Stems agria (Bolivia). americanus Tilia platyphyllos Scop. Institute of Pharmacobiology. Alberto Giménez. Bolivia.A. La Paz. M.S. A. Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica.C. Dr. Personal Evaluation. EU. LEBI. Costa Rica. Cáceres. Universidad Mayor San Andres. (eds) 2000. 394 p.. San José. Legislación en Iberoamérica sobre Fitofármacos y Productos Naturales.Source: García González. IMSS. PHARMA. CYTED. A. 73 . ex Arn. Croton lechleri Muell. (motacu). Impaltos. Erythroxylon coca Lam.Table 3. elixir Cynara scolymus L.F.) A. Dipteryx odorata (Aubl.. King & H.C.) R. Rob. Gastro Digest. syrup Achyrocline satureioides (Lam. Medicinal and aromatic plants Insecticidal extract of piretro 25% Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium Medicinal and aromatic plants COINCOCA Processing of medicinal plants 280 native plants Medicinal and aromatic plants Confederacion de Pueblos Indigenas de Boliva Unidos y Organizados (CIDOD) Medicinal plants Not reported Medicinal and aromatic plants CORACA PROTAL Plant extract and derivatives Not reported Herbal medicinal products C-PROBOL Commercialization of products Not reported Herbal medicinal products CRESPAL S. Swietenia macrophylla King (mara) Medicinal and aromatic plants CANOPY BOTANICALS Investments on enterprises Not reported developing biocommerce projects CARE Aromatic and medicinal plants and derivatives CARE Programa MADIDI Motacu oil. (cat´s claw).) D. Gomenol 74 . medicinal plants (Willd. elixir Mentol Inhalante. Certificadora Medicinal and aromatic plants Not reported Medicinal and aromatic plants CAMPO CHICO/Chapare Native species: Tejeyeque. (belladona) Herbal medicinal products Eucalyptus globulus Labill.) Cosmetics Muña negra Hedeoma mandoniana Wedd. (eucaliptus). Maca. Rich. Arg (sangre de grado). Rich.M. Cat's claw. Thymus vulgaris L. Uncaria tomentosa grado. (alcachofa). ex Arn. (almendrillo)Terminalia amazonia (J. solution for vaporization Not reported Medicinal and aromatic plants Medicinal and aromatic plants Herbal medicinal products Styrax benzoin Dryand. (manzanilla) Herbal medicinal products Huira Huira.) Exell (verdolago). King & H. Acanthostyles buniifolius (Hook. (eucalipto).) Willd. Mentha piperita L. (benjui). Herbal medicinal products R. Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Mara Centrolobium ochroxylum Rose ex Rudd (tejeyeque). (eucalipto). Polygala vulgaris L. Inventory of already processed medicinal plants from Bolivia Company Product Plant Type of product Asociacion de exportadores de aceites esenciales Romerillo Acanthostyles buniifolius (Hook.M.. Cephaelis ipecacuanha (Brot. Almendrillo. Eucalyptus globulus Labill.A. Lepidium meyenii Walp (maca) Centro de Tecnologia Agroindustrial Plant extract and derivatives Schinus molle L. Pimpinella anisum L. (anis). Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Sangre de Attalea princeps Mart. Gmel. (poligala). (ipecacuana) Achyrocline satureioides (Lam. Peumus boldus Molina (boldo). Atropa belladonna L. (coca). (tomillo). Verdolago. Rob.) DC. (huira huira).) DC. (menta). Myroxylon toluiferum A. (huira huira). (tintura de tolú). Cosmetics Asociacion de productores Multiactiva Amaranto Amaranthus caudatus L. Food Bolicert. Matricaria chamomilla L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Ajedrea Satureja montana L. (quinua). Medicinal and aromatic plants Toronjil del Monte Marrubium vulgare L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Mora. (poleo) Herbal medicinal products Fundacion para la Promocion Andean tubercule. & Bukasov (andean tubercule). Medicinal and aromatic plants Mejorana Origanum majorana L.millmi). (romero). Lepidium meyenii Walp. Medicinal and aromatic plants Salvia Salvia officinalis L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Toronjil Melissa officinalis L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Llanten Plantago major L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Menta Mentha piperita L. (maca). drops Cynara scolymus L. (amaranth. Quinua. Wigg. (ajipa) Food Fundacion Uñatatawi Tomillo Thymus vulgaris L. Mentha piperita L. Zarzamora silvestre Rubus ulmifolius Schott Medicinal and aromatic plants Alhucema Lavandula vera DC. Peumus boldus Molina (boldo). Medicinal and aromatic plants Ajenjo Artemisia absinthium L. Medicinal and aromatic plants 75 . Chira Andinos (PROINPA) Solanum andigenum Juz. Helianthus tuberosus L. e Investigacion de Productos Amaranth.) DC. Ajipa.Company Product Plant Type of product FARCOS LTDA. Lippia turbinata Griseb. Millmi. Medicinal and aromatic plants Nogal Juglans regia L. (menta).H. (alcachofa). Medicinal and aromatic plants Albaca Ocimum basilicum L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Manzanilla Matricaria chamomilla L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Diente de Leon Taraxacum officinale F. Amaranthus caudatus L. Baccharis trimera (Less. (carqueja). Rosmarinus officinalis L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Romero Rosmarinus officinalis L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Agracejo Berberis vulgaris L. Chenopodium quinoa Willd. Medicinal and aromatic plants Albaca del Monte Ocimum micranthum Willd. Digestone. Maca. tablets Lepdium meyenii Walp Herbal medicinal products Maca Forte. Huacataya Porophyllum ruderale (Jacq. Herbal medicinal products Siluetin. solution Valeriana officinalis L. Echinacea. tablets Cynara scolymus L. Passiflora incarnata L.) Urb.) Moench Herbal medicinal products Maca.. Presl Herbal medicinal products Nutragen. Medicinal and aromatic plants Quilquiña. (trementina). Cinnamomum camphora (L.. oral drops Echinacea purpurea (L. Herbal medicinal products GRUPO ALCOS Uña de gato. Herbal medicinal products HAHNEMANN S. Matricaria chamomilla L. covered tablets Valeriana officinalis L.. Cassia angustifolia Vahl Herbal medicinal products 76 . Valeriana officinalis L. nutraceuticals (alcanfor) Saint Jhon Wort Complex.. Rhamnus purshiana DC.A. Medicinal and aromatic plants Kirkiña. Herbal medicinal products Lepdium meyenii Walp Herbal medicinal products Maca Forte. Herbal medicinal products Sedativol.L. hortalizas. Matricaria chamomilla L. tablets 300mg Hypericum perforatum L. capsules 750mg Lepdium meyenii Walp Herbal medicinal products Tosalcos Balsamico. Herbal medicinal products Sedaneurin. capsules Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. Passiflora incarnata L...) D.) Cass. Herbal medicinal products Sedativol Forte.. Herbal medicinal products Sedativol. tablets Hypericum perforatum L..) Lipograsil. Herbal medicinal products GRUPO URIACH (URIACH OTC.) Urb.. Matricaria chamomilla L.. Pinus silvestris L. (eucaliptus).C. tablets Valeriana officinalis L. S. Herbal medicinal products Siluetin.) J. Centella asiatica (L. capsules 500mg Lepdium meyenii Walp Herbal medicinal products Maca Spirit. Passiflora incarnata L. medicinal plants Food Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. nutraceuticals Maca. tablets Valeriana officinalis L.) D.C.Company Product Plant Type of product Hierba Buena Mentha spicata L. Centella asiatica (L. gel Fucus vesiculosus L.. ointment Eucalyptus globulus Labill.. Passiflora incarnata L. tablets 500mg Lepdium meyenii Walp Herbal medicinal products Saint Jhon Wort. tablets Fucus vesiculosus L. Baccharis trimera (Less. Medicinal and aromatic plants Lycopodium sp. herbal teas Molina (boldo) Mentha piperita L. infusion (hammamelis). Hamamelis virginiana L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Medicinal plants Chenopodium quinoa Willd. Crataegus monogyna Jacq. Amancay Anis. (sauce).) DC.. (manzanilla). essential oil and plant extrac Lycopodium sp Medicinal and aromatic plants Anamu. (menta) Amancay Carminativo. Harpagophytum procumbens (harpago) Peumus boldus Molina (boldo) Herbal medicinal products Convallaria majalis L. Matricaria chamomilla L.) Kunth (cedron).5%. Salix alba L. herbal medicinal products. essential oil and plant extrac Petiveria alliacea L. (tilo). Lippia citriodora (Lam.. (cerezo) Herbal medicinal products INDUSTRIAS TORRICO ANTELO (ITA) Irupana Andean Organic Food Satureja boliviana. Nuevo Galactogeno. Mentha piperita L. (menta). Mentha piperita L. (anis). Prunus avium (L. essential oil and plant extrac Rosmarinus officinalis L. (anis) Herbal medicinal products Amancay Antigripal.A. Sambucus nigra L. tablets 300mg Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. plant extract Atropa belladonna L. medicinal plants Not reported Cosmetics. herbal teas Amancay Boldo. (carqueja). (menta). Medicinal and aromatic plants Romero. (anis).Company Product Plant Type of product Maca. natural remedies. Tilia cordata Mill. powder for Sophora japonica L. medicinal and aromatic plants Pimpinella anisum L. Salix alba L. (menta).. powder Chenopodium quinoa Willd. (valeriana). Valeriana officinalis L. (sauce). (tilo) Amancay Circulatorio. powder for infusion Mentha piperita L.C. Pimpinella anisum L.(celidonium).) Briq. Tilia cordata Mill. (sofora). Tilia cordata Mill. (espino albar). Herbal medicinal products Satureja boliviana (Benth. herbal teas Amancay Cardiaco. Pimpinella anisum L.) D. Herbal medicinal products Belladona 2. herbal teas Matricaria chamomilla L. Pimpinella anisum L. (convalaria). nutraceuticals Lepdium meyenii Walp Herbal medicinal products Total Digest Chelidonium majus L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Julio Sanjines Stevia Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni Medicinal and aromatic plants LAB. herbal teas Amancay Coca.) L. INDUSTRIALES FARMACEUTICOS VITA S. (coca) Herbal medicinal products Herbal medicinal products Herbal medicinal products Herbal medicinal products 77 . (tilo) Herbal medicinal products Amancay Antirreumatico. herbal teas Erythroxylon coca Lam. (manzanilla). Herbal medicinal products LABORATORIOS ALEPH Cosmetics. Amaranthus caudatus L. (sauco). Peumus boldus Herbal medicinal products Uña de gato. essential oil and plant extrac LABORATORIOS ALFA LTDA. (menta) Cassia angustifolia Vahl (sen). Pimpinella anisum L. Peumus boldus Molina (boldo). (coca). (mentol). antimycotic cream. (tilo).) J. Artemisia absinthium L. Mentha piperita L. Lippia citriodora (Lam. Herbal medicinal products Amancay Manzanilla. (romero).Company Product Plant Type of product Amancay Diuretico. Rosmarinus officinalis L. vaginal suppositories Arocarbol. (menta) Herbal medicinal products Potente Maca. herbal teas Valeriana officinalis L (valeriana). Pimpinella anisum L. (tilo). solution Valeriana officinalis L Herbal medicinal products Guirakillo. Tilia cordata Mill. syrup Salvia officinalis L. (romero). Tilia cordata Mill. oral drops Baccharis genistelloides (Lam. (carqueja). (anis) Silybum marianum (L.) Kunth (cedron). (anis). (manzanilla) Herbal medicinal products Mentisan N. (alcachofa). Baccharis genistelloides (Lam. powder for infusion Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L. Cynara scolymus L.) J. Thymus vulgaris L.) L. (tomillo). (manzanilla) Herbal medicinal products Amancay Menta. (tolu) Herbal medicinal products Carqueja Medica. Malva sylvestris L. (pasiflora). (anis) Herbal medicinal products Amancay Triple Mate. Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (manzanilla). Baccharis genistelloides (Lam. herbal teas Mentha piperita L. (alcachofa). Rosmarinus officinalis L.A. (gayuba). tablets Herbal medicinal products 78 . herbal teas Erythroxylon coca Lam. Peumus boldus Molina (boldo). herbal teas Amancay Laxante. Equisetum arvense L. Lippia citriodora (Lam. Matricaria chamomilla L. (mentol) Herbal medicinal products (cola de caballo) Amancay Hepatico. Matricaria chamomilla L. (manzanilla). (menta). Pimpinella anisum L. Peumus boldus Molina (boldo) Herbal medicinal products Cinnamomum camphora (L. (malva). (alcachofa).) Pers. herbal teas Matricaria chamomilla L. Mentha piperita L. (manzanilla). (menta) Herbal medicinal products Amancay Sedante. LABORATORIOS VALENCIA Arocarbol Instantaneo. Peumus boldus Molina (boldo) Cynara scolymus L. balsamo Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Spreng.) Kunth (cedron). (tilo). Myroxylon toluiferum A. (carqueja). LABORATORIOS IFARBO LTDA.) Pers. Presl (alcanfor). Prunus avium (L. topic solution Arnica montana L. (ipecacuana). Herbal medicinal products Amancay Estomacal.) Pers. Rich. (cerezo). Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Rich. Pastillas Pectorales. (aceite de salvia) Herbal medicinal products Tintura de Arnica. Mentha piperita L. plant extract Solanum lorentzii Bitter Herbal medicinal products Cynara scolymus L. Matricaria chamomilla L. Pimpinella anisum L. herbal teas Matricaria chamomilla L. herbal teas Herbal medicinal products Herbal medicinal products (anis) LABORATORIOS DROGUERIA INTI S. Tilia cordata Mill. Cephaelis ipecacuanha (Brot. (eucaliptol). Herbal medicinal products Tintura de Valeriana. (aceite de salvia). (carqueja). plant extract LABORATORIOS VITA S.A. tablets 600mg Lepdium meyenii Walp Herbal medicinal products Potente Maca Suspension (Infantil) Lepdium meyenii Walp Herbal medicinal products Transpulmin. Salvia officinalis L. (eucaliptol).) A. (ajenjo). (cardo mariano). Mentha piperita L. Mentha piperita L. Passiflora incarnata L.) Gaertn. Presl (alcanfor). capsules Paullinia cupana Kunth Herbal medicinal products Nutrimac. Fruit and herbal teas Valeriana officinalis L Herbal medicinal products Herbal medicinal products Paico. ex Aiton Herbal medicinal 79 .) L'Hér. Mentha piperita L. Herbal medicinal products Aceite de almendras. topic solution Prunus amygdalus Batsch Herbal medicinal products Madre Tierra Amazonia Not reported MALENA Phitorelax. Herbal medicinal products Quinua.) Pers. (menta) Echinacea Medica.) Moench solution Productos Naturales San Agustin (PRONASA) Herbal medicinal products Herbal medicinal products Herbal medicinal products Herbal medicinal products Manzanilla Medica. plant extract Croton lechleri Muell. Erodium moschatum (L. solution. Medicinal and aromatic plants NATUREX Plant extract and derivatives Not reported Herbal medicinal products Planeta de Luz.) D. capsules Lepdium meyenii Walp Herbal medicinal products Uña de gato.L. Arg Chenopodium quinoa Willd. Carqueja Medica. solution Aceites volátiles. plant extract Baccharis genistelloides (Lam.) Pers. Herbal medicinal products Alfilerillo. Echinacea purpurea (L. Eco-Spa y Clinica Aromatheraphy. herbal teas Gentiana galanderi Hieron.C.R. Guarana. (carqueja). (ajenjo). Oxido de bisabolol Herbal medicinal products Medicinal teas Not reported Herbal medicinal products REMENTBOL Not reported Servicio de Desarrollo Rural y Willea. plant extract Sangre de Grado. Herbal medicinal products Uña de gato.) D.A. solution Artemisia absinthium L. medicinal plants Not reported Medicinal and aromatic plants. capsules 350mg Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. plant extract Uncaria tomentosa (Willd.C. Medio Ambiente herbal teas Not reported Herbal medicinal products Nencia. capsules 500mg Naturaleza S. herbal medicinal products PLANTA MEDICA Carqueja. medicinal plants Chenopodium ambrosioides L.Company Product Plant Type of product LAFAR S. hydroalcoholic Baccharis genistelloides (Lam. ) Merr. capsules 1200mg Glycine max (L. 80 .Company Product Plant herbal teas Type of product products Martin Muña. herbal teas Buddleja coriacea Remy Herbal medicinal products Cola de caballo. herbal teas Polypodium decumanum Willd. Herbal medicinal products Soy Lecithin.A. Amaranthus caudatus L. herbal teas Valeriana officinalis L Herbal medicinal products Sociedad Boliviana de Medicina Tradicional (SOBOMETRA) Ointments. syrups. capsules 520mg Panax ginseng C. Herbal medicinal products Source: Data was retrieved from each corresponding company’s websites (Table 5). capsules 400mg Ginkgo biloba L. Herbal medicinal products Kiswara. Mey. herbal teas Equisetum arvense L. herbal teas Rumex acetosa L. Herbal medicinal products Valeriana. Herbal medicinal products Noni Juice Morinda citrifolia L. Herbal medicinal products Korean Ginseng.A. infusions Not reported Herbal medicinal products Tecnologico Agropecuario Canada (TAC) Aromatic plants Not reported Medicinal and aromatic plants TENATUR Medicinal plants and teas Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen.(LAB. herbal teas Not reported Herbal medicinal products Acedera. herbal teas Minthostachys mollis (Kunth) Griseb. Herbal medicinal products Raiz de la China. Herbal medicinal products Calahuala.TERAPEUTICA BOLIVIANA SA) Ginkgo biloba. Herbal medicinal products TERBOL S. ) HAHNEMANN S. Eco-Spa y Clinica PLANTA MEDICA Productos Naturales San Agustin (PRONASA) Servicio de Desarrollo Rural y Medio Ambiente Sociedad Boliviana de Medicina Tradicional (SOBOMETRA) TENATUR TERBOL S. Naturaleza NATUREX PLANTA MEDICA Productos Naturales San Agustin (PRONASA) Beni Cochabamba Cochabamba La Paz La Paz La Paz La Paz La Paz Cochabamba Cochabamba La Paz-Coroico Potosi 81 .A. Grupo Alcos GRUPO URIACH (URIACH OTC.L.A.A. LAB.R.TERAPEUTICA BOLIVIANA SA) Cochabamba La Paz La Paz Cochabamba La Paz not reported La Paz La Paz La Paz Cochabamba Cochabamba La Paz La Paz Cochabamba Cochabamba Cochabamba Cochabamba La Paz-Coroico Potosi La Paz La Paz Cochabamba Santa Cruz Perfumes and cosmetics Asociacion de exportadores de aceites esenciales Irupana Andean Organic Food Laboratorios ALEPH Planeta de Luz.A LAFAR S.A. MALENA Naturaleza S. NATUREX Planeta de Luz. Eco-Spa y Clinica Cochabamba La Paz Cochabamba Cochabamba Nutraceuticals and allies CARE Programa MADIDI Centro de Tecnologia Agroindustrial CORACA PROTAL Grupo Alcos HAHNEMANN S. LABORATORIOS IFARBO LTDA. Laboratorios Valencia LAB.A.L. INDUSTRIAS TORRICO ANTELO (ITA) LABORATORIOS ALFA LTDA. LAFAR S. INDUSTRIALES FARMACEUTICOS VITA S.A. LABORATORIOS ALFA LTDA. LABORATORIOS DROGUERIA INTI S.A. S.(LAB. List of Bolivian producers by economic sector and economic location Economic sector Producers Geographic location Herbal Medical Products CORACA PROTAL C-PROBOL CRESPAL S.Table 4. FARCOS LTDA.A. INDUSTRIALES FARMACEUTICOS VITA S. Eco-Spa y Clinica Tecnologico Agropecuario Canada (TAC) TENATUR Source: Analysis of Tables 3 and 5. La Paz La Paz Cochabamba La Paz Beni Cochabamba Cochabamba Santa Cruz La Paz La Paz-Oruro La Paz La Paz Cochabamba Cochabamba Cochabamba Cochabamba 82 .A.TERAPEUTICA BOLIVIANA SA) La Paz La Paz Cochabamba Santa Cruz Asociacion de productores Multiactiva Bolicert.Economic sector Pharmaceutical aids Producers Geographic location Servicio de Desarrollo Rural y Medio Ambiente Sociedad Boliviana de Medicina Tradicional (SOBOMETRA) TENATUR TERBOL S.(LAB. Certificadora CAMPO CHICO/Chapare CARE CARE Programa MADIDI Centro de Tecnologia Agroindustrial COINCOCA Confederacion de Pueblos Indigenas de Boliva Unidos y Organizados (CIDOD) Fundacion para la Promocion e Investigacion de Productos Andinos (PROINPA) Fundacion Uñatatawi Irupana Andean Organic Food Julio Sanjines Laboratorios ALEPH Planeta de Luz. UMSS.megalink. Bolivia Bolicert. La Paz. Raul Crespo (591-2) 2491134 (591-2) 2488748 www. Santa Cruz Junin entre Santanañis.Table 5. 1725 (San Pedro). Certificadora Grover Bustillo 249-0747 bolicert@mail. La Paz
[email protected] Calle General Gonzalez No. Cochabamba 3460714 3477050 CORACA PROTAL Sandro Zalabria 4252421 C-PROBOL Jorge Gothret 233-6886 CRESPAL S.noelkempff.bo CARE Jan Schollaert 249-2957 249-4342
[email protected] Casilla 2241. Bolivia 83 . Cochabamba 233-6996
[email protected]. La Paz CAMPO CHICO/Chapare Agustin Ferrel CANOPY BOTANICALS Mark Meador 333-7476 354-7383 bds@scbbs. Santa Cruz Robert Confederacion de Pueblos Indigenas Cartagena de Boliva Unidos y Organizados (CIDOD) Central Nuevo Chapare.entelnet. 784.com Esquina Palacio y Mariscal Sucre. List of Bolivian companies Company Contact Phone Fax E-mail Web Address Asociacion de exportadores de aceites esenciales Cochabamba. Piso 18.net www. Cochabamba
[email protected] Calle Nicolas Acosta No. Cochabamba COINCOCA Melvi Paz 424-4014 coincoca@supernet. 1314.bo Mariscal Ballivian.com. 2925.org Calle Heroes del Acre No.bo Casilla 6135.gov.bo www.A.entelnet.cbb. Beni Centro de Tecnologia Agroindustrial Eduardo Zambrano 4232548 4233648
[email protected] Calle Libertad No.bo Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologia. Zona Norte (entre Av Callapampa y Melchor Perez). La Paz CARE Programa MADIDI Wilfredo Peñafiel 8922394 8922395 wilpero@yahoo. Distrito 4 Villa Tunari.cnb.gov. Bolivia Asociacion de productores Multiactiva La Paz. Prudencio 4259393 Velasco Orlando 4259394 argebolc@entelnet. Casilla 3171. Bolivia INDUSTRIAS TORRICO ANTELO (ITA) 4254200 4254209 torricoantelo@gmail. Bolivia LABORATORIOS VALENCIA Valencia Illanes 4265641/424196 4260265 Alejandro/ 8 Ramiro Valencia valenr@pino. Kieffer Herrada Carlos/Montero 24558882455770 24557592455863 2455973 LABORATORIOS ALEPH Jaime Mendez 4501767 4501767 LABORATORIOS ALFA LTDA.5. Cochabamba Plaza Uyuni No.alcos.bo Prolongacion La Paz-Oruro. La Paz. Cochabamba.bo Junin 197 y Colombia. Cochabamba. Edificio Marconi Piso 2. 692.cbb.com. Manco Kapac Nº 494.org Fernando Guachulla y Abdon San Saavedra No.L.Totorkahua Canton el Paso (Quillacollo). No. Dieter Schilling 2408282 24006540 doria@inti. labvita@caoba. Miraflores.entelnet.bo HAHNEMANN S.com Dirección Adm. Bolivia Alberto Liendo Phone Web www.com. Bolivia LAB. Bolivia www. Bolivia Calle España No.entelnet. 148. Bolivia Fundacion para la Promocion e Investigacion de Productos Andinos (PROINPA) Victor Iriarte Sejas 241-6966 241-6966 v. Bolivia GRUPO ALCOS 591-2-2223866 591-22222456 natural@alcos. 36. Bolivia 84 . Belzu Nº 174 dirección Ind.A.com. Ecuador.820. La Paz. Esq.bo Address Calle Hugo Estrada No.) Irupana Andean Organic Food Javier Hurtado Julio Sanjines La Paz. Costanera No. Bolivia GRUPO URIACH (URIACH OTC.com. Villa Merced. S.inti. La Paz. INDUSTRIALES FARMACEUTICOS VITA S.bo LABORATORIOS DROGUERIA INTI S. Walter Alvarez 226001 (591-4) 255407 ifarbo@supernet. Colombia Nº 1059 221-1938 221-5805
[email protected] Z.bo Av.bo LABORATORIOS IFARBO LTDA. 87.A. Carretera Qillocollo-Confital Km 18. La Paz. Ronald Gumucio (591-2) 2415442 (591-2) 2415444
[email protected] Calle Pedro Salazar.com. La Paz.bo Calle Lanza s/n.
[email protected] Contact Fax E-mail FARCOS LTDA.com. La Paz Fundacion Uñatatawi Domingo de Guzman 2333979 2333979
[email protected]. Juan Jose Ferrer 2224237/222791 2224217 0
[email protected] Av.bo Calle Socabaya 142-160.entelnet. La Paz. Bolivia Naturaleza S. Dante 4221516Abraham 4226847 4523200
[email protected] Av.com Calle Pasaje Gonzalez Nº 140 casi esq.cbb.planetadeluz.L.bo Av.entelnet. Av. Prolongacion Illampu. Bolivia Servicio de Desarrollo Rural y Medio Ambiente Sociedad Boliviana de Medicina Tradicional (SOBOMETRA) Walter Alvarez 231-3783/2331724 79972944 alvarezkallawaya@hotmail. La Paz. Jaime Ocampo 2455973 (591-2) 2410411 (591-2) 2227041 labvita@caoba. Bolivia LABORATORIOS VITA S.A. Salamanca Nº 917. Ivonne Montero 2455973 LAFAR S. La Paz.bo.bo.bo Calle Jordan E0382. Abecedario s/n Chimore.Company Contact Phone Fax E-mail Web Address Cochabamba.A.com casilla 318.cbb. Cochabamba . Manco Kapac N° 494. Potosi Huallpa Quinta Juan Pastor Diaz Nº168. Cochababamba Apanto .Coroico San Agustin. Cochabamba NATUREX Filiberto Ugalde 4256806 4115205 simexsrl@pino. Cochabamba Planeta de Luz. La Paz .R.entelnet.Coroico Nor Yungas S/N Quinta Uchumachi. 2213.entelnet.entelnet.bo 8139594 Productos Naturales San Agustin (PRONASA) REMENTBOL www.net Cresp No. Bolivia lafar@datacom. Santa Cruz La Paz. Provincia Baldivieso.com. Cochabamba 85 .net PLANTA MEDICA Pauki Strohmkurt 022133-6015 Adolf 8116015
[email protected]. Adolfo Mier 4258775 4258775 frutte@pino. La Paz Tecnologico Agropecuario Canada (TAC) Karl Hoffmann 4134321 4134321 teccanad@pino. Bolivia Madre Tierra Amazonia Beni. Eco-Spa y Clinica Luis Espinoza 4261234 4291031
[email protected] Calle 25 de mayo Nº 393. Bolivia MALENA Yañez Eid.bo F Sabtivañez Nº 0616.cnb. Zona de San Pedro.cbb. Cochabamba TENATUR Diomedes Herrera 4257715/425771 4257717 6/4239930 camcom@pino. A. La Paz.com Web Address Barrio Hamacas Calle 2 Este Nº 3205.bo.TERAPEUTIC A BOLIVIANA SA) Contact Phone Fax E-mail 3426767 3426767 terbol@terbol. Universidad Mayor San Andres.sns. Dr. Dirección de Medicamentos y Tecnología en Salud: www. 86 . Alberto Giménez. Bolivia.gov.Company TERBOL S. Santa Cruz Source: Data was retrieved from each corresponding company’s websites.(LAB. Institute of Pharmacobiology. ANNEX 1 87 . ) DC.) DC. 1837. Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 6: 220. Achyrocline satureioides (Lam. FAMILIA: Compositae (Asteraceae) FIGURA 1. Fotografía: Salvador Cañigeral 88 .A Model Monograph Achyrocline satureioides (Lam. vira-vira. 1974). La decocción de esta planta es también utilizada como emenagogo y para superar la impotencia.SINÓNIMOS Gnaphalium satureioides Lam.). Produce tres a cuatro flores pistiladas marginales y una o dos flores centrales perfectas (fide HNB-LPB. En Argentina como tratamiento para el asma (SAGGESE. hipoglicemiante y en disturbios gastrointestinales(ROCHA ET AL.. Hojas alternas. sésiles hasta 5 cm de largo y hasta 4 mm de ancho. yerba de chivo (BOLIVIA) Birabira. 1975). cerros. Esta misma preparación 89 . Achyrocline candicans (Kunth) DC. Bolivia y Argentina. 1994.. 1984) y en Venezuela es utilizada contra la diabetes (MORTON. En Bolivia. son utilizadas como antiespasmódico. Se da en todo el Uruguay. En Colombia se utiliza para el tratamiento de tumores(GARCIA-BARRIGA. las flores son utilizadas en la medicina tradicional Tacana contra la diarrea. VARGAS ET AL. 1988). la infusión de las partes aéreas secadas a la sombra. no es tóxica. Un puñado de flores se hacen hervir en agua. erecto. 2000: pág. marcela (URUGUAY).. durante cinco minutos y se toma cuando se tiene sed. como sedativo.. DISTRIBUCIÓN GEOGRÁFICA Y HÁBITAT Es una planta común en los arenales. En Paraguay se usa contra las infecciones (HIRSCHMANN. 1991). analgésico. antiinflamatorio (SIMOES. marcela hembra (URUGUAY. 1993). ARGENTINA) DESCRIPCIÓN BOTÁNICA Sub arbusto de hasta 80cm de altura. USOS ETNOMÉDICOS Y MODO DE EMPLEO En Argentina la planta entera en infusión es utilizada como digestivo y antidiabético (GARCIA ET AL. sierra y campos pedregosos. Gnaphalium candicans Kunth NOMBRES COMUNES EN LOS PAÍSES IBEROAMERICANOS Macela do campo (BRASIL) Mirabira. En diversos países Sudamericanos las flores son utilizadas como antiespasmódico (GONZALEZ ET AL. yatey-caa. suso. ramoso. Brasil. contra la diarrea. 1990). wira-wira. emenagogo. antiinflamatorio y antibacteriano (ZANI ET AL. Esta preparación se administra también a los bebés.. 1995). cubierto de pelos cortos y lanosos que le dan una coloración blanquecina. En Brasil. 1959). BASTIEN. diversos flavonoides derivados de la galangina y quercetina (BROUSSALIS ET AL. 1995) reportan toxicidad contra el camarón salino. 1985). TOXICIDAD Y ESTUDIOS CLÍNICOS Las actividades de toxicidad general. se detallan en el trabajo de DE SOUZA ET AL. ACTIVIDAD FARMACOLÓGICA Y BIOLÓGICA El residuo soluble en diclorometano de los extractos hidroalcoholicos de la planta entera estudiada en Bolivia. antiinflamatoria... J. 1994. BIBLIOGRAFIA ABDEL-MALEK. 1993) y en Paraguay (ROJAS DE ARIAS ET. Las infusiones de flores presentan actividad antiviral contra HIV (ABDEL-MALEK ET AL.. ARISAWA. J. PETROVICK & KNORST.. 1997). 1991). 1996) y actividad citotóxica conta células KB (ARISAWA. 90 . cumarinas (HIRSCHMANN. relajante sobre músculo liso e inhibición de la motilidad intestinal. 1997). De los extractos de las hojas y de las infloresencias se han identificado diversas flavonas y flavonoides (FERRARO ET AL. 1994). Tampoco presenta actividad contra bacterias gram negativas. Los niveles de actividad molusquicida. 1999). α-pineno (LAMATY ET AL. 1995) en Uruguay (GONZALEZ ET AL. M. 1.. Extractos de plantas colectadas en Brasil (ZANI ET AL.. ET AL. S. 1996. AL. ácidos polifenólicos. AL. (1984). La planta entera presenta una leve actividad antioxidante (DESMACHELIER ET AL. contra Biomphalaria glabrata. han sido determinadas en modelos in vivo (SIMOES ET. QUÍMICA De la planta entera se han obtenido los polisacaridos As-3 y As-4 (PUHLMANN ET. No se reporta actividad contra Neurospora crassa (PINAYA. presentan una marcada actividad inmuno estimulante (WAGNER.W. además se reportan sesquiterpenos (SENNA ET AL. rationale. AL. 1997). background. 1984). 1990). La fracción de los polisacáridos obtenidos de la planta entera seca. AL. 1988).. 1991). Los principales monoterpenos presentes en el aceite esencial obtenidos de las hojas son: cineol. 1988. (TICONA. 23-metil-6-0-desmetilauricepirona e italdipirona. Cell growth inhibition of kb cells by plant extracts. Los extractos presentan débil actividad contra Trypanozoma cruzi (ROJAS DE ARIAS ET.1-8. pero si contra Staphylococcus aureus a la concentración de 1. Ethnopharmacology 50: 157-166. analgésica. 1997)... pero no se han reportado estudios clínicos. no presenta actividad tóxica contra Artemia salina.. Se ha demostrado actividad genotóxica utilizando Salmonella typhimurium y contra Escherichia coli (VARGAS. 1995). protocol and anti-hiv activity.. delta-cadineno. 1997) y derivados de la fenilpirona.0 mg/ml (PONCE. cis β-ocimeno y trans β-ocimeno. 1981)...endulzada con miel de abeja se utiliza para el tratamiento de la tos (BOURDY ET AL. 1992). Drug leads from the kallawaya herbalists of Bolivia. Nat Med 48(4): 338-347.. S. Pharm.L. Isolation of a Kawa-pyrone from Achyrocline satureioides.P. Brasil Cienc.BOURDY. G. BRANDAO. J. 1984. 37(7): 1152-1163. 1991.M. Ind. Cienc. Biological screening of Uruguayan medicinal plants.. The constituents of Achyrocline satureioides (Lam. Universidad GARCIA..ET AL. FERRARO. H. 3(5): 317-321. nuestras hierbas). A. 16(4): 401-402. Rev.2/3. ET AL. ET AL. 1997. HIRSCHMANN. CAMPOS. Venezuela. ET AL.) DC. ET AL. La Paz-Bolivia.C. ET AL. 91 . MORTON. 1999. 1990. Essent Oil Res. 2000. 1988. Acad. 1975. Ecol. Phytochemistry 20: 2053-2054. Biochem. ET. FERRARO. Int. equanasha idírene cuana. Pharmacog. ET AL. 1946. R.F. BROUSSALIS.P. Quim. HANSEL. 1993. R. G.N. NORBEDO. part 12. G.G. Chemoprophylaxis of schistosomiasis: molluscicidal activity of natural products.J. 1985. J. A. C. Tacana: Ecuanasha aqui. GIMENEZ. Syst. Flora medicinal de colombia.. J. ET AL. C. Antioxidant and prooxidant activities in aqueous extract of Argentine plants. LIMA DE AZEVEDO. 1998.. 56(3): 333-338. ET AL. Folk-remedy plants and esophageal cancer in Coro. M. 1984. G.E. Planta Med. GARCIA-BARRIGA. polyphenols fron Achyrocline satureioides. Base de Datos del Herbario Nacional. DE PAULA. BERMUDEZ. 1984. 15(3): 134-135. La Paz-Bolivia. ORTEGA. HNB-LPB. Morris Arboretum Bull 25: 24-34. 48(2): 103-104. C. Cult. J. I. A. Bogota-Colombia. Latinoamer... Brasil Cienc. C.A...H. Editores UMSA-FONAMA-CIPTA-ORSTOM Plural S. G. Chemoprophylaxis of schistosomiasis: molluscicidal activity of natural products. AL. Rev. Acad. Phenolic constituents of four Achyrocline species. KALOGA. Ethnopharmacology 39(3): 217-220. DE SOUZA. 56(3): 333-338. me schanapaque (Tacana: Conozcan nuestras plantas. G. DE SOUZA. Indigenous medicinal plants of Uruguay. Farm. vol. Flavonoids from argentine medicinal plants. M. Antimalarial experimental chemotherapy using natural products. 291293pp. DESMACHELIER. Antiherpetic activity of some Argentine medicinal plants. M & LOMBARDO. 1983. BOTELHO. LIMA DE AZEVEDO.L. Nacional. M. M. MENUT. ET AL. F. 35(2): 116-120. 1974. FERREIRA.. Drug Dev. A. Development of ointment formulations prepared with Achyrocline satureioides spray-dried extracts. C. 24(3): 235-241. An. The chemical composition of some Achyrocline satureoides and Achyrocline alata oils from Brazil. G. 88: 297. Fitoterapia 61(6): 542-546. An.E. ET AL. 1981. GONZALEZ. 1era Ed. M. M. GONZALES. LAMATY. A. IIFB. SAGGESE. 1992. ET AL. La Paz-Bolivia. Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Bioquímicas de la UMSA. Reson.alcoholic extracts of Portulaca pilosa and Achyrocline satureioides on urinary sodium and potassium excretion. 1997. 1991. Res. FULGENCIO.7-dimethoxycoumarin. Two hundred sixty-eight medicinal plants used to regulate fertility in some countries of South America. Chem. 82-87pp. J.F. 1959. phytochemistry 25(5): 1255-1256. E. Phytochemistry 31(8): 26172621. CORREA. S. E. Effects of hydro. 1995.L. PETROVICK. Tesina de Grado de Licenciatura en Química Farmacéutica. C. D. Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Bioquímicas de la UMSA.. Tesina de Grado de Licenciatura en Química Farmacéutica. Evaluación de la actividad antifúngica de especies vegetales de la etnia Tacana.O. Crude Drug Res.. Preparation and characterization of spray-dried powders from Achyrocline satureioides (Lam. ET AL. Fitoterapia 59(5): 419-421. Characterization of a concentrated extract of Achyrocline satureioides as an intermediary product in the preparation of an ointment. TICONA. 13: 97-121.P. KNAUS. ET AL. V. SCHENKEL.) DC. 92 . SIMOES. PUHLMANN. E... ET.F. 1988. Ethnopharmacology 45(1): 35-41. 33(9): 757-758.E. compositae.C. 1988.M. A. 1997. La Paz-Bolivia 72-74pp.. 68-71pp. ET AL.R & KNORST. REINECKE. Ethnopharmacology 22(3): 281-293. 1975. Antognazzi & Co. ROCHA. A. Phytother Res.. IIFB. U. H. C. Tesina de Grado de Licenciatura en Química Farmacéutica. 1986. SENNA. MORENO. flavonoids from four compositae species. PONCE. MINTER. FERRO. 11(2) 123-127. insecticidal and trypanocidal activity of some Paraguayan Asteraceae. J. Phytother. 1997. 1975. Q. ET AL. M. M. C.E. 1-189p.. 1995. AL. 1997.O. 1994. PINAYA.M... Medicinal herbs of Argentina.R. 5(5): 237-238. Pharmacological investigations on Achyrocline satureioides (Lam) DC. M. RosarioArgentina. D. Unpublished (stenciled) Review in spanish. MORTON. P. Current folk remedies of Northern Venezuela.A. Evaluación in vitro de la actividad citostática/citotóxica presente en extractos de especies vegetales empleadas por la etnia Tacana.R. J.B. ROJAS DE ARIAS.. P.L. J.T. D. Anti-inflammatory action of Achyrocline satureioides extracts applied topically. PETROVICK. ET AL. 10th ed. SIMOES. Carbon and proton NMR assignments for 6. Ethnopharmacology 43(3): 179-183. Evaluación in vitro de la actividad antibacteriana de plantas medicinales utilizadas por la etnia Tacana. J. A. Immunologically active metallic ioncontaining polysaccharides of Achyrocline satureioides. Mutagenicity. Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Bioquímicas de la UMSA. Magn.MESQUITA.J. IIFB. La Paz-Bolivia. J. extracts. . ET AL. Immunostimulating polysaccharides (heteroglycans) of higher plants. P. PROKSCH. 1985. H. 93 . 35(7): 1069-1075.F. ET AL.F. A. V. 1991. WAGNER. VARGAS. Genotoxicity of plant extracts. V. CHAVES.. Mutat.. Immunostimulating polysaccharides(heteroglycanes) of higher plants/preliminary communication. ZANI..L. MOTTA.. Res. 1984.P.R.VARGAS.M. ArzneimForsch 34(6): 659-661. Phytomedicine 2(1): 47-50. 240(1): 13-18. PROKSCH. ET AL.G. Brine shrimp lethality assay as a prescreening system for antitrypanosoma cruzi activity. WAGNER. ET AL. Oswaldo Cruz Rio de Janeiro 86(11): 67-70. Arzneim-Forsch. C. 1990. 1995. R. H. A. ET AL.E. GUIDOBONO.P. V. Mutagenic and genotoxic effects of aqueous extracts of Achyrocline satureoides in prokaryotic organisms.. Inst. ECUADOR 94 . 1. National participants 2. External demand 3.2.1.1. Legislation 121 121 121 123 124 124 124 125 125 126 127 4.1. RECOMENDATIONS 140 95 .1.3.1. Processors 3.1. Productive chain 2.2.1.3. Consumers 3.1.1.5.3.2. Buyer profile 3.2.2.2. Technologies 2.TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENTS Pag. Medicinal plants producer associations 2. Factors influencing the demand 3. The value chain of medicinal and aromatic plants 2.1. REFERENCES 130 5.1.2.1. Commercialization 2.2.4. Demand: buyer profile and factors influencing the demand 3.1.1.2. ABOUT THE PRODUCTION 2.2.5.1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION 97 98 100 1.5. Distribution channels 3.2.1. Products 1. International participants 2.2.5.1. SWOT analysis 135 6. Internal and external demand 3. Raw material 1.5.1.1.4. Agents implied 2. International demand 3. Academic sector 2.5.5. ABOUT THE MARKET 3. ABOUT THE PRODUCT 1. Government sector 2.1. Farming and collection 2.3.1. List of Companies 109 109 110 112 115 115 116 116 119 119 120 121 121 3. Producers 102 102 107 109 2.4. List of Medicinal Plants of Ecuador Table 3. List of Ecuadorian companies Annex 1 Pag.CONTENTS TABLES Table 1. List of Ecuadorian producers by economic sector and economic location Table 6. 148 149 166 190 193 198 96 . Inventory of already processed medicinal plants from Ecuador Table 5.
[email protected].. Universidad Central de Ecuador.ec. CORPEI: Corporación de Promoción de Exportaciones e Inversiones. Comisión Asesora de Productos Naturales del Ministerio de Salud Pública.org.ec. Ecuador.com. Marco Antonio Dehesa. Quito.com. Ximena Chiriboga. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Ecuador. ximena3030@yahoo. Dr. Dr. Vice-Decana.ec. Dr. biocomercio@corpei. marcoad16@yahoo. Quito. xchiriboga@yahoo. Ximena Buitrón C. Consultora Asociada a EcoCiencia.net.org. Ecuador. Laboratorio RENASE. 97 . corpei@corpei. Quito.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks are due to the following contributors for their active participation and collaboration at various stages in the preparation of this report. Ecuador. Quito. Inventory of the already processed medicinal plants.). Amaranthus hybridus L. Ilex guayusa Loes. Grias neuberthii J.. Rob. Eryngium foetidum L..F. legal and commercialization ways of medicinal plant based products. Marsdenia 98 . the most promising plants of Ecuador are Amaranthus caudatus L. Gmel. Bixa orellana L.. list of producers by economic sector and economic location are provided This report also provides an overview of the productive chain of medicinal and aromatic plants for herbal medicinal products.. Arg. Macbr.. Clinopodium nubigenum (Kunth) Kuntze.EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report is state of art information on different aspects of medicinal plants in the country. Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Information on companies engaged in different aspects of medicinal plants industry is provided. Bactris gasipaes Kunth.F. Based on critical evaluation and industrial potential.. Copaifera paupera (Herzog) Dwyer.. distribution channels. cosmetics and pharmaceutical aids.. Bursera graveolens (Kunth) Triana & Planch. Chuquiraga jussieui J.. It briefly describes current tendencies of the market.M. Cynara scolymus L. King & H. nutraceuticals.. Croton lechleri Mull. Sources of raw material of medicinal plants are grouped by families containing medicinal properties. social. identification of possible future products. Aristeguietia glutinosa (Lam.. geographic location and farming.) R. Cinchona pubescens (Vahl. Equisetum bogotense Kunth. ) J.) J. Physalis peruviana L. Phyllanthus niruri L.. Ecuador has 62 enterprises related to several stages in the industrialization of medicinal plants in the Andean region. Smilax lundellii Killip & C. Aristeguietia glutinosa. Smallanthus sonchifolius (Poepp. Among herbal medicinal products’ industry. 99 .. Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruiz & Pav.H. Phlebodium aureum (L.cundurango Rchb. Taraxacum officinale F. Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. Croton lechleri.. It ends with a SWOT analysis and recommendations on industrialization of medicinal plants.F. Phyllanthus niruri. Uncaria tomentosa. Plantago australis Lam.) H. Gmel. & Schult. Uncaria guianensis (Aubl. Oenacarpus bataua var. Paullinia yoco R. Vaccinium floribundum Kunth.. Morton.V. = Polymnia sonchifolia Poepp... 42% on farming. collection and processing of medicinal plants.) DC.. Spondias mombin L. Schult. f. exploitation of the following plants was noteworthy: Lepidium meyenii.... bataua Mart. Ocotea quixos (Lam. ex Roem.E. Sm. The rest of the companies are either dedicated to cosmetics or spices production. Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni. Maytenus laveis Reissek. Rob.. Wigg. Peumus boldus Molina.. of which 42% are concentrated on production of herbal medicinal products.. & Killip.) Kosterm. Cymbopogon citratus. cerebrovascular disease. Text Volume. 1973. cirrhosis and other hepatic diseases. Kobe.3%) are endemic. 4. A survey of background indicators in Ecuador reveals the ten main causes of mortality in Ecuador are neoplasms. There is no official institution in charge of regulating traditional medical practice 10 .306 vascular plants in Ecuador.173 (27. 188 of 4 February 1971 embodying the health code. then the proper identification of promising products from available information and further research is vital. 216 p. urinary tract diseases. 2005. however. Ecuador has 10% of the world species of plants. There is. which was created by a ministerial resolution 9 WHO. ischaemic heart diseases. WHO Global Atlas of Traditional. diarrheal diseases and malaria. hypertension. 24:130. homicides. If we consider Ecuador’s status as a member of the megadiverse group and the inventory of known plant species. However. 10 Supreme Decree no. the main causes of morbidity are acute respiratory infections. Of the 15. Ecuador is in the process of formulating National policy on Traditional Complimentary and Alternative Medicine (TCAM) 9 .INTRODUCTION Ecuador is a megadiverse country and is a global power house in terms of biodiversity and natural resources. we can easily conclude that the country should promote the natural ingredient sector. the National Division of Indigenous Health. intestinal infection. Complementary and Alternative Medicine. The country’s biodiversity resources must be turned into real benefits and quality of life improvement for the general population. There is no registry of traditional medicine practitioners in Ecuador and no licensing procedure for practitioners of traditional medicine. Japan. acute respiratory disease. International digest of health legislation. If the Ecuador’s future is to be related to innovative products from biodiversity. 100 . traffic accidents. 101 . positioning itself as a reliable supplier of biodiversity based products with a system of sustainable supply chains organized around networks of small businesses or community based enterprises as long as they reach sustainable and fair trade certification and work with global quality standards. Some efforts have been made to coordinate with institutions and organizations affiliated with traditional medicine in Ecuador2. according to the data of Ministry of Health. 11 Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization. the State is focusing more attention on official linkages. Washington DC. Currently. particularly Quichua medicine. But. 15-16 November 1999. there are no specific programmes linking traditional medicine with allopathic medicine. it is estimated that only 34% of the providers of Traditional and Alternative Medicine are legally constituted and recognized. they have training as a technologist in alternative medicine and cosmetics. Washington DC. In the majority of the cases. 1999. Ecuador could develop a competitive edge. Report of the working group of OPS/OMS on traditional. In Ecuador. complementary and alternative medicines and therapies. with increasing interest in traditional medicine.to promote the development of traditional medicine 11 . X. Raw material There are about 500 known species of medicinal plants.1. Cambridge.8%). Twenty-six wild species are cultivated and 20 introduced plants are cultivated.2%). highland and Galapagos (3/1. An analysis of Table 1 indicates that the number of species per region as follows: higland (166/68. Ecuador: uso y comercio de plantas medicinales. medicinal uses. The most representative medicinal uses in decreasing order are: pain. coast. geographic location. of which 228 are registered as most used and approximately 125 of them are commercialized 12 . TRAFFIC International.0%). A second edition of a book on Iberoamerican Medicinal Plants edited by Gupta (1995) 13 has 26 monographs on Ecuadorian medicinal plants written by Drs. situación actual y aspectos importantes para su conservación. ABOUT THE PRODUCT 1.4%). parts used. Plutarco Naranjo and Ximena 12 Buitrón. coast and orient (25/10. Morover.0%).8%). only 96 (39. orient (22/9. 101 p.0%). 1999. highland. coast and highlands (6/2.2%). coast and orient (7/2. coast (7/2. C. gastrointestinal problems. Based on the pharmaceutical. fever and inflammation.2%). highland. orient and highlands (22/9.3%)species are reported as wild. respiratory tract affections and skin affections. international distribution and farming appear in Table 1. common names. 2 endemic and 24 (9. 102 . nutraceutical and industrial potential the most promising plants for industrialization appear in Table 2. orient and Galapagos (3/1.1. A complete list of 244 medicinal plants of Ecuador according to family. coast.7%) introduced. pneumonia Clinopodium nubigenum (Kunth) Kuntze Tipo Cough. analgesic.M. antiparasitic Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Colombia. Bogotá. throat problems. Achiote Skin infections. Sangre de drago Scar healing. stomach ulcers Croton lechleri Mull. King & H. Amaranto Food Amaranthus hybridus L.P. wound healing. scar healing. skin spots Aristeguietia glutinosa (Lam. diarrhea. stomachaches Papaya Digestive.) Cascarilla Febrifuge. M. antiinflammatory. hepatitis Bursera graveolens (Kunth) Triana & Planch. vaginal antiseptic. This updated version of the book is currently in press.) R. Chuquiragua Liver and kidney inflammation Cinchona pubescens (Vahl.F. antimycotic. Palo santo Rheumatism. diaphoretic. expectorant. Paico Anthelmintic Chuquiraga jussieui J. 270 Plantas Medicinales Iberoamericanas. antimalarial. The Most Promising Ecuadorian plants Plant Common name Medical use(s) Amaranthus caudatus L. 1st Ed. 103 . stomachic Copaifera paupera (Herzog) Dwyer Copaiba Wound healing. antiinflammatory. Gmel. = Amaranthus quitensis Kunth Ataco/Sangorache Blood purgative. colds. 617 p. Arg. Matico Antiinflammatory. 1995. Rob. 13 Gupta. gastric ulcers Bactris gasipaes Kunth Chontaduro Food Bixa orellana L. acne. CYTED-Convenio Andrés Bello. A model monograph is appended (Annex 1). Table 2.Chiriboga. ) H. laxative Phlebodium aureum (L. digestive. vermifuge Rheumatism. diarrhea. tonic 104 . fever. Llanten Antiinflammatory Smallanthus sonchifolius (Poepp. vermifuge Plantago australis Lam. dry cough.) J. depurative. & Killip Yoco Anxiety. f. = Polymnia sonchifolia Poepp. diuretic. diarrea Ilex guayusa Loes Guayusa Kidney inflammation Marsdenia cundurango Rchb. Ishpingo/Canelo Oenacarpus bataua var. Morton Sarsaparrilla Digestive. stomachic. purgative. antiseptic. bataua Ungurahua Mart. stimulant Peumus boldus Molina Boldo Sedative. Macbr.) Kosterm.E. skin abscesses. bleeding. Piton Vomiting. Jicama. Rheumatism. Chancapiedra Diuretic. antiparasitic. scars healing Eryngium foetidum L. bronchitis. Sm. Condurango Cancer. pain Maytenus laveis Reissek Chuchuguaso Ocotea quixos (Lam. Uvilla Food. arthritis. Alcachofa Liver ailments Equisetum bogotense Kunth Cola de caballo/Caballo chupa Anti-inflammatory. hypoglycemic. cytostatic Physalis peruviana L. diuretic. hypoglicemic. hypocholesterolemic Smilax lundellii Killip & C. menstrual problems Paullinia yoco R. yacuma Food. antibiotic. Schult. Calaguala Psoriasis Phyllanthus niruri L.V. Rob. diaphoretic. stomach problems. Culantrillo Headache.F. snakebite Antiseptic. vomiting. antidiarreic Grias neuberthii J.Plant Common name Medical use(s) energizer Cynara scolymus L. malaria. Plant Common name Medical use(s) Spondias mombin L. Ovo de monte Wound healing, vaginal antiseptic, snakebites Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni Hoja dulce Edulcorant, cough Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg. Taraxaco Diuretic and liver depurative Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruiz & Pav. Mashua Food, anaphrodisiac, repellent Uncaria guianensis (Aubl.) J.F. Uña de gato Gmel., Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.) DC. Antiviral, inmune system stimulant Vaccinium floribundum Kunth Food Mortiño Source: Buitrón, X., M. Argüello (Editors). 2004. Promising Species of Ecuador for Natural Ingredients: Minutes of the First National Workshop, 3-4 de febrero de 2005. MAE, CORPEI y EcoCiencia. Quito, Ecuador; Buitrón, X., Arguello, M. 2005. Selección de especies promisorias nativas del Ecuador para ingrediente naturales. Una iniciativa de Biocomercio Sostenible. EcoCiencia. Boletín de UICN. Quito, Ecuador. 3 p.; Personal Evaluation. Three CYTED monographs, similar to ESCOP monographs, on Croton lechleri, Smilax regelii, Uncaria tomentosa are in preparation at this moment. There are monographs on Uncaria tomentosa, Matricaria chamomilla, Valeriana officinalis, turmeric in the US Pharmacopeia 28/National Formulary 23 (2005). A list of native species of native species more commonly utilized and commercialized per region4 is provided below. Coast Banisteriopsis caapi (Spruce ex Griseb.) C.V. Morton Cinchona pubescens Vahl Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken Gossypium barbadense L. Manihot esculenta Crantz 105 Marsdenia cundurango Rchb. f. Psidium guajava L. Solanum quitoense Lam. Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.) DC. Pseudoelephantopus spicatus (B. Juss. ex Aubl.) Rohr ex Gleason Catsetum sp. Tillandsia usneoides (L.) L. Higlands Aristeguietia glutinosa (Lam.) R.M. King & H. Rob. Banisteriopsis caapi (Spruce ex Griseb.) C.V. Morton Brugmansia aurea Lagerh. Cestrum peruvianum Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. Chuquiraga jussieui J.F. Gmel. Cinchona pubescens Vahl Croton spp. Espeletia pycnophylla Cuatrec. Gossypium barbadense L. Hesperomeles obtusifolia (Pers.) Lindl. Juglans neotropica Diels Lasiocephalus ovatus Schltdl. Manihot esculenta Crantz Marsdenia cundurango Rchb. f. Mimosa albida Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. Minthostachys mollis (Kunth) Griseb. Oreocallis grandiflora (Lam.) R. Br. Otholobium mexicanum (L. f.) J.W. Grimes Piper aduncum L. Psidium guajava L. Sedum quitense Kunth Senna multiglandulosa (Jacq.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby Solanum quitoense Lam. Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.) DC. Valeriana spp. Amazon Banisteriopsis caapi (Spruce ex Griseb.) C.V. Morton Chlorocardium venenosum (Kosterm. & Pinkley) Rohwer, H.G. Richt. & van der Werff Cinchona pubescens Vahl Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken Croton spp. Gossypium barbadense L. Juglans neotropica Diels 106 Manihot esculenta Crantz Psidium guajava L. Solanum quitoense Lam. Uncaria guianensis (Aubl.) J.F. Gmel. Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.) DC. Galápagos Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Cinchona pubescens Vahl Gossypium barbadense L. Plantago major L. 1.2. Products An inventory of already processed medicinal plants is presented in Table 3. This Table shows that 26 entities are producing herbal medicinal product based basically on the following plants: Lepidium meyenii Walp., Phyllanthus niruri L., Uncaria tomentosa (Willd.) D.C., Aristeguietia glutinosa Lam (matico), Croton lechleri Müll. Arg., Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf. There are 27 groups among companies and associations dedicate their efforts on farming, recollection and processing of medicinal and aromatic plants. There are 4 companies (Arcolands, Bio Pro, Inexa S.A., renase, Fundación Familia Salesiana Salinas), which concentrate in the production of cosmetics. These products are based mainly on Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Lavandula angustifolia Mill., Citrus aurantium L., Matricaria recutita L. (manzanilla). The Industria Lojana de Especerias (ILE) and GEOACUATICA are dedicated to the production of spices such as cumin, pepper, turmeric and garlic. Based on their pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and industrial potential, future possible products based on promising medicinal plants are shown in Table 4. Companies such as Chankuap, Jambi Kiwa, Renase, Masterplant, INIAP, Unorcacht, Salinerito, Lapronag and CTM Altro Mercato (Italia) may be interested in developing the listed products in Table 4. 107 Table 4. Some examples of possible products based on promising plants Common name Scientific name Possible product Ungurahua Oenocarpus bataua Cosmetic. Oil and shampoo. Respiratory system, hair loss Sangre de drago Croton lechleri Drops, shampoo, ointments, creams. Wounds healing products. Cola de caballo/Caballo chupa Equisetum bogotense Tea bags for infusion, syrup, juice, creams, topical lotion, fluid and dried. Diuretic Ataco/Sangorache Amaranthus hybridus Dietary supplement, colorant Digestive Jícama Smallanthus sonchifolius Edulcorant, antidiabetic, sugar substitute. syrup Mashua Tropaeolum tuberosum Antiseptic. Prostate Uña de gato Uncaria tomentosa Chancapiedra Phyllanthus niruri Chuchuhuaso Maytenus laevis Cascarilla Cinchona pubescens Osteoarticular inflammation, arthritis, ulcers, antidiabetic, immunostimulant. Tinctures, capsules, syrup Kidney stones, antidiabetic, cramps, hepatitis B, HIV. Capsules, tablets, solutions, galenic preparation in powder, liquid extracts. Arthritis, repelent, pain, inflammations. Liquid or powdered extract, capsules, tablets, solutions Analgesic, antibacterial, antimalarial, appetite loss, indigestion. Drinks Ishpingo/ Canelo Ocotea quixos Oil as ingredient for food, cosmetic, aromatizer. Source: Buitrón, X., M. Argüello (Editors). 2004. Promising Species of Ecuador for Natural Ingredients: Minutes of the First National Workshop, 3-4 de febrero de 2005. MAE, CORPEI y EcoCiencia. Quito, Ecuador. 108 1.3. Producers The economic sectors have been classified in the following fashion: • Herbal medicinal products (phytomedicines) • Perfumes and cosmetics (essential oils and colorants) • Nutraceuticals and allies (herbal teas, food supplements and others) • Pharmaceutical aids (gum, resins, extracts, medicinal and aromatic plants as raw material) A list of producers by economic sector and economic location has been compiled and presented in Table 5. An analysis of Table 5 indicates that most of the producers are in the following sectors: herbal medicinal products (27), perfumes and cosmetics (15), nutraceuticals and allies (18), pharmaceutical aids (35) are located in Quito. 2. ABOUT PRODUCTION 2.1. Productive Chain 2.1.1. The value chain of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAP) It comprises three actors: Producers of raw material This link of the chain, which constitutes the productive base and the ancestral knowledge, is constituted mainly by Associations of producers and foundations, especially of indigenous communities, that cultivate diverse medicinal, aromatic and condiment plants. Their main offer is the fresh or dried raw material, and some finished or half-finished products like the aromatic and medicinal infusions and essential oils, respectively. Within this segment approximately 2300 families, mainly of the regions from mountain range and East of the country, are involved. 109 Producers of natural ingredients In Ecuador there are 27 natural ingredients producing companies or products derived from medicinal and aromatic plants. These are used as raw materials for the elaboration of finished products, be it for food, pharmaceutical or cosmetic industry. CORPEI (www.hierbasdelecuador.com). Transformers of finished products Within this segment of the chain, 4 type of finished products can be mentioned: aromatic infusions and/or medicinal, phytomedicines, natural cosmetics and condiments. • For the aromatic and/or medicinal infusions, in Ecuador, there are 13 companies that are dedicated to the transformation and commercialization of this type of product. • For the elaboration of phytomedicines, it is estimated that Ecuador has 26 laboratories. • The natural cosmetics are elaborated and commercialized by 5 companies and laboratories. • For the elaboration of condiments, there are 3 companies in Ecuador that produce and commercialize this type of products. The majority of the companies refuse to provide figures and data on imports and exports of their medicinal plants based products. Suppliers of services Even though these actors are not the main ones for the elaboration of medicinal and aromatic plants, their activity is of great importance for the development of the sector in the enterpreneurial, social and environmental context. 2.1.2. Farming and collection 110 lack of raw material. value must be produced with optimal quality and in large amounts without causing damage to the nature. other technical experts think that selection. for phytomedicines prepared ethically and effectively. Therefore. lack of qualification. Conversely. the shortage of rural manual labor and the consequent waste of the partial or total resource at local level and for the industry.The wild exploitation with commercial interest is carried out in three manners: unrenewable extraction. many plants loose part of their active principles and therapeutic properties when they are extracted from natural environment or cultivated ex-situ. governmental policy. From the point of view of some technical entrepreneurs. The existing systems of utilization of wild flora causes serious and progressive difficulties caused by confusion and mixture of species. 111 . lack of homogeneity due to different origins. the insufficient amounts of material in some zones. regional and international level. conflicting interests and divorce between universities and productive sector. sustainable collection and commercial cultivation in the forest. the possibility of cultivation should be encouraged. previous ignorance on the yield and the quality of the species. public order) and market problems at local. information and agroforestry experience). While for some researchers and experts on medicinal plants. legislation. Even though controlled wild extraction is carried out. erosion. social problems (agrarian reform. cultural problems (lack of knowledge and rescues of popular medicine. Cultivation has not been done because serious agrotechnological limitations such as technical problems (inappropriate soils. which implies that they are only elaborated from organically grown cultivated plants. it is more profitable to do it through cultivation to assure a better quality of product. The use of dry and poor land for agriculture to cultivate selected plants could solve great problems of the industry and promote the export of native species and its derivatives. The cultivation prevents mixtures and falsifications of collected material. The companies buy plants through a supplier of dried plant material. Therefore. acquire machinery. medicinal and spice plants. This trend has been increasing due to the difficult access of the population to medical assistance and medicines through Social Security. An 80% of Ecuadorian population depends on Traditional Medicine and consequently on medicinal plants and natural products to improve health and wellness4. Moreover.1. and provides homogenous. establish industries and equip themselves to reduce the costs of cultivation and transport.6% are the most utilized and 25% most commercialized4. of which 45. 2. Companies select the suppliers according to prices and demand.suitable study and treatments provide higher quality and yield then these harvested from the wild plant. there exist approximately 500 species of aromatic. As an example of this case is “the Association of Producers of Chimborazo”. which groups 610 families of 63 112 . companies or organizations that develop a forest inventory and work with designs of productivity estimation are very few. costs of harvesting and values in the market are factors that must be taken into account to estimate the net income per hectare.3. abundant and good quality raw material. Commercialization In Ecuador. Currently. the recollection of wild medicinal plants or their cultivation is complementary income to thousand of families in the countryside. This facilitates harvesting and promotes incentives to the farmers who can get together and form cooperatives. with more tendencies of over exploitation. dental toothpaste). In most cases. handling multiple products. from forest or plantations. UICN-SUR. soaps. combinations of several plants (aromatic and medicinal infusions) and/or herbal products (syrup. Moreover. creams. more for sale. spices and culinary herbs (fresh or dried)) or their parts in gross. Europe. ninety per cent of commerce in medicinal plants and herbs is represented by small producers. S. sometimes sustainable and not sustainable. 1994. • Industrial model: industrial utilization. but specialized. active extracts and compounds. Quito. PROBONA. half-finished products (essential and vegetal oils). high values of conservation • Farmer model: handling of smaller amount of products. mainly from USA. focused in a single product. The sale products include whole wild plants (medicinal and aromatic plants (fresh and dried). capsules elaborated 100% based on medicinal and aromatic plants) and natural cosmetics (shampoos. these 14 Wunder. Peru and Colombia. 113 . Japan.communities. Resumen de Consulta de expertos Latinoamericanos sobre productos foresales no maderables. Large part of the commerce of natural products in Ecuador is undertaken with imported products 15 . The models of harvesting and utilization of medicinal plants are divided as follows 14 : • Indigenous model: auto consumption. The majority of the commercialized medicinal plants are wildcrafted in the Highlands and Amazon regions and are distributed towards Pastaza. Universidad Andina Simón Bolivar. Comunicación personal. 16 UTPL . From there they are channeled to ports and market. Medicinal plants of the Coast are mainly distributed to the market from Cuenca. Puyo. physician and consumers. Loja. Quito. Investigación de especies vegetales de interés medicinal y producción de Fitofarmacos como una alternativa de desarrollo agrícola y agroindustrial. Chancapiedra (Phyllantus niruri). Ambato is the city of storage and distribution of medicinal plants. 2000. Sucumbios. 114 . 15 Naranjo. P. Medicinal plants and their derived products are sold in local markets for consumers in small towns and cities to less or more specialized industrial markets. Prospecto 1998-1999. Sangre de Drago (Croton lechleri).Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (CADES-CETTIA). A recent study 16 indicated that the main consumer of medicinal plants and derivatives in Ecuador is the nutraceutical industry. Ecuador. ortiga negra (Urtica urens). alternative medicine stores or interviews with retailers. Ambato and Riobamba. Valeriana (Valeriana offinalis). aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis). What is known comes from the list of laboratories. 1997. Sábila (Aloe vera). cola de caballo (Equisetum bogotense). Chuchuhuasca (Maytenus laevis) and Llantén (Plantago australis). Plants and products sold in the country and exported from the country are Uña de Gato (Uncaria tomentosa).products are not registered by the Ministry of Health. The plant species more utilized are paico (Chenopodium ambrosoides). Area de Salud. • There is no financing for the acquisition of knowledge and technology. • Since this is not a running cluster. Colombian.4.1. Argentinean. There is also important local knowledge related to promising plants and other species from local biodiversity. but that Peruvian. • Small actors and communities are the least prepared in terms of technology and do not have the resources to pay for it. it is more difficult to find quality supplies and equipment for the sector.Although there are no official data on exports and imports of medicinal plants and natural products. it is known that these products are exported in small and large scale by aerial. Not only national products. European and North American products are re-exported in small and large scale without official documentation. • New research must be done to increase the number of domesticated promising plants. however. 115 . 2. Technologies There is some local knowledge regarding medicinal plants and natural products for cosmetics and pharmaceutical sectors and all the industrial processes related to value addition. the following limitations are identified: • Information is not widely available and many actors do not feel motivated to share or exchange information and knowledge. marine and terrestrial route to the United States and Europe and paying customs duty4. CBI.5. For example solar dryers.Centre for the Promotion of Imports from Developing Countries.• Appropriate.Jambi-Kiwa Project: A medicinal plants production network 116 . Centro Canadiense de Estudios y Cooperación Internacional CECI (Canadian Center for International Cooperation) . if the local actors are not aware of it. including trade fair participation and market access information. human skills and other elements in Ecuador.1. cost of energy. they will never be able to export successfully. 2. Project: Natural Ingredients for Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics Program (www. This sector is one of change and new technologies. applied and adapted technologies are not widely available.1. Provides and promotes technical assistance. It is important to promote appropriate technologies.1. Agents implied 2. possible source of financing for services and specialized funds to support networks of small businesses.nl). One of the key services that should be available to actors in the medicinal plants and natural products for cosmetics and pharmaceutical sectors should be the offer of technology and knowledge. consistent with financial capacity.cbi.5. International participants BID-FOMIN Project: Private Centers of Export Services: Services to exporters. Provides assistance with forest products trade. FAO: Communitarian Forest Development Project. some financing of services. Fundación Rescate del Bosque Tropical. Provides criteria and methodology for market development of non. Potential source of funding for productive projects. GTZ-German Technical Cooperation: Project “User oriented strategies related to agricultural research” GTZ-INIAP. Financing of projects with emphasis on technology assets and transfer. Can provide assistance with agroecological and agroforestry products and practices.timber forest products and market information/development. FOMRENA is an excellent partner not only for providing funding but also for technical expertise to projects in related fields such as extraction of essential oils. 117 . Provides technical assistance.based organization. Fondo Ecuatoriano Canadiense de Desarrollo-FECD.based production. GTZ-IICA: Manages the Regional Fund of Appropriate Technology for Conservation and sustainable managing of natural resources-FOMRENA.of rural producers that is described as a case example for future projects in ACAN publication. Experience with biodiversity products and commercial ventures such as Forest Garden Products. it can provide assistance in terms of organizational structures and community. services and experience related to community. Experience with public private partnerships and possible alliances with EU companies and services. links with commercial aspects. Moreover. biotrade. CORPEI. assurance and services on industrialization of medicinal plants. (www. 118 . Provides technical assistance and information about phytogenetic resources. Subprogram X. UNCTAD. Provides services to sustainable use projects at the commercial. has important information on about promissory products of Ecuadorian biodiversity. Convenio Andrés Bello (SECAB). along with the BTFP and the EDP of CBI/CORPEI should lead the implementation and coordination of the sector strategy. INIAP-DENAREF: National Resources of Phytogenetics and Biotechnology Department.cyted. The Biotrade office inside CORPEI. (www. EcoCiencia. Provides funding for research on MAP and publication of books on MAP.org).Biotrade Initiative: Ecuador.The local partner of CORPEI under the Biotrade Initiative of Ecuador. technical and organizational levels. Fine Pharmaceutical Chemistry.org). Provides technical assistance and training on quality. Provides technological assistance and training in identification of promising MAP in the Iberoamerican region. however this information needs to be tested in terms of commercial potential. CYTED: Programa Iberoamericano de Ciencia y tecnología para el desarrollo. ECOCIENCIA. RIPROFITO: Red Iberoamericana de Productos Fitoterapéuticos. 5. Government sector Three Goverment ministries and institutions with activities related to the industrialization of MAP are: • Ministerio del Medio Ambiente (MMA) 119 . contributing to enhance the image and competitive development of the country. Market information and regulatory information. Provides technical assistance. 2. Fundación desde el Surco: Training on the cultivation and drying aromatic and medicinal plants. Its aim is to promote exports and investments of productive sectors. (www. Emphasis on quality issues and legislation compliance. 2.3. Ambiente y Sociedad.1.corpei.1.5. ASOPROFIT. Provides technical assistance and services. Assistance with commercial aspects. National participants The Export and Investment Promotion Corporation (CORPEI). Links several small producers of natural products. information on international trade and restrictions.org). Provides technical assistance on production and processing of MAP in Amazon region. through the provision of quality technical services. It is a private non-profit institution with its own assets and funds recognized by the state as the official body in charge of the promotion of exports and investments of Ecuador. Bolsa Amazonia.TRAFFIC: América del Sur (UICN-WWF).2. 4. Technical assistance and knowledge about promising products and extraction processes. Escuela Politécnica de Chimborazo. quality issues and evaluation. Technical assistance: active principles. It is undertaking research on Ecuadorian medicinal plants with emphasis on chemical and biological aspects 120 . Universidad San Francisco de Quito. Technical assistance: active principles. quality issues and evaluation.5. information about biodiversity. Universidad Politécnica Salesiana. information about biodiversity.1. information about biodiversity. Industrialización y Pesca • Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores • Instituto Ecuatoriano Forestal y de Áreas Naturales y vida Silvestre (INEFAN). Promotes organic cultivation of medicinal plants and production of herbal teas and plant extracts for phytopharmaceutical companies. Laboratory analysis and quality issues. laboratories. laboratories. quality issues and evaluation. laboratories. Academic sector Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja. Universidad Central de Venezuela (Venezuela).• Ministerio de Comercio Exterior. Universidad de Cuenca. Facultad de Farmacia. Technical assistance: active principles. Medicinal species and phytopharmaceutical production. • Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología e Innovación (SENACYT) 2. 2. Asociaciones de procesadores en Ecuador: Asociación de Laboratorios Fitoterápicos del Ecuador (ALAFIT). website and address. There are 62 enterprises among laboratories.1. Asociación de pequeños productores ecológicos de Chimborazo. Medicinal plants producer associations Asociaciones de pequeños productores agrícolas con influencia regional (Sierra Central): Fundación Centro de Desarrollo Indígena. FUNORSAL de Salines de Guarnada. Movimiento Guamampoma. ERPE. fax. Jimba Kiwa.5. phone.1. 121 .5.2. CEDEIN.1. Asociación de Productores de Plantas Medicinales de Chimborazo. List of Ecuadorian companies Table 6 enlists the Ecuadorian Companies active in this sector with detailed information on their contact. Asociación de tiendas naturistas: ASONATURA. Internal and external demand 3. 3. community associations and others related to industrialization of medicinal and aromatic plants. Internal demand The higher demand of medicinal plants and natural products is local by general population. foundations.1. 2. ABOUT MARKET 3. chugriyuyo or siempre viva (Sedum quitense). The species of greater demand in the mountainous range are Calahuala (Phlebodium aureum). as well as in Amazonia. 122 . mainly those species that are both aromatic and medicinal. as reflected by the increase in the income of the three main manufacturing laboratories in Quito. El registro no llega a los remedies verdes. The increasing demand of phytomedicines in the public has caused considerable increase in the commerce. sufficient amounts of species in demand are no longer available7.66).471. In 1994. Diario El Comercio. 15 de julio de 1996.689. Fitoterapia 600 million (US$ 34. The competition is great at internal level between the different local markets. having increased the number of centers of distribution in all the country 17 . cola de caballo or caballo chupa (Equisetum bogotense). The supply of medicinal plants is limited due to their rudimentary systems of harvesting and transport. The native species and most demanded products at local and international levels are dragon blood (Croton lechleri). 1996. On the other hand. cat’s claw (Uncaria tomentosa) and cascarilla (Cinchona pubescens). among others. permitting a strong exchange between the two regions. Mundo Naturista sold 1000 million of sucres (US$ 57. Valeriana (Valeriana officinalis).In the Highlands.482. Sarsaparrilla (Smilax lundelii). The demand of plants of the Amazonia also is great from the Highlands. the greater demand of medicinal plants is from the Highlands.76) and Renase 360 million (US$ 20. nevertheless. Uña de gato (Uncaria tomentosa) and Dragon’s blood (Croton lechleri). saragosa (Aristolochia guentheri).26). Therefore many plants are damaged before or until arriving at their destiny. the plants of the Amazonia are less known. 17 Anon. 123 .0 billion. Industria Lojana de Especierías (mixtures of herbs and herbal teas). buyers are not interested in plant material.1 billion. In order to promote new products.A. 46 p.. (dehydrated vegetables. Peru. whereas it was registered.org/news/archives/news/news44. Promoting sustainable and ethical botanicals. The exporters recognized by CORPEI are AGROTRADING (essential oils). (essential oils. 2002. Biocomercio en la subregión andina: Oportunidades para el desarrollo. A. significant research and regulatory requirements make sense for strategic alliances between international companies and local suppliers. the commerce of medicinal plants and derivatives is informal and there is no exact registered number of exporters by the Central Bank of Ecuador (BCE). Japan USD 2. 18 Laird.A.rainforestalliance. CASTOR ECUATORIANA (ricine and jojoba oils).000 in 2000 19 . going from 275 tons in 1995 to 927 tons in 2000.000 in 1995 to US$ 315. – New York. case studies and standards collection.2006). External demand A study 18 projected the world market for herbal medicines at USD 19. an increase of FOB value of US$ 153. Asia USD 5. There are only a few developing countries that are able to supply extracts conforming to the requirements of the western industry. natural colorants). viewed 24.. Industry surveys. 19 SGCAN.08. Lima. INEXA S. S.R. North America USD 4.2 billion. 2002. The official numbers are less than 1 million US$.7 billion. with the following major components: Europe USD 6. UNCTAD. The exports of medicinal plants in Ecuador have tripled in the last years. In countries such as the Netherlands. but in plant extracts.html.4 billion for the year 2005. Strategies to improve commercial raw material sourcing. Aromas del Tungurahua (powdered herbs).1. Ecuador has not played an important role in the worldwide commerce of aromatic herbs. AGROALEGRE C.A. (www. Unfortunately. essential oils). Rainforest Alliance. Pierce. Results from the sustainable botanicals pilot project. CAF.2. Jambi Kiwa (dehydrated medicinal plants).3. EU is the biggest market because in addition to buying from different countries in the world.2. 124 .2. 3. Demand: Buyer profile and factors influencing the demand 3. it also buys from the USA good part of the total imports. flavours.salud.1. • Interest in organic and exotic products • Interest in sustainable production of medicinal plants and herbal remedies Delgado.ec. 1997. which facilitates the access of medicinal plants and derivatives. aromas.1. it should be kept in mind that in the USA market. Moreover. Additionally.The principal consumers markets of medicinal and aromatic plants are European Union and United States. Definitively. www.org. premature aging and safety of products • Interest in new products. USA is an actor of great importance in the international market and particularly for Ecuadorian exports. Consumers The major interests of consumers from developed countries are: 20 • Interest in consuming natural products • Major concern about health. there is a larger part of Ecuadorian immigrant population. A. OPS/OMS Ecuador. Buyer profile 3. Its demands regarding requirements for introduction in the market are less stringent that those of the EU.1. which is a type of commercial exchange 20 . Ecuador exports medicinal plants and natural products to Colombia and Peru. However.2. which makes this market very interesting. some consumers of low educational and marginal sector strongly believe in curative and magic properties of medicinal plants and their derived products.2. 3. Factors influencing the demand • A health-aware population • Nutrition as a consumer priority • Aging population boosts sales • Natural products seen as alternative to conventional medicine • Growing interest in vegetarianism • Organics on the rise • FDA ruling increases awareness of organics (not applicable in EU) • High prices for organics not impediment • Positive studies boosts sales growth • Younger generation has growing interest • Products more user-friendly • Consumers willing to spend more 125 . In general.2. therapeutic massage and others.. 3. Processors These companies are related to utilization of medicinal plants and their derivative products for aromatherapy. They are oriented by product prices.In Ecuador.2.2. there are people of higher educational and cultural level.1. who select the products according to cost-benefit ratio. Stores of e-commerce with Fair trade focus. perfumery). Distributors/importers of products of Fair trade Processors of tea and coffe Consumers. which get products from just commerce.3.• Mainstream media have positive impact on sales • Growth of health and natural products in conventional channels • Herbals moving to mass market • Supermarkets learn how to merchandise natural products • New products increasingly available in conventional outlets 3. Table 7. pharmacies. pharmacies. products based on natural products and alternative healing 126 . oils for aromatherapy) Distribution channels • • • • • Cosmetics and natural drugs • Pills and syrup • Herbs or plant extract for final consumption • Medicinal infusions • Cosmoceutics • • • Consumers Fair trade stores (Camari) Small-scale retailers (supermarket. infusions • Cosmetics and others (shampoo. drugstores. drugstores) Consumers. who like products originating from fair trade and look for exotic products of quality Naturists stores Health stores small-scale retailers (supermarkets. Distribution channels The distribution channels are well explained in Table 7. soap. Detailed explanation about distribution channels Concept of products Fair trade • Aromatic and medicinal plants as condiments. teas. who are interested in health. In general. 3. the legal environment is not adverse to the development of these sectors. Estrategia para la comercialización de plantas medicinales. access to biological resources.Concept of products Distribution channels Consumers Aromatic infusions • Individual plant infusion • Mixture of plants infusion • Distributors. Quito. among others. 127 . who give importance to exotic products of quality and sustainable production. specialized stores Consumers. Most elements have been properly legislated. we should review many of the legal bodies related to sustainable use of biodiversity. agricultural practices. who like tea and look for new varieties. aromáticas y productos derivados del Ecuador: Biodiversidad desde el centro del Mundo.4. meat. 30 pp. who give importance to health and natural and organic products (with ingredients) Exotic ingredients • Herbs and condiments • Essential oils • Extracts • Processors of herbs and food processors of tea Processors of certain food that require herbs and spices (e. • • Source: CORPEI (2004). the most sensitive issues are related to the wild harvesting of local species and especially to the rights to access biological and genetic resources. ex-situ and in-situ conservation and research. phytosanitary legislation. Legislation In order to analyze the legal aspects involved in the natural ingredients sector. organic agriculture and control. large-scale retailers. Ecuador. spices • Extracts • Vegetal alkaloids • • • Cosmetics processors Phytomedicine processors Functional food processors medicinal and healthy food Importers of raw material Consumers. They give importance to health and natural products. although some bureaucracy may be involved. Natural ingredients • Essential oils • Aromatic and medicinal herbs.i. Nevertheless. fast food service) Consumers. it is applicable only in the Andean region and therefore researchers from abroad can be held liable only if local controls work and demonstrate flagrant crime. In the past. The difficult implementation and the absence of a local norm have limited the subscription of access contracts. Therefore all the related legislation has been issued around that concept. It is worthless for future complaints. The authorized regulatory health institution in Ecuador is the “Instituto Nacional de Higiene Izquieta Pérez”. the National Institute of Accreditation. with several amendments in 2001 and 2002. However. which links the concession of a patent to the issuance of an access contract. In December 2002. Another important legal consideration is related to health and sanitary legislation. there have been continuous extractions by different users. Normalization and Certifications (MNAC) has established a third. 1281). who have unlimited access to the country owing to poor controls and sanctions. biodiversity must be considered a public asset of common use. recent legislation and organizational improvements of the Izquieta Pérez have shortened the transaction time from one year to 23 months.According to the Ecuadorian Constitution. The main regulation for natural products of medicinal use was issued by the Ministry of Commerce on May 7. At the same time.party laboratory system offering the possibility of running required laboratory tests outside the Izquieta Pérez. many local actors have complained about the paperwork and time spent dealing with these permits. Unfortunately. CAN issued Decision 486. the application of access contracts and other bilateral negotiations have been avoided in Ecuador due to the non-implementation since 1996 of the 391 Decision issued by the Andean Community (CAN). As already mentioned. All natural products must now display a phytosanitary permit for local trade or export. Also. 1999 (No. For 128 . Forestry law about Protected areas and Wild life (Law 74. The convention of protection of flora and fauna and the Natural scenic beauties of the countries of America (Unión Panamericana. 1940). 1992). which have a mandatory character are considered by law and have major relationship with conservation of wild life. 3. 1975) and the CDB (Biological Diversity Convention. 129 . 1996) and Law of Facilitation of Exportations (Law 147. 1994) are International conventions ratified by Ecuador. the main ruling was based on Ministerial Decree N° 4142 of 10 August 1996 and Decree N° 1583 of 18 June 2001.cosmetics. 1981). CITES (Convention about International of Endangered wild species of fauna and flora. Law of Biodiversity (Law No. 1997. J. Desmarchelier. Quito.. Biodiversidad desde el Centro del mundo. Mazón. 663 p.bce. J. Castillo.ec Biocomercio Sostenible Ecuador: http:// www. Editorial LOLA. CORPEI. Barrera. 130 . Informe Final. Bruneton. C. Paris. 1995. Ecuador. J. 34 p.com. República Argentina. Lavoisier Publishing.. EU Market Survey 2000. Buenos Aires. Adaptación y Producción de Biomasa de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas de la Sierra Ecuatoriana. Plantas Medicinales Autóctonas de la Argentina: Bases Científicas para su Aplicación en Atención Primaria de la Salud. Pharmacognosy.org. Proyecto Piloto. Recolección. Medicinal Plants. 2005. REFERENCES Alonso.hierbasdelecuador. Banco Central del Ecuador: http:// www.biocomercioecuador. INIAP / DENAREF. Rotterdam. R. 2006. Phytochemistry. 50 p. N. CBI..4. http:// www. ANONYMOUS. Natural Ingredients for Pharmaceuticals. 915 p. 2000a.fin. France. Centre for the Promotion of Imports from Developing Countries (CBI): http:// www.CBI 2000b.cbi. Corporación Colombia Internacional – CCI: http:// www. CYTED.org. Quito-Ecuador (Unpublished). Natural Ingredients for Pharmaceuticals. 2003. CORPEI. Editorial UNLP. August 2006. Análisis interno del sector de plantas medicinales y aromáticas del Ecuador.corpei.ecuadorexporta. Estudio de Oferta y Demanda del Sector de Productos Naturales. aromáticas y productos derivados del Ecuador: Biodiversidad desde el centro del Mundo-100% natural. Universidad Central de Venezuela. 2004. 35p. X. Argentina. Ecuador.org. calidad y biodiversidad. 2000. CORPEI. CORPEI. 41 p. 131 . Su aprovechamiento industrial para la producción de aromas y sabores. Chiriboga. Los recursos Vegetales Aromáticos en Latinoamérica. Quito. EU Marketing Guide. CORPEI: http:// www. 2004.cci. June 2004. Estrategia para la comercialización de plantas medicinales. 410 p. Rotterdam.nl. 30 p. La Plata. Comunicación Personal. Ecuador. LATINPHARMA 2003. http:// www.org. humboldt. 394 p. Costa Rica.biocomercioecuador.. La Magia de las Plantas. Germosén-Robineau. A. Cáceres. García González.A. Ginatta. EU. Legislación en Iberoamérica sobre Fitofármacos y Productos Naturales. Trease and Evans’ Pharmacognosy. L. Farmacopea Vegetal Caribeña. Universitaria. a practical guide to know about medicinal plants and their curative qualities). T. 13 Ed. Gruenwald. W. London. New Jersey. Sector Assessment: Natural Ingredients for Cosmetics and Pharmaceuticals in Ecuador. Ed. 168-171. UNCTAD/DITC/TED/2004/1. 1989. San José. PDR for Herbal Medicines. 132 . A. UK. Montvale. 2005. Thomson Healthcare. BioTrade Facilitation Programme.. Pp. L.. Baillière Tindall. Third Edition.. 2nd Ed.C. IMSS. Jaramillo. Instituto Alexander von Humboldt: http:// www. PHARMA. LEBI. (The magic of plants. UNCTAD. (eds) 2000. (2004).C.S. Guía practica para conocer las plantas medicinales y sus propiedades curatives. M. Enda-Caribe.org. CYTED. 2004. G.Evans. Jaenicke.org Jambi Kiwa. 486 p. C. Brendler. Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica. UNAN-León. http:// www. J. 2000. 832 p. 63 p. Reference Publications.. Ecuador.. 2004. Guayaquil. Charles C. Inc. Arguello. M..C.M. Quito. A. Rojas. N. Borja. Quito. Martínez A. L. 1981. Estudio de Mercado para verificar la factibiliad de la venta de hierbas aromáticas y medicinales en seco.Jaramillo. Atlas of Medicinal Plants of Middle America: Bahamas to Yucatán. EcoCiencia y la Iniciativa Biocomercio Sostenible-Ecuador. Thomas Publisher. USA. C. aromáticas y condimentarias.F. Morton. 501 p. 1420 p. Convenio Andrés Bello-Subprograma X CYTED. Colombia.Y. Toledo Rizzini. 524 p.). O. USA. Medicinal Plants of Brazil. Fundamentos de Agrotecnología de Cultivo de Plantas Medicinales Iberoamericanas.. B. W. R. Alvares Pereira. Jaramillo. Larco. Springfield. realizado para CEDEIN. R. H. M. J. V.. A. Bernal. J. CORPEI. 2000. De Fillipps. 2000. Mancheno Karolys. Ecuador. Diego Unda. Michigan. J.J. 2000.org.A..biocomercioecuador. Bogotá.. 133 . Manual de Exportación de Productos Naturales y sus Derivados. Ecuador. 41 p.C.B. 2004. 2005. Cáceres. Biocomercio sostenible en el Ecuador.. Diagnóstico de la Red de Proveedores de plantas medicinales. (Eds..A. M. 101 p. www.. CORPEI. Benitez. Mors. Quito. zmp. Access to genetic resources and benefit-sharing. England.. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD): info@unctad. 492 p. London.Roth.A. 2002. South American Medicinal Plants: Botany. 400 p. (Inédito).org Traffic-Network: La utilización de las Plantas Medicinales: Un reto para la conservación Mundial.. S.corpei. Germany. Berlin.org ZMP – online: http:// www. Eathscan Publications. The Export and Investment Promotion Corporation (CORPEI): htpp:// www. Lindorf. Laird. Remedial Properties and General Use. Ten Kate. folleto. K. Springer-Verlag. 2002. The commercial use of biodiversity. H. I.de 134 . 135 .5. and as the experience and the development of the business justify it. which indicates climatic wealth. mainly women with ancestral knowledge of medicinal and aromatic plants. • Projects and programs of international donors in favor of the development of small producers. SWOT Analysis STRENGTH • Megadiverse country. • Potential quality of products. for international market. • Existence of agriculturists experienced in cultures for the exportation with projects or interest of working in the production of aromatic and medicinal plants. • Appropriate agroecological zones for the culture with the possibility of good yields. • Culture alternative of small producers that can be oriented for the national market or a precise buyer in the international market. • Capacity of organic production. which gives an added value to the product and ways of sustainable work. • Part of the regions of the country with smaller non-usable area (arid and semi-arid zones) for agriculture. incl. Biocommerce initiative • Communitary production of different regions of the country. • Existence of Associations of small organized producers of organic herbs production. • Availability of manual labor for culture and processing. with high biodiversity. WEAKENESS • In relation to its potentiality. forest resources and wild zones. • Legal framework in place. • The wild species usually are difficult to handle under traditional culture conditions. • Low prices in the internal market.• Conscience of associated work in the sector. preferences and access conditions. 136 . • Natural resources: good climatic and soil conditions and a great variety of species. • Lack of awareness of the small producer of the importance to offer an international quality • Limited access to market information. • Lack of enterprise administration and professionalism in general. marketing sales and production in the enterprises and organizations. • Lack of production capacity of many enterprises and organizations. • Lack of a system of quality standardization and innocuouity of the product. • National commitments and high priority assigned to this sector. • Lack of business plans. • Lack of adequate and well documented quality control systems. there are few published reports about curative value or genetic variability of the regional native flora. • Lack of knowledge of sales techniques and strategies like how to make offers and to find new potential clients. registered trade names. application of appropriate technologies and information on existing legislation. lack of sanitary registration. • There is no research and development of new products. 137 . • The ecollection. • There is no technology for production and processing related to: Yield per hectare Technology of processing • There is research in private sector and limited in public sector (Universities-INIAP). bar codes.• Some products do not fulfill legal dispositions for the market. • There is no positioning of the Ecuadorian product in the Internationl market. patents. OPPORTUNITIES • To take advantage of the biodiversity and to find new natural products with potential in the market. use and trade of medicinal plants is not regulated • There is no adequate quality control with good laboratory and good manufacturing practices • Lack of access by industrial sector to the information about research on medicinal plants. This provokes the obtaining process of raw material in non-sustainable way and informal trade. restraining the possibility of extending their sales • Lack of knowledge and information on Phytochemistry. • There are no sufficient volumes. • Opportunity to contribute to the regional and international industries with new raw materials. such as arid and semi-arid regions. without competing with the traditional ones.• It is desirable to find new natural products and there is a world-wide interest for their use. • Non traditional alternative. their cultures applicable to marginal zones. • If the suitable species are chosen. semi-arid. of mountains or from difficult agricultural mechanization. • Development and impulse of national market (commercial relationships established among actors of the sector). • Agroindustry that adapts to farmer sectors with low educative level. Interest in natural and organic products Interest in natural medicines and ancestral knowledge 138 . where the improvement of the productivity of traditional cultures would not allow to fix the rural economic problem. especially for native species. • There is an opportunity for specialized and differentiated products in market niches (national and international). • Low tariffs • World-wide consumption in increase. • Ideal item for economies based on rumors. with impossibility to make intensive cultures. The non qualified manual labor can be valorized in rural zones by means of the implementation of simple technologies. due to the deficiency of minimum resources from earth necessary for autosustainability. analyzing the potential use of the reserves without causing threat of destruction of the biogenetic resources. thus it is necessary to diversify towards species with international demand. which are not necessarily related. and not considering many other species that could be exploited appropriately. • It is very common in Latin America to subutilize the natural forest. manzanilla or mint provokes over offers in the national market. giving as results very low prices in relation to the international prices. processor and dealer. THREATS • The easy adaptability to different microclimates from species like the mint.Preoccupation for health More use of natural cosmetics Interest in exotic products and variety Market of fair trade in growth Interest of mainstream enterprises in natural products (big chain of supermarkets and enterprises) The trend of establishing direct relationships among producer. exploitation of very few species in intensive form. 139 . • There exists a change of attitude in the user: search for safe and natural products but these concepts could be confused. • It is necessary to think about a sustainable development. • Countries like China and India have a great history and experience in production of medicinal and aromatic plants. • Stringent legislation which limits bioprospection contracts 6. in collaboration with private sector. legislation and commerce. • Involve various national and international specialists in the selection process of promising plants.• Medicinal products of Colombia and Peru have more competitive prices and large volume of offers at this moment. RECOMMENDATIONS • Establish a National Program of Bioprospection. socioeconomic. Non-tariffs barriers like novel foods and novel ingredients law. • Promote punctual research projects related to the lack of information in the areas of biology. • Promote a collaborative process at interinstitutional. • Modify laws to facilitate access to genetic resources • Initiate research program on agrotechnology and cultivation of promision plants. multidisciplinary and intersectorial levels 140 . • High requirements in the targeted markets High requirements of buyer. based products that are innovative either for their applications or for the marketing behind the structure and efficiency of sustainable supply chains composed of small business networks or community- 141 . The cost of operating in Ecuador has increased significantly since 2000 for multiple reasons and it is therefore difficult to compete with a price-based strategy. Our search demonstrates that there are scattered efforts in Ecuador reflected in relatively low levels of exports. the country´s strategy must be based on positioning itself as a supplier of biodiversity. cocoa and coffee. shrimps. Ecuador needs to find a new productive vocation and in this connection CORPEI defined medicinal plants. In this connection. the country cannot continue with an export strategy oriented towards commodities with little value addition or differentiation. flowers. especially when compared with the total external sector of the country. Under the current economic model. the Ecuadorian economy is dependent on oil and a few traditional exports such as bananas. Traditional exports in this sector have been related to products that suffer intense competition. The rationale behind the potential is based on the size of the market in developed countries such as those of the EU. Ecuador must compete with quality and differentiated products.Ecuador needs to develop its exports as part of the country’s development strategy. Therefore. However. the United States and Japan. Employment is low and there is a severe recession. but the situation at the microeconomic level is different and the socioeconomic conditions of the general population (quality of life) have not improved. the macroeconomic indicators have improved. annatto (bixin). natural products and derivatives as promising products. such as castor oil. Today. the medicinal and aromatic plants is a sector identified by CORPEI/CBI as a potential one for future exports and that is confirmed in the context of this report. ginger oil and cardamom oil. cacao butter. canned tuna. the cost of business operations in Ecuador has increased significantly. In the past years. History shows that this small nation has always depended on the external sector for a great part of its income. taking into consideration the WHO guidelines and European models. To the Government: • Set up a National Multidisciplinary Committee to assist the Government to formulate policies concerning all aspects of medicinal plants utilization. of a priority list of medicinal plants to be used for the manufacture of phytopharmaceutical products. 142 .based networks working with global standards of efficiency. • Facilitate and simplify the mechanisms for the registration of phytopharmaceutical products. by the Ministries of Health. economic development and sustainable use of resources supporting biodiversity conservation. • Establish a national policy to include the use of phytopharmaceutical products in health care. • Approval. • Establish quality control standards for medicinal plants and phytopharmaceutical products. logistics. • Explore the possibilities of creating a National Institute for the study and utilization of medicinal plants. quality and sustainability criteria. This will result in: poverty alleviation. research centers and institutions including agricultural institutes. • Promote systematic cultivation and industrialization of medicinal plants and provide incentives for stimulating national plant-based industries. • Implement measures for the conservation of medicinal flora. export and local production of medicinal plants and their products. • Set up banks of germplasms. seeds and propagable materials of medicinal plants. for carrying out comprehensive studies on industrial utilization of medicinal plants. • Include monographs on selected medicinal plants and their extracts in the national pharmacopoeia. as set forth in the Agenda 21 of United Nations' Conference on Environment and Development. under a separated entity. • Foster international cooperation. on the figures of import. • Take measures to collect detailed statistics. 143 .• Support universities. cooperatives and business enterprises interested in establishing cultivation and industrialization of medicinal plants. • Offer preferential financial terms to farmers. 144 . • Prepare computerized national inventories of medicinal plant resources which allow exchange of information at a regional and interregional level. process technology. with emphasis on agrotechnology. • Assist the Governments on establishing quality control standards and on legal aspects of registration of phytopharmaceutical products. • Initiate postgraduate programs in the field of medicinal plants to prepare qualified personnel in areas related to the industrial utilization of medicinal plants. quality assessment.• Take measures to protect patent rights of the whole phytogeographic region by signing contractual agreements with industrial groups in major pharmaceutical manufacturing countries to whom the medicinal plants are supplied. pharmacists and other related health professionals. phytotherapy and handling of multifunctional pilot plants. To the Universities and Research Institutions: • Emphasize the importance of medicinal plants and phytopharmaceutical products in the training of physicians. • Stimulate the creation of specialized centers and support multidisciplinary research aimed at exploring the medicinal and economic potential of the national flora. • Improve awareness of the public on the usage of medicinal plants and their products and disseminate the information on industrialization of medicinal plants.• Promote exchange of scientific and technological information at regional and interregional level. • Conduct research on promising lead compounds obtained from medicinal plants for the development of new drugs. • Call on the National Chambers of Commerce and Industries to promote industrialization of medicinal plants. To the Private Sector: • Establish links with universities and research centers for industrial utilization of medicinal plants. 145 . • Establish links with the industry to provide technical assistance on different aspects of industrialization of medicinal plants. • Encourage a business outlook among the academicians to facilitate their participation in productive activities and in the industrial utilization of the local medicinal flora. 146 . as well as have access to modern technology for the production of phytopharmaceutical and natural products. which have well defined goals and relationship with the industrial sector. which support technical cooperation programs in different aspects of medicinal plants. UNDP. courses. etc. UNESCO. PAHO/WHO. FAO. in order to orient them towards the market.• Form Associations of entrepreneurs and companies interested in the industrialization of medicinal plants. To the International Organizations: • Coordinate the efforts of international organizations like UNIDO. • Organize training programs for human resource development through workshops. CEPAL. OAS. etc. EEC. seminars. • Support national research centers on medicinal plants and natural products. IDRC. This organization should establish contacts with principal foreign markets. • Promote joint-venture agreements between firms which have technology and the knowledge of the market and those that have an access to the traditional knowledge and medicinal plant resources and/or phytopoharmaceutical products. and exchange of personnel between R & D institutions for specialized training of personnel. • Promote cooperation between the research and development laboratories of industrialized and developing countries and among the ones in the developing countries.• Facilitate access to updated information. preferably through computerized data bases on international markets of medicinal plants and the possibilities of industrial investments in this field. This can take the following forms: exchange of germplasms and seeds. exchange of information on crops. formulation of products and marketing practices. 147 . process technology. TABLES 148 . Peru. sananho. anticonceptive Kidney inflammation Postpartum hot baths Purgative. Schmidt Zaragosa. antiflatulent. cultivated . Paraguay. Panama: Bocas del Toro. teteccu’cho tsettuco Tabernaemontana Ruiz & Pav. caudatus Iresine celosoides L. Peru Highland Hot baths and postpartum hemorrhage Pimpinella anisum L. USA. El Salvador. penoncahue (Huaorani). Paraguay Colombia (Leticia). cabuyo negro Moradilla Sangorada Escancel Part(s) Used Roots. Bolivia. cold. abscesses. Seeds Ilex guayusa Oreopanax mucronulatus ARISTOLACACEAE Aristolochia guentheri Loes Guayusa Leaves Harms Pumamaqui Leaves O. cultivated Wild Highland. antibiotic. jaen sananho. orient Highland Argentina. Perú (Iquitos). Chile. L. headache and USA. Mexico. disinfectant. amoebiasis. sanangillo. markgrafiana AQUIFOLIACEAE Medicinal Geographic International use(s) location distribution Highland Farming Wild. Colombia. flowers. Bolivia USA. Perejil Leaves. acne. Paraguay. leaves. Miller Hinojo Petroselium crispium Mill. Culantro Leaves Foeniculum vulgare P. Ttombusicho Stems Skin infections. USA. stomachache. antispamodic Antiseptic. sap Whole plant Siphilis. abdominal pain. Macbr.C. Coast. highland. cultivated Wild Introduced. roots Antiinflammatory. diuretic. toothache. emollient Digestive. Peru Bolivia. Apio Leaves Highland Coriandrum sativum L. Equador. sanangillo. emetic. Guatemala Bolivia. Huaco. Valle. skin spots Leaves Pneumonia. antiinflammatory. diuretic. sedative. Venezuela (San Felipe. Tocachey Tinga Peru Wild.F. sickta (Quichua). AMARANTHACEAE Alternanthera porrigens Authority Common Names (Jacq. Bolivia. ANACARDIACEAE APIACEAE APOCYNACEAE Schinopsis haenkeana Schinus molle Penco. Costa Rica Wild. Chocó. cultivated Highland Bolivia. USA. Bolivia. seeds Leaves. tsatú’co (Cofán). orient Orient Orient Highland Orient Peru. Brazil. fever. diarrhea. fever. Cuchero. antispasmodic Anis Aspidosperma pyrifolium Naranjo de monte. menstrual problems Sedative. penoncahue (Huaorani). Nicaragua. cold. cultivated Wild Wild.) Kuntze Amaranthus L. emetic. sananho. List of Medicinal Plants of Ecuador Family Scientific Name AGAVACEAE Agave americana L. kunapipi Stembark sananho (Shuar). Brazil. rheumatism. bark (Español). cultivated Cultivated Introduced. Cocle. tsickta. yacu sanango ARALIACEAE Highland Molle Tabernaemontana J. sambuia Mart. diarrhea Hypnotic. Colombia: Antioquia. ulcers. blood regulator Inflorescence Blood purgative. Colombia 149 Cultivated Wild. cultivated Highland Colombia.Table 1. Jaen sananho. cultivated Introduced. Colombia. Peru USA. fever and stems Engl. Peru: San Martín. Peru Highland Leaves Huevo de verraco Leaves. cold Diabetes. insomnia. cultivated Wild. Negro river) West Brasil. dysentery. postpartum reconstituent for women Digestive. Peru Cultivated Highland USA Highland Argentina. Costa Rica Highland Apium graveolens L. Honduras. bronchitis. migia & Robinson Leaves Artemisia absinthium L. scar healing. cultivated Highland. Orient Wild Chilca Leaves Antiinflammatory Highland L. Aerial part Leaves Baccharis salicifolia (Ruiz & Pav. stems.) Chilca Pers. antiperspiration Antiinflammatory Highland of bruises. emollient. escoba real Whole plant Luxation. Cancer. Bolivia Chuquiraga jussieui Cynara scolymus Gmel. bad Highland Bolivia. leaves. Peru antidyspeptic Brazil Wild Wild Wild Wild. Baker Pigue Leaves Antiseptic. Argentina. parasites. gastric ulcers Digestive Highland USA. Bolivia. altamiso Leaves Aristeguietia glutinosa (Lam. USA Introduced. Orient Bolivia. Condurango Bark ASTERACEAE Ambrosia arborescens Miller Marco. stomach Coast. eupeptic. Ajenjo Whole plant Baccharis dracunculifolia DC. Peru Wild Costa Rica. Colombia. Peru Wild Leaves Antirheumatic. bleeding. antiinflammatory Liver and kidney inflammation Liver and kidney inflammation Antirheumatic. Colombia. F. pain Furuncles. Nicaragua.) spicatus C. Mexico. constipation. bronchitis. Highland Bolivia. Mexico. stomachache. Peru L. vomiting. Nicargua.F.Family Scientific Name Authority Common Names Part(s) Used Medicinal Geographic International use(s) location distribution Farming stomachache ASCLEPIADACEAE Marsdenia cundurango Rchb. white vaginal discharge. migraine. Peru USA. Canayuyu Roots Jaundice. menstruation. Colombia. Costa Rica. orient Bolivia.) Pers. hypoglicemiant Antiinflammatory Highland. Baccharis tricuneata Calendula officinalis (L. flowers Highland Belize.) King Matico. prostate Menstrual cramps. Chilca Aerial part Baccharis DC. vomiting Highland Highland Wild Introduced. antipyretic. Frailejon Leaves Schldl. fractures Sonchus oleraceus L. nervousness Tonic. Bolivia.f. Arquitecta Whole plant Matricaria chamomilla L. Calendula Leaves. Peru foot smell. Tres filos genistifolia Baccharis latifolia (Ruiz & Chilca negra Pavon) Pers. Juss. Panama Bolivia Wild Orient Coast Highland 150 Wild Wild. highland Peru. introduced . Paraguay. Venezuela Highland Wild Wild Highland Bolivia. Alcachofa Whole plant Leaves Espeletia pycnophylla Lasiocephalus ovatus Cuatrec. Caribeean USA. Manzanilla Flowers.) Less Excorzonera Branches. exAubl. emmenagogue Diarrhea Suelda con suelda. flowers Pollalesta discolor (Kunth) Aristeg Pseudelephantopus (B. nervousness. Brazil. Salvador. dyspepsia Diaphoretic. febrifuge. leaves Perezia multiflora (Bonpl. antiinflammatory. Bolivia problems. Colombia troubles. Paraguay. scars healing. cultivated Wild Cultivated Colombia. Mexico. cultivated Wild Highland. Peru USA. asthma Ovary inflammation. Chuquiragua Highland Bolivia. Cacha-serraja. diuretic. Peru Costa Rica. Brazil. Venezuela. Guatemala. Don. Costa Rica. Uganda Bolivia Highland Wild Wild Wild. French Guyana. Panama. Peru Highland Farming Colombia. Madagascar. Brazil. coast Costa Rica.Family Scientific Name Authority Common Names Part(s) Used Medicinal Geographic International use(s) location distribution Spilanthes americana Hieron Botoncillo Whole plant Tagetes pusilla Kunth Aspha anis Leaves Taraxacum Wiggers officinale Xanthium Kunth catharticum Berberis andeana Job Diente de leon. Acuminata Aliso Leaves BIGNONIACEAE Jacaranda copaia (Abubl. Salvador. Madagascar. Nicaragua. Orient. Tanzania. taraxaco Casha-marucha Chinia Whole plant Whole plant Bark BETULACEAE Alnus acuminata Kunth subsp. cultivated . Caribe. Paraguay. USA. roots Diaphoretic. urinary ailment Liver and kidney problems fractures healing. Tanzania USA. cultivated Cultivated Wild. coast USA. Bolivia. Zimbabwe. postpartum baths Highland Highland Panama. Honduras. Arabisco. Bolivia. antidiabetic. antispasmodic Borraja Leaves. Ghana. Buddleja incana Ruiz & Pav. Mexico. Colombia.) Juss. leukemia Nematicide Highland Diuretic. leaves. peru.Don Jacaranda Bark. Peru 151 Wild. introduced Wild Wild Highland. Venezuela Orient. Uruguay. Malawi. bark Diuretic. Colombia. Panama. diabetes. Venezuela. Marquesas Highland Bolivia. liver depurative Kidney. emmenagogue. Brazil. coast Salvador. Venezuela Bolivia. cholan Leaves.ex Kunth Fresno. Venezuela. contraceptive. diaphoretic BERBERIDACEAE BODDLEJACEAE Borago officinalis L. Peru. Panama. Panama. Paraguay. Caribeean. South Africa. cultivated Introduced. South Africa. Peru Orient. Venezuela Bolivia. Peru. Colombia. cultivated Wild. India. Costa rica. Colombia. Copayura Leaves Veneral diseases Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Bolivia. flowers Emolient. Surimame. cultivated Wild. Honduras. Peru. Quihuar Toothache. Mexico. Ethiopia. Tanzania. Ghana. liver problems. emetic. Costa Rica. syphilis Tecoma stans (L. Argentina. Brazil. Nicaragua. Camerun. Bolivia. Zaire. Madagascar. Hawaii Islands Highland USA. Bolivia. Peru. Colombia.) D. Kenya. Bolivia. highland. Tanzania CARIOPHYLLACEAE Agrostema insignis CHENOPODIACEAE Chenopodium ambrosoides Coast. stomachache. Venezuela Coast. Costa Rica. diaphoretic. Sm. orient Peru Digestive. USA. Colombia. Peru Wild. Peru. stem Dacryodes spp. Guatemala. cultivated Highland Bolivia Cultivated Highland. Belize. flores Diaphoretic. Salvador. stomachache trementine Guarango Chinchin Leaves furuncles. USA. Costa Rica Highland Highland Leaves. Costa Rica. Belice. Bolivia. Paico Whole plant Rheumatism. emolient. Peru. coast USA. (Molina) Kuntze (Jacq.) L. Brazil. Highland. Honduras. antiparasitary Nicaragua. 152 Wild . highland. seeds Farming Cultivated Cultivated Wild Orient Colombia. depurative Scar healing Rheumatic pain. Caribe. antiinflammatory. coast Costa Rica. Wild Colombia. Introduced. Mexico. cultivated Wild. Burundi. Pavon) Oken muruchi numi BRASSICACEAE Rorippa nasturtiumaquaticum (L. Papua. Irwin & Barneby L. Copal Leaves CAPPARACEAE Capparis sp. cold. Peru Bolivia. Mexico. Nicaragua. Venezuela. hemorrhoids Bursea graveolens (Kunth) Triana & Planchon Caesalpinia spinosa Senna multiglandulosa Medicinal Geographic International use(s) location distribution Rheumatic pain. Guatemala. Costa Rica. Panama. Caribeean Coast. Colombia. Peru. Honduras. Galapagos Bolivia. tilo Leaves. Bolivia.Family Scientific Name BORAGINACEAE Cordia allioidora (Ruiz & Laurel. analgesic. menstrual problems Wild Wild Highland Bolivia.C. leaves. Belize. USA. barba de viejo BURSERACEAE CAESALPINACEAE Authority Common Names Part(s) Used Palo Santo Bark. cultivated New Guinea. Venezuela. Peru. Kunth CARICACEAE Sambucus peruviana Carica papaya L. Salvaje. Honduras. Chile. Chuchuhuaso Leaves General weakness Maytenus laevis Reissek Chuchuhuaso Bark L. araña caspi. vermifuge Antiparasitic. arthritis. fruit. Nicaragua. CAPRIFOLIACEAE Sambucus nigra L. Nigeria.) H. Nicaragua. Colombia Oreja de burro CELASTRACEAE Maytenus krukovii A. expectorant. orient Bolivia. Reconstituent. Surinam. kidney inflammation Sauco.) Hayek Berro Whole plant BROMELIACEAE Puya eryngioides Andre Achupalla Scales Tillandsia usneoides (L. diarrheas. expectorant. Mexico Highland Bolivia. Honduras. Paraguay. Salvador. Caribeean. Peru. Panama. Colombia. Galapagos Nicaragua. Paraguay. antiinflammatory Papaya Highland. Costa Rica. diaphoretic. Burundi. orient. Pacunga Leaves. Incienso Resin Incense Hypericum sp. bark Leaves Abdominal pain. Ciprecillo Whole plant Mild antidepressive. Kenya. diuretic. Bolivia. Colombia. Mexico. & Hook. Honduras. digestive. orient Bolivia. Camerun. Galapagos Wild Wild Wild Wild Madagascar USA. back pain Coast.Family Scientific Name Authority Common Names Part(s) Used Medicinal Geographic International use(s) location distribution Farming Nicaragua. orient. Mexico. digestive Clusia columnaris Engl. Peru. granizo. Nicaragua. Leaves. Guatemala. borracho. F. cashco. Salvador. Venezuela. Paraguay. flowers Wound disinfectant Coast. hemostatic. Paraguay. Brazil. granecillo. borracho. Caribeean. Gabon. Zambia. Ethiopia. Costa Rica. rheumatism. highland. Phillipines Wild 153 Wild . F. highland. Burundi. congo (Ruiz & Sacha guayasa Pavon) Don. Galapagos Kunth Chiñan Flowers Coughs Highland L. Tanzania CHLORANTHACEAE Hedyosmum luteynii Hedyosmum recemosum CLUSIACEAE Todzia Pururug colorado. Belize. Bolivia. & Bojer ex Cambess. Peru. Canela. y majagua (Colombia). guayusa andina. Churu yuyu Flowers Emollient. Venezuela Colombia Highland. Panama. Madagascar. Madagascar. stomach cramps. Guatemala. Tanzania Colombia Wild Costa Rica.) Benth. Colombia. Salvador. diuretic Symphonia microphylla COMMELINACEAE Commelina diffusa COMPOSITAE Barnadesia arborea Bidens pilosa Highland Colombia. Camerun. Nicaragua. Peru. orient Highland (Hils. antiseptic. pectoral. Tanzania. aphrodisiac. Venezuela Bolivia. tarqui. Peru. Matapalo Clusia mocoensis Cuatrec. Ex Vesque Brum. Honduras. menoapausic neurosis. Caribeean. Colombia. neuralgia. abdominal pain Stomaquic. Peru Highland. Panama. Peru. stimulant. siempre viva Cucurbita maxima Duchesne ex Zapallo Lam. Paraguay. neuralgia. bile regulator. warts. pegajosa. scabies Skin and ulcer healing Scar healing. Matico. Bolivia. inchi Mosquera. Paraguay. Venezuela. caenae. Peru. contusions. scars healing Coast. skin problems. Peru Highland Nicaragua Cultivated Coast. Chile. lan. Honduras. encino Weinmannia fagaroides Leaves Seeds Medicinal Geographic International use(s) location distribution Antiinflammatory. Colombia. Mani de arbol. rheumatism. Euphorbia Bojer ex splendens Hook. Chilca. puga Croton gossypifolius Croton lechleri Vahl Croton menthodorus Benth. queguino. Peru Wild Wild Wild Wild. Paraguay. highland. purga Seeds. Guyana. Brazil. tonic Irritant. puliz Leaves Shanshi Fruit Chugriyuyo. gout. orient Sap Chala. Venezuela Bolivia. Peru. skin inflammation. intoxication. Manihot esculenta Crantz Sangre de drago. gurrubo (Colombia). rheumatism. highland. orient Colombia. Venezuela Nicaragua. Peru. Bolivia. salvia Baccharis teindalensis Kunth CORIARIACEAE CRASSULACEAE CUCURBITACEAE CUNONIACEAE Coriaria ruscifolia L. lumu. orient EUPHORBIACEAE Alchornea triplinervia (Spreng.Family Scientific Name Authority Common Names COMPOSITAE (ASTERACEAE) Aristeguietia lamiifolia (Kunth) R. Pulgoso Caryodendron orinocense Karsten Croton elegans Kunth. cultivated Wild Wild Wild Colombia. South Peru Highland Colombia.M. Nicaragua. Peru. Venezuela Bolivia. leaves Lechero Leaves Yuca. tola (Bolivia). antimycotic. yurumak. Colombia. Colombia. huanchasi. orient Costa rica. scars healing. Cola de caballo. Peru. diaphoretic Purgative Highland Bark Cultivated Highland. fever Bruises. Phillipines Equisetum giganteum Leaves. toothache. Arg. macho. Guatemala. Mull. Colombia. mandioca Leaves furuncles. orient Valles interandinos secos Colombia. Salvador. bleeding gums. Cultivated 154 . Venezuela Wild L. Kunth Palo de rosa. vaginal discharge Headache. antiinflammatory. salvia Aerial part King & H. Panama Costa rica.) Mull. highland. reumathism. Chilca. Bolivia. Arg. Venezuela Argentina. Costa Rica. mosquero. orient ERICACEAE Vaccinium floribundum Kunth Mortiño Reconstituent Highland. uruchmas Sangre de drago Coast. tola (Peru). microphylla Sedum quitense Kunth Part(s) Used Chilca. antispasmodic. caballo Stems. highland. casepciho. Bolivia. rubefacient. subsp. Pega. nampi. chupa leaves Antiinflammatory. Panama. orient Highland. Peru. constipation. Chilca. warts Abundant menstruation Cultivated Chile. Bolivia Highland Peru Resolutive. Colombia. cucharilla. diarrhea Hallucinogen Highland Northern Colombia. sap Sap Wild Highland EQUISETACEAE Sap of bark Cauterization of the umbilical cord Farming Orient Highland Highland Coast. ciro. (Chile). Rob. Costa Rica. Panama. mosquera. highland Argentina. Bolivia. Guatemala.Family FABACEAE Scientific Name Authority Common Names Part(s) Used Phyllanthus niruri L. expectorant Peru Antimycotic Coast. Árbol de bálsamo. venereal diseases. Saudi Arabia Wound healing Coast. Coast. antiparkinson Myroxylon balsamun (L. Highland bronchitis. USA. Nicaragua. ojo de vaca Vellosity. seeds Desmodium intortum Hierba angel Leaves (Mill. Belize. which covers the legume Vermifuge. Colombia. wound healing Antiseptic. Venezuela.f. Honduras. stomachic. asthma. Honduras Purgative. Cameroun. Republic of Tamarindus indica L. cultivated Wild Wild Colombia. Caribeean.) Urb. Brazil 155 Wild Wild Cultivated . estoraque. Brazil. Nicaragua. Colombia. Costa rica. L. Mexico. Paraguay. highland Bolivia. Venezuela. Peru. tuberculosis. balsam Piscidia carthagenensis Jacq. Madagascar. Cameroun. Colombia. Colombia. Barbasco Roots Tamarindo Aril of seeds Expectorant. Belize. guararo Trunk Myroxylon peruiferum L. cytostatic Guatemala. Ethiopia. Burundi. cholera. Diplotropis (Kleinhoonte) purpurea var. Chancapiedra Plant without roots Ricinus communis L. Uña de gato. Nigeria. bálsamo. Panama. hypoglycemic. Mexico. Costa Rica. Coast. USA. Honduras. skin diseases. orient Mexico. Nicaragua. highland. Bolivia. Nicaragua. Mucuna pruriens L. Colombia.f. Panama. antitussive. Uganda. Tanzania. Caribeean Jaundice Coast Bolivia. edema. Peru.) Harms. Medicinal Geographic International use(s) location distribution Nicaragua. Bolivia. antiseptic. Galapagos Nicaragua. chronic cold. Burundi. Higuerilla Leaves. Rica. Paraguay. Venezuela Venezuela Eperua purpurea Benth. Mexico. bálsamo de tolú. Uganda Costa Rica. Tanzania Diuretic. Coast. Costa highland. source of L-DOPA. Peru. Balsamo Leaves. bálsamo del Perú. Farming Coast Mexico. Peru. orient Paraguay. Nicaragua. antiinflammatory highland. Peru. Madagascar. Panama. Nicaragua. Arnshoff leptophylla Eperua leucantha Benth. Caribeean. Tanzania Orient Peru Wild Wild. stomachache in Thymus vulgaris L. tocte Leaves. stomachic. hair tonic Stimulant. Hierba buena Leaves Micromeria nubigena (Kunth) Benth. stomachic Carminative. depurative. Tomillo USA. rheumatism Rheumatism. cold. Oregano Leaves Rosmarinus officinalis L. Burundi. diuretic Diaphoretic. Mentha aquatica L. Yerbabuena. antiparasitic. Saudis Arabia Coast. Ethiopia. Malasya. guarmi Leaves. Introduced. Zambia Tipuana tipo GERANIACEAE JUGLANDACEAE KRAMERIACEAE LAMIACEAE Pelargonium odoratissimum L. Peru Highland USA. Zambia. antiparasitic Colds. stimulant. antispasmodic Stomachic Satureja nubigena (Kunth) Briq. fruit. Bolivia USA Wild Introduced. Tanzania. Sarawak. antiemetic. vomits Prostate. diarhoea. tonic. haemorrhage Astringent.) Kuntze L. Latania Roots L. Cultivated China. stimulant Aromatic. Sunfo Leaves Minthostachys mollis Ocimum basilicum Kunth) Griseb. diaphoretic. leaves Root Krameria lappacea (Dombey) Burdet & B.Family Scientific Name Authority Common Names Part(s) Used Medicinal Geographic International use(s) location distribution Farming Central Africa. Tipo. digestive. arthritis. stomachache. highland USA. Bolivia. cultivated Wild. cultivated Coast. Nigeria. emmenagogue Whole plant Aromatic. flowers Toronjil Whole plant Melissa officinalis L. Simpson Krameria triandra Marrubium vulgare Ruiz & Pav. tonic. antispasmodic Highland Stimulant. cultivated Bolivia.B. Uganda Highland Nicaragua Introduced.) Epling Stomachic. Sunfillo Leaves Satureja parvifolia (Phil. carminative. Argentina. Hierba buena Mentha piperita L. Colombia. flowers Stems. stomachic Carminative. Romero Leaves. orient Colombia. Peru Wild Highland USA Highland Introduced. Highland Malva olorosa Diels Nogal. tonic. Kazakstan Highland USA. orient Astringent. L. highland. L. Ortiga muerta Leaves. cultivated Highland Andes Introduced Cultivated Highland Highland Wild Wild Peru. Tanzania. cultivated 156 . poleo. diuretic. diarrhea. Venezuela Wild Highland Colombia. Madagascar. sedative Tonic. Bolivia. stems Salvia phoenicea Kunth Salvia Leaves Stomachache Highland Vitamin. burns Coughing. expectorant. flowers Leaves. Peru Highland USA Highland USA. gonorrhoea. digestive. Salvador. Aarpaj Origanum vulgare L. USA. stomachic. bond pain Highland. Peru Bolivia. Peru Introduced. stomachache. Uganda. cultivated Nicaragua. Bolivia. Panama. Juglans neotropica (Benth. flowers Albahaca. antiseptic. menta Leaves Mentha viridis L. diabetes Cinnamomum zeylanicum Licaria canella Ocotea aciphylla Persea americana (Meissner) Alcanfor. diabetes. palo de aceite. orient Bolivia. bronchitis. Phillipines Peru Coast. roots. bloody diarrhea. antiseptic. trinitaria. Peru USA. cultivated 157 . Mexico. (Brazil). cold. pusilde Aloe vera L. Peru.) Grim. Nicaragua. Brazil. Leaves Kostermans moena (Cofán). diarrhea Canela Bark Spasms. stembark negro caspi. Mexico. Nicaragua. Venezuela Highland Costa Rica. Panama. stomachache. muena amarilla. Sabila Sap Dracaena draco L. Acacia weberbaueri Otholobium mexicanum Harms Swartzia simplex (Sw. Uganda Wild Introduced Highland. snakebites Antiparasitic. ocatoe (Huaorani). liver inflammation Kidney and liver inflammation. Salvador. Laranjinha. canela muena. USA. Trinitaria. varicose veins Eupeptic. Martinique. grungureicco. wound healing. Brazil Coast.f. tonic. Colombia. bark Highland Rheumatism. Caribeean. mato. chinitaria. albaquilla. bark Chlorocardium venenosum (Kostermans & Pinkley) Rohwer. diaphoretic. & Arn. eye surgery. astringent. moena negra. cosmetic Astringent. Ritcher & Van der Werff Breyn Para el curare. palo de caballo. Peru. Paraguay. depurative Diarrhea. Cameroun. highland Argentina. Costa Rica. abortive. malaria. amenorrhea. carminative.) Spreng. Gabon. tsampisu (Nees) Mez Canela. yanasingue Flowers. stomachache. Dominican Republic. porotillo. muena. throat sore. vomiting Digestive. clén. Peru Wild Highland. canilao. astringent. laxative. Sangre de Drago. orient Highland Colombia. laranjeira do Leaves. bark. menstrual cramps. leaves Convulsions caused by tetanus. hypoglycemic. canelo. antidiarrheic. canelo. Venezuela. hemostatic Orient Wild Colombia. fever. Bolivia. Trinidad. fruits LECYTHIDACEAE Eschweilera amara (Aubl. antitussive. Saudis Arabia Introduced USA Introduced. huallua. Panama. hucalhua. chronic diarrhea. stems. Peru Cultivated Wild Wild Highland Peru Wild Highland Venezuela. emollient. emmenagogue Headache. socu´jin Miller Aguacate Leaves. diarrhea.Family Scientific Name Authority Common Names Part(s) Used Medicinal Geographic International use(s) location distribution Farming children LAURACEAE Aniba riparia (Nees) Mez Suche Stems. culín. flowers. Brazil. lengua de suegra Latex LILIACEAE (L. LEGUMINOSAE (FABACEAE) Acacia aroma Gillies ex Aromo Hook. macutayba fruits. Mexico. digestive. intestinal infections. menstrual alterations.) Nied. orient Colombia. leaves. tarta. Caballo caspi. hemostatic. stomach upset. Honduras. Brasil. ishpingo Fruit. highland. fruit Leaves. vermifuge. orient Farming Bolivia. Salvador. Colombia. Panama. curarina Stems LORANTHACEAE Phrygilanthus sp. Leaves Amapá. Venezuela. ajiji Chondrodendron tomentosum Ruiz & Pav. Mexico. fever.Family Scientific Name Authority Common Names LINACEAE Linum usitatissimum L. antibacterial Coast. Bark. Colombia. yaje leaves Bunchosia armeniaca Gossypium barbadense (Cav. Venezuela Headache. Peru. seeds Malva blanca Leaves. Costa Rica. MENISPERMACEAE Abuta grandifolia (Mart.) DC Ciruelo L. Guyana. bramca (Brazil). Ashnapanga. Galapagos Nicaragua. Perú. malagre. Para el curare Stems MIMOSACEAE Mimosa albida H & B ex Willd. Bolivia. Laxative. Chile Highland Colombia.L. natema. Colombia. abuta Leaves. andicola Peumus boldus Molina Boldo Siparuna echinata (Kunth) A. abuta. orient USA. huairamamalli. fright baths. limoncillo. Colombia. Bolivia. malaria. flowers Burkart Algarrobo MONIMIACEAE Prosopis Laevigata var. Mexico. prostate hyperplasy Orient Bolivia.) Sandwith Abota. antiinflammatory. leucorrhea. stomachache. Brazil. USA. toothache. reumathism. roots. Peru. capitiú (Brazil). Honduras. Gabon. leaves. Colombia. Peru Muscular pain Coast. orient Belize. Orient Guyana. coughs Honduras. nuanapechanapanga. Rob. highland. flowers Cedro Bark MALVACEAE Part(s) Used Seeds.Panama. insect bites. MELIACEAE Cedrela odorata L. taquecurauqe. Venezuela Cultivated Bolivia. emetic. liver Bolivia. Peru Cultivated Orient Cultivated Suelda con suelda Lavatera arborea L. aphrodisiac. Nicaragua Belize. Bolivia. Peru anesthetic Liver and kidney Highland Costa Rica. Nicaragua. Uña de gato Leaves. stems. French diarrhea. DC. Algodón Leaves. Bolivia. Panama Coast. branca. purgative Herpes. orient. headache. ancabesux. indigestion. Guayusa. Colombia. gastric ulcers Muscular Orient Panama. Brazil diseases. Paraguay. fruits huairapanga. perreicra brava bark. Colombia. problems. Suriname. napi. leaves Medicinal Geographic International use(s) location distribution Gastrointestinal and kidney inflammation Cardiovascular problems Highland Hallucinogen. ovary and Highland Bolivia liver inflammation.vibuajeiria (Colombia). Para el curare.) Macbr. Costa Rica. Peru. Nigeria. Brazil. bleeding. Peru. Bolivia. Peru 158 Cultivated Cultivated Wild Wild Wild Wild . highland. mirsimarika. Honduras. Mexico. relaxant. Colombia. nepe. Nicaragua. Caribeean. Costa Rica. MALPIGHIACEAE Banisteriopsis caapi (Spruce ex Grisebach) Morton Ayahuasca. flowers. Linaza LOGANIACEAE Strychnos peckii B. Phillipines Kidney. Bolivia. fever. Stems. MARANTACEAE Calathea loeseneri (J. Colombia Cleaner Coast.F. Peru Brazilian Amazon. mouth ulcers. Virola carinata Sangre de gallina Resin Virola duckei (Benth. emetic. stomachache. Moore) C. latex Bibosi.) Warb. Peru Orient. Sande Brosimum rubescens Brosimum utile Taub. Highland. ojé. erysipelas.C. Colombia. headache. Venezuela Antipyretic. fruits. ipe-be.) Warb. Orient. erysipelas. Casinguaba. leche de oje Platanillo Rhizome. mouth ulcers. Bolivia. astringent Panama. (Quichua). lombriguerira. Salvador. Orient L. diarrhea. Sm. ira. Paraguay Highland USA.) A. gomelero. ive Sangre de gallina Resin (A. Panama. nasal descongestionant Brosimum lactescens Heliconia sp. Berg Antimycotic Orient Resin Antimycotic Rapanea dependens Blepharocalyx salicifolius Eucalyptus citriodora Hook. Medicinal Geographic International use(s) location distribution Orient Brazilian and Colombian Amazon Orient Bolivia.Family Scientific Name Authority Common Names Part(s) Used raposapanga MORACEAE MUSACEAE MYRISTICACEAE (S. Peru Bolivia. cold. coughs Highland Bolivia. Colombia. Bolivia. Colombia. ficus. tuberculosis. Venezuela. ipebe. Peru. ihue. intindicuña. Brazil. dental caries. cramps. leaves Platanillo Fruits. fever. Orient lung infections. (Ruiz & Chamuelan Pavon) Mez (Kunth) O. leaves. dunpahue. DC. Nicaragua Herpes. Sm. vitiligo Orient Virola peruviana aguano cumala Sap.) Warb. Sande (Kunth) Pittier Sande Latex Ficus carica L. Nicaragua. skin mycosis Antimycotic Coast Bolivia. Wounds healing. Venezuela Orient Brazil. Honduras. liver problems. Colombia Musa x paradisiaca Virola theidora Farming rheumatism. Nicaragua. (Spruce ex Sangre de gallina Benth. Peru. insect bites. Higo Ficus insipida Willd. Colombia. source of antihelmintic Coast. Ucuúba. hallucinogen Antimycotic Wild Wild Cultivated Belize. indigestion.DC. bark Virola flexuosa A. Eucalipto aromatico Wound healing. Berg. throat pain Postpartum hot baths. cocoba. Venezuela Liver irritation Highland USA. dryopapue (Huaorani) Sap. Bolivia.C. dental caries. Apuí.C. cutaneous mycosis. chronic Coast. Colombia. guaxinguba. Paraguay 159 Cultivated . dogonpapoe. higueroncillo. Coast Costa Rica. Sm. antitussive. sacha ojé (Bolivia). Costa Rica. ipehue. A. dyspepsia. Caupuri del bark bajo. coast Peru Wild Cultivated Wild Wild Wild Highland Leaves Leaves Dyspepsia. Peru. Brazil Diuretic. Mexico. Colombia. Panama. dishaccocho (Cofán) guhue (Huarani). fruits Bark. French Guayana. asthma. dogonpapohue. Peru.C. Coast stomachache Digestive. Leaves. roots. latex MYRSINACEAE MYRTACEAE Latex Orient Costa Rica. Sangre de gallina Resin Virola pavonis (A. antiinflammatory. cortex of fruits Antiseptic. orient Farming Introduced Introduced. antidysenteric. Nicaragua. caspi Leaves. USA. highland. Caribbean. chonta. sigua fruit. chailloa caspi. Brazil. Bolivia. Peru. Costa Rica. colaboca. caspisipida. Cafetillo. bataua PAPAVERACEAE Argemone mexicana Papaver rhoes Leaves Medicinal Geographic International use(s) location distribution Bark Suelda con suelda Highland Bolivia. chapil. Nicaragua. Burundi.Family Scientific Name Authority Common Names Eucalyptus globulus Labillardiere Eucalipto Part(s) Used Myrcianthus hallii Kunth Arrayan Leaves Psidium guajava L. Bolivia. Peru. Panama Wild L. Pseudobulb Liver and kidney antiinflammatory Roots. vermifuge. intestinal antiinflammatory NYCTAGINACEAE Pisonia aculeata L. Honduras. coast Wild Wild 160 Wild. uña de tigre Leaves Arthritis Coast OCHNACEAE Cespedesia spathuñata Amarun caspi Postpartum baths Orient OLACAEAE Heisteria acuminata (Ruiz & Pavon) Planchon (Humb. Ungurahua. Surimane. Colombia. guayagas. orient Coast. Honduras. Colombia. Guatemala. prostate Highland Wild L. Panama. (Huaorani). chonta. Ghana. Nicaragua. Panama. Peru. yuranwayap Fruits. Caribeean. tinchi (Shuar) Highland. Ghana. Nicaragua. skin mycosis. purgative Minquartia guanensis ORCHIDACEAE Catasetum sp. Cameroun. diabetes. headache. PALMAE Oenocarpus Mart. Mexico. bacterial skin infections. orient Aublet Huambula. antimycotic. Costa Rica. cultivated Bolivia. Amapola Highland USA. Bolivia USA Flowers Blood purifier. Colombia. hypoglycemic. shimpi. diabetes Antiinflammatory. wound healing Diarrhea. Paraguay. Guatemala. Belize. Taiwan Cultivated Wild Costa Rica. Diarrhea. Panama. herpes labialis. Peru. nasal bleeding. guayacan pechiche. bark tsofeccocho (Cofán). hair fruit oil loss Cardo santo Flowers Coughs. Venezuela Coast. Tanzania USA. bataua var. Uña de gato. highland. cold. USA Highland Coast.) Engl. Costa Rica. Belize. Belize. highland. cholesterol lower. buenhue. Mexico. Colombia. Mexico. Paraguay. Guayaba. guambula Headache. L. & Bonpl. cultivated . Madagascar. scabies. Nigeria. orient Bolivia. Honduras. eyes burning and pain Antihelmintic. Central Africa Republic. Peru. Costa rica. blood depurative. maíz de lobo Flowers. Tanzania Bolvia. Colombia. Nicaragua. Mexico. astringent. Colombia. dental caries. Roem. antispasmodic Highland Coast. leaves. orient PHYTOLACCAEAE Phytolacca bogotensis Kunth Cargamanta. Panama. traumatism. wound healing. Pimienta de fruto ganchoso. branch. Lutu. Bolivia. Costa Rica. antiinflammatory Highland Bolivia. bone diseases. external wounds. Granada. Mexico. coast. Costa Rica. roots Highland PIPERACEAE Peperomia congona Peperomia peltigera Piper aduncum Ruiz & Pav. Honduras. cultivated . cordocillo Piper angustifolium Lam. Paraguay. Black pepper L. (Colombia). Retama Flowers PASSIFLORACEAE Passiflora edulis Sims Maracuya. atuczara. astringent Ulcers. Caribbean. Peru USA. antiinflammatory Ear pain Sodiro Pata con yuyo L. pimienta de macaco. Trinidad Tobago) to Mexico Wild Highland Wild Menstrual regulator. USA. tapa hueco (Brazil). matico. orient Argentina. USA. Comoros Boliva. Islas Sociedad Colombia Wild. granadilla comun Leaves. cultivated Cultivated Cultivated Highland Cultivated Inflorescence Heart pain Highland Cultivated Leaves Gastric ulcers. wound healing. Congona Leaves rheumatism. matico. Llanten PLANTAGINACEAE Plantago major Liver and kidney inflammations Sedative. Badea Roots Emetic Coast. fruit Passiflora tetragona M. skin diseases. Venezuela. Panama. Salvador. Barbados. flowers sumidades. external bleeding. siphilis.Family Scientific Name Authority Common Names Part(s) Used Medicinal Geographic International use(s) location distribution Farming purgative PAPILIONACEAE Spartium junceum L. intestinal cramps. Costa Rica. Peru. atug chogllo. Madagascar. Guatemala. Cameroun. insect bites. antiparasitic. mouth ulcers. San Vicente. hypotensor. Brazil. pharyngitis. highland. matico lojano. Cultivated Leaves Whole plant Antiinflammatory Highland. hierba del soldado. USA. Peru. antiinflammatory Highland. Venezuela. Caribbean Nicaragua. Colombia. Nicaragua. atug-sara. fruits. Panama. Honduras. stomach problems. yerba Leaves del soldado Piper hispidum Sw. Galapagos 161 Wild Wild. Honduras. Peru. Matico peruano. Brazil. highland. Nicaragua. orient Brazil. Peru. cordoncillo Piper nigrum L. Costa Rica. Peru. guaba (COLOMBIA). Brazil. Central America (Major Antilles. cultivated . snakebites Antiinflammatory (L. stems Calaguala Rhizomes Tonic. purgative. Mexico. Peru 162 Wild. Nicaragua. Nigeria. eruptive diseases. fruits Liver and kidney inflammations Liver and kidney inflammations Blood purifier. Venezuela. Belize. Tanzania. cultivated USA. Pelo de choclo. Cucharilla Inflorescence Liver and kidney inflammations J. Caña de azucar.) Lindl. Gmel.Family Scientific Name Authority Common Names Part(s) Used Medicinal Geographic International use(s) location distribution Farming Nicaragua POACEAE Cymbopogon citratus DC. digestive. Venezuela. Honduras. Niphidium crassifolium Portulaca oleracea PODOCARPACEAE POLEMONIACEAE PORTULACACEAE PROTEACEAE RHAMNACEAE ROSACEAE Oreocallis grandiflora Colletia spinosissima Hesperomeles cuneata Hesperomeles obtusifolia Margyricarpus pinnatus Brazil. rheumatism. cultivated Highland Colombia. manzan silvestre Cultivated Highland Juss. iguilan phytolacca Roots. Peru Cultivated Highland Bolivia Peru Wild. Peru. POLYGALACEAE Monnina obtusifolia Kunth POLYPODIACEAE Campyloneurum sp. Mexico. Cerote. Stapf. chronic cold.) R. Cameroun. Brazil. Mexico. pikiyuyo. Bolivia. eyes diseases. Peru. aromatic Coast. Guatemala. liver and kidney inflammations Highland Sacharum officinarum L. Zambia Peru Wild Wild Wild USA. Salvador Bolivia.Don Romerillo. Colombia. orient (Lam. Nicaragua Salvador. Ghana. Burundi. Chile. orient Highland Podocarpus glomerulatus Cantua buxifolia D. Peru Boliva. orient Paspalum humboldtianum Flugge Grama Stems Ovary. Nicaragua. Salvador. Costa Rica. Caribbean. pujin (Lam. Whole plant Antiinflammatory. highland. antipyretic. Australia Introduced. maiz Hairs Liver and colon inflammations Coast. Central Africa Republic. Mexico. Panama. chicken pox. Venezuela Peru. Verdolaga Wild Fruits Leaves. Nicaragua. Peru Wild Peru Wild Argentina. Salvador. paat Juice Laxative Zea mays L. highland. Bolivia. muka leaves Antihypertensive.) Lellinger Calaguala Rhizomes Purgative Highland L. Guatemala. Hierba luisa. USA. USA. orient Highland Highland Belize. leaves. Lindl. highland. expectorant. Bolivia. antiparasitic Coast. chirichiri Stems.) kuntze Wild Highland Highland Cerote Nigua. Bolivia. diaphoretic. small pox Highland. iguilan. sinsin. skin infections. fruit Whole plant. Br. Peru Eguielin. Peru.F. Costa Rica. Bolivia. (Pers. Madagascar. huiru. Colombia. Caribbean. inmune system stimulant Fruit. Brazil. Panama. orient Bolivia. ontaepome.) Quina. leaves. arthriti Antiviral. Peru Highland Nicaragua. bark Cashahuasca (Quichua). pneumonia Digestive. USA. colombia. Peru Farming Wild Bolivia Cultivated USA. cultivated Cultivated Bolivia.)Engl L. Peru. Colombia. analgesic. Venezuela Costa Rica. antiinflammatory. mora Cinchona pubescens (Vahl. kenkuk Schult. Peru. mulupo pashca. Stems. soga espinosa. colds Toronja Fruit Weight loss Ruda Leaves Aguacatillo pedroso. prostate cancer. Congo. Costa Rica. Peru. cultivated Bolivia. rheumatism. coughing Highland. astringent. Quinoa. leaves Fruit. Namentamo (Huaorany). diarrhea. cutaneous infections Febrifuge. pectoral. Colombia. Paraguay. Venezuela. Bolivia. seeds Bark Postpartum hot baths Heart. liver and kidney inflammations Jaundice Laxative. stimulant. Peru. Suriname. Peru. antimalarial.) Burm. stems Circulatory and uterine tonic. Uncaria guianensis (Aubl. Cameroun. highland. Limon SABIACEAE Leaves Medicinal Geographic International use(s) location distribution Orient Boliva. & Arn. USA Highland Peru Highland Argentina. Ghana. prostate cancer. rheumatism. uña de gato Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. Bolivia. orient Highland Frebrifuge. ontaepome. leaves Highland.) DC. leaves Digestive. Paraguay. antitumoral. Nigeria Wild Introduced. f. Wild. ex Uña de gato. níspero de la montaña pedroso Sauce Leaves. Peru. Caribbean. Nicaragua. wound healing Digestive. Venezuela Boliva. anticonceptive. Ruta graveolens Meliosma arenosa Idrobo & Cuatrec. Libia. Colombia. Yaguai. Nicaragua orient colombia. Colombia. Quishuar. orient Coughs. SALICACEAE Salix humboldtiana Humboldt Leaves. Brazil. Naranja agria Citrus paradisi Macfad. Galapagos Coast. arthritic pain Bark. Paraguay. sedative. Roem. Guatemala. Guyana Wild Coast. 163 Wild Introduced. cultivated Introduced. pai heko”cho (Cofán) Uña de gato. Madagascar Caribbean orient Highland Bolivia.cultivated .F. Costa rica. cold. cultivated Cultivated Introduced. Venzuela. eigahuen (Huaorani). Venezuela. colds. orient Antiparasitic Highland. Capuli Leaves Rubus bogotensis Kunth Zarzamora. fruits. orient. flowers Bark Coffea arabica L. Arg. pantza Pimpinella Ehrh. & rinricasha. cascarilla Roots.) J. highland. orient Highland Coast. headache Chalma tacu (L. Gmel. Fagara coco (Gilles ex Hook f. Café Coussarea macrophylla Müll. eigahuen.Family RUBIACEAE RUTACEAE Scientific Name Authority Common Names Polylepis incana Kunth Poterium sanguisorba Prunus serotina Part(s) Used Leaves L. cultivated Wild. stomachache Skin infections. Panama. Peru Wild Highland Bolivia. Bolivia. colds. stomachic. Amyris macrocarpa Citrus limon Gereau Citrus aurantium L. Venezuela Wild 164 Cultivated Cultivated Wild . Mexico. Peru. Guatemala. Caimitillo. Panama. Sulawesi. Zambia. Zarzaparrilla Bulb SOLANACEAE Brugmansia aurea Lagerheim Floripondio Flowers Digestive. bark Solanum nigrescens Mart. fruit Internal and Coast. Comoros. Tabaco. analgesic. flowers. wide orient Nicaragua. diuretic. orient Wild Cultivated Wild Wild Highland Colombia Highland Peru Highland Peru Wild. Colombia. Mexico. caimitillo amarillo. Capuli Fruits Antimalarial SMILACACEAE Smilax spp. antipyretic. Bolivia. colitis Antiinflammatory. Belize. Bolivia. Penn. to fortified bond Tomate Fruit Nicotiana tabacum L. Highland USA. Honduras. seeds. spectrum Cameroun. Pouteria caimito (Ruiz & Pavon) Radlk. Highland Peru diuretic. highland Venezuela antiinflammatory. fungicide Phillipines Cold. Saudis Arabia. Colombia. bolivia. Tanzania. herpes labialis Highland Wound healing Coast. Galeotti Hierba mora Leaves. Coast. Colombia. highland.D. Brazil. cutaneous mycosis. flowers Solanum altissimum Benítez Dabué (Huaorani) Fruit. Nicaragua. apiu. Lesser Sunda Brazilian Amazonia to East Pery. Madagascar. orient Coast. pun-nashau (Colombia). highland. peptic ulcers. quini Caimito. furuncles Honduras. Peru.Family Scientific Name Authority Common Names Part(s) Used Medicinal Geographic International use(s) location distribution Farming Salvador SAPINDACEAE Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. cold. Venezuela. Leaves Bruises and wound antiinflammatory Highland Abiu da mata. yaas. Schult. scabies Fever. Costa Rica. antiinflammatory. Latex meñigka. Burundi. Ex Roem. pharingitis. amygdalitis. Malwi. cultivated Sauco Leaves Cold baths. Peru. Nicaragua. highland. sedative. cijica Abscesses. depurative. Honduras. Costa Rica. Caribbean. Panama Costa Rica. chicken pox. Suriname. abiurana Leaves (Brazil). Miller USA. Puirasado. Lycopersicon esculentum Willd. tsaank Leaves. Peru. Venezuela. Reunion. cutaneous mycosis. Nicaragua. tonic Face and gums swelling due to tooth ache Cestrum auriculatum Cestrum peruvianum L'Her Coast. East Colombia to South Venezuela Bolivia. Colombia. diaphoretic. Uganda. orient SIMAROUBACEAE Simarouba amara Aubl. Chamana SAPOTACEAE Chrysophyllum amazonicum T. Caribbean. cultivated Wild Wild Ruiz & Pav. leaves Antispasmodic. highland. digestive Whole plant renal ailments. Honduras. Cameroun Highland Bolivia. Don ULMACEAE Celtis spinosa Spreng.Family Scientific Name Authority Common Names Part(s) Used Medicinal Geographic International use(s) location distribution Farming Bolivia. www. Fruits Tonic. Guatemala. Ecuador: uso y comercio de plantas medicinales. Caña agria Zingiber officinale Roscoe Cultivated Highland Erisma splendens Stafleu ZINGIBERACEAE Cultivated Jenjibre. colds Highland Stems Kidney pain Bolivia.org. 101 p. cultivated Cultivated Wild Wild Wild. highland. Costa Rica. Peru. Paraguay Highland USA. Cacao Seeds L. Brazil. cultivated Introduced. Panama Bolivia. Cambridge.biocomercioecuador. Nicaragua. afifimbi Rhizomes Coast.. Venezuela Stomachache.X. Costa Rica. rheumatism Leaves Diarrhea. Peru. Colombia. digestive. weakness. stimulant Colombia. 165 Wild Cultivated . Paraguay. Nicaragua. diuretic. antihypertensive orient Peel. Caribbean bolivia. Mexico. diuretic. Peru Boliva. nervousness. apach cucuch. peptic ulcer Fruit Coughs. Belize. Nicaragua. Peru. laranca. Peru. Highland. Ortiga negra VALERIANACEAE Valeriana sp. cultivated Wild. Nicaragua Coast. colds Coast. Salvador. Costa Rica. heart problems Rhizomes Antispasmodic. Costa Rica. Uña de gato URTICACEAE Urtica dioica L. Honduras. ajej. orient USA. emetic.highland. Mexico Wild. USA. Mexico. situación actual y aspectos importantes para su conservación. C. Brazil. orient Salvador. Honduras. starch Antiinflammatory. orient Honduras. highland. Argentina Costus scaber Wild. Panama. TRAFFIC International. daboka Solanum tuberosum Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. Highland. Nicaragua. Coast. orient Highland Flowers diaphoretic. Colombia. Material data sheet. orient Papa Theobroma cacao L. ajirini. cardiotonic THEOPHRASTACEA Clavija ornata E D. cultivated Whole plant Fever Highland. Panama. arthritis Kunth Verbena VIOLACEAE Verbena microphylla Viola odorata L. orient gastritis. Bolivia. Peru. 1999. guasmo Demulcent. colombia STERCULIACEAE Solanum quitoense Lamarck Naranjilla. menstrual cramps Nicaragua Source: Buitrón. Personal Evaluation. Violeta VOCHYSIACEAE Erisma bracteasum Ducke Valeriana Seeds. orient Coast. Bolivia. VERBENACEAE Aegiphila ferruginea Verbena litoralis Hayek & Spruce Kunth Verbena Whole plant Fever. Guacimo. Panama. Colombia. Costa Rica. (red pepper). Medicinal and aromatic plants AGROALEGRE Dried Vegetables Chili. Piper nigrum plants L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Parsley. (turmeric) Anise. Wilson Echeverria Aromatic herbs crop project Not reported Medicinal and aromatic plants ACUARELA Herbs and essential oils project Not reported Medicinal and aromatic plants Agro Trading Black pepper. Medicinal and aromatic plants Lemon verbena. Parsley leaves and powder. Red pepper. (chili). Ginger. Turmeric. Medicinal and aromatic Zingiber officinale Roscoe (ginger). Coriander leaves. essential oils Origanum vulgare L. Ginger. plants Coriandrum sativum L.) Maton (cardamom). essential oils Aloysia triphylla Royle Medicinal and aromatic plants Eucalyptus. Petroselinum sativum Hoffm. (lucerne). essential oils Schinus molle L. Curcuma longa L. Daucus carota L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Marjoram. essential oils Elettaria cardamomum (L. Curcuma longa L.) Maton Medicinal and aromatic plants Turmeric. Turmeric. essential oils Cymbopogon citratus (DC. Medicinal and aromatic plants Black pepper. Lucerne. Inventory of the already processed medicinal plants from Ecuador Company Product Plant Type of product Ab. essential oils Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (parsley). Medicinal and aromatic plants Dried: Cardamom. essential oils Zingiber officinale Roscoe Medicinal and aromatic plants Cardamom. spices Elettaria cardamomum (L. essential oils Pimpinella anisum L. essential oils Curcuma longa L. Zingiber officinale Roscoe (ginger). (turmeric).(celery). (coriander). (carrot) Medicinal and aromatic plants Amaranthus quitensis Kunth Medicinal and aromatic 166 . Medicinal and aromatic plants Schinus molle.Table 3. Celery leaves and powder. (black pepper). White and green leek. Apium graveolens L. essential oils Piper nigrum L. Medicago sativa Medicinal and aromatic L. Black pepper. Medicinal and aromatic plants Lemon grass. essential oils Majorana hortensis Moench Medicinal and aromatic plants Oregano. essential oils Piper nigrum L. essential oils Petroselinum sativum Hoffm.) Stapf Medicinal and aromatic plants Ginger. powder. seeds and powder. Capsicum annuum L. Carrots Dried Aromatic and Medicinal Herbs Sangorache Food Capsicum frutescens L. Gmel. & Schult.) Stapf Medicinal and aromatic plants Lemon verbena Aloysia triphylla Royle Medicinal and aromatic plants Mint Mentha sativa L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Lemon balm Melissa officinalis L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Dandelion Taraxacum officinale F. herbal tea Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. Medicinal and aromatic plants Thyme Thymus vulgaris L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Verbena Verbena litoralis Kunth Medicinal and aromatic plants Wormseed Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Borage Borago officinalis L. Camomile Matricaria recutita L. Presl Medicinal and aromatic DC. herbal tea Origanum majorana L. herbal tea Cymbopogon citratus (DC. Medicinal and aromatic plants Lemon grass. Herbal medicinal products Cinnamon.) Stapf Herbal medicinal products Cats claw. Herbal medicinal products Dragon´s blood. Medicinal and aromatic plants Matico Piper angustifolium Lam. Medicinal and aromatic plants Parsley Petroselinum sativum Medicinal and aromatic plants Rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis L. Arg. herbal tea Croton lechleri Müll.Company AMAZON AROMA Product Plant Type of product plants Medicinal and aromatic plants Dill Anethum graveolens L. ex Roem. Medicinal and aromatic plants Lemon grass Cymbopogon citratus (DC. Medicinal and aromatic plants Chuquiragua Chuquiraga jussieui J. Herbal medicinal products Mejorana. herbal tea Maytenus laevis Reissek Herbal medicinal products Guayusa. 167 . essential oils Cinnamomum verum J.F.) Herbal medicinal products Chuchuasi. herbal tea Ilex guayusa Loes. Wigg.H. massage oils Zingiber officinale Roscoe. Piper nigrum L.) Maton. massage oils Cosmetics Risso Stresscalm Masaje. Tilia Cosmetics spp. essential oils Lavandula angustifolia Mill. & Naudin (frutilla). essential oils Eucalyptus globulus Labill.. Fragaria ananassa (Weston) Decne. Elettaria cardamomum (L. Mora. essential oils Zingiber officinale Roscoe Medicinal and aromatic plants Lemon. Uva. (uva). Trigo.C.) D. essential oils Elettaria cardamomum (L. Citrus limonum Cosmetics Relaxing Massage. Carica papaya L. essential oils Citrus limonum Risso Medicinal and aromatic plants Orange. Citrus aurantium L. (manzana) Medicinal and aromatic plants Herbal medicinal products 168 .. Papaya. frutas deshidratadas pulverizadas Mangifera indica L.) Stapf Medicinal and aromatic plants Eucalyptus. (cebada) plants Cats claw Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. essential oils Citrus aurantium L. Hordeum sativum Pers. (avena). materia prima Avena sativa L. comprimidos Benth. Manzana. jarabes. massage oils Citrus limonum Risso. Colorants Cosmetics Pepper Piper nigrum L.Company Product Plant Type of product plants Cardamom. Medicinal and aromatic plants Passion Massage. Medicinal and aromatic plants Valeriana Valeriana officinalis L Medicinal and aromatic plants Mango. Malus sylvestris Mill. f. (papaya). Cebada. Lavandula angustifolia Mill. ARCOLANDS Aromas del Tungurahua Essential oils. Medicinal and aromatic plants Ortiga Urtica urens L. Frutilla. Rubus glaucus Medicinal and aromatic plants Productos fitofarmacéuticos: Extractos. essential oils Cymbopogon citratus (DC. (mora). Medicinal and aromatic plants Ginger. Medicinal and aromatic plants Alfalfa Medicago sativa L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Pepper. (mango). Avena. Vitis vinifera L. essential oils Piper nigrum L.) Maton Medicinal and aromatic plants Lemon Grass. Medicinal and aromatic (trigo). Triticum sativum Lam. Medicinal and aromatic plants Condurango bark Marsdenia cundurango Rchb. Medicinal and aromatic plants Lavander. dried herbs Pimpinella anisum L. f. Medicinal and aromatic plants Achiote. Medicinal and aromatic plants Anis.Company Product Plant Type of product Aroma Melis Teas and medicinal teas Herbal medicinal products Asociacion Agroartesanal de Productores de Plantas Secas Medicinales del Ecuador Horchata Lojana. herbal tea 28 dried medicinal plants. Medicinal and aromatic plants Gañal Asociacion de Pequeños Productores de Plantas Medicinales (Nueva Semilla) BIOLCOM Medicinal and aromatic plants Orange leaf Citrus aurantium L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Flor de tilo.) Stapf Medicinal and aromatic plants Borage Borago officinalis L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis L.) Burm.) Medik. Medicinal and aromatic plants Lemon balm Melissa officinalis L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Rue Ruta graveolens L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Lime tree Tilia spp.) Stapf Medicinal and aromatic plants Wild marjoram Origanum majorana L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Lemon grass Cymbopogon citratus (DC. not reported Herbal medicinal products Camomile Matricaria recutita L. dried herbs Sambucus nigra L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Lemon grass Cymbopogon citratus (DC. Medicinal and aromatic plants Sábila. dried leaves Bixa orellana L. Medicinal and aromatic plants 169 . Medicinal and aromatic plants Mallow essence Malva parviflora L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Manzanilla. dried herbs Matricaria chamomilla L. dried leaves Aloe vera (L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Ambrette seed Abelmoschus moschatus (L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Basil Ocimum basilicum L. dried leaves Piper hispidum Sw. Medicinal and aromatic plants Cypress. dried fruit Physalis peruviana L. dried palm hearts Bactris gasipaes Kunth Medicinal and aromatic plants Frambuesa. essential oils Calendula officinalis L. essential oils Elettaria cardamomum (L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Palmito. Medicinal and aromatic plants BIO PRO Essential oils CARABOTIJA Oregano Origanum vulgare L. dried vegetable Daucus carota L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Orito. dried fruit Mangifera indica L. essential oils Zingiber officinale Roscoe Medicinal and aromatic plants Cardamom.Company Product Plant Type of product Cordoncillo. Medicinal and aromatic plants Flor de maracuyá.) Maton Medicinal and aromatic plants Black pepper. Medicinal and aromatic plants Lemon balm Melissa officinalis L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Fruta pan. essential oils Cupressus sempervirens L. dried fruit Averrhoa carambola L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Camomile Matricaria recutita L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Brocoli. essential oils Schinus molle L. dried fruit Vaccinium floribundum Kunth Medicinal and aromatic plants Carambola. Medicinal and aromatic plants Ginger. dried fruit Musa acuminata Colla Medicinal and aromatic plants Mortiño. Medicinal and aromatic plants Molle. Medicinal and aromatic plants Zanahoria. essential oils Piper nigrum L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Calendula. Medicinal and aromatic plants Mango. dried vegetable Brassica oleracea L. dried fruit Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg Medicinal and aromatic plants Uvilla. dried fruit Rubus idaeus L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Cosmetics 170 . dried herbs Passiflora incarnata L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Casa Cayambe. Wigg.) Stapf Medicinal and aromatic plants Medicinal and aromatic plants Matico pepper. Medicinal and aromatic plants Plantain Plantago major L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Matico Piper angustifolium Lam. Herbal medicinal products Herbal medicinal products COMPANIA ECUATORIANA Chamomile. Medicinal and aromatic plants Dandelion Taraxacum officinale F. Medicinal and aromatic plants Oregano Origanum vulgare L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis L. herbal tea Piper angustifolium Lam. Palm kernel oil Elaeis guineensis Jacq.. Sesame oil Sesamum indicum L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Garden rue Ruta graveolens L. herbal tea Aloysia triphylla Royle Herbal medicinal products 171 . herbal tea Cymbopogon citratus (DC. Asociación Teas and medicinal teas de Productores Campesinos de Olmedo CASTOR ECUATORIANA S. herbal tea DEL TE (CETCA) Lemon grass. Medicinal and aromatic plants Peppermint Mentha piperita L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Camomile Matricaria chamomilla L Medicinal and aromatic plant Lemon balm Melissa officinalis L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Matricaria recutita L. Herbal medicinal products Lemon verbena. Herbal medicinal products Mint.A. CEDEIN/ HUERTOS EDEN Type of product Spearmint Herbal medicinal products Castor oil Ricinus communis L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Linden Tilia europaea L.H. herbal tea Mentha piperita L.Company Product Plant Mentha crispa L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Peppermint Mentha piperita L. Plantago major L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Spearmint Mentha crispa L. herbal tea Ocotea quixos (Lam. Lemon grass. Zingiber officinale Roscoe Herbal medicinal products Herbal medicinal products Ishipingo. Ocotea quixos (Lam.Company CHANKUAP Product Plant Type of product Peppermint.) Herbal medicinal herbal tea Stapf. Guayusa. Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf Lemon grass.. products Ishipingo. Ilex guayusa products Loes.) Kosterm.) Stapf. Medicinal and aromatic Turmeric. essential oils Citrus aurantium L. Lemon grass.) Kosterm. herbal tea Not reported Herbal medicinal products Antiparasitic formula. essential oils plants Lemon.) Stapf Medicinal and aromatic plants 172 . herbal tea Cymbopogon citratus (DC. Medicinal and aromatic plants Ginger. Ocotea quixos (Lam. essential oils Ocotea quixos (Lam.. herbal tea Not reported Herbal medicinal products Black and flavoured teas Not reported Herbal medicinal products Guayusa. essential oils Citrus limonum Risso Medicinal and aromatic plants Tangerine. herbal tea Not reported Herbal medicinal products Liver formula. Herbal medicinal products Lemon balm.) Stapf. herbal tea Not reported Herbal medicinal products Desinfectant formula. Herbal medicinal Ginger.. Ilex guayusa Loes. essential oils Cymbopogon citratus (DC. essential oils Citrus reticulata Blanco Medicinal and aromatic plants Ishpink.) Kosterm. essential oils Zingiber officinale Roscoe Medicinal and aromatic plants Orange. Ginger. herbal tea Melissa officinalis L. herbal tea Mentha piperita L. herbal tea Not reported Herbal medicinal products Horchata. Lemon grass. Medicinal and aromatic plants Lemon grass. Zingiber officinale Roscoe Curcuma longa L. herbal tea Not reported Herbal medicinal products Nerve formula. Herbal medicinal products Weight loss formula. Ishipingo.) Kosterm. herbal tea Not reported Herbal medicinal products Bile formula. herbal tea Cymbopogon citratus (DC. herbal tea Not reported Herbal medicinal products Diuretic formula.. Cymbopogon citratus (DC. spices Ocimum basilicum L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Peppermint Mentha piperita L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Thyme Thymus vulgaris L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Annatto. Medicinal and aromatic plants Chamomile Matricaria recutita L. spices Bixa orellana L. spices Curcuma longa L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Celery Apium graveolens L. Arg. Medicinal and aromatic plants Dill Anethum graveolens L.Company Product Plant Turmeric. Medicinal and aromatic plants Nettle Urtica urens L. Vegetables and oragnic aromatic herbs Not reported Medicinal and aromatic plants ECUANATU Phytomedicines Not reported Herbal medicinal products Escuelas radiofonicas populares del Ecuador (ERPE) Oregano Origanum vulgare L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Basil. Ginger. Medicinal and aromatic plants 173 .A. Medicinal and aromatic plants Dragon's blood Croton lechleri Müll. Medicinal and aromatic plants Dandelion Taraxacum officinale F. Wigg. spices Zingiber officinale Roscoe Type of product Medicinal and aromatic plants Medicinal and aromatic plants Chili.) Burm. Medicinal and aromatic plants Lemon balm Melissa officinalis L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Sage Salvia officinalis L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Aloe Aloe vera (L. Cosmetics Cultivos Orgánicos del Ecuador S. f. spices Capsicum frutescens L.H. Medicinal and aromatic plants Parsley Petroselinum sativum Hoffm. Herbal medicinal products Batava oil Oenocarpus bataua Mart. Medicinal and aromatic plants Marigold Calendula officinalis L. Herbal medicinal products CTH.H. Arg. tablets L.) Merr. essential oils Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (alcachofa). essential oils Pinus sylvestris L. Wigg. (nesttle). (garlic) Puj puj 45 plus Herbal medicinal products Herbal medicinal products products Cassia angustifolia Vahl (sen). (plantain) Herbal medicinal products Relaxe. (ortiga). Allium sativum Herbal medicinal Antigas. f. (chilca). (salvado trigo) Medicago sativa L. Peumus boldus Molina (boldo). Herbal medicinal products Lipoescultura Acneloss Glycine max (L. Pine. (alfalfa). tablets Urtica dioica L. tablets Riñosan Complex. Cynara scolymus L. Arg. (artichoke). syrup. tablets Peumus boldus Molina (boldo). (plantain) Herbal medicinal products Sabil Aloe vera.) Pers. Plantago major L. Anethum graveolens L. (artichoke) Equisetum arvense L. syrup. (dandelion) Zingiber officinale Roscoe (ginger). (dragon´s blood). algas marinas Urtica urens L. (proteína soya). levadura FUNDACION FAMILIA SALESIANA SALINAS Sadra Croton lechleri Müll.) Merr. tablets Croton lechleri Müll. Herbal medicinal products Achin. (horsetail). Taraxacum officinale F. Wigg. levadura cerveza. Plantago major L. tablets Valeriana decussata Ruiz & Pav. (taraxaco) Herbal medicinal products Herbal medicinal products Cypress. (artichoke) products Antiacne + Zinc. syrup. Herbal medicinal products Higasan Plus. essential oils Cupressus sempervirens L. tablets Cynara scolymus L.) Burm. Peumus boldus Molina (boldo). Wigg. extract.H. Taraxacum officinale F. (eneldo). Smilax officinalis Herbal medicinal Kunth (zarzaparrilla). Cynara Herbal medicinal scolymus L. Peumus boldus Herbal medicinal Molina (boldo). Cynara scolymus L.Company Product Plant Type of product EXPOAROM Dry and pulverized aromatic spices Not reported and herbs Medicinal and aromatic plants FARMAVIDA Phytomedicines Not reported Herbal medicinal products FITOTERAPIA Lipo klb6. Medicinal and aromatic plants Medicinal and aromatic plants Eucalyptus. tablets Baccharis tricuneata (L. tablets Momordica charantia L. (dandelion). Herbal medicinal 174 . products Triticum aestivum L. Glycine max (L. liquid Aloe vera (L. products (proteína soya). Herbal medicinal products Ulcerfit 600. f. herbal tea Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruiz & Pav. Taraxacum officinale F. Activated charcoal Herbal medicinal products Chancapiedra Remalcha. tablets Phyllanthus niruri L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Mashua.H. Medicinal and aromatic plants 175 . Medicinal and aromatic plants Oregano Origanum vulgare L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Ataco Amaranthus caudatus L.) Stapf Medicinal and aromatic plants Cola de Caballo Equisetum arvense L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Hierba Luisa Cymbopogon citratus (DC. herbal tea Mentha piperita L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Chuquiragua Chuquiraga jussieui J. Medicinal and aromatic plants Manzanilla Matricaria recutita L.F. Medicinal and aromatic plants Guaviduca Piper pallidirameum C.Company Product Plant Type of product products Herbal medicinal products Pumin. Herbal medicinal products Peppermint. herbal tea Chuquiraga jussieui J.F. herbal tea Urtica urens L. bees wax. vegetable oil. herbal tea Not reported Herbal medicinal products Guaviduca. DC. plant-based essential oils Arquitecto Not reported Medicinal and aromatic plants Lasiocephalus ovatus Schltdl. herbal tea Matricaria chamomilla L Herbal medicinal products Chuquiragua. Medicinal and aromatic plants Ortiga Urtica urens L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Mashua Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruiz & Pav. Medicinal and aromatic plants Linaza Linum usitatissimum L. shampoo Rosmarinus officinalis L. DC. Gmel. Cosmetics Ointments for medicinal and cosmetic use (curapres. Medicinal and aromatic plants Menta Mentha piperita L. cura vena). curapino. curalipto. herbal tea Not reported Andean. Herbal medicinal products Nettle. Herbal medicinal products Camomile. Gmel. Herbal medicinal products Rosemary. herbal tea Piper pallidirameum C. Company Fundacion Promocion Humana de Guaranda Product Plant Type of product Retama Sarothamnus scoparius (L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis L.J. Medicinal and aromatic plants Escancel Aerva sanguinolenta (L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Flor de arete Fuchsia spp. Medicinal and aromatic plants Basil Ocimum basilicum L. Herbal medicinal products Medicinal and aromatic plants Lemon verbena Aloysia triphylla Royle Medicinal and aromatic plants Lemon balm Melissa officinalis L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Lemon grass Cymbopogon citratus (DC. Medicinal and aromatic plants Lungwort Pulmonaria officinalis L. Medicinal and aromatic plants 176 .) Blume Medicinal and aromatic plants Borage Borago officinalis L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Congona Brosimum acutifolium Huber Medicinal and aromatic plants Horsetail Equisetum arvense L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Linseed Linum usitatissimum L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Malva olorosa Malva parviflora L. Medicinal and aromatic plants White oak Talauma spp. Medicinal and aromatic plants Guaviduca Piper pallidirameum C.) W. Medicinal and aromatic plants Linden Tilia europaea L.) R. DC. Br.D. Medicinal and aromatic plants Amaranth Amaranthus quitensis Kunth Medicinal and aromatic plants Plantain Plantago major L.) Stapf Medicinal and aromatic plants Flor de gañal Oreocallis grandiflora (Lam. Koch Medicinal and aromatic plants Tea of live Not reported Chamomile Matricaria recutita L. digestive. Mentha verbena.Company Product Plant Type of product Rose essence Rosa gallica L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Dandelion Taraxacum officinale F. Medicinal and aromatic plants Cypress. flavoured teas Not reported Herbal medicinal products Not reported 177 . Medicinal and aromatic plants Peppermint Mentha piperita L. apple and cinnamon tea. (lemon balm). Chamomile. essential oils Mentha piperita L. piperita L. Valeriana officinalis L (valerian) Herbal medicinal products Vida sana herbal infusions (slimming. Medicinal and aromatic plants GENESIS Hierba de San Juan Hypericum perforatum L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Nettle Urtica urens L. (chamomile). Mentha sativa L (mint) Herbal medicinal products English tea. vanilla tea. (pepermint). (anis). Medicinal and aromatic plants Valerian Valeriana officinalis L Medicinal and aromatic plants Peppermint. Pepermint. herbal tea Matricaria recutita L. Anise. Pimpinella anisum L. S. Lemon balm. herbal tea Melissa officinalis L. Herbal medicinal products Lemon balm with valerian.H. black and flavored tea Not reported Herbal medicinal products Chamomile with honey. essential oils Cupressus sempervirens L. Lemon Matricaria recutita L. (lemon balm). Medicinal and aromatic plants Matico Piper angustifolium Lam. Mint. Melissa officinalis L. Medicinal and aromatic plants GEOACUATICA Not reported Food and supplements on a medicinal plants extracts basis. essential oils Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Medicinal and aromatic plants Eucalyptus. for aquiculture Food GREENAQUA Barbascus extract for aquiculture Herbal medicinal products Hierbas naturales y medicinales de Pusuqui. fruits from forest and tropical fruits. Aloysia triphylla Royle herbal tea (lemon verbena). relaxing) Not reported Herbal medicinal products Wild cherries.A. Medicinal and aromatic plants Verbena Verbena litoralis Kunth Medicinal and aromatic plants Spearmint Mentha crispa L. Wigg. Food Pepper. Arg Herbal medicinal Achogchilla Momordica charantia L. herbal tea Matricaria recutita L. herbal tea Not reported Herbal medicinal products Expectorant formula.Company Product Plant Type of product Huiñana IMAGRO Aromatic herbs project Not reported Medicinal and aromatic plants Industria Lojana de Especerias (ILE) Horchata. ointments Not reported Cosmetics Valerian Extract and Dragon's blood Valeriana officinalis L . herbal tea Not reported Herbal medicinal products Herbal shampoos. Essential oils and natural colorants Not reported Cosmetics JAMBI KIWA Weigh loss formula. herbal tea Aloysia triphylla Royle Herbal medicinal products Cumin. herbal tea Not reported Herbal medicinal products Antiparasitic formula. powdered condiments Capsicum frutescens L. Food INEXA S. herbal tea Not reported Herbal medicinal products Disinfectant formula. herbal tea Cymbopogon citratus (DC. powdered condiments Curcuma longa L. Food Turmeric. herbal tea Not reported Herbal medicinal products Liver formula. Herbal medicinal products Chamomile. powdered condiments Piper nigrum L.A. Food Chili pepper. products Medicinal and aromatic 178 . Food Garlic. Herbal medicinal products Lemon verbena. herbal tea Melissa officinalis L. herbal tea Not reported Herbal medicinal products Diuretic formula. powdered condiments Allium sativum L. oils. herbal tea Not reported Herbal medicinal products Bile formula. Croton lechleri Muell. powdered condiments Cuminum cyminum L.) Stapf Herbal medicinal products Lemon balm. herbal tea Mentha sativa L Herbal medicinal products Herbal medicinal products Lemon grass. herbal tea Not reported Mint. herbal tea Not reported Herbal medicinal products Nerve formula. Alfalfa Medicago sativa L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Moradilla Alternanthera porrigens (Jacq. Medicinal and aromatic Medicinal and aromatic plants Medicinal and aromatic plants 179 .) Blume Medicinal and aromatic plants Escorzonera Scorzonera hispanica L. Alcachofa Cynara scolymus L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Perejil Petroselinum sativum Hoffm. Medicinal and aromatic plants Eneldo Anethum graveolens L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Hoja Naranja Citrus aurantium L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Taraxaco Taraxacum officinale F. Medicinal and aromatic plants Falso tilo Not reported Medicinal and aromatic plants Grama Paspalum humboldtianum Flüggé Medicinal and aromatic plants Hierba Buena Mentha sativa L Medicinal and aromatic plants Hierba Luisa Cymbopogon citratus (DC. Medicinal and aromatic plants Hoja de Higo Ficus carica L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Menta Piperita Mentha piperita L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Romero Rosmarinus officinalis L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Calendula Calendula officinalis L.Company Product Plant Type of product plants Albahaca Ocimum basilicum L.H. Medicinal and aromatic plants Borraja Borago officinalis L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Escancel Aerva sanguinolenta (L. Wigg.) Kuntze Medicinal and aromatic plants Oregano Origanum vulgare L.) Stapf Medicinal and aromatic plants Hoja de Aguacate Persea americana Mill. Medicinal and aromatic plants Ortiga sin tallo Urtica urens L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Hierba Mora Solanum nigrum L.A. Medicinal and aromatic plants Calaguala Phlebodium aureum John Smith Medicinal and aromatic plants Chancapiedra Phyllanthus niruri L. Sábila Aloe vera L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Caballo Chupa Equisetum myriochaetum Schltdl. Medicinal and aromatic plants Sangorache Amaranthus quitensis Kunth Medicinal and aromatic plants Valeriana Valeriana officinalis L Medicinal and aromatic plants Verbena Verbena litoralis Kunth Medicinal and aromatic plants JENKER S. Vegetables.) Pers. Medicinal and aromatic plants Muelan dulce Not reported Medicinal and aromatic plants Hoja de Nogal Juglans regia L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Marco Ambrosia arborescens Mill. Medicinal and aromatic plants Chilca Baccharis tricuneata (L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Matico Piper angustifolium Lam. f. Medicinal and aromatic plants Manzanilla flor-5 Matricaria recutita L. aromatic and medicinal plants Not reported Medicinal and aromatic plants Jose Eguiguren y Cia. Medicinal and aromatic plants Hoja de Zanahoria Daucus carota L.Company Product Plant Type of product plants Toronjil Melissa officinalis L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Llanten Plantago major L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Lengua de Vaca Rumex crispus L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Malva Blanca Malva parviflora L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Juan Pablo Clavijo Aromatic herbs project Not reported Medicinal and aromatic plants 180 . & Cham. Rumex cuneifolius Campd. Aloina Aloe vera (L. Herbal medicinal products Hepaton f-3 Extract Not reported Herbal medicinal products Diabetisan (taraxaco) Chancapiedra LAPRONAG Herbal medicinal products 181 . tablets Not reported Herbal medicinal products Fatless. Taraxacum officinale Weber Herbal medicinal products Bioneuril Valeriana officinalis L. (lengua de vaca). Cynara scolymus L. (toronjil) Herbal medicinal products Ulcerfix Aristeguieta glutinosa LAM (matico). Taraxacum officinale Herbal medicinal products Hepanat Herbal medicinal products Herbal medicinal products Herbal medicinal products Weber (taraxaco) Allium cepa L (cebolla). (orégano) Herbal medicinal products Tossex forte Not reported Herbal medicinal products Aqua Medix Not reported Herbal medicinal products Iodized Radish Syrup Raphanus sativus L. Melissa officinalis L. Plantago australis Lam.) Burm. Cynara scolymus L. (llantén) Peumus boldus Molina (boldo). Melissa officinalis L. tablets Not reported Herbal medicinal products Garlic plus. (alcachofa). Herbal medicinal products Bacter plus Not reported Herbal medicinal products Cavola. Smilax lundellii Killip & Morton (zarzaparrilla) Herbal medicinal products Cholesterfix Allium sativum L. (alcachofa). f. Origanum vulgare L. (valeriana). Taraxacum officinale Weber (taraxaco).Company Product Plant Type of product Laboratorios Albam's LAFIP LANDOM Vitulcer Not reported Alfalfa. Herbal medicinal products Carbolax Matricaria recutita L. (manzanilla). Herbal medicinal products Quinina Cinchona officinalis L. Herbal medicinal products Renaldren Smilax lundellii Killip & Morton (zarzaparrilla). (ajo). (alcachofa) Herbal medicinal products Reumathyl Phlebodium aureum John Smith (calahuala). Cynara scolymus L. tablets Allium sativum L. tablets Medicago sativa L. (toronjil ) Phyllanthus niruri L. Company Product Plant Type of product Valerian Extract Valeriana officinalis L. Herbal medicinal products Maca Jelly Lepidium meyenii Walp Herbal medicinal products NATUALFA NATURISOL NATUSIL 182 . Herbal medicinal products Antiparasitic T/Tab Not reported Herbal medicinal products MARIANEXAS Certified organic vegetables and herbs Not reported Medicinal and aromatic plants MASTER PLANT All-stress Not reported Herbal medicinal products Liver restoring amargo (bitterwood) Not reported Herbal medicinal products Dialsis Not reported Herbal medicinal products Diurex Not reported Herbal medicinal products Factor U Not reported Herbal medicinal products Geofit Not reported Herbal medicinal products Herbalum Not reported Herbal medicinal products Kelpin-2000 Not reported Herbal medicinal products Laxibil-purgative Not reported Herbal medicinal products Biobron 240 ml Not reported Herbal medicinal products Tablets and capsules Not reported Herbal medicinal products Bronquiosil Syrup Not reported Herbal medicinal products Radish Syrup Raphanus sativus L.C. Herbal medicinal products Cat's claw. syrup Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. syrup Phyllanthus niruri L.) D. Herbal medicinal products Maca Reconstituent and Tonic Lepidium meyenii Walp Herbal medicinal products F-Plus Regenerator Not reported Herbal medicinal products Chancapiedra. ) Schltdl. ointment Not reported Herbal medicinal products Bronquiosan infantil Not reported Herbal medicinal products Uña gato Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. Medicinal and aromatic plants Pepper Mint Mentha piperita L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Plantain Plantago major L.C. spices Bixa orellana L.) D. herbal tea Ilex guayusa Loes. Herbal medicinal products Fern root. Medicinal and aromatic plants Matico pepper Piper angustifolium Lam.) D. spices Curcuma longa L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Ginger. Piper nigrum L. herbal tea Pulmonaria officinalis L. Herbal medicinal products Tiatina. spices Zingiber officinale Roscoe Medicinal and aromatic plants Pharma Brand Not reported Not reported Not reported PROAJI Chili paste Capsicum frutescens L.. herbal tea Campyloneurum amphostenon (Kunze ex Herbal medicinal products Lungwort. tablets Aristeguietia glutinosa Lam (matico) Herbal medicinal products Guayusa. drops Aristeguietia glutinosa Lam (matico) Herbal medicinal products Maticonf.Company Product Plant Type of product Maticonf. Herbal medicinal products NEOFARMACO NUEVA AMERICA Klotzsch) Fée NUKUI 183 . Medicinal and aromatic plants PRONAVIT Matico. ointment Piper angustifolium Lam. Herbal medicinal products Cat´s claw Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. Medicinal and aromatic plants Annatto. herbal tea Anoda cristata (L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Turmeric.C. Medicinal and aromatic plants Lemon grass Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf Medicinal and aromatic plants Basil Ocimum basilicum L. Herbal medicinal products Wild violet. Medicinal and aromatic plants Guayusa Ilex guayusa Loes. (matico). Carica papaya L. Herbal medicinal products Chuchuguazo Syrup Not reported Herbal medicinal products Ricardo Ortiz Medicinal herbs project. Cinchona officinalis L. syrups Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. (uña de gato). capsules Rhamnus purshiana DC. Quina. Coco. (ginkgobil).C. Chancapiedra. Ginkgo biloba L. (manzanilla).) D. Equinacea. (chancapiedra).Company RENASE Product Plant Type of product Chacapiedra Phyllanthus niruri L. (coco) Cosmetics Cascara Sagrada. Avena sativa L. Uña de Gato. Uña de Gato. Calendula officinalis L. Matico. Herbal medicinal Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. (avena) Cosmetics Papaya. (aguacate). soap Matricaria recutita L.C. products Phyllanthus niruri L. Avena. Arg Herbal medicinal Drago's blood products products Unguragua oil Not reported Herbal medicinal products Valerian Extract Valeriana officinalis L. Piper angustifolium Lam. Verbena.) Moench (equinacea). Herbal medicinal products Phyllanthus niruri L. Cocos nucifera L. (papaya). Herbal medicinal products Paicolin Not reported Herbal medicinal products Bronquiosan forte + propoleo Not reported Bronquiosan forte + vitamina c Not reported Herbal medicinal products Herbal medicinal products Cerebrosan Not reported Herbal medicinal products Nervo stress Not reported Herbal medicinal products Zarzatonic Not reported Herbal medicinal products Bronquiosan forte Not reported Herbal medicinal products Manzanilla. Echinacea purpurea (L. Calendula. (uña de gato). Verbena litoralis Kunth (verbena) Croton lechleri Muell.) D. (quina). dissemination Not reported Medicinal and aromatic plants Ruben Martinez Medicinal plants and herbs Not reported Medicinal and aromatic plants Not reported Herbal medicinal products Matricaria recutita L. (chancapiedra) Chancapiedra. Aguacate. shampoo Persea americana Mill. herbal tea Chamomile 184 . Ginkgobil. Medicinal and aromatic plants SAN JOSE DE LAS PALMAS Tea of Life. (cascara sagrada). (calendula). Smilax lundellii Killip & Morton (zarzaparrilla). Zarzaparrilla. Medicinal and aromatic plants Eucalipto Eucalyptus globulus Labill.) Blume Medicinal and aromatic plants Borage Borago officinalis L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Malva olorosa Malva parviflora L. Medicinal and aromatic plants White oak Talauma spp. herbal tea Not reported Herbal medicinal products Borraja Borago officinalis L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Congona Brosimum acutifolium Huber Medicinal and aromatic plants Horsetail Equisetum arvense L.) Stapf Medicinal and aromatic plants Flor de gañal Oreocallis grandiflora (Lam. Medicinal and aromatic plants Escancel Aerva sanguinolenta (L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Flor de arete Fuchsia spp. Br.) R. Medicinal and aromatic plants Cola de Caballo Equisetum arvense L.Company SANTA MARIA DE MILAN Product Plant Type of product Lemon verbena Aloysia triphylla Royle Medicinal and aromatic plants Lemon balm Melissa officinalis L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Lemon grass Cymbopogon citratus (DC. Medicinal and aromatic plants Amaranth Amaranthus quitensis Kunth Medicinal and aromatic plants Broad-leaved plantain Plantago major L. herbal tea Not reported Herbal medicinal products Mixture for the nerves. herbal tea Not reported Herbal medicinal products Mixture for the kidneys. Medicinal and aromatic plants 185 . Medicinal and aromatic plants Lungwort Pulmonaria officinalis L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Linseed Linum usitatissimum L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Linden Tilia europaea L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Mixture for the liver. essential oils Abelmoschus moschatus (L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Hojas Naranja Citrus aurantium L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Rosemary. Medicinal and aromatic plants Eucalyptus.) Medik. Medicinal and aromatic plants Ginger. Medicinal and aromatic plants Alfalfa Medicago sativa L. essential oils Piper nigrum L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Llanten Plantago major L.Company Product Plant Type of product Hizo Not reported Medicinal and aromatic plants Linaza Linum usitatissimum L. herbal tea Not reported Herbal medicinal products Ambrette Abelmoschus moschatus (L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Ambrette. essential oils Rosmarinus officinalis L.) Medik. Medicinal and aromatic plants SONFRI Aromatic and medicinal herbs project. essential oils Piper pallidirameum C. Medicinal and aromatic plants Guaviduca. essential oils project. essential oils Pimpinella anisum L. essential oils Bursera graveolens (Kunth) Triana & Planch.H. dehydrated Not reported Medicinal and aromatic plants UNORCARCHT Horchata. Medicinal and aromatic plants Valeriana Valeriana officinalis L Medicinal and aromatic plants Toronjil Melissa officinalis L. dehydrated vegetables Not reported Medicinal and aromatic plants Universal Plants Aromatic and medicinal plants. Wigg. Medicinal and aromatic plants Amaranth Amaranthus quitensis Kunth Medicinal and aromatic SISACUMA 186 . Medicinal and aromatic plants Taraxaco Taraxacum officinale F. essential oils Zingiber officinale Roscoe Medicinal and aromatic plants Cardamom. Medicinal and aromatic plants Pepper. Medicinal and aromatic plants Holy Wood. DC.) Maton Medicinal and aromatic plants Anise. essential oils Eucalyptus globulus Labill. essential oils Elettaria cardamomum (L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Fox glove Digitalis purpurea L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Dandelion Taraxacum officinale F. Medicinal and aromatic plants Calaguala Campyloneurum amphostenon (Kunze ex Medicinal and aromatic plants Capuli leaf Prunus serotina Ehrh.F.) Pers. Arquitecto Lasiocephalus ovatus Schltdl.H. Medicinal and aromatic plants Chilca Baccharis tricuneata (L. Wigg. Medicinal and aromatic plants Eucalyptus Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Medicinal and aromatic plants Medicinal and aromatic plants Basil Ocimum basilicum L. Berg) McVaugh Medicinal and aromatic plants Artichoke Cynara scolymus L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Corn silk Zea mays L. Avocado leaf Persea americana Mill. Medicinal and aromatic plants Herb of Grace Ruta graveolens L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Dill Anethum graveolens L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Celery Apium graveolens L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Borage Borago officinalis L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Carrot leaf Daucus carota L. Gmel. Medicinal and aromatic plants Chuquiragua Chuquiraga jussieui J. Medicinal and aromatic plants Klotzsch) Fée Medicinal and aromatic plants Medicinal and aromatic plants 187 .Company Product Plant Type of product plants Ambrosia arborescens Ambrosia arborescens Mill. Arrayan Myrcianthes hallii (O. f. Medicinal and aromatic plants Grama Paspalum humboldtianum Flüggé Medicinal and aromatic plants Guaviduca Ilex guayusa Loes. Medicinal and aromatic plants Chamomile flower Matricaria recutita L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Marigold Calendula officinalis L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Round-leaved dock Rumex obtusifolius L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Valerian Valeriana officinalis L Medicinal and aromatic plants Vervain Verbena litoralis Kunth Medicinal and aromatic 188 . Medicinal and aromatic plants Nettle Urtica urens L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Matico pepper Piper angustifolium Lam Medicinal and aromatic plants Mint Mentha viridis (L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Orange leaf Citrus aurantium L.) Stapf Medicinal and aromatic plants Lemon verbena Aloysia triphylla Royle Medicinal and aromatic plants Lime tree Tilia spp. Medicinal and aromatic plants Mallow Malva parviflora L.) L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Peppermint Mentha piperita L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Oregano leaves Origanum vulgare L.Company Product Plant Type of product Hierba mora Solanum nigrescens M. Medicinal and aromatic plants Plantain Plantago major L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Parsley Petroselinum sativum Hoffm. Medicinal and aromatic plants Thyme Thymus vulgaris L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Rosemary. natural colorants Rosmarinus officinalis L. Martens & Galeotti Medicinal and aromatic plants Horse tail Equisetum bogotense Kunth Medicinal and aromatic plants Stone breaker Phyllanthus niruri L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Lemon balm Melissa officinalis L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Lemon grass Cymbopogon citratus (DC. Medicinal and aromatic plants Pepper.com. Medicinal and aromatic plants Ginger. spices Amaranthus quitensis Kunth Medicinal and aromatic plants Source: Data was retrieved from each corresponding company’s websites (Table 6). Medicinal and aromatic plants Cardamomo. Medicinal and aromatic plants Wild mint Mentha sativa L.Company Product Plant Type of product plants Walnut leaf Juglans neotropica Diels Medicinal and aromatic plants Wormseed Chenopodium ambrosioides L. prime materials Cymbopogon citratus (DC. Medicinal and aromatic plants Drago's blood. spices Zingiber officinale Roscoe Medicinal and aromatic plants Ispink. spices Capsicum frutescens L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Annatto. prime materials Zingiber officinale Roscoe Medicinal and aromatic plants Lemon Grass. spices. Medicinal and aromatic plants Ginger. prime materials Oenocarpus bataua Mart.) Kosterm. Medicinal and aromatic plants Ishpingo. prime materials Ocotea quixos (Lam. prime materials Croton lechleri Müll. Medicinal and aromatic plants Guayusa.) Stapf Medicinal and aromatic plants Ungurahua. Arg. prime materials Capsicum frutescens L. spices Elettaria cardamomum (L. natural colorants Bixa orellana L. Biodiversidad desde el centro del mundo: Ingredientes Naturales y Productos Elaborados. CORPEI. Medicinal and aromatic plants Turmeric. Medicinal and aromatic plants Amaranth.) Maton Medicinal and aromatic plants Chilli. prime materials. spices Piper nigrum L.) Kosterm. prime materials Ilex guayusa Loes. spices Ocotea quixos (Lam. 189 . Medicinal and aromatic plants Wormwood Artemisia absinthium L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Chilli. www.hierbasdelecuador. spices Curcuma longa L. List of Ecuadorian producers by economic sector and economic location Economic sector Producers Geographic location Herbal Medical Products AMAZON AROMA Aroma Melis Asociacion Agroartesanal de Productores de Plantas Secas Medicinales del Ecuador Casa Cayambe. Industria Lojana de Especerias (ILE) JAMBI KIWA Laboratorio FITOTERAPIA Laboratorio LANDOM Laboratorio Neofarmaco LAFIP LAPRONAG Master plant Natualfa Natusil NUEVA AMERICA PRONAVIT RENASE SAN JOSE DE LAS PALMAS SANTA MARIA DE MILAN UNORCARCHT Cuenca Quito Loja Quito Macas Quito Shyris Bolivar Quito Quito Loja Riobamba Quito Quito Ambato Guayaquil Machala Santo Domingo Quito Machala Pimampiro Quito Quito Bolivar not reported Loja ARCOLANDS AgroAlegre C.Table 5. RENASE Quito Quito Quito Cuenca Quito Ambato Quito Quito Macas Bolivar Salinas Quito Quito Perfumes and cosmetics Quito 190 . Asociación de Productores Campesinos de Olmedo COMPANIA ECUATORIANA DEL TE (CETCA) CHANKUAP ECUANATU FARMAVIDA Fundacion Promocion Humana de Guaranda GREENAQUA Hierbas naturales y medicinales de Pusuqui. Agrotrading AMAZON AROMA ARCOLANDS Aromas del Tungurahua BIO PRO BIOLCOM Chankuap Fundacion Promocion Humana de Guaranda FUNDACION FAMILIA SALESIANA SALINAS INEXA S.A.A.A. S. S. CEDEIN/Huertos Eden Cultivos organicos del Ecuador S.A.A.A.A.A. JambiKiwa Nueva America San Jose de las Palmas Santa Maria de Milan UNORCARCHT Quito Cuenca Quito Quito Ab. ERPE EXPOAROM Fundacion Promocion Humana de Guaranda FUNDACION FAMILIA SALESIANA SALINAS GENESIS IMAGRO Industria Lojana de Especierias (ILE) Quito Macas Bolivar Salinas Quito Bahia de Caraquez Quito Loja Quito Riobamba Pimampiro Bolivar not reported Loja Quito Quito Quito Quito Quito Ambato Loja Gualea Cruz Quito Cayambe Manta Riobamba Quito Macas Riobamba Quito Bolivar Salinas Quito Quito Loja 191 . ARCOLANDS Aromas del Tungurahua Asociacion Agroartesanal de Productos de plantas secas medicinales del Ecuador Asociacion de Pequeños Productores de Plantas Medicinales (Nueva Semilla) BIOLCOM CARABOTIJA CASTOR ECUATORIANA S.Economic sector Nutraceuticals and allies Pharmaceutical aids Producers Geographic location SISACUMA Universal Plants Quito Quito Acuarela AMAZON AROMA Aroma Melis Casa Cayambe. Wilson Echeverria Acuarela Agro Trading AgroAlegre C. Asociacion de Productores Campesinos de Olmedo Compañía Ecuatoriana del Te (CETCA) Chankuap Fundacion Promocion Humana de Guaranda FUNDACION FAMILIA SALESIANA SALINAS GEOACUATICA GREENAQUA Hierbas naturales y medicinales de Pusuqui. Chankuap Escuelas Radiofonicas Populares del Ecuador. Industria Lojana de Especierias (ILE) INEXA S. JambiKiwa JENKER S. Jose Eguiguren y Cia Juan Pablo Clavijo MARIANEXAS Nunkui PROAJI Ricardo Ortiz Ruben Martinez San Jose de las Palmas Santa Maria de Milan SONFRI Universal Plants Source: Analysis of Tables 3 and 5. Geographic location Quito Riobamba Gye Quito Quito Quito Gualaquiza Quito Quito Ibarra Bolivar not reported Guayaquil Quito 192 .Economic sector Producers INEXA S.A.A. com El Tablon s/n and P. Wilson Echeverria Wilson Echeverria
[email protected]. Ruben Guzman Aromas del Tungurahua Efren Silva.agroalegre. Planta Baja. List of Ecuadorian companies Company Contact Ab. 02-2361616 Arnaud Causse causse@uio. Gualea Cruz frente a la escuela. Edificio Camara de Industria.V. Ecuador AGROALEGRE David Bermeo
[email protected]/ orlandocadme@yahoo. oficina 1101. Box 17-17-292 Quito Quito 193 .com BIO PRO Martha Ortega 543491/09837182 www.com Corea E-249 y Nuñez de Vela. Quito. P. Ecuador
[email protected] El Porvenir de Gualea.es Ramon Pinto entre Diez de Agosto y Jose Antonio Eguiguren. Loja.com N4781 Rossini and Correlli Street. Edif.amazonaroma.net.biolcom. Cuenca.net. Karolina 2000. Maldonado.satnet. Astudillo. Javier Silva Aroma Melis Asociacion Agroartesanal de Productores de Plantas Secas Medicinales del Ecuador Phone Fax 593-2-2675365/ 593-2-2673401 2673301 03-854804 593-7-874157 5933 854230 E-mail
[email protected] 6. Ecuador 593-2-2864270
[email protected] /
[email protected] Panamericana Norte Km 4.com Quito ACUARELA Thomas Wright. Ambato 09-9907526 / 09-9593076 Orlando Cadme Solano. Ecuador AMAZON AROMA Tatiana Cisneros 593-7-874157 ARCOLANDS 02-2261226 Nelson Cañizares.com Guadalupe Asociacion de Pilapaña Pequeños Productores de Plantas Medicinales (Nueva Semilla) Av.net / 447662/663/665 info@biolcom. Ecuador BIOLCOM Peter Bachmann 02593 (2) 447-664
[email protected] Quito Agro Trading 593-2-2401856 Rodrigo Cabrera 593-2Noboa 2401856/281210 1 agrotrading@hotmail. Quito.ec Quito diegos@yupimail. Olivia Chuncho Address Quito 593-7-2583173 orlandocadme@latinmail. Sector Malasto San Vicente.com www. F.5 vía Atahualpa.com Web www. Noroccidente de Pichincha. Cumbaya. Quito Eugenio de Santillan 358 Y Maurian.chankuap. Pichincha.net CHANKUAP 593-7-270-1176
[email protected] Calle Soasti y Domingo Comin.ec Juan Velasco 20-60 y Guayaquil. Manabi www. (2do y 3er piso).salinerito.Company Contact Phone CARABOTIJA María Resfa Guatemal 593 2 2115064/ 2362240 Fax E-mail jenchala@yahoo. 112 y Shyris (593 2) 2483995/ (593 2) 2479-626 fitoq@interactive. 12 de Octubre 2697 y Lincoln Piso 12 Of. 1 Barrio Carabotija.com Ave. Box 17-21-859.ec Sector Carcelén.huertosseden.O.A. esq.ec www.org. Enrique del Ecuador S. Cayambe-Ecuador Quito 593 (5) 924-633
[email protected] Republica del Salvador No.satnet.O.erpe. Ecuador Sector Pillagua. Olmedo.pro.com Cultivos Orgánicos J.net Jaime Flores COMPANIA ECUATORIANA DEL TE (CETCA) 593-2-2986-709/ 593-2-523-135 222360
[email protected] www.Ecuador 593-3-2390045
[email protected] Jose Bueno Paul Arevalo Web Address No. Salinas Ecuador 194 . Macas.net 2898740 FARMAVIDA Jose Luis Fornell 593-2-2468560 FITOTERAPIA Juan Campuzano/ Juan Vallauri FUNDACION FAMILIA SALESIANA SALINAS Juan Jose Azogues Km 1 carretera Manta-Montecristi P. Unidad Nacional y Calle Antiguo Riobamba. Quito
[email protected] cedein@andinanet. Quito
[email protected]. 05-920043 CEDEIN/ HUERTOS EDEN 593-3-2912015
[email protected] Casa Cayambe. Espinosa P.org.com Via al Calvario. Riobamba-Ecuador P. Quito . Pichincha. Box 13-05-0015 Manta.A. 1202 www. 02-893475 02-893476 ECUANATU Manuel Ruiz 02-2444273/ 09-739425 Escuelas radiofonicas populares del Ecuador (ERPE) Lina Cuenca 593-3-2961608 EXPOAROM Verónica Vallejo 898738/739/746 593 2 2897802 / expoarom@andinanet. Asociación de Productores Campesinos de Olmedo 02-2360516 / 2361234 CASTOR David Jervis ECUATORIANA S. CajabambaRiobambaChimborazo-Ecuador Av.net.com enrique@uio. Pomasqui. Bolivar. Ecuador GENESIS Toni Brandauer 895359/ 09371133/ 891972 brandauer@waccom. Quito Industria Lojana de Agustin Especerias (ILE) Godoy/Dario Villamagua 593-7-2540840/ 592-4-2280839 593-2-2451562 info@ile. 5932-2350407/ 2350748 5932-2351436
[email protected] Hacienda Pusuqui Grande.jambikiwa.com Kebler Franco 803 y Colon.com. Quito www.satnet. Jose Eguiguren 02-522904
[email protected] www.ec LANDOM Leoncio Landivar 02-2895661/ 119 Dominguez
[email protected] Bahia de Caráquez.org Km 1.ec Quito GEOACUATICA Antonio Salazar 02-449545
[email protected] Contact Phone Fax E-mail Web Address John Castillo Fundacion Promocion Humana de Guaranda 593-3-298-0703/ 593-329-82140 329982140 elizjohn22@yahoo. Mercedes Ríos 04-394050/ 282016/ 290809/ 09-741700 Jose Eguiguren y Cia.satnet.satnet. Plaza Roja.A. Ecuador Guayaquil Laboratorios Albam's 593-7-293-5296 www. Machala. Pedro Steiner 234440 inexa@uio. Riobamba. Ecuador jambikiwa@ch. Ecuador Huiñana IMAGRO Carlos Fuentes 02-2656024/ 2632994
[email protected] Hierbas naturales y Rafael Perez medicinales de Pusuqui.com Pedro de Céspedes # 278. Candido Rada y General Enriquez.net Quito GREENAQUA Erika Sosa L.com.net Quito JAMBI KIWA 593-3-296-0678/ Rosa Guaman/Wiliber 295-1026 Ibarra JENKER S.pusuqui. Autopista Manuel Cordova Galarza Km 61/2.net Guaranda. Ecuador 195 .greenaqua.lafip.A.ec Barrio Consacola Km 1 Via a Cuenca.A. S. Guayaquil.com Quito LAPRONAG Mirta Ordoñez
[email protected] www.com Quito Juan Pablo Clavijo Juan Pablo Clavijo 02-2468218
[email protected]/phdgda @uio.5 Santa Cruz Parroquia Yaruqui.pro.satnet. Quito. Loja. 05-692702/703 (593) 569-1250
[email protected] Padre Solano 1502 y Jose Mascote.ed/dvillamagua @ile.net Quito LAFIP Sixto Pluas Gomez 593-4-228-7525 593-4-269-1062 justosixto@lafip. Ecuador INEXA S. Quito NATURISOL NATUSIL Angela Genoveva 593-7-296-1214 Silva Espinoza NEOFARMACO Walter Peña 03-842628 NUEVA AMERICA Maria Isabel Juma 593-6-2644785
[email protected] www. Ecuador NUKUI
[email protected]. Gualaquiza. Bolivar. Ecuador 222711325076532509103
[email protected]. Santo Domingo.ec L.com Sto. 11 36 S 10-10 y Zaruma.ec RENASE Bolivar Rodriguez 2227113Rivadeneira 25076532509103 Ricardo Ortiz Ricardo Ortiz 02-2500141
[email protected] Quito Ruben Martinez Ruben Martinez 02-2244327
[email protected] Pichincha entre Santa Rosa y Ayacucho.renase.net bolrod@uiosatnet. Quito Huaynapalcon No. Quito www. Domingo. Quito MASTER PLANT Eva Peña de Morales 593-2-275-4812 gerencia@masterplant. Pimampiro.ec /
[email protected]. com Avenida Luis Casiragui y Sor Consuelo. Jacome 109 y Avenida Santa Rosa.com. Ecuador SANTA MARIA DE MILAN 196 . parroquia San Pablo Atenas.com/
[email protected] Contact Phone MARIANEXAS Marta Camacho 02-2430777 Fax E-mail
[email protected] Nueva America. Quito. Ecuador NATUALFA Liliana Naranjo 02-2641419 Galo Molina 805. Ambato Pharma Brand PROAJI Phillip Baker 02-2891187 593-220-40115 PRONAVIT Angel Puma 593 2 2664 234 593 2 2665 376
[email protected] Web Address Av. Ecuador 0593 2 07 2780776
[email protected] Ibarra SAN JOSE DE LAS PALMAS John Castillo 593-3-298593-329-82140 0703/329982140 elizjohn22@yahoo. Ecuador Atahualpa y Cardinet. Canton San Miguel.net/ ecojambisacha@yahoo. Machala. Pichancha. 10 de Agosto 6398 y Juan de Ascaray.es 35 km al sur de Guaranda.com Pasaje Los Angeles E4-02 y Alemania. Biodiversidad desde el centro del mundo: Ingredientes Naturales y Productos Elaborados.hierbasdelecuador. Sandra Garces sgarces48@hotmail. Office 805. Quito UNORCARCHT Fax E-mail Web Address Loja.net. ec Amazonas 45-45 y Pereira.com.com 4080 Amazonas and Naciones Unidas. www. CORPEI.net. Quito Ecuador SONFRI Alejandro Gilabert. 197 .Company Contact Phone SISACUMA Marta Ortega Jaramillo 593-2-226-1226 maortega@sisacuma. Puerta del Sol Building.com/
[email protected] Guayaquil Universal Plants Hernando 02-2921364/ 65 Monroy. Ecuador Sources: Data was retrieved from each corresponding company’s websites. Jorge Arias 04-2515961/ 099950967 gilabert@interactive. ANNEX 1. 198 . Aristeguietia lamiifolia (Kunth) R. King & H. Phytologia 30: 220. FAMILIA: Compositae (Asteraceae) FIGURA 1.A model monograph Aristeguietia lamiifolia (Kunth) R. Fotografía: Carlos Cerón 199 .M. 1975.M. Rob. Rob. King & H. nervación pinnada o trinervada desde la base. Habita en áreas disturbadas y bordes de caminos. Matico. hojas ampliamente ovadas o lineares. ovadas o lanceoladas. salvia macho. hacia abajo usualmente opuestas. en el camino al volcán Guagua Pichincha. algunas veces con pequeña estípulas glandulares. moderadamente ramificado. DESCRIPCIÓN BOTÁNICA Arbusto erecto a inclinado. salvia (ECUADOR)..m. pecíolos mayormente cortos. raramente con pequeñas puntuaciones glandulares. Anteras corolares estrechamente cilíndrica. en la provincia de Imbabura en la reserva ecológica Cotacachi-Cayapas. usualmente con ramificaciones ascendentes. 1983: 338). corolas azuladas. mayormente con células oblongas.n. estrechamente acanaladas. especialmente en bosques de ceja andina oriental. erizado.0 m de altura. Láminas foliares opuestas. de 0. canales poco profundos. células apicales agudas. De 13 a 100 flores en cada cabezuela. algunas veces oblongas o elípticas. escasamente extendido al madurar. tallo cilíndrico o angulado de 4 a 6 cm de díametro. cáliz no alargado. en 4 a 6 series desiguales. granos de polen de 22 a 25 μm de diámetro (FALTA CITA BIBLIOGRÁFICA. púrpuras o rosadas. pasando Lloa a 3200 m s. En el resto de América se encuentra en el norte de Colombia. base cordiforme o cuneiforme. (FALTA CITA BIBLIOGRÁFICA).8 a 1. usualmente agudos delimitados. áspero y apretado en 1 a 2 series. usualmente en la haz glabroso. vilano de 30 a 45 mm. cabezas pediceladas. Brácteas fuertemente subimbricadas. orillas usualmente dentadas. glabro.n. En el Ecuador la podemos encontrar en la parte norte del país en las zonas septentrionales. paredes celulares con un débil pero ancho anillo anular. desde los 3000 a 3500 m s. envés sin puntuaciones glandulares evidentes. región de transición hacia selva subandina. receptáculo ancho o ligeramente convexo. Inflorescencia con pocas o muchas cabezas corimbosas. pegajosa. (CHILE). sobre la superficie estriadas. tomento. en la provincia de Pichincha. anteras largas dependientes. USOS ETNOMÉDICOS Y MODO DE EMPLEO 200 . Ejemplo: fide RODRÍGUEZ ET AL.SINÓNIMOS Eupatorium lamiifolium Kunth NOMBRES COMUNES EN LOS PAÍSES IBEROAMERICANOS Pega. mayorrmente persistentes. Chile y sur del Perú. DISTRIBUCIÓN GEOGRÁFICA Y HÁBITAT Especie ampliamente distribuida en el norte de los Andes.m. y en la reserva Geobotánica Pululahua. más largas que anchas. laguna de Cuicocha. sobre la superficie algunas veces vejigoso o áspero. faja altitudinal inferior a la de la región del páramo. P. Como aperitivo.La parte aérea de esta especie se utiliza como antiinflamatorio. Quito– Ecuador.2 con respecto a una dosis de 80 mg/kg de fenilbutazona con 1 (FALTA CITA BIBLIOGRÁFICA). presenta actividad en la supresión del edema en la fase aguda de 1. BIBLIOGRAFIA ACOSTA-SOLIS. QUÍMICA En la investigación fitoquímica preliminar se identificó: alcaloides. antiespasmódico. taninos. Ediciones Abya-Yala. Salmonella typhy. CUAMACÁS. Volumen II. páginas. saponinas. Quito–Ecuador. Quito-Ecuador. Tungurahua–Ecuador. 49-58pp. E. 1981. glicósidos cardiotónicos (FALTA CITA BIBLIOGRÁFICA). CCENT. P. QuitoEcuador. Quito-Ecuador. febrífugo.202. 1993. La medicina tradicional en el Ecuador. ACTIVIDAD FARMACOLÓGICA Y BIOLÓGICA El extracto etanólico total a una concentración de 2000 ppm presenta actividad antibacteriana del % sobre Staphylococcus aureus. Tricophytum rubrum. p. 1995. estimulante. Tomo 1. inicial del nombre & ROBINSON. 1997. 92pp. 147-160pp. ESTRELLA. Volumen II. cumarinas. 86. Volumen II. Presenta actividad antimicótica del % sobre Micosporum cannis. 109-116. R. sesquiterpenolactonas. S. M. antocianinas. & CRESPO. Etnomedicina progresos Italo-Latinoamericanos. Revista volumen(número): 343-345. Tricophytum tonsarans. Plantas medicinales del folclór Ecuatoriano. P. se prepara la infusión con las hojas y se toma (FALTA CITA BIBLIOGRÁFICA). se prepara baños calientes con la planta. & CRESPO. 34. flavonoides. NARANJO. 76-77. 201 . Proteus vulgaris. Año. & ESCALERAS. Presenta una actividad antiherpética sobre Herpes simplex tipo 1 (HSV-1) del % a una MCNC de μg/ml El extracto etanólico de las hojas tiene actividad anti-inflamatoria excelente. anti-inflamatorio. Salud y población indígena de la Amazonia. KING. 1993. Bacillus subtilis. Índice de la flora del Ecuador. Inicial del nombre. Escherichia coli. Impretec. Genera of the Eupatorieae. Corporación Editora Nacional. antibilioso. inicial del nombre. 1990. Staphylococcus epidermidis. p. NARANJO. Publicaciones del Museo Ecuatoriano de Ciencias Naturales. A. & TIPAN. esteroles. Casa de la Cultura Ecuatoriana. para el tratamiento del reumatismo. A. 177. Editorial Casa de la Cultura Ecuatoriana. aromático. Tricophytum mentagrophytes. NARANJO. Pseudomonas aeruginosa. TOXICIDAD Y ESTUDIOS CLÍNICOS Información no disponible. Antiinflamatory and antioxidant activity of plants used in tradiditional medicine in Ecuador. of Ethnopharmacology 61:161-162.. 109–260pp. VILLAR. J. A. 1998. Plantas útiles en el Noroccidente de la provincia de Pichincha. Quito-Ecuador. Ediciones Abya–Yala. M.RÍOS. ET AL. 202 . FALTA UN AUTOR. 1997. PERU 203 . 1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION 206 207 209 1. Products 1. Internal demand 3. REFERENCES 246 5.2.TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENTS Pag. Transformation 2. Distribution channels 3.2.4.1.3.3.1.3. RECOMENDATIONS 258 TABLES Table 1. Commercialization 2. Agents implied 2. ABOUT THE PRODUCT 1. Collection 2. Commercialization ways 234 234 235 235 237 238 239 239 243 244 4. Inventory of the already processed medicinal plants from Peru 267 268 278 204 . Internal and external demand 3.1.2.4.2. External demand 3. Demand: buyer profile and factors influencing the demand 3.1. Productive chain 2.5.1. List of Companies 219 220 220 221 223 223 234 3.1. Legislation 3.1.1.1.2.4.1. International Legal Framework 3. Raw material 1. National Legal Framework 3. SWOT analysis 252 6.1. ABOUT THE MARKET 3. Producers 211 211 218 219 2.2. ABOUT THE PRODUCTION 2.4. List of Peruvian Medicinal plants Table 5. CONTENTS Pag. Table 6. List of Peruvian companies 292 294 Annex 1 299 205 . List of Peruvian producers by economic sector and economic location Table 7. dianaflores@latinpharma. Lima. Diana Flores.edu. Sector Manufacturas Diversas.A. Dr. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Peru. Peru. Gerencia de Manufacturas Diversas y Artesanías. Lima. Comisión para la Promoción de Exportaciones (PROMPEX). Elena Li. Laboratorios Induquímica S. elenalip@induquimica. Responsable de Latinpharma Peru. Departamento de Química. Peru.pe. Dirección Técnica.com.
[email protected]. Dr. Olga Lock Sing.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks are due to the following contributors for their active participation and collaboration at various stages in the preparation of this report. 206 . Dr. Genipa americana L. distribution channels. Lepidium meyenii Walp. Ficus anthelmintica Rich. Geranium dielsianum Kunth. Maytenus laevis Reissek.. geographic location and farming. Gentianella alborosea (Gilg) Fabris. Caesalpinia spinosa (Molina) Kuntze. Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) Mc Vaugh. Inventory of the already processed medicinal plants. Plukenetia volubilis L.. legal and commercialization ways of medicinal plant based products. Minthostachys mollis ( Kunth ) Griseb. It briefly describes current tendencies of the market. social. Phyllanthus niruri L.EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report is state of art information on different aspects of medicinal plants in the country. Arg. nutraceuticals.... cosmetics and pharmaceutical aids.. Bixa orellana L. Cyclanthera pedata L. Lonchocarpus nicou L. Based on critical evaluation and industrial potential. Chenopodium ambrosoides L. list of producers by economic sector and economic location are provided This report also provides an overview of the productive chain of medicinal and aromatic plants for herbal medicinal products.. Smallanthus 207 .. identification of possible future products. Krameria triandra Ruiz & Pav. Croton lechleri Muell. Sources of raw material of medicinal plants are grouped by families containing medicinal properties. Information on companies engaged in different aspects of medicinal plants industry is provided. the most promising plants of Peru are Anonna muricata L.. ) DC. Thirty percent of companies are related to the production of herbal medicinal products. pasucha (Geranium dielsianum) and hercampuri (Gentianella alborosea). The rest are divided between cosmetics. Peru has 74 enterprises related to the industrialization of medicinal plants.. Rob. Most of the plants utilized to elaborate herbal medicinal products are yacón (Smallanthus sonchifolius). purple corn (Zea mays race Kcully). Tabebuia serratifolia (M. collection and processing of medicinal plants. Zea mays race Kcully. 208 . tara (Caesalpinia spinosa). maca (Lepidium meyenii).) H. The large majority of companies involved in this sector are located in Lima. which making it a leader in the Andean region. cat’s claw (Uncaria tomentosa). food and others. et Endl. sangre de grado (Croton lechleri). It ends with a SWOT analysis and recommendations on industrialization of medicinal plants.sonchifolius (Poepp. Tagetes erecta L.. sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis). Vahl) Nicholson. 30% to production of nutraceuticals and farming. Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. The efforts to achieve development in harmony with the environment are guided by territorial classification. Lima. Peru has a very rich heritage of medicinal plants since the Inca times.INTRODUCTION Peru is a country with major biological wealth distributed in 11 ecological regions and 84 life zones in the World 21 .8 % of the world plants) of higher plants concentrated in 82 million hectares (64% of the national territory) of forests. However. combining sectorial efforts and promoting the participation of private sector and INRENA (the control and supervision entity of this policy). 209 . It is also necessary to highlight the achievements made by projects and programs of the NGOs that have contributed to the diffusion of environmental 21 Flores. The major advances to raise public awareness and to regulate the use of biodiversity have been achieved by the CONAM (National Committee of Environment). Peru. 2006. PROMPEX-Peru. There are 22. The latter ones do not consider the possible consequences of over-exploitation of their biodiversity resources. D. 126 pp. use of forest resources (by means of forestry concessions).000 species (8. use of bodies of water and their resources and defending the rights of indigenous people. environmental considerations have not been institutionalized and they do not reflect the concern for a sustainable use of resources by most of their public administrative and main private entities that cover the demands of the market. Actualización del estudio de Mercado del Sector Farmacéutico y Productos Naturales. This is the entity in charge of creating and promoting national environmental policies. Demanda de Medicina Complementaria (Encuesta). anxiety-depression.2 % were in favor of following a treatment with complementary medicine 23 . 216 pp.000 patients with chronic ailments such as osteomyoarticular. WHO Global Atlas of Traditional. neoplasms. which has 17 22 WHO. through the development of mechanisms and methodologies that promote the conservation and the good use of environmental resources. neurovegetative degeneration and gastrointestinal problems. Over 50% of the population in Perú has used herbal medicine for the treatment of their diseases 22 . Japan. Kobe. The main causes of mortality in Peru are transmissible diseases. 86. In 1997. through the Resolution No. 2005. GG487/IPSS/98 of 7 May 1998. the main cause of morbidity is communicable diseases. created the National Program of Complementary Medicine. in a sample of 300 persons in Lima clinics. Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 1997. with coverage of over 40. Lima. cardiovascular. the Social Security carried out a study of demands in complementary medicine. the Social Security of Health. diseases of the circulatory system. endocrine-metabolic disorders. The National Institute of Traditional Medicine provides official training programmes in traditional medicine. which promote development of traditional medicine such as National Institute of Traditional Medicine. Total number of Traditional Medicine/Complimentary and Alternative Medicine (TM/CAM) providers within and outside the conventional health system is not available. Peru has public and private institutions.awareness. 23 ESSAUD. However. Text Volume. Due to this issue. 210 . Peru. and currently there are 12 centers at the National level. external causes and perinatal diseases. 211 . there are 22. dyes. National Commission for Export Promotions (PROMPEX). Currently. The Principal programs in progress are: Clinical evaluation. The general Health Law (“La Ley General de Salud”) recognizes the traditional health practices but does not develop it further. 1.1. textile and for construction. 1286 de Incorporación de La Medicina Complementaria al Sistema Nacional de Salud”).000 are classified as medicinal plants and sources of food. 77 important medicinal plants of Peru are reported 24 Peruvian BIOTRADE. In the current report.000 are used in Traditional medicine 25 . 86 p. Raw material In Peru.5%) plant species out of 4. Moreover. called Directorate General of Research and Technology.affiliated centers in different provinces. there is a research program on traditional medicine at the National Institute of Traditional Medicine. ABOUT THE PRODUCT 1. Sector Assessment on Natural Ingredients for cosmetics and pharmaceuticals in Peru. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and Center for the Promotion of Imports from Developing countries (CBI). medical anthropology and statistics-demography.000 higher plants 24 of which more than 4. One thousand five hundred (37. The Research Institutions are: National Institute of Traditional Medicine. legal regulation of herbal medicinal products has been passed in this country. Peruvian Institute of Traditional Medicine of Social Security. Currently a Draft Law to incorporate Complementary Medicine into the National Health System is in the National Congress (“Ley No. cosmetics. 2005. Genipa americana L. Estudio de Oferta y Demanda del Sector de Productos Naturales. 617 p. More frequent medicinal uses found for Peruvian medicinal plants in Table 1 were pain. 25 PROMPEX. 26 Gupta. Arg. Caesalpinia spinosa (Molina) Kuntze.. 212 . Maytenus laevis Reissek. Geranium dielsianum Kunth. Ficus anthelmintica Rich.with their corresponding common names. medicinal uses. gastrointestinal problems. fever and inflammation. 270 Plantas Medicinales Iberoamericanas. Olga Lock and Eleucy Perez. 1st Ed. 13 plants are from the Amazon region. Chenopodium ambrosoides L. A second edition of a book on Iberoamerican Medicinal Plants edited by Gupta (1995) 26 has 9 monographs on Peruvian medicinal plants written by Drs.. Cyclanthera pedata L.. Gentianella alborosea (Gilg) Fabris. international distribution and farming (Table 1). Colombia. skin affections and diabetes. LATINPHARMA 2003.. Croton lechleri Muell.. 1995.. 2003. M.. This updated version of the book is currently in press (Annex 1). According to literature information and pharmaceutical. Twenty-nine out of 77 plant species are cultivated in Peru (Table 1). 67 pp. Bogotá. Lonchocarpus nicou L.P. Krameria triandra Ruiz & Pav. respiratory tract affections. Phyllanthus niruri L. the most promising plants are Anonna muricata L. Moreover.. CYTED-Convenio Andrés Bello. Bixa orellana L. Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) Mc Vaugh. geographic location. Minthostachys mollis ( Kunth ) Griseb. nutraceutical and industrial potential. Lepidium meyenii Walp. astringent. jagua. anemia. ulcer healing. bones and joints antiinflammatory Minthostachys mollis ( Kunth ) Muña Carminative. Hojas de guanabana. 213 . carminative. hypoglicemiant. pellagra. antispasmodic Bixa orellana L. gargarism for anginas. improves memory and concentration Lonchocarpus nicou L. sexual impotence. diuretic Geranium dielsianum Kunth Pasuchaca Antidiabetic.Table 2. Most promising Peruvian plants Plant Common names Medicinal use(s) Anonna muricata L. prostate growth reducer. blood depurative. juito. Leche oje. proteolytic activity Genipa americana L Huito. cohossol Antitumoral. coughing and cold Chenopodium ambrosoides L. antidiabetic. sangre de drago External wound healing. Barbasco Source of insecticidal and pesticidal rotenone Maytenus laevis Reissek Chuchuhuasi Tonic. stomachic. hemostatic Cyclanthera pedata L. hypertension. pancreatic problems Krameria triandra Ruiz & Pav. Arg. prostate cancer. Hojas de achiote Urogenital antiinflammatory. Peruvian rhatany Astringent Lepidium meyenii Walp = Lepidium peruvianum Chacon Maca Menstrual cycle and menopause regulator. cholesterol level reducer Caesalpinia spinosa ( Molina) Kuntze Tara Products for diabetics. achojcha Cholesterol level reducer. Caigua. diuretic Ficus anthelmintica Rich Licin. Sangre de Grado. Hojas de paico. hypoglicemiant. ficina Anthelmintic. depurative. purgative. antiarthritic. digestive problems Croton lechleri Muell. pozote Antispasmodic. genipa Bleeding. digestive Gentianella alborosea (Gilg) Fabris Hercampuri Hepatoprotective. Rosasisa. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and Center for the Promotion of Imports from Developing countries (CBI). fractures healing. coughs.) Gmelin Uña de Gato. inmune stimulant Zea mays race Kcully Maiz Morado.A. vitamin C deficiency. natural colorant Source: Peruvian BIOTRADE. Rob Tabebuia serratifolia (M. Food Kidney stones. Peru. et Endl. Tahuari Antidiabetic. gastrointestinal and kidneys problems. hepatitis Vahl) Nicholson Tagetes erecta L. 214 . prevention of prostatitis. Cat’s Claw Antiinflammatory. Departamento de Química. colds. Sector Assessment on Natural Ingredients for cosmetics and pharmaceuticals in Peru.) H. analgesic Ullucus tuberosus Caldas Olluco Food Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. leishmaniasis. National Commission for Export Promotions (PROMPEX). Olga Lock Sing. Ayasisa. Lima. Laboratorios Induquímica S. diabetes. ulcers. cholesterol level reducer. Sacha Inchi Cholesterol level reducer. cardiovascular problems sonchifolius Yacón Smallanthus (Poepp. night vision.. Purple Corn Visual acuteness.Plant Common names Griseb Medicinal use(s) digestive. liver problems. Dr. Lima. diarrheas. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Peru. Uncaria guianensis (Aubl. Dr. 86 p. antibacterial Oxalis tuberosa Molina Phyllanthus niruri L.. Marigold Bronchitis. skin rejuvenating action Colds. Oca Chancapiedra. colon cancer preventive. inmunostimulant. diabetes.) DC. Dirección Técnica. Personal Evaluation. 2005. Peru. analgesic for sciatica and lumbalgia. luxations Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) Mc Vaugh Camu Camu Antioxidant. muscle cramps. urinary and biliar muscular relaxant Plukenetia volubilis L. Elena Li. Table 3 shows the FOB export values of the natural ingredients sector by product line in 2002. Matricaria chamomilla. due to the hard work done by Peru over the last 50 years.Plukenetia volubilis L.. similar to the ESCOP monographs on Croton lechleri and Uncaria tomentosa are in preparation at this moment. Vahl) Nicholson.360. There are monographs on Uncaria tomentosa. followed by nutraceutical extracts with a value of US$ 5.) H. Zea mays race Kcully. Natural colorants represent the largest share of natural ingredients exports with 78%. Rob. This figure will continue to grow due to the current dynamics of the yacón (Smallanthus sonchifolius) and maca (Lepidium peruvianum) exports. Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. et Endl. Smallanthus sonchifolius (Poepp.253.) DC.249. The total FOB values of gums and natural insecticide extracts were U$ 1.587.220.509. Valeriana officinalis. turmeric in the US Pharmacopeia 28/National Formulary 23 (2005).. The nutraceutical extracts grew to a very significant 17% in 2002. Tagetes erecta L. Their corresponding common names and medical uses are listed on Table 2.786 and US$ 77.. CYTED monographs. As shown. Tabebuia serratifolia (M. respectively. 215 . the main export was the line of natural colorants with a total FOB value of US$ 24. 216 . while sangre de grado (Croton lechleri) is used because of its high external and internal healing properties.360 78.220.509. Natural ingredients sector exports by product. Yacón. Both products are consolidating their presence in the international market of nutraceuticals. In Table 4.Table 3. the exports of Peruvian natural ingredients such as yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius). due to its content of inulin and oligofructans. sangre de grado (Uncaria tomentosa).00 Nutraceutical extracts 5. maca (Lepidium peruvianum) and tara gum (Caesalpinia spinosa) have steadily grown. Natural ingredients exports by product line.786 5. Maca is one of the most complete foods due to its high content of nutritious elements making it an effective revitalizer and an invigorating food. Peru (2002).25 Insecticide extracts Source: Peruvian Biotrade Committee-Prompex. The total exports of cat's claw and anthocyanins of purple corn (Zea mays race Kcully) have declined slightly and those of camu camu (Myrciaria dubia) are fluctuating. 2002.00 Gums 1. 2002 Product line FOB Value (US$) Natural colorants Percentage (%) 24.00 77.249. is being used as a food supplement to reduce the risks of diabetes.587 17.253 0. Table 4. In spite of the problems of patents in United States and novel foods in Europe.447 Colorant 6 Tara gum/ E-417 1.162.844 Nutraceutical 9 Sangre de grado extract and Byproducts 179.240 Nutraceutical 5 Paprika Saponificated extract/E-160c 2.062 Colorant 2 Marigold xanthophylls/E-161b 8.645.000 Colorant 12 Rotenone extract 77. flakes.509. tablets.136.021 Colorant Source: Peruvian Biotrade Committee-Prompex.253 Natural insecticide 13 Curcumin of curcuma or Palillo/E-100 11. liquor. maca continues to be the best product in this field. including the policies of novel foods in Europe. Carminic acid. Line of products 1 Carmine.167. It is exported in the form of capsules.290. pills. sweets.023 Nutraceutical 10 Yacon Extract and Byproducts 153.385 Colorant 3 Bixin. notrixine. raw material maca and shampoos. extracts.016. The export levels of cat's claw (Uncaria tomentosa) have probably decreased due to the tariff barrier that have been adopted by some countries to restrict its imports.044 Nutraceutical 11 Antocyanin purple corn/E-163 98.786 Gums 7 Cats claw & Byproducts 1.No.445 Colorant 4 Maca Extract and Byproducts 3. flour.436 Nutraceutical 8 Camu camu extract and Byproducts 610. The exports of anthocyanins of purple corn have dropped 217 . solutions/E-160b 3. solutions/E-120 FOB Value (US$) Type of ingredients 10. Peru (2002). by limitations of the market since it is only exported to Germany. This product is sold in the United States as a Botanical and has been used in Peru since immemorial times without any toxicity risk. Indeed, there are studies in Japan that indicate that the anthocyanins of the purple corn reduces the risk of colon cancer 27 . The tara gum exports are increasing due to its multiple uses. Tara gum can be used in the same manner as locust bean and guar gums. According to the World of Food Ingredients/ February - March 2001, the total market value of hydrocolloids is almost 3 billion US dollars. The market values of locust bean gum and guar gum are 110.0 and 97.0 million US dollars, respectively. Therefore, we can estimate that the growth of tara gum exports will likely be maintained. 1.2. Products An analysis of the inventory of already processed medicinal plants in Peru (Table 5) showed that six companies are involved in the farming, recollection or processing of medicinal and aromatic plants like yacón, maca, cat’s claw, tara, sangre de grado, sacha inchi, purple corn, pasucha and hercampuri among others; and nineteen companies produce herbal medicinal products based on yacón, maca, cat’s claw, tara, sangre de grado, sacha inchi, purple corn, pasucha and hercampuri. 27 Hagiwara A, Miyashita K, Nakanishi T, Sano M, Tamano S, Kadota T, Koda T, Nakamura M, Imaida K, Ito N, Shirai T. 2001. Pronounced inhibition by a natural anthocyanin, purple corn color, of 2-amino-1methyl-6-phenylimidazol[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP)-associated colorectal carcinogenesis in male F344 rats pretreated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. Cancer Lett. 171:17-25. 218 Two companies (Natural Life and Quality People Process Products) produce cosmetics and the main plant used was Aloe vera. Besides ECOPRO produces food and cosmetics based on Genipa americana L. Moreover, two companies (Aurandina and Hersil SA) focus their production of herbal teas; four companies produce nutraceuticals using as main natural ingredients Capsicum annuum L. and Zea mays L; two companies, Agroindustrias Backus and Agronaturales produce nutraceuticals and herbal medicinal products based mainly in Camu camu, Yacon root, cat's claw, maca root. One company called Pebani Inversiones produces medicinal and aromatic plants and herbal medicinal products based on Uncaria tomentosa (Willd) DC. In addition it also has a line of raw material rotenone and tannins. 1.3. Producers Four economic sectors (herbal medicinal products, nutraceuticals and allies, perfumes and cosmetics and pharmaceutical aids (gums, raw material, resins and others)) are related to medicinal plants and derivatives. Table 6 presents the producers by previously mentioned economic sector and geographic location. Most of the producers are located in Lima in the following number according to economic sector: herbal medicinal products (37), nutraceuticals and allies (16), perfumes and cosmetics (4) and pharmaceutical aids (29). 2. ABOUT THE PRODUCTION 219 2.1. Productive chain Peru has an agricultural production that represents a vast source of supply for the natural ingredients sector. In the coastal and mountainous areas, Peru grows tubers such as maca, arracacha, yam and yacón that are used as nutraceuticals. In addition, Peru produces plants such as muña and eucalyptus for the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Moreover, Peru produces insects such as the cochineal and plants such as marigold, purple corn, cúrcuma, paprika that are used in the industry of the natural colorants. Additionally, plant extracts from the Amazon region like camu camu, cat's claw, barbasco, sangre de grado, chancapiedra, chuchuasi, ojé, copaiba and other leaves, barks and roots are used mainly for medicinal and nutritional purposes. There are no production statistics on the above-mentioned resources. 2.1.1. Collection There are two main supplying entities: the extractor/collector and the agricultural producer. It should be highlighted that there is a difference between the resources that are “produced” in the coast and highland and those that are “extracted” from the Amazon region. In the jungle, the dominant natural resources are the forest, the rivers and the bodies of water. The condition of the soil and continuous flooding limit the production and there is no control of certain variables that characterize the agriculture that is carried out in the coastal and highland regions. “Collection” is the dominant form of production of medicinal plants. It is the initial part of the supply chain for the pharmaceutical, chemical and other industries. However, this extractive activity is not organized, or linked formally to other intensive processing stages. The sustainable use of these resources is supported by some initiatives of the State and of the work of environmental NGOs. However, these efforts have not been sufficient. Without any legal basis and social practices that would rule and guide the use of the natural resources and make them sustainable, the extraction will continue to be a practice that is socially accepted and looting is a natural consequence. 220 The ecological production in Peru has its origins in the beginning of the 80’s with the work carried out by the Ecological Agricultural Network, Peru RAE. Moreover, the National Association of Ecological Producers of Peru (ANPE-PERU) was formed during the Third National Encounter of Ecological Producers with the goals of improving the quality of life of families that have chosen sustainable agriculture, to facilitate an appropriate trading process, to help the local leaders and producers that apply ecological practices and to link them in the organic chain formed by producers, trading agents and certifying agents. A national certifying system has operated since 1994 and is recognized by the main destination markets (the European Union, the United States and Japan). In 1997, a National Commission started to work and created the National Commission of Organic Products (CONAPO), which among other activities is designing a legal framework to support producers as well as consumers of organic products. Currently, this process has certified over 10,000 organic farmers in Peru, which occupies the fifth place in the world with more capacity to use ecological agriculture. 2.1.2 Transformation There are two types of economic agents transforming natural resources and adding value by certain degree of transformation: collectors/pickers and processors/laboratories. The collectors and pickers provide only a simple process of transformation performing the following tasks: tree barking, cutting in easy to handle sizes, extracting liquids mechanically, drying and milling, and other things. They are in permanent contact with their suppliers, producers and extractors. 221 The processors/laboratories are exporting companies with advanced technology and organized processes. However, there are still many companies that carry out simple industrialization processes (physical and mechanical processes) such as drying, milling, powdering and micropulverization which increase the added value of the products. An important component of transformation is research. This is an important limitation for the sector. There is a shortage of scientific and technological information on natural ingredients. There is also a lack of information on clinical trials which could verify the benefits of national herbal products. Moreover, there are serious research limitations that restrict the accessibility of composition and chemical analysis, therapeutic value, toxicological analysis, among other things. These are the most common demands made by market importers of natural ingredients. The exporters do not have a research center for natural ingredients or an institutional cooperation mechanism to cover these needs. The exporter community has the difficulty of solving common problems such as finding a reliable laboratory that would carry out required analysis in less than 24 hours. All laboratories and /or institutions that perform these types of analysis need almost 3 working days to issue a certificate of analysis. The decision-making process on purchasing/buying raw materials and its logistics process have become very difficult. The sector has the complex technology to process these raw materials but it is generally concentrated in Lima. At the provincial level, on the other hand, simple and intermediate technologies are available for the raw material processing. 222 2.1.3. Commercialization Commercialization has two economic parties: agents devoted to supplying the national market and the exporting companies that supply the international market. Current market information on this limits the estimation of the market demand. It is known that there is an increasing demand of products from this sector; however, tariff barriers could limit the export offer. The production scale is reasonably organized and could be commercially attractive. There is even an idle productive capacity and a vast supply source. The natural ingredients are already sold in the markets where standards are high; however, there is a lack of technical norms to guide production and support of those standards. The main obstacle is the transportation from the production, collection and storage centers towards industrial centers (e.g. problems with the maintenance of highways and lack of access path). Another aspect is the low price offered by intermediaries. In the case of industrialized products, the main problem is the lack of knowledge of the market of the product, provoking a limited internal and external demand. 2.1.4. Agents implied According to the Ministry of Agriculture, the sectors involved in the development of the productive chain are: producers, goods and services suppliers, pharmaceutical industry, food industry, commercializing agencies, research centers, certifying agencies, SENASA (National Service of Agricultural Health), DIGEMID (Dirección General de Medicamentos, Insumos y Drogas) and Ministry of Agriculture. 223 4. trading agents.INDDA. transformation (adoption of suitable quality standards) and commercialization. a part of the Agricultural National 224 . PROMPEX has been coordinating actions in order to offer technical-commercial assistance to companies in the natural ingredients sector. research centers and certifying entities with the purpose of eliminating the serious deficiencies in production (low productivity. faulty post-harvest crop handling. is promoting the development of the productive chain of all the involved parties such as producers. suppliers of goods and services.). PROMPEX.1. It is necessary to indicate that the productive chain of the natural ingredients sector is in its basic development phase.2. pharmaceutical industry. Instituto de Desarrollo Agro-Industrial (INDDA) (The Institute of Agro-industrial Development (INDDA)) The Institute of Agro-industrial Development . industry of foods. participation in international events and seminars of the sector. etc. Therefore. assistance in the formulation of business plans for exports and diffusion of international regulations. Institutional Parties of the Public Sector The following parties have played the most significant role in fostering growth in the sector: Comisión para la Promoción de Exportaciones (PROMPEX) (Commission for Export Promotions – PROMPEX) Through the management of the agrarian sector. These actions include advice on topics such as the access to international fairs.1. as a result of the collections. and under mandate. preserving and handling them in the country. the PRONIRGEB (National Program of Research in Genetic Ressources and Biotechnology) is in charge of a network of 9 experimental stations. as part of the Agrarian National University La Molina.University of La Molina. In this framework. The INDDA is qualified to define processes and to formulate a great variety of products. Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agrícola (INIA) (Agricultural Research National Institute (INIA)) The INIA coordinates and promotes the development of activities related to genetic resources. by means of research and development of new products or processes and the transfer of technology. protecting. cooperates with the development of the natural ingredients sector and medicinal plants. the interested parties can evaluate their commercial possibilities. Currently. the INIA is developing and leading the Research Institute of the Peruvian Amazon (IIAP). As a result. as if they themselves had elaborated these studies. has the mission of carrying out multidisciplinary research programs and integrating areas involved in the use of biotechnology techniques that will improve the education level 225 . They are registering plants and natural ingredients in the setting of 48 communities in the three natural regions of Peru. there are three banks of aromatic and medicinal plants strategically located: 31 coastal species (central headquarters INIA. whose headquarters are located in Loreto. 40 Andean species (EE Andenes-Cusco) and 19 jungle species (EE Pucallpa). Instituto de Biotecnología (IBT) (Institute of Biotechnology (IBT)) The Institute of Biotechnology (IBT). Also. in the framework of the “in situ” conservation project of native crops and their wild relatives. LaMolina). cedroncillo (Aloysia herrerae-Verbenaceae) and chiri-chiri (Grindelia -Asteraceae) due to their healing and aromatic values.and promote the incorporation of these techniques in the agroindustry setting. harvest. These include the arrayán (Luma -Myrtaceae). in a rational way. especially in the sector of natural ingredients and medicinal plants. Examples of the IB’s work in the sector natural ingredients include the curcuma or palillo (Curcuma longa). This means that more funds will be directed to product 226 . Since 1991. of the existent medicinal and aromatic resources of hillside lands. technology transfer and production of quality products with proven efficiency for the development of agriculture and pharmaceutical industries in Peru. Its main objective is research and development. several activities have been carried out like propagation. the riverside areas of the creeks and irrigation channels. The IBT has developed new techniques to obtain high quality plants. free of diseases. maca (Lepidium peruvianum). Stevia and yacón (Smallanthus sonchifolius). transformation and commercialization of essentials oils of the some aromatic shrubs and sub-shrubs species that have a demand in the ecological market. sangre de grado (Croton lechleri). reforestation. the productive development represents a high-priority component in the operative program of CONCYTEC. Instituto de Ecología y Plantas Medicinales (IEPLAM) (Institute of Ecology and Medicinal Plants (IEPLAM)) The proposal of the IEPLAM and the committees of growers of medicinal and aromatic plants intend to implement policies that take advantage. Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONCYTEC)( Science and Technology National Council (CONCYTEC)) At present. cat’s claw (Uncaria tomentosa). scidev. has defined nine geoeconomic units based on an assessment that considered the decisive factors for a sustainable development of the Amazon region. 28 CONCYTEC. San Marcos and Cajamarca. by means of its Unit of Administration of the Sustainable Development Plan of the Amazonia (PDSA). The management of the programs of this institution has acknowledged the importance of being involved in development activities of the natural ingredient sector. Technology and Innovation and with a budget of US$ 25 M 28 has been launched. social development and employment generation projects. http://www. Instituto Nacional de Desarrollo (INADE) (National Development Institute – INADE) It is a decentralized public organization that depends on the Ministry of Housing. These projects are executed directly by the third parties. Construction and Sanitation with the objective to direct. the institute is carrying out actions in the Department of Cajamarca in three pilot micro basins located in the provinces of Cajabamba. which defines priorities and strategies in Science.research (giving priority to native products) and to diffuse activities of the productive sectors. At the moment. 227 . coordinate and evaluate multisectoral. SciDev Net. The INADE. Technology. 2006. Recently a 15-year National Plan of Science.net. Instituto para la Conservación y Desarrollo Sostenido (CUENCAS) (Preservation and Sustainable Development Institute –CUENCAS) The Institute Cuencas works in microbasins of impoverished rural areas in the northern highlands of Peru where the erosion of natural resources is advancing dangerously towards a desert-like territory making the survival of rural families very difficult. and Innovation (2006-2021). contributing to the best use of these resources in the Amazon forests. Uncaria tomentosa and Uncaria guianensis (Cat’s claws) are the two natural resources that have been promoted under this policy. A manual for the use of the Cat’s claws in natural forests was prepared in 1997 in coordination with the National Institute of Traditional Medicine. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Peru (Pontific Catholic University of Peru) The Department of Chemistry of this University has a leading position in the study of Medicinal plants. They work in collaboration with biologists and pharmacologists of Cayetano Heredia University. Dr. An International Conference on Cat’s claw was held in Iquitos under auspices of CYTED/Subprogram X 29 . Primera Reunión Internacional del género Uncaria “Uña de Gato”. August 16-18. This serves as a guide to the farmer. extensionist and other interested people. INMETRA. which has 29 Lock. 228 . ESSALUD: Seguridad Social en Salud del Peru It is a national program for the utilization of traditional medicine in primary health care and uses phytotherapy for the treatments. coordinated by this Expert. technical extractor. Martha Villar was instrumental in lauching this program. Olga Lock has been instrumental in carrying out a systematic study of medicinal plants of Peru from chemical point of view. Iquitos. Peru. O.Instituto Nacional de Recursos Naturales (INRENA) (Natural National Resources Institute – INRENA) It is a decentralized public organization of the Ministry of Agriculture whose main objectives are to handle renewable natural resources in a rational and integral way and to protect resources to achieve a sustainable development. thus. 2001. Dr. It was registered as a legal institution in 2000. non-profit association constituted to promote the conservation of the biological diversity. Dr. 2.2. who has been evaluating the potential of Peruvian Amazon plants as antiparasitic agents.4. Lastenia Ruiz is in charge. Iquitos A center for antiparasitic evaluation of Amazonian plants has been established with the help of CYTED and advise of this Expert.also an active research program and has participated in prestigious Intertational Cooperative Biodiversity Program (ICBG) and has important leads for development of antimalarials. in the premises of Prompex. The IPPM is a civil. through the development and transformation of natural products with added value and has the following objectives: • Promote conservation of biodiversity • Promote medicinal plants research • Improve the socioeconomic conditions of local communities • Promote the crop and processing of Peruvian medicinal plants • Promote exports of medicinal plants with added value • Promote job creation • Seek the optimization of the quality of finished products and improvement of the image of Peruvian products 229 . Universidad Nacional de Amazonia Peruana.1. the first act of the Peruvian Institute of Medicinal Plants (IPPM) was signed. Institutional Parties of the Private Sector Instituto Peruano de Productos Naturales (IPPN )(Peruvian Natural Products Peruvian Institute – IPPN) In 1999. the sector of agrarian products of this association is. Its goals are to assist the needs of its partners. through the diffusion of their activities. Asociación de Exportadores (ADEX) Exporters Association (ADEX) The role that ADEX plays in this sector is highly important since it groups a large number of exporters under the entry of "non-traditional products”. this institute changed its name to Peruvian Institute of Natural Products being the first and the only private enterprise that promotes the development of this sector. and to facilitate communication with promotion and trade entities.The IPPN is one of the two most important entities in this sector in Peru (the other one is ADEX-Exporters Association). Asociación Peruana de Fitofarmacia (APF) (Peruvian Phytopharmacology Association (APF)) This Association coordinates inter alia the work conducted to meet the norms and regulations. In 2002. In addition. The Peruvian Institute of National Products-IPPN has a national plan of activities for the development of the market of Peruvian medicinal plants. part of the coordinating 230 . This label facilitates the grouping of export companies that are organized in this association. at the moment. with a budget of $US 2. It is a private institution dedicated to promoting productive and commercial activities within the sector of natural products.565. It groups about 20 export companies that meet to solve structural and relevant problems that affect the sector.064. which are strengthened through services such as: • Information on markets and commercial promotion • Promotion of the investment in bio-trade • Technical assistance and environmental culture UNCTAD-BIOTRADE: Programa de Facilitación al Biocomercio – (BTFP BioTrade Facilitation Programme (BTFP)) The BIOTRADE initiative (www.4. International Cooperation Organizations The international organisms that are collaborating in the development of the natural ingredients sector are: Comité Biocomercio Perú (PBC) (Peruvian Biotrade Committee (PBC)) The PBP has the general objectives of promoting and supporting the consolidation of biotrade in Peru. It concentrates its efforts through two actions: development of productive chains and demonstrative projects. 2.biotrade.3.1. trade and investments in biodiversity products and derived services in underdeveloped countries to promote sustainable development. the local and the 231 .committee of the association of plants and natural ingredients sector. They have already begun their activities through the formation of technical groups.org) is a program of the United Nations Conference for Trade and Development (UNCTAD) that stimulates development. The Biotrade initiative has established national and regional programs that benefit the public. in accordance with the three basic objectives of the Agreement on Biological Diversity. private and academic sectors. A. the BTFP has given priority to groups of products like edible vegetable species. cosmetics and pharmaceutical articles. Centro de Promoción de Importaciones de los Países Bajos – (CB Netherlands Import Promotion Center (CBI)) The objective of the CBI is to contribute towards economic independence of a group of underdeveloped countries by assisting companies and promotion organisms to develop capacities to improve their exports and introduction in the European Union. saving resources and encouraging a better performance. BIOTRADE has created the Biotrade Facilitation Program whose objective is to facilitate a sustainable trade of biodiversity products and services. promotion of exports and search of capital. latex. the BTFP program supports the natural ingredients sector through collaboration with the manufacturing and exporting companies of natural ingredients in two areas: commercial information and marketing strategies. Muelle S. In the beginning. thus. Currently. Many of these products are the object of a growing demand from national and foreign consumers and have a great potential to generate products with an added value. the CBI is supporting three national companies (Agroindustrial Chanchamayo SRL. it facilitates the linkage of parties that promote the development of this sector so that they may work in a cooperative way. Likewise.) to establish their productive chain from the identification of suppliers 232 . the non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and other institutions in the development of sustainable business and services to facilitate trade.indigenous communities. Ecopro SA and R. nutritional ingredients. resins and gums. fibers. Currently. has the objective of improving the linkage between the demand and offer of the highland in three lines of Andean products and their byproducts (Andean grains. maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp). Red Peruana de Productos de Naturales de Uso Medicinal (Peruvian Network of Medicinally Important Natural Products-CYTED. Programa Suizo para la Promoción de Importaciones – SIPPO (Swiss Programme for Imports Promotion – SIPPO) It promotes imports of finished and semi-finished products from underdeveloped countries. oca (Oxalis tuberosa) and yacón (Smallanthus sonchifolius). existence of export-oriented producers and an identified demand on behalf of the Swiss and European Community importers.of raw materials from biodiversity with a sustainable handling to the participation in events and specialized trade fairs for the promotion and sale of their natural ingredients. in its current phase. competitive advantages. The objective of the current phase of the project is to optimize and standardize the quality of the olluco (Ullucus tuberosus Caldas). The PYMAGROS Project. SIPPO selects groups of products to be supported by a set of criteria such as readiness of the resource. Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation / COSUDE: Biodiversity Project and PYMAGROS This Biodiversity Project. 233 . Subprogram X). fruit-bearing/aromatic plants and medicinal plants) with emphasis in their transformation and commercialization. aims at conservation and increase in the biodiversity of Andean roots and tubers. 3. Detailed information on their contacts.1.00.000 public and private sector establishments.000. List of companies There are 74 enterprises among laboratories.1. websites and addresses are given in Table 7. it was estimated that the Peruvian Pharmaceutical market was US$ 683. faxes. Ecuador (28%) in 2005. Peruvian exports are destined for South America.00. 2. ABOUT THE MARKET 3. It groups research centers. 234 . regulators and private sector engaged in the study and utilization of medicinal plants. community associations and others related to industrialization of medicinal and aromatic plants. of which 76% was from private sector. foundations. Peruvian population gets its drugs from approximately 10. Internal and External demand In 2005. Olga Lock. phones. On the other hand. Military Hospitals US$ 18M. Ministry of Health US$ 48. of which approximately 8000 are private pharmacies. Argentina (13%) and Venezuela1. Fine Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Iberoamerican Program of Science and Technology for Development (CYTED) and was coordinated by Dr.This national network of medicinally important natural products was started under the auspices of Subprogram X. The public sector market per institutions is ESSALUD US$ 110 M. 1. Alternative Medicine stores: there are very few establishments of this type in Peru. Health and Food. where physicians practice Integral Medicine by incorporation of medicinal plants and phytotherapy. Medicinal plants: internal demand is reduced and concentrated in the most popular sectors due to their limited economical capacity to bear the cost of drugs obtained by chemical synthesis.3. External demand External demand is limited because of the lack of more knowledge of the products and their benefits.1. Except some exceptional cases. Internal demand The internal demand of medicinal plants and natural products is limited and differentiated according to the segment they belong to medicinal plants or natural products. which favor their internal consumption.1. MINSA and the Sanitary Service of Army and Police are sources of most relevant demand of medicinal plants due to diverse studies. This is less than the exportable offer (due to the lack of enough research in 235 . Private clinics: the demand of medicinal plants is almost inexistence. 3.2. ESSALUD. carmine. drugs and cosmetics (FD&C) where certain dyes. Chile is the principal market. cochineal. The demand of dietary supplements by the consumers is fundamentally based on current trends and ethnic concepts. including dyes and organic pigments. demand for organic colorants. Larger growth is expected in the natural colorants market for food. cochineal (Dactylopius coccus) and annatto seeds (Amaranthus caudatus) come mainly from Peru. External demand is concentrated in developed countries: USA. Export and Investment Promotion Corporation (CORPEI). marigold. In the US and EU import market supply of natural dyes. is forecasted to increase by nearly per cent per annum to more than $3 billion in 20034. G. An important opportunity for business and exports is natural dyes (indigo. Sector Assessment on Natural Ingredients for cosmetics and pharmaceuticals in Ecuador.specialized scientific journals that produce interest in transnational enterprises to invest in developing and commercialization of new products based on Peruvian medicinal plants and natural products. Jaramillo. respectively 30 (Table 7). BioTrade National Programme in Ecuador. Peru was ranked as number 10th and 4th among the exporters of natural dyes from 1994-1998 in the US and EU market. L. such as carmine and annatto. 236 . United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD).. Dutch Center for the Promotion of Imports from Developing countries (CBI). henna) sometimes used within cosmetic formulations or pharmaceutical preparations. Regionally. are used regularly. cucurma/turmeric. 2004. EU and Japan. The United States. 63p. 30 Ginatta. enlarged prostate. Dye extracts but excl.151 165 327 471 592 761 5. animal black.867 2. 3.g. incl.378 EU imports Metric tons ECUS$ ' 000 Source: United States Trade HS 3203005000 (1994) HS 3203008000 (1995-98) coloring matter of vegetable or animal origin. Demand: Buyer profile and factors influencing the demand The trend among the consumers now appears to be towards natural ingredients and products that meet certain social criteria rather than towards the next superstar botanical (Echinacea herb & root for stimulating immune system). nesoi (kg). Peruvian exportation of natural dyes 1994-1998 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 US imports Metric tons US$ ' 000 5 73 107 91 48 407 1.841 2. 3210.224 10.200 1. whether or not chemically defined. 3208. sexual dysfunction). menopause. hair loss.303 9. preparations of headings 3207.Table 7. The social criteria to be considered are defined by: • Ingredients that not only have sufficiently documented evidence of safety and efficacy for conditions associated with aging (e. memory loss. preparations based on colouring matter of vegetable or animal origin of a kind used to dye fabrics or produce colorant preparations (excl.2.093 9.114 12. EUROSTAT HS 320300 Colouring matter of vegetable or animal origin. 237 . 3213 and 3215). • Certified organic or ethically wildcrafted ingredients • Free of genetically engineered components • Products characterized by cruelty free or not tested on animals • Products from companies that actively support cultural ad environmental sustainability through investing some percentage of their profits in organic farms. • Products made by workers from developing countries that throughout the chain have been paid a living wage (the demand of Fair Trade logos for certified natural products). especially if it involves successful. sustainable support for an indigenous community. essential oils manufacturers and plant extracts).3.• Ingredients that are produced in an ecologically and economically sustainable manner. • Industries of Second transformation (conditioning industries) 238 . • Products from natural products companies that promote the concept of conscious consumerism and that have also developed reciprocally beneficial relationships with their ingredients suppliers in the developing countries are finding that they can effectively market the story behind the product. 3. Distribution channels The commercial distribution of aromatic and medicinal plants in Peru is proposed in the following fashion: • Industries of First transformation (large-scale retailers of plants. reserves or community outreach. • Large-scale distributors (exporters. Alternative Medicine stores. The laws are appropriate and complete because they reflect the most important needs and rule and regulate the way the economic agents should use natural resources in a sustainable way. its capacity to enforce the law should be improved. pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry).4. 3. industries of second and third transformations use very limited technology.4.1. It is important to point out that in Peru. Health and food store. Legislation 3. non controlled commerce: supermarkets. para-pharmaceutical industry. national commercial agents) • Small-scale distributors (Controlled commerce: pharmacies. The capacity to enforce the law is the responsibility of INRENA. direct sales and others). With this technology available it is only possible to concentrate the active principles from 5-7% as maximum. Law 26821: Organic Law for the Sustainable Use of Natural Resources. internet sells.• Utilization industries (Agriculture and Food industry. National Legal Framework Laws concerning the Conservation and Use of Natural Resources These laws govern the conservation and use of natural resources starting from the environment that produces them. It governs the regime of sustainable use of natural resources setting the conditions and the ways of 239 . However. use and conservation of wild medicinal plant species. regulates and supervises the sustainable use and the conservation of forest resources and wild fauna in the country. policies. It regulates the activities related to the management and administration of forest and fauna resources. Law 27300: Law of Sustainable Use of Medicinal Plants (08/07/2000). the Environmental Code and ratified international agreements signed by Peru. Law 27811: establishes regimen of protection of collective knowledge of the indigenous peoples who deal with biological resources. It emphasizes the functions of INRENA such as granting authorizations to extract forest resources and wild fauna for scientific research or cultural diffusion purposes to people and institutions. plans and norms for the classification. It governs or sets forth the rules for the conservation of biological diversity and sustainable use of their components. The Supreme Ordinance Nº 014-2001-AG: Regulations of the Forest and Wild Fauna Law. safeguarding the rights of the country with respect to its native genetic patrimony. It governs.granting licences to private entities in compliance with the Political Constitution of Peru. Law 26839: Law on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biological Diversity. 240 . Law 27308: Forest and Wild Fauna Law. It appoints the Ministry of Agriculture (through INRENA and INIA) as responsible for formulating strategies. in coordination with the IIAP.UDA of the Ministry of Agriculture. Universities and INMETRA (now CENSI). The entities in charge of these laws do not have enough resources to develop production to levels in accordance with the potential of the sector. must promote the creation of botanical gardens of medicinal plants. follow-up and advice the program approved in the precedent article". INIA. This regulation in its second article states: "The Unit for the Development of the Amazonia . to support sustainable and socioeconomic development of the Amazon region and to contribute with the handling of water resources". They are adequate but have a limited scope and they do not efficiently promote the production on a national scale. as indicated in its first article: "It is of national interest to promote plantations of camu camu (Myrciaria dubia).Laws Concerning Production These are laws which are still not sufficiently well known. Supreme Ordinance 046 -99-AG: It sets up arrangements to promote plantations of camu camu. seedlings and nurseries in rural and native communities as well as in marginal urban areas. This is to force the creation of programs for the recovery of well defined ecological areas with species of great demand in the national and international market. the National Institute of Natural Resources – INRENA and the Agrarian Regional Direction are responsible for the execution. Law 27300: It indicates that the INRENA. Ministerial Resolution 0021-200-AG: It approves the National Program for the Promotion of Plantations of Camu Camu. 241 . there are no norms governing the processing of natural colorants. storage. However. Similarly. This is a set of mandatory minimum norms that should be met by establishments that store pharmaceutical and similar products with the purpose of guaranteeing that the characteristics and properties of the products are maintained. documentation. R. However.M 585-99-SA/DM: Manual of Good Storage Practice. well-intentioned and clear laws. This is a set of minimum norms that guarantee the fulfilment of appropriate procedures for obtaining products of uniform and satisfactory quality. It ensures that all the production lots are manufactured with raw materials that meet suitable quality control standards. personnel. It establishes norms regarding the facilities. and operating procedures regarding reception. There is no law regulating the processing of natural ingredients. R. In addition. The principles that guide good processing practices have been standardized by means of manuals. equipment.Law concerning Processing There is a legal gap in this regard. dealing with claims and withdraw of products from the market.M. there are lower-level legal norms governing the processing of products for medicinal use. 242 . Law concerning Trading They are declaratory. 125-2000-SA/DM: Manual of Good Manufacturing Practices of Medicinal Products and Natural Therapeutic Resources. the awareness of the key economic players has to be raised through diffusion. it also makes sure that the production lots are stable during their useful life and properly packed and labeled. distribution. 3. The medicinal plants that are offered without making reference to their therapeutic.4. conservation of health and in the prevention of illnesses. Law 26842: General Law of Health. The commercialization of medicinal plants and their different presentations (extracts. cooked or any other medical preparation) with therapeutic. International Legal Framework Two international norms that affect the performance of the sector of natural ingredients in Peru are described in the following paragraphs: The Convention of Biological Diversity (subscribed by Peru in 1975). dyed.2. It adopted the Global Strategy for the Conservation of Plants (Decision VI/9) with the purpose of implementing a strategy that could contribute towards relieving poverty and favor a sustainable development. diagnostic or preventive purposes is subject to this law. distilled. processing.Law 27821: Law of Promotion of Nutritional Complements for the Alternative Development. vegetable and mineral origin for traditional use in nutrition. Decision 391 (Common Regime on Access to Genetic Resources) 243 . commercialization and export activities of products of animal. It states that it is of national interest to promote production. to strengthen capacities and to provide an appropriate and timely support. freeze-dried. diagnostic or preventive properties can be freely marketed. particularly to countries with underdeveloped economies and countries with economies in transition. The most outstanding certifications for the sector are: • Certifications of the product • Technical Specifications (registry form) MSDS 244 . Moreover. Europe or Asia.5. Its aim is to make sure that the international trade of wild animals and plants does not constitute a threat for their survival. Currently. the world trend is for certification as a mechanism of allowing access to international markets such as the United States. Commercialization ways Similarly. they possess a sizeable biological and genetic heritage that should be preserved and developed on a sustainable basis. 3. Institutions like the INIA. 1996. Due to the fact that genetic resources have an enormous economic value as a primary source of products and processes for industry. Peru subscribed to the Decision 391 of the 2nd of July. they are the channels that encourage the companies of natural ingredients to improve their productive practices (manufacturing and processing).The Andean countries are characterized by their multi-ethnic and pluricultural nature. DIGESA (Dirección General de Salud Ambiental) and INDDA are now training future inspectors for the certification of good agricultural practices and processing of foods and medicines. CITES (Convention on the International Trade of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) (subscribed by Peru in 1992) It is an international agreement subscribed by the member States. which is a very well known supplier of natural ingredients for medicinal and nutraceutical uses. the agreements that are adopted will affect the future of the natural ingredients trade mainly those that are used for medicinal purposes. The idea is to reduce or obviate the need to carry out duplicate tests during research and development of new drugs. It is a project in which the regulatory authorities and pharmaceutical experts of Europe. 245 .• Organic • Heavy Metals • Certifications of the process • Good Manufacturing Practice • ISO 14001 • ISO 9000 • HACCP It is also important to highlight the efforts that were put forth by the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH). The beneficial properties of these natural ingredients have to be demonstrated and accepted by the markets of the countries that participate in this project. The purpose is to make recommendations to achieve a larger level of harmonization in the interpretation and application of the norms and technical requirements to register products. The agreements obtained by this conference are very important for Peru. Consequently. Japan and the United States examine the scientific and technical aspects of the sanitary registration of products. 1998. Lecture: Agrodiversidad en la Región Amazónica. Brack. 663 p. A. Peru. Natural ingredients for pharmaceuticals. EU Strategic Marketing Guide 2000.4. 915 pp. República Argentina. Peru. Lavoisier Publishing. 2001. Biodiversidad y Biocomercio: Situación Actual y Potential. Blumenthal. Ginebra. France. 2001. Suiza CBI 2000. C. Lima. A. Medicinal Plants. Lima . CBI. 246 . CAN-CAF-UNCTAD. Brack. Pharmacognosy. Buenos Aires. Editorial LOLA. Paris. J. Bruneton. CONAM-UNCTADPROGRAMA BIOTRADE. Workshop on Agrobiodiversidad en la Región Andina y Amazónica. Peru. Situación Actual En El Campo del Comercio de Productos y Servicios de la Biodiversidad de la Región Andina. Plantas Medicinales Autóctonas de la Argentina: Bases Científicas para su Aplicación en Atención Primaria de la Salud. M. 2005. 1995. REFERENCES Alonso. Phytochemistry.. J. Desmarchelier. 2005. Natural ingredients for pharmaceuticals. EU Market Survey 2001. Botanical Medicines from the Amazon and Machu Picchu. 2000. November 1998. HerbalGram 67:36-38. Jaenicke. PDR for Herbal Medicines. New Jersey. Ed.CBI. L. Universitaria. LEBI. Enda-Caribe. Evans.). Pp. Montvale. Centro Latinoamericano para la Competitividad y Desarrollo Sostenible. Brendler.cbi. UNAN-León. Costa Rica. 2005. E. C.. 168-171. A. 1989. Peru. Febrero 2001. Germosén-Robineau. García González. EU. Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica. UK. London. 1999. 486 pp.. Third Edition. J. Lima. 832 p. PROMPEX. 2004. Diagnóstico de las Exportaciones de Uña de Gato y Maca y Propuesta de Estrategias para Mejorarlas.C. et al. T. 13 Ed.C. PHARMA.nl. IMSS. Cáceres. A. San José. Competitividad Desarrollo Sostenible: Avances Conceptuales y Orientaciones Estratégicas. 2000. W. CYTED. Baillière Tindall. Thomson Healthcare. 2001. Cáceres (Ed. 2nd Ed. Natural ingredients for cosmetics/EU Strategic Marketing Guide 2000.A. DORYAN. M. 2001.S. Trease and Evans’ Pharmacognosy. 394 p. Costa Rica. Farmacopea Vegetal Caribeña. A. Gruenwald. 247 . Centre for the Promotion of imports from Developing countries (CBI): http://www. Legislación en Iberoamérica sobre Fitofármacos y Productos Naturales. 1999. Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana. Instituto Peruano De Plantas Medicinales. GTZ-Proyecto de Asesoría en Planeación Agraria-MINAG Perú. Panama. Proyecto Plan Nacional de Desarrollo del Mercado de Plantas Medicinales Peruanas. Colores Naturales. ICCA-GTZ. 1997.IPPM. 2005. Plan Nacional de Desarrollo del Mercado de Plantas Medicinales Peruanas. 2000.. Estudio de Mercado para Myrciaria dubia H. O.B. The Potential Health Benefits of Purple Corn. Perú. A.Gupta. 65:46-49. CIFLORPAN. Sistema de Producción del Camu Camu en Restinga. Lima. IIAP. M. Lima. 2001. Lima.IPPM. Mc Vaugh (Camu-Camu). Peru. 2001. Fondo Editorial de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Peru. Peru. Peru.K.P. Database of Positive and Negatives Lists of Iberoamerican Plants. 274 p. 2004. Instituto Peruano de Plantas Medicinales. K. Jones. Memorias del Seminario “Promoción y Comercio de Plantas Promisiorias Con Principios Activos Especiales De La Selva Del Perú”. 2002. 248 . Peru. Lima. Lock Sing de Ugaz. HerbalGram. Espinosa. Iquitos. De Fillipps..F. Perú. Fundamentos de Agrotecnología de Cultivo de Plantas Medicinales Iberoamericanas. 2000. 1999.A.. Peru.. Ministerio de Salud (MINSA). 249 p. 524 p.prompex.. Dominguez G. Cuentas Nacionales de Salud.A. Plantas Amazonicas de Uso Medicinal. Morton. 501 p. Michigan. Atlas of Medicinal Plants of Middle America: Bahamas to Yucatán. USA.).Martínez A. Estudio de Oferta y Demanda de Plantas Medicinales.B.pe Natural ingredients for cosmetics / EU Market Survey 2001. 2003. 249 . Charles C. Thomas Publisher. 2003. J. AECI.gob.. Latinpharma 2003. Jong W. Springfield. USA. Mors. C. 2000. W. Lima. Reference Publications.Y. National Commission for Export Promotions (PROMPEX): http:// www. Maslucan. Inc. 1995. Colombia. J. Lima. Nalvarte W. Plantas Medicinales de Uso Popular en la Amazonía Peruana. N.. K. Alvares Pereira. Convenio Andrés Bello-Subprograma X CYTED. 1420 p. 67 p. V. IIAP. H.. Medicinal Plants of Brazil. R. A. E. CIFOR y Universidad Agraria La Molina.. Mejía. Cáceres. Lima.. Reng. J. Bernal. Toledo Rizzini. Bogotá.A. (Eds. Perú. C. Suarez. 2005. Peru. I. 293 p. G. 250 . Lindorf. Germany. Peruvian BioTrade Committee: www.asp. 1997. Roth. South American Medicinal Plants: Botany. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD): http:// www. 2002. Diagnóstico sobre el Biocomercio en el Perú y Recomendaciones para la Formulación del Programa de promoción de Biocomercio. Lima Peru. Valladares Alcalde.org.org.biotrade.minsa.) 9 December 1993. United Nations for Industrial Development (UNIDO). Ministerio de Salud.Palacios Vaccaro. Plantas Medicinales Nativas del Peru – II. Lima. 2002.gob. Berlin.biocomercioperu. H. CONCYTEC. Report of Expert Group Meeting on Industrial Utilization of Medicinal Plants. PPD 260 (Spec. 11-17 July 1993. Guatemala. Springer-Verlag. J. 1993. 492 p. Remedial Properties and General Use. Panajachel. Evaluación de los potenciales efectos sobre acceso a medicamentos del tratado de libre comercio que se negocia con los Estados Unidos de América. Registration MINSA: http://www.pe/portal/p2005/docconsulta.W. Peruvian BIOTRADE.org /info@unctad.. S. 2001. 72 p. A. CONAM-PNUD-PROGRAMA BIOTRADE. Peru. Zevallos. Peru. CONAM. 251 .Zapata. Lima. 2002. Posibilidades y Potencialidad de la Agroindustria en el Peru en base a la Biodiversidad y los negocios. Diagnóstico de la situación del Comercio de productos de la biodiversidad (BIOCOMERCIO) en la Amazonia. Lima. • Integration of companies of the sector in one entity (IPPN) • Preliminary pharmacological research of aqueous and/or ethanol extracts. cosmetics. food and others). • Appropriate legislation governing conservation and sustainable use. • Biodiversity.5. • Native Peruvian communities have ancestral knowledge about the utilization of medicinal plants with specific objectives. The different microclimates of several inter-Andean valleys provide unique seasonal crops. • High development observed by organic farmers. • High-quality products recognized worldwide. 252 .000 with uses medicinal. • Widely available land extensions for production.500 species (4. • Ancestral knowledge in the handling of these resources. they allow us to be the only suppliers in some market segments. • Yearly increase of 10% in natural colorants exports. Upon processing. it is known the traditional use of more than 1. SWOT Analysis STRENGTHS • Peru is recognized worldwide as a supplying country of natural ingredients. • Stocks of endemic natural ingredients and available information on ethnobotanics. Actually. Peru is one of the megadiverse countries. colorant. • State-of-the-art technology in natural colorants. • Lack of standardized scientific information. • Lack of a national strategy that guides the activities of the main entities of the sector. • High production costs making the sector inefficient. • The Peruvian Institute of Natural Ingredients is in an initial growth phase. • There are few specialized laboratories of chemical composition analysis. • Insufficient and heterogeneous national agricultural production. WEAKNESSES • Lack of national inventory of plants and reliable export statistics. • Most producers have not implemented procedures of Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP). 253 . • The national agricultural production is not properly linked. • National Commitment and high priority to this sector. • North American and European companies are beginning to have interest to establish cultures in the country. • Inability to cover demands in large quantities.• Medicinal plants and native natural products could be source of innovation for the development of new products. • High acceptability by population of natural ingredients. ISO systems and HACCAP. • There is a lack of a comprehensive research on the use and validation of results. • Not all the exporters of this sector can certify their products as organic due to the high cost of the certificate. • There is little commercial information for products under study. The managers need statistical information as a technique to evaluate their markets and to determine if their products can enter into new markets. • There is a legal gap in the normativity and regulation of natural ingredients processing. • Very limited capacity of the INRENA, entity in charge of enforcing the legislation that rules sustainable use of natural resources. • There is no process to identify the main basic productive and economic entities of this sector. • Deficient creation of an adequate brand-country image in medicinal plants and natural products. • For certain products, there is a lack of positioning as dietary supplements under the concept of “functional food”. • Small local market: size and non exigent and extremely sensitive to prices local clients. • Research at international level about use and validation of therapeutic results almost nule or inexistence. • Problematic of social organization, land proprietary and culture of locals (campesinos). • Inadequate state structure for the implementation of competitive strategies. 254 • Lack of unified politics of the different governmental actors that guarantee the production at optimal levels of quality. • Juridical insecurity, inefficient imposing system, fiscal and unmet sanitary requirements. • Legislation: “scientific framework of reference”, supports Western medicine. • General low level of productive system. • Deficient transportation infrastructure. • High costs of transaction among all agents. • Deficient of information systems. • Lack of capacity to generate the international specialized demand in Peruvian medicinal plants and natural products. OPPORTUNITIES • Widespread worldwide trend towards natural products consumption. • Consumers are aware of the importance of natural products for health and the environment. • Possibility of a common position of countries offering natural ingredients in face of international regulations. • Possibility of implementing modern marketing strategies (origin denomination and collective marks). • Development of new technologies to overcome phytosanitary barriers in the United States, Japan and other Asian countries. 255 • Institutional support to optimize quality of products. Prompex supports exporters by mean of Peru Biotrade Committee (Comité biocomercio Perú). • Formation of commercial and production associations, strategic alliances and joint ventures. • International cooperation to carry out pharmacological and toxicological studies in standardized extracts. • Potential of the external market. • Growth of world demand. • Increment of world demand for ecological and ethnic products. • Consumers of developed countries are tired of secondary effects of synthetic chemistry. • Incorporation of adequate productive zones for the increment of the stock of medicinal plants and natural products. • Demand tends to products of differentiated quality. • Enterprises of developed countries are interested in establishing joint ventures of technology transfer to export products with added value (with high concentration of active principles). THREATS • There is duplicity of roles and a growing number of efforts that lack coordination. • Growing competition of other countries producers of natural ingredients. • Countries under similar conditions “bluff” to have positions in these markets. 256 • Loss of markets for not complying with the high quality standards. • Application of the Regulation (CE) No. 258/97 of the European Parliament on new foods and new food ingredients (novel food). • Approval of the new Regulation on Medicinal Plants (Directive 2004/24/EC). • Tariff barriers linked to hygiene and quality conditions (HACCP, ISO Standards, GMS). • Native natural products are sowed and patented in other countries. • Larger industrialization in the processing of similar products that offered by other countries (acerola vs camu camu, sangre de drago vs sangre de grado). • The presence of exporters known as “golondrinos” (“swallow”) that enter and leave the market affecting the image of the Peruvian exporter. • Deficient creation of an adequate brand-country image in medicinal plants and natural products. • Protectionism of consumer countries. • Direct competence of other products like “the ginseng”. • Production in other countries using technological innovation (Example. China). • Interests of big transnational enterprises. • There is no regulation on good trading practices and managerial ethics. An example of this is the exports of micropulverized cat's claw and maca flour that have been labeled by some importers as adulterated products with other type of barks and flours. 257 6. RECOMMENDATIONS On the basis of the SWOT Analysis, short term and long term strategies are identified to potentiate the true strengths and to neutralize the weaknesses, which are high disadvantages. The short-term strategies should concentrate efforts in the exportation of medicinal plants and natural products using the ancestral knowledge of the native communities, which constitutes an innovation source of new products. This should be accompanied by foreign investment with the purpose to implement medicinal plant cultures in the country. This strategy should contemplate the rapid correction of the weaknesses about creation of an brand-country image in medicinal plants and natural products of high quality, positioning products, which are dietary supplements under the concept of “functional food”, increasing the internal consumption by establishing an efficient communications system for each one of the actors of the productive chain and doing intensive external promotion campaign to achieve an increase of Word demand (with inclusion of research of international level). These measures should also use the opportunities such as widespread worldwide trend towards natural products consumption, consumers are aware of the importance of natural products for health and the environment, possibility of a common position of countries offering natural ingredients in face of international regulations, enterprises of developed countries are interested in establishing joint ventures of technology transfer to export products with added value. 258 For long-term strategies, a total process of re-engineering of the productive chain could eliminate the structural weaknesses, which limit significantly the competitiveness. The chief weaknesses to be considered are inexistence research at international level about use and validation of therapeutic results, problematic of social organization, land proprietary and culture of locals, inadequate state structure for the implementation of competitive strategies, juridical insecurity, inefficient imposing system, fiscal and sanitary unmet requirements, current legislation based on scientific framework of Western medicine, general low level of productive system and deficient transportation infrastructure. Moreover, the following recommendations are suggested to follow: • In order to establish a National Program that shall allow sustainable use of the resources of the biodiversity and be able to develop the sector of natural ingredients, it will be necessary a strong sectorial association or entity which should be the first Institution to be strengthened with financial resources so that it will work in an independent way and in a close collaboration with Biotrade Initiative through its BTFP program. It shall also have the necessary resources to hire technical personnel to coordinate, manage and execute with its members the first natural ingredients biobusiness plans. • It is necessary to prepare the market profiles for the 10 selected products including the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) so that interested companies would avoid problems to get access into the European Market. • It would be advisable to centralize the commercial information, statistics, MSDS from competitors, MSDS of the products that are already in the international 259 To the Government: • Set up a National Multidisciplinary Committee to assist the Government to formulate policies concerning all aspects of medicinal plants utilization. websites. the information could be available to interested parties. • Collaboration between State and Private Companies to integrate both sectors in order to achieve certified and accredited companies. specialized magazines or institutions related with nutraceutical products. • Establish a national policy to include the use of phytopharmaceutical products in health care. strengthening the productive chain. The information could be channeled through the Biotrade Committee / Prompex or the BTFP program. • Creation of a research and commercialization network to promote a quality certification (Latinpharma 2004) among Andean countries and MERCOSUR and establishment of an Institute of Natural Products (IPPN). 260 .market. Then. • Next. • Promotion of bioprospection of new sources for the development of sustainable industry based on medicinal plants avoiding the loss of raw material without added value. there are some recommendations that have been grouped by specific aspects such institutionalism. technical assistance and fostering a managerial and environmental culture. • Explore the possibilities of creating a National Institute for the study and utilization of medicinal plants. • Set up banks of germplasms. research centers and institutions including agricultural institutes. • Promote systematic cultivation and industrialization of medicinal plants and provide incentives for stimulating national plant-based industries. • Support universities. by the Ministries of Health. 261 . • Establish quality control standards for medicinal plants and phytopharmaceutical products. of a priority list of medicinal plants to be used for the manufacture of phytopharmaceutical products. • Facilitate and simplify the mechanisms for the registration of phytopharmaceutical products. for carrying out comprehensive studies on industrial utilization of medicinal plants. taking into consideration the WHO guidelines and European models. seeds and propagable materials of medicinal plants.• Approval. export and local production of medicinal plants and their products. • Include monographs on selected medicinal plants and their extracts in the national pharmacopoeia. • Foster international cooperation. under a separated entity. • Implement measures for the conservation of medicinal flora. cooperatives and business enterprises interested in establishing cultivation and industrialization of medicinal plants. • Take measures to protect patent rights of the whole phytogeographic region by signing contractual agreements with industrial groups in major pharmaceutical manufacturing countries to whom the medicinal plants are supplied.• Offer preferential financial terms to farmers. as set forth in the Agenda 21 of United Nations' Conference on Environment and Development. pharmacists and other related health professionals. To the Universities and Research Institutions: • Emphasize the importance of medicinal plants and phytopharmaceutical products in the training of physicians. on the figures of import. 262 . • Take measures to collect detailed statistics. • Promote exchange of scientific and technological information at regional and interregional level. • Establish links with the industry to provide technical assistance on different aspects of industrialization of medicinal plants. phytotherapy and handling of multifunctional pilot plants. • Prepare computerized national inventories of medicinal plant resources which allow exchange of information at a regional and interregional level. 263 . • Assist the Governments on establishing quality control standards and on legal aspects of registration of phytopharmaceutical products. quality assessment.• Stimulate the creation of specialized centers and support multidisciplinary research aimed at exploring the medicinal and economic potential of the national flora. • Initiate postgraduate programs in the field of medicinal plants to prepare qualified personnel in areas related to the industrial utilization of medicinal plants. process technology. • Improve awareness of the public on the usage of medicinal plants and their products and disseminate the information on industrialization of medicinal plants. with emphasis on agrotechnology. • Encourage a business outlook among the academicians to facilitate their participation in productive activities and in the industrial utilization of the local medicinal flora. • Call on the National Chambers of Commerce and Industries to promote industrialization of medicinal plants. • Form Associations of entrepreneurs and companies interested in the industrialization of medicinal plants. • To the Private Sector: • Establish links with universities and research centers for industrial utilization of medicinal plants. in order to orient them towards the market. This organization should establish contacts with principal foreign markets. 264 . • Conduct research on promising lead compounds obtained from medicinal plants for the development of new drugs. as well as have access to modern technology for the production of phytopharmaceutical and natural products. IDRC. UNESCO. UNDP. CEPAL. EEC. etc. preferably through computerized data bases on international markets of medicinal plants and the possibilities of industrial investments in this field. seminars. which have well defined goals and relationship with the industrial sector. • Promote cooperation between the research and development laboratories of industrialized and developing countries and among the ones in the developing countries. PAHO/WHO. • Support national research centers on medicinal plants and natural products. etc. • Organize training programs for human resource development through workshops. 265 . • Facilitate access to updated information. OAS.• Promote joint-venture agreements between firms which have technology and the knowledge of the market and those that have an access to the traditional knowledge and medicinal plant resources and/or phytopoharmaceutical products. This can take the following forms: exchange of germplasms and seeds. FAO. To the International Organizations: • Coordinate the efforts of international organizations like UNIDO. courses. which support technical cooperation programs in different aspects of medicinal plants. process technology.exchange of information on crops. and exchange of personnel between R & D institutions for specialized training of personnel. formulation of products and marketing practices. 266 . TABLES 267 . Eneldo. cuya. cajue Leaves. liver problems. fruit. Loreto. cajú. diuretic. cancharana. kwi Catharanthus (L. San Martín. antispasmodic. cashu. Common Names Chilca malva Medicinal use(s) Geographic International Farmi location distribution ng Aphrodisiac. leaves. prostate cancer. cashueiro. suico. El problems. Don Isabelita. Madre de Dios. bark. List of Peruvian Medicinal plants Family Scientific Authority Name Part(s) Used AMARANTHACEAE Baccharis latifolia ANACARDIACEAE Anacardium L.chicoria (portugués). Ecuador. diarrhea. cajarana. fever. Huanuco. pseudofruit. Ucayali Tropical America Cultivated cramps. Peru. Costa Rica. diabetes. Cedrillo. colds. arthritis. coa (ticuna). Colombia. roseus príncipe. roots. Bolivia. wounds. Pasco. leg numbness. Madre pellagra. astringent. bleeding. Nicaragua. colds. expectorant Colombia. coriander. dill ANNONACEAE APIACEAE APOCYNACEAE AQUIFOLIACEAE (Ruiz & Pav. losawiwiri. Peru to Puerto Rico and México.) Pers. Hojas de Leaves. anticonceptive. ubos Fruits. wounds. Venezuela. sedative. orocorocillo (Bolivia). fruit gakata (piroyine). hypertension. Piura. Paraguay. childhood leukemia Tropical America Tonic. leaves L. asthma. bark Anonna muricata L. pervenche de madagascar Ilex guayusa Loes. Bolivia 268 . bark guanabana. leaves. Amazones river. San Martin Infections. acahú. gum infection. Amazones. asthma. snakebites Ucayali Ecuador. acayocha y añaaro (ocaina). Suriname. vaginal Martín. intestinal and bladder Junin. Junín.) G. San Panama. cohossol. diarrhea. Sacha. culantro. Loreto. Ecuador. ashe(shipiboconibo) . canyarana. cajá.Table 1. emetic To improve brain circulation. Dominican Republic Tropical America Cultivated Antitumoral. diarrhea. Loreto. stomachache. arisco. flor del Roots. Honduras. graviola Unonopsis floribunda Diels Icoja Anethum graveolens Eryngium foetidum L. bronchitis. Tahuayo. Salvador. ciruelo cale. lice Arthritis. colds. siuca Stems. rheumatism de Dios. fever. insomnia. antiseptic. Tropical countries specially in India Joint inflammation. cajú do campo. Loreto. febrifuge Loreto (tamshiyacu Panguana 1º and 2º zone and indiana. Madre de Dios. acaya. teperbá (Brazil). Amazones. Guayusa Leaves Diabetes. dried nipple surface. Cultivated wound healing Oxytocic. analgesic. digestive. Tahuayo river: Ushpacaño. pervenche leaves tropicale. araticu-penhe. (Atalaya) flatulence. occidentale Casho. diarrhea. zapote agrio. ciruelo. acaju (tupí). acajú. diabetes. seeds Spondias mombin L. inflammation. dysentery. helminths infection Bark Seeds. Itaya river. Lambayeque and Ucayali Ecuador Cultivated South and Cultivated Central America from Northeast Brazil. cilantro. Momón Northern part of Peru. Cuzco. rocu BIXACEAE Bixa orellana L. Lima: Chosica. tonic. bronchitis. gastric ulcer ARECACEAE Astrocaryum Burret chambira Chambira Leaves Rheumatism Euterpe oleracea Mart. Ucayali Cajamarca. Amazonas river. seeds Renal and hepatic problems. gargarism for of seeds. algarroba-tanino Bark. cystit Endospermun Diabetes. Costa Rica. muscular pain. Napo river. Suriname. Tacna Cultivated Cultivated Ecuador. bleeding. bo´o-ho y be´ o-ja pusanga (ese eja). hernia. Colombia. onoto. jiquimilla (Venezuela) Crescentia L.Family Scientific Authority Name Common Names Part(s) Used Medicinal use(s) Geographic International Farmi location distribution ng ARACEAE Dracontium Krause loretense Jergon sacha. Huanuco. Guyana. elimination of uric acid. French Guyanas. Brazil. Ayacucho: Huanta. snakebite. F. sonchifolius Rob. hierba de peciole jergón. sacha jergón. yacuma (Ecuador). Windward Island Amazones. Padre Cocha (Nanay rive) Amazones. colds. leaves Mansoa alliacea (Lam. Loreto. arthritis. rheumatism Urogenital inflammations. Peru. fruits. Junin: Tarma. Valentín e Indiana. mágoro (machiguenga). Panama. Chile 269 . jicama (Colombia). ajos del monte. epilepsy. Madre de Dios. Ushpacaño (Itaya river). taro. Gentry. Marsdenia Rchb. Hojas de achiote. Hojas de yacon. Ajo sacha hembra. San Martin Cultivated Brazil Ecuador Cultivated Loreto. Matucana. erysipelas. fruits colds Loreto: Tamshiyacu. leaves. stomachache Antidiabetic. llacon. Loreto. fever. Bolivia. tara espinosa. boens. posatalu (piro. headache. Cuzco. headache. bronchitis. antihypertensive. laxative. fever. Cultivated Nicaragua. Huingo cujete Rootbark Leaves Fruit. Huanaco. fever. Loreto (Tamshiyacu. Clavo huasca. Leaves achote. Venezuela. Trinidad. expectorant. cholesterol lowering. reumathism. Valentín (Fernando Lores district). fer de Cones. niaboens. yine). taya. San Martin. San Martín and Loreto. ajo sacha. Colombia. shan Tynnanthus panurensis (Bur) Sandw.) A. diabetes. Llachapa y Corazón de Jesús. sting ray bites. caña X (Ecuador). helminthiasis Analgesic. antihypertensive Tonic. anginas. rabo nishi (shipiboconibo). bengin and malign tumors. diarrhea. warts. prostate benign hyperplasia. Amazones Cultivated Amazones. skin rejuvenating action ASCLEPIADACEAE ASTERACEAE BIGNONIACEAE Mart. Roots.) H. hepatitis Gastric problems. urucum. aricoma o aricona. bark canela: inejkeu. Panguana 1º y 2º zona. stems. Padre Cocha Ucayali. Condurango. Huanuco. rono Immunomodulator. impotence. lance. hurignpe (amarakaeri). condurango condurango bark Smallanthus (Poepp. asthma. Ecuador. coughs and leaves. anorexia. Bolivia. lajuash. roots Abortive. Andes gastrointestinal and kidneys problems. Huasai Roots. CAESALPINACEAE Caesalpinia (Molina) spinosa Kuntze Tara. Junin. caigua. Cuzco.A. San Martin. Puno: Azangaro Leaves. conica CRUCIFERAE CUCURBITACEAE Chacon Boton boton.Family Scientific Authority Name Common Names CARICACEAE Carica papaya L. Gray) V. chamomile flowers COMPOSITAE (ASTERACEAE) Xenophyllum ciliolatum Xenophyllum dactylophyllu m Lepidium peruvianum (A. m ambrosioides Paico. Bolivia. indigestion. Medicinal use(s) Geographic International Farmi location distribution ng Menstrual cycle and menopause regulator. amasamas. sterility. sedative. Chile. colitis. seeds Momordica charantia Leaves. Loreto. Costa Rica. United States Hypoglycemic. Papaina. loss of appetite. appetite loss. astringent Cultivated Junín. cayhua. camomille. aphrodisiac. ginseng andino. contraceptive. chuchuwasa CHENOPODIACEAE Chenopodiu L. otitis. Huancavelica: Angaraes.) Schrad. makca. cashiva. amush. antiinflammatory Flowers Antispasmodic. pozote. chuchuhuasca. painful mens Leaves Bronchitis. chichira. Nicaragua. diabetes. leaves. maka. Lima. antihelmintic. Recuay. antiarthritic. respiratory problems. Funk (Sch. caifa. Huanuco. conoca-cunuca. angina. Ancash Ancash. Achoccha. Junin: Meseta de bombon. diuretic. sterility. te mexicano. Pasco. Argentina Cultivated highlands. yerba santa maria. fatigue. esophagus obstruction. peritoneal adhherences Bark Tonic. antihelmintic. Bip. skin lessions (eczema. pepino hueco. antiinflammatory. Puno Fruits. antispasmodic. muscle relaxant. Huánuco. rheumatism. weight loss. Cusco. fever Cyclanthera (L. improve intelectual and corporal capacity. anthelmintic 270 . Antiemetic. hojas de paico. bones and joints inflammations. San Martín. analgesic. Ancash. paicco. contusions. ayak chichira. amash. cunucunu Maca. Tumbes Ecuador. Funk Coñoca. hemorrhoids. ayak willku Part(s) Used Latex of fruit Digestive. Loreto. Dr. calcium loss in bones Cholesterol lowering. insomnia. sexual impotence. te de la tercera especie. vermifuge Ayacucho. cama COMPOSITAE Matricaria chamomilla L. bitter Melon Coast. quishiu L. kidney inflammation Roots. stomach cramps. antiseptic. maca-maca. roots Coughs. Manzanilla. kaikua. carminative. stems hepatoprotector. hypertension. wounds.A. cayhua silvestre. arthritis. diuretic.) V. psoriasis). liver problems. gastrointestinal and abdominal cramps. maino. acidity. Papain CELASTRACEAE Maytenus laevis Reissek Chuchuhuasi. Piura. Junín. willku. huto. leaves. jungle. digestive. fruits Achogchilla. memory and concentration. gastrointestinal cramps. ginseng peruano. purgative. Cajamarca. pedata achojcha. Macasi. Cajamarca. difteria. stomach cramps. Junin Boliva Roots Central Andes. antibacterial. frigidity. Panama. urogenital infections. Satipo. Common Names Sangre de grado. jaundice. Junín: Chanchamayo). venereal diseases Leaves. leucorrhea. leaves. amygdalitis. skin problems. pocure. Nicaragua. urinary and biliarry muscular relaxant. cardiovascular problems Laxative Wound healing. Ulcers. Flower. Costa Rica. ear pain. hemostatic. dental extraction Loreto Tropical and (Llachapa. Villa Rica. rheumatism. copal. Arg. Amasisa (Gachite). Copaiba. cancer. bark. bunxix (conibo). Copaifera paupera (Herz. capaúba. diarrhea.) Dwyer. kidney stones. palo grado. racurana. cystitis. dysentery. Cerro de Pasco: Oxapampa. Madre de Dios and Loreto (Iquitos highway-Nauta km 45 and Huallaga) Loreto. cronic bronchitis. tetanus. urethra. America Indiana. subtropical Napo river.Family EUPHORBIACEAE FABACEAE Scientific Authority Name Croton lechleri Mull. liver problems. bark Phyllanthus L. mouth and throat infections. diabetes. sasha foster. Porotillo (inglés). veneral infections. hemorrhoids. mani silvestre. facilitates expulsion of kindney and bladder stones. bladder and prostate problems. coughing. Colombia. scabies. Cassia reticulata Willd. Swamp immortelle. infections. oakuey Medicinal use(s) Geographic International Farmi location distribution ng Wound healing. Bolivia. Padre Cocha y Momón. mycosis. Cuzco Peruvian jungle Bolivia Cultivated Kidney stones. flowers urinary infections. hemorrhoids. bonshish Resin matisiati y namboman tsacati (shipibo-conibo). kasho (amahuaca). Huanuco. San Martín. quebra pedra. Hepatitis B. Acre (Tahuaniariver zone Atalaya). eshape y jata akui (ese eja). Poró. copa-uva. antioxidant Cholesterol level Jungle reducer. oakta (amarakaeri). tamalaka. roorts. inka peanut Retama. prostate inflammation Loreto. roots sapechihua. ulcers. asthma. niruri Chancapiedra. herpes. muscular tissue regenerator. Amazonas. shawan karo (shipibo). Iscozacín. antiseptic. San Martín Cultivated Cultivated Neotropical region. ginmunaji Part(s) Used Latex. jatobamiri Erythrina fusca Lour. Ecuador. mani del inca. salpichihua. 271 . Brazilian Ucayali Amazon. Amazonas. vaginal antiseptic. río Amazonas. San Martin. Hawaii (USA). psoriasis. Gallito. dermic mycosis. basraslabrii (Surinam). Ucayali. Sacha inchi. Nanay river. cupiúba. sangre de dragon. shunashut. contraceptive. depurative. cancer. la coja Plukenetia volubilis L. hypotensor. Junín México to Bolivia Amazones. sapechihuayo. stomach and intestinal ulcers. Puerto Bermúdez. Honduras. Huanuco. astringent. tonic. Ratania. digestive. hircampuri. Ayacucho. matico pepper Puno. cholesterol lowering. Africa (Comoros. flowers. Cuzco. te de chavin Menta. gachicho (Piro_Yine). dysentery. arvensis Minthostachy (Kunth) s mollis Griseb Hepatoprotective. Madagascar) Tamarindus L. antiseptic. hypoglicemic. tamarind. aphrodisiac. cornmint Leaves Muña Leaves. blood depurative. thym. fever in malaria. fractures healing. stomachache. abortive. pancreatic problems. digestive Carminative. liver and pancreas problems. to prevent bones and teeth decalcification Antiseptic. astringent. laxative. wound healing LOGANIACEAE Tamarindo. maintenance of bones and teeth. osteoporosis preventive. luxations. hypoglycemic. depurative. leaves Thymus vulgaris L. bronchitis. flatulence. te amargo. respiratory. bone fracture healing. chonic diarrhea. seeds (Gilg) Fabris Hercampuri. indica laxative. asthma. hilcampure. Tomillo. nerve tonic Antibacterial. astringent. oral ulcers Bleeding. bleeding. tamarin. antiseptic. stems Flower. cholera. kasho (Shipibo-conibo) Venezuela. hepatic problems GENTIANACEAE Gentianella alborosea GERANIACEAE Geranium dielsianum Kunth Pasuchaca IRIDACEAE Eleutherine bulbosa (Miller) Urban Yahuar. rhatany root Roots LAMIACEAE Mentha L. piri piri Bulbs KRAMERIACEAE Krameria triandra Ruiz & Pav. carminative. hemostatic. supurative process. intestinal infection. diuretic. Cajamarca Cuzco. digestive and circulatory stimulant. boldness Antidiabetic. throat inflammation. to improve the central nervous system. peel. tumors produced by bruises. leaves. Loreto Cultivated 272 . Pulp. dysentery. Cerro de Pasco. stomachic. thyme Buddleja globosa Hope Matico. snakebite Astringent.Family Scientific Authority Name Common Names Part(s) Used Medicinal use(s) Geographic International Farmi location distribution ng (huachipaeri). emetic. kuaso (ese eja). diuretic. gallbladder. mouth sores Stomachic. vibuajeira-mirsimarika (macuna). Llachapa. Madre de Dios. Amazones river. malaria. digestive and renal secretion stimulant Fever. santabiri. diabetes. eucalyptus leaf. Tamshiyacu. Tahuayo river. Panguana –1º y 2º zoneAmazones river. mado bidada y rami-wetsem (culina). Nanay river. brain tonic. roots. Amazonas and Cajamarca Ucayali Tropical America Cultivated (Yarinacocha) Amazones. food Antimalarial MELIACEAE MENISPERMACEAE Abuta grandifolia (Mart. bark. caapi seeds (Brasil). Mazán river. Stems. cedro del bajo. yagé. eucalyptus Molina Boldo. menstrual cramps. mado. female sterility. atokc. cedro colorado. Tahuayo. to avoid fractures Leaves Bark Madre de Dios Tropical region (Tahuamanú in Ecuador river e Iberia). San Martín. Tahuayo river). boldo leaf Huber Tamamuri Grains Bark. Momón. Manan conshan (shipibo-conibo) Abuta. Quistococha. ancabesux (siona). rheumatism. Tanquepuraque (Kubeo). Huanuco Cultivated Bronchitis. dysmenorrhea. diarrhea. odorata Sangorache. Napo river.) Sandwith Chondodendr Ruiz & Pav. palo de motelo (Ecuador). bleeding. cedro de castilla. cedro de altura. Curare on tomentosum MIRTACEAE Eucalyptus globulus MONIMIÁCEAS Peumus boldus MORACEAE Brosimum acutifolium Labillardiere Eucalipto. trompetero sacha. roots. stems Dental analgesic. Loreto (Corazón de Jesús. sedre (Surinam). bark. anemia. Llachapa. flowers Leaves. stomach ulcers Stems. ayawasca. pancha muca (shipiboconibo). Corazón de Jesús. río Mazán. aphrodisiac Cultivated Cultivated Chile Cultivated Brazil 273 . syphilis. Contamaná. Panguana 1º and 2º zona. punga huasca. Loreto. upper respiratory colds Liver and gladbladder stimulant. postmenstrual and operational bleeding. fever. ayahuasca amarillo.IquitosNauta highway km 15. leaves Leaves Anesthetic. motelo sanango. resins. Napo river. amaranth Cedro. reumathism. bejuco bravo.5. muscular relaxant. soga.Family Scientific Authority Name Common Names Part(s) Used Medicinal use(s) Geographic International Farmi location distribution ng MALPIGHIACEAE Banisteriopsi (Spruce ex s caapi Grisebach) Morton Ayahuasca. cholesterol lowering. puxni (tepehua). thypoid fever. Cerro de Pasco. Tahuayo. San Martín. rambi y shuri (sharanahua). oje-ji-ka-ka (andoke). ñucñu huasca y shimbaya huasca (quechua): kamalampi (piro). ulcers. caimitillo. nishi y oni (shipi-bo) Hallucinogen MARANTHACEAE Amaranthus Linnaeus caudatus Cedrela L. sanango. Ucayali. bofrusiri (Surimam) Anemia. jipalo. ant bites. teeth and bones malformations. etóna y etsóna (ese aja). xovin y hoy (amahuaca). anemia. Tapiro. leaves. merepopa (huachipaeri). seeds highlands. jungle POACEAE Zea mays POLYPODIACEAE Polypodium Willd. pótogo(matsiguenga ) (Kunth) Mc Camu camu. antihelminthic. decumanum Calaguala. Ushpacaño. tendons. fever. llantai. Colombia. hojé huito. Latex oje. fatigue. colon cancer preventive.Family Scientific Authority Name Ficus Rich. vermifuge. Corazón de Jesús. huitoc. Insípida Oje. malaria. Latex higuerón. bataua Plantago L. distrito Mazán) Seeds and Diarrhea. fever. tanchagem (Portugal). huito. PLANTAGINACEAE Aubl. antitussive Diuretic. antibacterial. fruit oil antidysenteric. ligaments. tropical and subtropical zones of the world Cuzco. immunostimulant. 274 . samambia Roots PORTULACACEAE Portulaca oleracea Verdolaga Whole plant. distrito Fernando Lores. bataua var. immunomodulator. blood Amazones depurative. prevent free radical oxidation in macular degeneration due to age Whole plant. Huacapu Ungurahui Llanten. akumboe (amarakaeri). doctor ojé. snakebites. natural colorant Antiinflammatoy. Coast. major L. leishmaniasis. río Amazonas. rheumatism Antioxidant. Hepatitis.capillary fragility. Medicinal use(s) Geographic International Farmi location distribution ng Grains Visual acuteness. llantén mayor. sting ray bites. night vision. Loreto bark rheumatism (Indiana. ficina. pottó (ashaninca). Amazones purgative. tooth pain. llantén macho. ficin Ficus Willd. Panguana 1º y 2º zona. rumberry. Tamshiyacu. Fruit Vaugh bayberry. anthelmintica Common Names Part(s) Used Leche de oje. yantín (shipibo-conibo) Maiz morado Antihelmintic. L. Contamana. cholesterol lowering. Tropical and subtropical regions Cultivated From Central America to Amazon of Peru Cultivated Bolivia. Ecuador. promote the formation of muscles. hair loss Whole plant. Huanuco. renato. río Itaya. proteolytic activity Hematopoyetic. insipida var. L. gameleira branca y lombrigueira (portugués). camuplus MYRTACEAE Myrciaria dubia OLACACEAE Minquartia guianensis PALMAE Oenocarpus Mart. vitamin C deficiency. Panama Native of Cultivated Eurasia. ila. guavaberry. helminthiasis. ipecac root Corteza de quina. michomentis. garra gavilan. ecorce de quinquina Huito. eigahuen. diabetes. diente de buey. cirrhosis. Roem. 275 Wild . Capirona. ipecacuanha Rich. Colombia. eigahuen (Huaorani). Napo river. mulupo pashca. & zavenna rossa. ontaepome. arthritis. National forest Alexander Von Humbolt National Park. Satipo. toron. Genipa americana L. diarrheas. Momón. quitabultos. anemia. Suriname. vaginal inflammation. tambo huasca. conjuntivitis. prostate cancer. garabato. uterine cancer. jipotatsa. cora. allergies. Panama. antimycotic. tsachik. ontaepome. San Martín and Madre de Dios. roots Loreto Peru Cultivated Panama. Iquitos-Nauta Highwaykm 15. quina. Guyana Chanchamayo. soga espinosa. Brazil Cultivated Mexico to Costa Rica. bronchial problems. Indiana. Cashahuasca (Quichua). Trinidad.F. antitumoral. uña de gato (Ecuador). ex spruceanum Schum. pelagra. bond diseases. of rivers Pichis. colds. anticonceptive. Yarina. asthma.5 and 45. jagua. paotati mosha. colds Stems. prostate cancer. Brasil. ulcers. toront. Panguana 1º and 2º zones. Schult.Family Scientific Authority Name Common Names Part(s) Used leaves RUBIACEAE Calycophyllu (Benth. Kobakedive (waorani) Cephaelis (Brot. Rio. acute and chronic viral infections. antiproliferative breast cancer. unganangi. uncucha. bark Bark. Caribbean Bolivia. Palo Bark. ex Uña de gato. purgative Coughs. fever. Ipecacuana.) J. Uncaria tomentosa Uña de gato. fruits. rheumatism. rheumatism. Mazán river.) A. prevention of cancer. digestive. juito. Fernando Lores) and Ucayali Roots Amoebic dysentery. unganangi (Willd. expectorant Bark Malaria. sap mulato. Guyanas. Nanay. f. Peru. immunostimulant. 1 Corazón de Jesús. casha Medicinal use(s) Geographic International Farmi location distribution ng bronchitis Amazones. Oxapampa. gatuna. Venezuela. genipa Cinchona calisaya Wedd.) DC. gastric ulcers Antiinflammatory. stomachic. Colombia. garabato colorado. willca. Itaya river. Loreto (Quebrada de Ushpacaño. Venezuela. Uncaria guianensis (Aubl. Loreto: alto Amazonas. prostatitis. Bolivia. Codo del Pozuzo. analgesic for sciatica and lumbalgia. ipecacuanhae. diabetes. wound healing.) m Hook. seeds roots Bleeding. Pasco: Oxapampa. Garabato. antiinflammatory. Palcazu and Ecuador Pachitea. Valley Nicaragua. kug kukjaqui. quinidine is antiarrhytmic Bark. samento. Gmel. Tamshiyacu and Topiro. Puerto Rico. hierba flowers hedionda. (Aymara). joa. roots Depurative. Cuzco. antidrandruff Cuzco: Valle del Urubamba. shimon (shipibo-conibo). capulí cimarrón. 276 . chamo tundio. atadijo. & B. camapú. antiinflammatory. yana caspi Dry coughs. Leaves. Loreto. guilma. & Presl. Cusco. Pasco. Dominican Junín. dermatitis. antimalarial Fruit Ascaricidal. Huanuco: Tomaiquichua. Loreto. diarrhea. Junín. corneta jarcha. ñucjau. sanango. kaka. escobilla Trema micrantha (L. toccoro Disinfectant. camambú. emmenagogue. jotojoto. Lambayeque. Martin.) Blume Bolsa mullaca. Cajamarca. hierba del cancer. Lima. Puno. stomatitis. Madre Republic. Ssp. mullaca. breast ulcers Solanum L. El Apurimac. Honduras. San Martin Sedative. Nicaragua. and Paraguay. Ex suaveolens Willd. de Dios. San Martín. Honduras. Cuzco. mammosum ULMACEA Ñucño pichana. Loreto. Junin: Dos de mayo. SOLANACEAE Brugmansia (H. bark Rheumatism. hemorrhoids. Quincemil SCROPHULARIACEAE Scoporia dulcis L. Cajamarca. Yurimaguas Apurimac. Panama. skin mycosis. Huánuco. San Martin Loreto Chiric. Libertad. biliary cramps. Pichis. wounds Toe Leaves Pyodermitis Amazones. hediodinum Whole plant without roots. Guatemala. Amazones. San Colombia. intestinal pain. jua de capote y mata fome (portugués) Teta de vaca Aisegerina. Lima. La Libertad. tunio. Leaves. Comoros. camaru. conjunctivitis Physalis angulata L. eckuack Nicandra physalodes (L. Costa Rica. Venezuela. chuchuhuasha Roots. leishmaniasis Cuzco. La Tanzania. bucho de ra. La Libertad. Pasco Madagascar y Puno Amazones. bronchitis. Brunfelsia D. Junín Hierba santa. Lima. Don.) Gaertn. hemorrhoids. nasal descongestionant Cultivated Mexico to Peru Wild. Nicaragua. Ecuador. capulicimarrón. Salvador. Loreto. fruit. Belize. ccarabranches pamacmara. cultivated West Indies México. Anores huailla Leaves. grandiflora Shulttessi Plow Cestrum Durn. capulin. leaves Febrile and respiratory problems. Huanuco. Huanuco. Piura.Family Scientific Authority Name Common Names Part(s) Used Medicinal use(s) Geographic International Farmi location distribution ng Cuzco: Paucartambo. toropate. bark huitoto. jordanillo. Jamaica. Panama Cajamarca. Costa Huánuco.) Bercht. Madre de Dios. Loreto. dyspepsia. jarrito. juapoca. Rica. Leaves. Dr. Lima. IIAP. Plantas Medicinales de Uso Popular en la Amazonía Peruana. Venezuela. Peru. AECI. Huanuco.. Personal Evaluation. ulcers. vasodilatador. antiemetic Source: Material data sheet. nervous tiredness. Lima. 277 Cultivated . excitation. Junin. Whole plant.B. Verbena. E.shtml. stomach infections. 1995. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Peru. America. insomnia. Amazones.. Peru. Ministerio de Agricultura. leaves ZINGIBERACEAE Zingiber officinale Roscoe Jengibre. Portal agrario..pe/agricola/pro_medi_fichas. Cuzco. Bolivia. Cajamarca.portalagrario. K. Loreto.gob. Tacna cardiac and circulatory Tropical stimulant. excessive intellectual work. 249 p.Family Scientific Authority Name Common Names Part(s) Used Medicinal use(s) Geographic International Farmi location distribution ng Ucayali VALERIANACEAS Valeriana officinalis L. Departamento de Química. Olga Lock Sing. sedative. Valeriane. increase in intestinal motility. Mejía. Raiz de valeriana. Ancash. anxiety. San diabetes Martin. ginger Roots Ecuador.K. Valerian root Roots VERBENACEAE Verbena littoralis H. Lima. Reng. Caribbean digestive. Arequipa. Perú. nervous cardiac and gast Bronchitis. Paraguay Tranquilizer. www. Uncaria tomentosa Herbal medicinal products AGROINDUSTRIAS BACKUS Camu camu fruit (juice. Herbal medicinal products Natural extract of yacon Santa Natura Smallanthus sonchifolius (Poepp. Herbal medicinal products Ajo. Herbal medicinal products Natural extract of cat's claw Santa Natura Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. & Schult. Rob.) DC. Herbal medicinal products AMAZONIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS Dragon's blood Croton lechleri Müll.) H. (paprika). (cat's claw) Medicinal and aromatic plants Natural extract of Maca Santa Natura Lepidium meyenii Walp.) DC. Inventory of the already processed medicinal plants from Peru Company Product Plant Type of product ACM PERU Yacon root Smallanthus sonchifolius (Poepp. Rob. maca root Smallanthus sonchifolius (Poepp.Table 5.) H. (yacon). (cat's claw). paprika.) H. cat's claw Lepidium meyenii Walp. & Schult. ex Roem. Herbal medicinal d t 278 . Medicinal and aromatic plants AGROINDUSTRIAL CHANCHAMAYO Flour and extract of maca root. Capsicum annuum L. Herbal medicinal products AGROINDUSTRIAS FLORIS Medicinal plants (Willd.(maca) Food. Herbal medicinal products ANDEAN PRODUCTS Medicinal plants Not reported Medicinal and aromatic plants AURANDINA Filtrants based on natural ingredients Wawasana digestivo Not reported Herbal tea Wawasana emoliente Not reported Herbal tea Wawasana gripal Not reported Herbal tea Wawasana menta andina Not reported Herbal tea Wawasana relajante Not reported Herbal tea Wawasana uña de gato Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. spray dry) Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) McVaugh Food.(maca). Medicinal and aromatic plants AGROINDUSTRIAS AMAZONICAS Sacha Inchi Plukenetia volubilis L. capsules Allium sativum L.) DC. cat's claw. Arg. Lepidium meyenii Walp. capsules Bixa orellana L.) DC. & Schult. & Schult. Herbal tea BIONATURISTA Herbal tea Medicinal plants Medicinal and aromatic plants Achiote. ex Roem. Herbal medicinal products AGRONATURALES Yacon root. Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. Rob. ex Roem. ex Roem. Diar. Mixtura Gast. Calaguala. Cacao. Herbal medicinal products Graviola. Mixtura Pros. & Schult.) DC. extract Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. (romero). Olea europaea L. capsules Glycine max (L. Diente de león. Cyclanthera pedata (L. Melissa officinalis L.) Burm. Mixture of medicinal plants. (cacao). Herbal medicinal products Berros. (calaguala). Herbal medicinal products Biomax. capsules. Mixtura cole. capsules Phyllanthus niruri L. Pelo de Choclo. Mixtura Fem. powder. Mixtura Relix. (matico). extract Annona muricata L. capsules. Mixtura Ves. Mixtura Sud. Herbal medicinal products Hoja de yuca. (sabila). extract Olea europaea L.) Burm. capsules Solanum melongena L. f. (caigua). Pulmonaria. f. Plantago major L. Cosmetics Macapunch. (olivo). Wigg. Mmixtura Lax. (llanten). (maguey). extract Cynara scolymus L. capsules. Herbal medicinal products Uña de gato. aquaticum L. Herbal medicinal products Granada. Mixtura Ins. Mixtura art. ex Roem. Smallanthus sonchifolius (Poepp. (yacon) Aloe. Aloe vera (L. extract Medicinal plants mixture Herbal medicinal products Camu camu. (ajo). Matico. Llanten. Herbal medicinal products Alfalfa.) Schrad.H. Herbal medicinal d 279 . (melisa). capsules. Yacón Allium sativum L. Agave americana L. Piper acutifolium Ruiz & Pav. capsules Medicago sativa L. Caigua.) Merr. Herbal medicinal products Maca. Theobroma cacao L. Herbal medicinal products Olivo. extract Punica granatum L. Knuth (pasuchaca). Mixtura Mem. Mixtura. capsules. Olivo. Taraxacum officinale F. capsules Manihot esculenta Crantz Herbal medicinal products Lecitina de soya. Mixtura acid. Geranium dielsianum R. gel Aloe vera (L. Fluído vegetal Melisa. Almendra de zapallo. capsules. Pasuchaca. Herbal medicinal products Berenjena. Rob. Parasin. Salvia real y romero.) H.Company Product Plant Type of product products BUPO SAC Alcachofa. Maguey. Sábila. Polypodium decumanum Willd. capsules. (pulmonaria). (malva real). (diente de león). Rosmarinus officinalis L. Lepidium meyenii Walp. capsules. capsules Rorippa nasturtium var. Cucurbita maxima Herbal medicinal products Duchesne (zapallo). Pulmonaria officinalis L. Althaea officinalis L. Mixtura Ren. Mixtura Diu. capsules Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) McVaugh Herbal medicinal products Chancapiedras. capsules Exotic fruits Herbal medicinal products Extracts: Ajo sacha. Malva real. Mixtura Higa. extract Lepidium meyenii Walp. Herbal medicinal products Vinagre de frutas. Mixtura Diab. Herbal medicinal products Bio Maca Rush.) H. gelatinized. encapsulated Uncaria tomentosa (Willd.) H. (maca). Herbal medicinal products Purple corn entire. Smallanthus sonchifolius (Poepp. Herbal medicinal products Lukuma. powder. syrup Smallanthus sonchifolius (Poepp. Medicinal and aromatic plants CHAKARUNAS TRADING Bio Aging Blast Lepidium meyenii Walp.) DC. Rob. lucuma in powder) Food CARBONES Y DERIVADOS Maca root. capsules Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) McVaugh Herbal medicinal products Yacon root. ex Roem. dried extract. Herbal medicinal products Cat's claw cut bark. maca root.) H. Rob. encapsulated Zea mays L. powder. pulverized Lepidium meyenii Walp. Lepidium meyenii Walp. Herbal medicinal products Makaton Power Lepidium meyenii Walp. capsules Zea mays L. Herbal medicinal products Makaton Harina Lepidium meyenii Walp. Herbal medicinal products Bio Maca Blast. Rob. (yacon). capsules Lepidium meyenii Walp. & Schult. & Schult. capsules Lepidium meyenii Walp.) DC. dehydrated Herbal medicinal products Maca root powder. yacon root Lepidium meyenii Walp. Rob. (cat's claw) Yacon root tea. honey. Rob. toasted. Herbal medicinal products Bio Maca Extract. (yacon) Medicinal and aromatic plants CDEPYMES Yacon root Smallanthus sonchifolius (Poepp. dried extract.Company Product Plant extract CABEX Type of product products Yacon. powder Lucuma obovata Kunth Food Purple Corn. (maca). Herbal medicinal products Bio Mega Blast Lepidium meyenii Walp. Herbal medicinal products Camu camu. Herbal medicinal products Medicinal plants Not reported Medicinal and aromatic plants Andean cereals Exotic fruits (Quinua. Smallanthus sonchifolius (Poepp. kiwicha. ex Roem. encapsulated Lepidium meyenii Walp. dried extract. Herbal medicinal products CODEPLAN Medicinal plants in various i Herbal medicinal d 280 .) H.) H. cat's claw Smallanthus sonchifolius (Poepp. Uncaria tomentosa Herbal medicinal products (Willd. Achiote. LINDLEY Yacon root Smallanthus sonchifolius (Poepp. (cat's claw) ECOPRO Azul de huito. (muña). Rob. capsules Copaifera officinalis (Jacq. Rob. capsules Lepidium meyenii Walp. Bixa orellana L.) L. capsules Mixture of medicinal plants Herbal medicinal products Hipocol adelgazante 4 en 1. capsules Smallanthus sonchifolius (Poepp. colorant Oleorresina de paprika. & Schult. Negro de genipa.Company Product Plant presentations Type of product products Aceite de copaiba. (achiote).) DC. (maca). Manihot esculenta Crantz (yuca). (arracacha).) H. capsules Maytenus macrocarpa (Ruiz & Pav. Herbal medicinal products DESHIDRATADOS TROPICALES Maca root in various presentations Lepidium meyenii Walp.) H. Desmodium molliculum (Kunth) DC. Graviola mollis (Kunth) Griseb.) Briq. Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. capsules Croton lechleri Müll. Ahuaymanto. gelatinized. (manayupa). Yacon root. Herbal medicinal products Yacon. Food 281 . Physalis peruviana L. (maca). Lucuma obovata Food Kunth (lucuma). Herbal medicinal products Chanca piedra. Minthostachys products Lucuma. Cyclanthera pedata (flour. Lepidium meyenii Walp. (caigua). (L. capsules Mixture of medicinal plants Herbal medicinal products Maca. & Schult. Herbal medicinal products ECOANDINO Herbal medicinal Maca root. Medicinal and aromatic plants CPX PERU Maca root in various presentations Lepidium meyenii Walp. Arracacha. Herbal medicinal products CORPNATUEFRUIT Flour and instant preparation of Maca. colorant Genipa americana L. Yuca. Herbal medicinal products Sangre de grado. (yacon) CORPORACION JOSE R. Annona muricata L. Lucuma. Yacon root Lepidium meyenii Walp. extracts. Muña. Arracacia Manayupa. (graviola). Camu camu. Herbal medicinal products Uña de gato. Rob. Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) McVaugh (camu camu).) Schrad. Cacao. Herbal medicinal products Achiote-C. capsules Cyclanthera pedata (L. Cat's claw and derivatives xanthorrhiza Bancr. capsules Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. (guanabana). ex Roem. Smallanthus sonchifolius (Poepp. cosmetic Capsicum annuum L. encapsulated) (ahuaymanto). Herbal medicinal products Chuchuhuasi. capsules Bixa orellana L.) DC. Herbal medicinal products Caigua. (yacon). Arg. (cacao). Rob. Theobroma cacao L.) Schrad. Lucuma obovata Kunth (lucuma). Food. Herbal medicinal products Femanina. ex Roem. Smallanthus sonchifolius (Poepp.) H.) H. capsules Phyllanthus niruri L. Caigua. Uña de gato meyenii Walp. Food Ecoprol 2021. Lepidium Herbal medicinal Grado. (uña de gato). Knuth (pasuchaca). Brazil nuts grande). (cúrcuma) Olea europaea L. Cat's claw in various AMAZONICAS NATIVAS presentations Lepidium meyenii Walp. Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. Hercampuri Food Food Herbal medicinal products Lepidium meyenii Walp. (uña de gato) 282 . & Schult. Medicinal Plants. Oregano. (ratania). ex Roem. Sangre de Copaifera officinalis (Jacq. (aceituna). (cipres).) L. Arg. Origanum vulgare L. Cupressus sempervirens L. (Tara) Food Camu camu fruit Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) McVaugh Food EXPORTACIONES Maca root. Maca.) DC.) Briq.(achiote). colorants Bixa orellana L. Maca. (uña de gato). Maiz gigante. Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. (maca). (sangre de grado). Uña de gato. (chancapiedra). (maca). Medicinal and aromatic plants FITOVID Aqueous extracts of medicinal plants Not reported Herbal medicinal products FRUCTUS TERRUM S. Medicinal and aromatic plants Muña Minthostachys spp. Curcuma longa L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Hoja de Graviola. Chancapiedra. Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. (maca).(achiote). leaves and stem Phyllanthus niruri L. (cat's claw) Herbal medicinal products EXPORTACIONES DE LA SELVA Caesalpinia spinosa (Molina) Kuntze Food EMPRESA AGROINDUST. Croton lechleri Müll. Arg. Chuchuhuasi.A.) DC. Ratania. (maíz Herbal medicinal morado).) DC. Phyllanthus niruri L. and species (oregano). Phyllanthus niruri L.) DC. (maíz Aceituna. (maca). (Brazil nuts) Medicinal plants: Uña de gato. ex Roem. Geranium dielsianum R.Company Product Plant Type of product Rojo de ratania Krameria triandra Ruiz & Pav. Achiote. (sangre de grado). Pasuchaca. Zea mays L. Herbal medicinal products Chancapiedra. (copaiba). & Schult. Cúrcuma. Sangre de Grado. Croton products lechleri Müll. (chuchuhuasi). Maytenus macrocarpa (Ruiz & Pav. Zea mays L. natural ingredients Medicinal and aromatic plants Aceite de Copaiba. ex Roem. DEL PERU FITOFARMA Goma de tara Achiote. Chancapiedra. Gentianella alborosea (Gilg) Fabris (hercampuri) Dry Extract: Maca. & Schult. ex Roem. Arg. Herbal medicinal products Uña de gato. Maíz morado. Bixa orellana L. Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl. & Schult. preserver Caesalpinia spinosa (Molina) Kuntze. Hercampuri Krameria triandra Ruiz & Pav. Lepidium meyenii Walp. & Schult. bark Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. ex Roem.) DC. Gentianella alborosea (Gilg) Fabris (hercampuri) FITOMUNDO Resina de Oje Not reported Herbal medicinal products Sangre de Grado (resin) Croton lechleri Müll. Cipres. leaves Annona muricata L. products (chancapiedra). ) Swingle Food INDUQUIMICA Natural World's products distributor INDUSTRIAL AGROCHALLHUA Peruvian purple corn. Herbal medicinal products Chancapiedra Vibe. & Schult. Arg.) DC. ex Roem. (cat's claw). Herbal medicinal products Uña de gato. Herbal medicinal products Maca Fresca Schuler Lepidium meyenii Walp. ex Roem. cream and topical suspension Croton lechleri Müll. & Schult.) DC. tablets Lepidium meyenii Walp. tropical fruits.) DC. ex Roem. tablets Geranium dielsianum R. tablets Gentianella alborosea (Gilg) Fabris Herbal medicinal products Pasuchaca. Herbal medicinal products Uña de gato La Molina. ex Roem. Herbal medicinal products GYRISA Flour and extract of Maca Lepidium meyenii Walp. tablets Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. Herbal medicinal products Herbal medicinal products 283 .) DC. capsules and tablets Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. & Schult. Knuth (pasuchaca) Herbal medicinal products Chocolate con Maca Vibe. cream Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. powder Lepidium meyenii Walp.) H. Cat's claw. Herbal medicinal products Sangre de grado. Herbal medicinal products Maca gelatinizada La Molina. Lucuma plants obovata Kunth (lucuma) GRUPO CONSULTOR Maca and derivatives Lepidium meyenii Walp. & Schult. tablets Phyllanthus niruri L. Food INTERANDINA Yacon root in various presentations Smallanthus sonchifolius (Poepp. (maca). spices. Herbal medicinal products Maca Vibe. tablets Lepidium meyenii Walp.) DC. filtrant Zea mays L. & Schult. Herbal medicinal products Hercampuri Vibe. Herbal tea Uña de gato Schuler Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. Not reported Food IMPEXCO Lemon and its essential oil Citrus aurantifolia (Christm. ex Roem. Uncaria tomentosa Medicinal and aromatic (Willd.Company Product Plant GHAL INVESTMENTS Maca root. Herbal tea Nuevo Hercampuri Schuler Gentianella alborosea (Gilg) Fabris Herbal tea Uña de gato Schuler. Rob. Herbal medicinal products HERSIL SA Type of product Medicinal plants Medicinal and aromatic plants HIRO EXIMPORT Health foods. Lucuma Lepidium meyenii Walp. Company Product Plant Type of product INVERSIONES SAMSARA Medicinal plants Not reported Medicinal and aromatic plants KESHUA / ASHANINKA Medicinal plants caramels Maca root. ex Roem. Arg. & Schult. Herbal medicinal products Super Maca capsules Lepidium meyenii Walp. Machote (dietary supplement Maca. ex Roem. Herbal medicinal products Cat's claw. tablets Lepidium meyenii Walp. Rob. (maca). Herbal medicinal products Cat's claw extract Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. Herbal medicinal products Yacon leaves extract Smallanthus sonchifolius (Poepp. Lepidium meyenii Walp.) DC. & Schult. (achiote) Herbal medicinal products Don Potencio. ex Roem. Herbal medicinal products Maca. kiwicha) Herbal medicinal products (cacao). capsules Lepidium meyenii Walp.) H.) DC. (maca). encapsulated Lepidium meyenii Walp. ex Roem. cacao. Caesalpinia spinosa tara. cat's claw. & Schult. Herbal medicinal products Maca juice Lepidium meyenii Walp. (eucalyptus) Maca root flour. Theobroma cacao L. Herbal medicinal products Sangre de Grado. ex Roem. extracts Herbal medicinal products Herbal medicinal products Cat's claw encapsulated extracts Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. ex Roem. Bixa orellana L. Uncaria tomentosa Herbal medicinal (Willd. Herbal medicinal products Postemax. tablets Croton lechleri Müll. tablets ( Cat's claw and achiote) Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. tablets (aphrodisiac) Not reported Herbal medicinal products LIOFILIZADORA DEL PACIFICO Lyophilized cat's claw Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. (cat's claw). Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. (maca). (achote) Lepidium meyenii Walp. Herbal medicinal Kiwimak (cereal of maca. (kiwicha) products Dehydrated camu camu Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) McVaugh Herbal medicinal products Super Maca Koken flour Lepidium meyenii Walp.) DC. Bixa products orellana L. eucalyptus (Molina) Kuntze (tara). Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. Herbal medicinal products MERIDIAN ENTERPRISE Filtrants based on natural ingredients Not reported Herbal tea KOKEN DEL PERU LABORATORIOS PORTUGAL 284 . & Schult. Herbal medicinal products Valeriana. ex Roem.) DC. & Schult.) DC. cat's claw and achote).) DC.) DC. (cat's claw). (cat's claw). & Schult. Amaranthus caudatus L. & Schult. tablets Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. tablets Valeriana officinalis L. capsules Morinda citrifolia L. Jabón de Maca. ex Roem. capsules Desmodium molliculum (Kunth) DC. Bixa orellana L. capsules Tynanthus panurensis (Bureau) Sandwith (clavo huasca). Herbal medicinal products Noni. capsules Annona muricata L.) DC. (cat's claw) Herbal medicinal products NATURAL LIFE Cosmetics based on medicinal plants: Crema humectante de sábila. (achiote) Herbal medicinal products Guarana. Herbal medicinal products Ehxit (Canela sacha..) Briq. capsules Annona muricata L. Caña brava. & Schult. (maca).) DC. Maytenus macrocarpa (Ruiz & Pav. (ruda). ex Roem.) DC. ex Roem. capsules Lepidium meyenii Walp. Crema para masajes de uña de gato. (chuchuhuasi) Bixa orellana L. Herbal medicinal products Chancapiedra. ex Roem. Shampoo de manzanilla Ajo. capsules Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) McVaugh Herbal medicinal products Graviola. Cat's claw Lepidium meyenii Walp. Ruta graveolens L. (sábila). Bixa orellana L.) DC. Herbal medicinal products Herbal medicinal products 285 . Herbal medicinal products Maíz morado. Catoaba. Herbal medicinal products Noni. Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. capsules Paullinia cupana Kunth Herbal medicinal products Guanabana. capsules Uncaria tomentosa (Willd.) Burm. & Schult. Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. ex Roem. (manzanilla) Cosmetics Allium sativum L. Herbal medicinal products Abuta Abuta grandifolia (Mart. Lepidium meyenii Walp. capsules Zea mays L. (cat's claw).) Sandwith Medicinal and aromatic plants MG NATURA Medicinal plants Not reported Medicinal and aromatic plants NATERI REPRESENTACIONES Medicinal plants Not reported Medicinal and aromatic plants NATUMAX Maca root. Matricaria chamomilla L. capsules Phyllanthus niruri L. capsules Achiote. & Schult. & Schult. Herbal medicinal products Manayupa. Clavo huasca. Jabón de Ruda. capsules Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. Chuchuhuasi). (uña de gato).) DC. & Schult. Herbal medicinal products Lurviol. capsules Aloe vera (L. capsules Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. f.Company Product Plant Type of product Mi Naturaleza Amazonica (MINA) Cat's claw. capsules Morinda citrifolia L. Herbal medicinal products Camu camu. Herbal medicinal products Achi + Uña. Herbal medicinal products Maca Gold. (maca). (flor blanca).) H. Paico. ex Roem. Robinson Herbal medicinal products Camu camu. Alenjo. & Endl. Herbal medicinal products NATURANDINA Yacon root and other medicinal plants Smallathus sonchifolius (Poepp. Algarrobo. Aristeguietia gayana (Wedd. Manayupa. Herbal medicinal products Hoja de yuca. Zarzaparrilla Abuta grandifolia (Mart. Herbal medicinal products Yacon leaf. Múcura.) Sandwith (abuta). Palo Santo. capsules Manihot esculenta Crantz Herbal medicinal products Medicinal plants Medicinal and aromatic plants Maca UP. Carqueja. capsules Lepidium meyenii Walp Herbal medicinal products Purple corn extract. Cyclanthera pedata (L. Herbal medicinal Mentha piperita subsp. Valeriana officinalis L. Prosopis pallida (Humb. Richardson (flor de arena). NATURAL PERU NATURAL WORLD Yacon. Cuti cuti.M. Hierba Luisa. (múcura).) Kunth (algarrobo). (manayupa). Herbal medicinal products Uña de gato .cat's claw.) DC. & Schult. spray Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. (carqueja). Herbal medicinal products Powder: Abuta. (agracejo). Herbal medicinal products Graviola.) H.T. (caigua).) R. Herbal medicinal products Jarabe de Yacon Smallanthus sonchifolius (Poepp.) Schrad. & Bonpl. Bursera graveolens (Kunth) Triana & Planch. Desmodium adscendens (Sw. plants (alenjo).) H. (valeriana). Baccharis articulata (Lam. Asmachilca. (palo santo). Flor de arena. Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Flor blanca. capsules Lepidium meyenii Walp.) H. Buddleja incana Ruiz & Pav. & Schult. (asmachilca). Agracejo. capsules Uncaria tomentosa (Willd.) DC. Petiveria alliacea L. Caigua. ex Willd. capsules Smallathus sonchifolius (Poepp. ex Roem. Arg Herbal medicinal products Cat's claw extract. capsules Zea mays L. Rob.) Pers. Presl (cuti cuti). capsules Uncaria tomentosa (Willd) DC. King & H. Robinson Medicinal and aromatic plants NORPAL Maca root and its flour Lepidium meyenii Walp Medicinal and aromatic plants 286 . sachets. capsules Annona muricata L. Valeriana. capsules Myrciaria dubia (HBK) Mc Vaugh Herbal medicinal products Maca. Ambrosia peruviana Willd. (paico).) Stapf (hierba luisa).Company Product Plant Type of product Sanagola. citrata Briq. Rob. capsules Croton lechleri Muell. Asplenium fragile C. & Endl. Rob. Smilax officinalis Kunth (zarzaparrilla) Dragon's blood extract.. Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) A. capsules Smallanthus sonchifolius (Poepp. Tiquilia paronychioides (Phil. Thymus vulgaris products L..) DC. Berberis Medicinal and aromatic vulgaris L. Herbal medicinal products Camu Camu. bark powder. (sacha inchi). bark fibres. capsules Cynara scolymus L. root. & Endl.) Schrad. Uncaria tomentosa (Willd) DC. plants (caigua). (chuchuhuasi) PANPACIFIC CORPORATION Maca extract Lepidium meyenii Walp PEBANI INVERSIONES Cat's claw. Caigua. Herbal medicinal products Yacon. Chuchuhuasi Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. Herbal medicinal products Premium Maca extract Lepidium meyenii Walp Herbal medicinal products Premium standardized cat's claw extract Uncaria tomentosa (Willd) DC. (graviola) PERUVIAN INVESTMENT Medicinal plants in various presentations Not reported Herbal medicinal products PERUVIAN NATURE Artichoke. (sangre de grado). Sangre de Grado.) Briq. Plukenetia volubilis L. Herbal medicinal products Maca. micropulverized bark capsules. Sacha Inchi. & Schult. Herbal medicinal products Garlic. Maca. Graviola extracts Smallathus sonchifolius (Poepp.) H. capsules Myrciaria dubia (HBK) Mc Vaugh Herbal medicinal products 287 . ex Roem. capsules and tablets. Croton lechleri Müll. Medicinal and aromatic (uña de gato). Medicinal and aromatic plants NOVANDINA Uña de gato.) DC. capsules Allium sativum L. (chancapiedra). powder Caesalpinia spinosa (Molina) Kuntze Herbal medicinal products Rotenone Raw material Tannins Raw material PERU AMAZON EXPORT Camu camu fruit PERUVIAN HERITAGE Medicinal plants Myrciaria dubia (HBK) Mc Vaugh Medicinal and aromatic plants Medicinal and aromatic plants Camu Camu Myrciaria dubia (HBK) Mc Vaugh Herbal medicinal products Premium standardized extract of purple corn Zea mays L. Arg. solution Herbal medicinal products Medicinal and aromatic plants. Arg Herbal medicinal products Tara. Maytenus macrocarpa (Ruiz & Pav. Chancapiedra. extracts. Cyclanthera pedata (L. flour and extract. Lepidium meyenii Walp Herbal medicinal products Grado blood Croton lechleri Muell. Phyllanthus niruri L. Robinson Herbal medicinal (yacon). Annona products muricata L.Company Product Plant Type of product Paprika Dry Norpal Capsicum annuum L. extract Jacaranda copaia (Aubl. Medicinal and aromatic plants Ficin Ficus insipida Willd. Herbal medicinal products Yacon root filters Smallathus sonchifolius (Poepp. Herbal medicinal products Dragon's Blood. Medicinal and aromatic plants Lucuma.) D. capsules Lepidium meyenii Walp Herbal medicinal products Cat's claw. Herbal medicinal products QUIMPER Maca roots and derivatives Lepidium meyenii Walp Herbal medicinal products R. & Endl. (aguaje). Medicinal and aromatic plants Peruvian Brazil nut oil Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl. f.Company PRODEAGRO Product Plant Type of product Purple corn.) L. Medicinal and aromatic plants Copaiba. Cosmetics Tropaeolum majus L. MUELLE Annatto seeds Bixa orellana L.C. Plukenetia volubilis L. dry extract Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. extract Piper angustifolium Lam.) D. extract Schinus molle L.) Kuntze Medicinal and aromatic plants Maca. Robinson Herbal medicinal products PROMPEX TPO Not reported QUALITY PEOPLE PROCESS PRODUCTS Natural cosmetic products: Aguaje. extract Mauritia flexuosa L. Herbal medicinal products Molle.C. capsules Zea mays L Herbal medicinal products Maca. dry extract Lepidium meyenii Walp Medicinal and aromatic l t (inca wira) 288 . extract Croton lechleri Muell.) D.C.) D. Medicinal and aromatic plants Camu camu. Don Herbal medicinal products Matico. dry extract Myrciaria dubia (HBK) Mc Vaugh Medicinal and aromatic plants Cat's claw. Inca Wira Capuchina. flour Pouteria lucuma (Ruiz & Pav.) H. capsule Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. extract Equisetum bogotense Kunth Herbal medicinal products Jacaranda. Arg Herbal medicinal products Cat's claw. Herbal medicinal products Horse tail. balm Copaifera officinalis (Jacq. extract Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. Herbal medicinal products Maca root. talcum powder for feet Moisturizing cream dyus.) DC. Lucuma. f. (cat´s claw). Yacon. Herbal medicinal products Prostatin. capsules Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. Aloe Aloe vera (L. soap tonificante Ruta graveolens L. Cosmetics Medicinal plants Medicinal and aromatic plants Cosmetics Cat's claw. Matricaria chamomilla L/ Aloe vera (L. Rue.Company Product Plant Type of product Tara. Purple corn Lepidium meyenii Walp (maca). soap Hydrating cream dyus Lepidium meyenii Walp plants REATEGUI SIETE Cosmetics Cosmetics Cosmetics Lepidium meyenii Wal/ Aloe vera (L. Herbal medicinal products Paprika RF CAR Cosmetics (purple corn) 289 . Cat's claw.) conditioner Burm. capsules Geranium dielsianum R. & Schult. ex Roem.C.) Burm. Bixa orellana L. extract and micro pulverized Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. Herbal medicinal products Maca. hydrating gel.Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. nail´s gel. Herbal medicinal products Purple corn Zea mays L Herbal medicinal products Rocoto Capsicum pubescens Ruiz & Pav... Arg Herbal medicinal products Chancapiedra..) D. f./ Aloe vera (L. Robinson (yacon). tablets Lepidium meyenii Walp Herbal medicinal products Hercampuri. capsules Gentianella alborosea (Gilg) Fabris Herbal medicinal products Pasuchaca. capsules Phyllanthus niruri L.) D. Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. Knuth Herbal medicinal products Drago blood.C.) H. Pouteria lucuma (Ruiz & Pav.) Kuntze (lucuma). Manzanilla/ Toronja/ Aloe.) Burm. f. Cat's claw/ Aloe.C.C.) Burm. & Endl. shampoo. Food Maca root and derivatives Lepidium meyenii Walp Herbal medicinal products Sacha Inchi oil Plukenetia volubilis L. f.) D. tablets Croton lechleri Muell. Zea mays L Medicinal and aromatic plants Capsicum annuum L. Maca/ Aloe. fine powder Caesalpinia spinosa (Molina) Kuntze Medicinal and aromatic plants RAINLABS Medicinal plants Not reported Medicinal and aromatic plants RAIS VIDA Cosmetics and preventive agents based on medicinal plants Cat's claw masaje cream. Smallathus sonchifolius (Poepp.) D. Croton lechleri Muell.) D. Arg Herbal medicinal products Pampa Orégano tint Lippia alba (Mill..V. Yacon Type of product Herbal medicinal products Smallathus sonchifolius (Poepp. Robinson Herbal medicinal products Aji Amarillo Capsicum baccatum L. & Endl. Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume Myrciaria dubia (HBK) Mc Vaugh (camu camu).C. Herbal medicinal products Copaiba oil Copaifera paupera (Herzog) Dwyer Herbal medicinal products Chuchuhuasha tint Maytenus macrocarpa (Ruiz & Pav.) D. Medicinal and aromatic plants Bolsa Mullaca tint Physalis angulata L. Br. Herbal medicinal products Uña de Gato bark Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. cat's claw.C.) D. yacon.Company Product Plant Cat's claw Uncaria tomentosa (Willd.) Sandwith Herbal medicinal products Confrey tint Symphytum officinale L.) D.. & Endl. yacon root UNIFARM Medicinal plants in capsules and flasks Herbal medicinal products Eucalyptus globulus Labill.) H.) Sandwith. Pseudocalymma alliaceum Herbal medicinal (Lam. Herbal medicinal products Ajo Sacha tint Pseudocalymma alliaceum (Lam. (cat´s claw).) Briq. Food SOCIEDAD AEROCOMERCIAL DEL PERU Natural products Not reported Herbal medicinal products TAKIWASI Ayahuasca Banisteriopsis caapi (Spruce ex Griseb.) H.) C. Herbal medicinal products Sangre de Grado Croton lechleri Muell. Herbal medicinal products Chanca Piedra tint Phyllanthus niruri L. Arg (dragon´s blood) Herbal medicinal products 290 . Ruta graveolens L.C. Robinson plants (yacon). Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. Medicinal and aromatic Smallathus sonchifolius (Poepp.E. Morton Medicinal and aromatic plants Uña de Gato tint Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. Eugenia products aromatica O. dragon's blood. Natural ointment TURMANYE Camu camu fruit.C. Berg.) N. Herbal medicinal products Llantén tint Plantago hirtella Kunth Herbal medicinal products Eucaliptus tint Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Phyllanthus niruri L. ex Roem.) Schrad.) Herbal medicinal Schrad. tablets Variflam. Lepidium meyenii Walp (maca). Knuth (pasuchaca). Cat´s claw. Bixa orellana L. Caigua. capsules Prostaflam. (barberry) Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. capsules Delga 2. Cyclanthera pedata (L. Dragon´s blood. Supplied by Dr.) D. Wigg. Hamamelis virginiana L. Arg (dragon´s blood). (alfalfa). capsules Hepanatur. & Endl. Cassia angustifolia Vahl (senna). Pasuchaca. Berberis vulgaris L. products (cat´s claw). Yacon Medicago sativa L. Valeriana officinalis L. Robinson (yacon) Lepidium meyenii Walp (maca) and mixture of medicinal plants Cyclanthera pedata (L. capsules YACUMAMAN Ayahuasca H. Croton lechleri Muell. (diente de león). Gentianella alborosea (Gilg) Fabris (hercampuri). Cupressus sempervirens L. (hamamelis). Geranium dielsianum R. (valeriana). Uncaria tomentosa (Willd. & Schult. Senna. (cipres) Banisteriopsis caapi (Spruce ex Griseb. Gentianella alborosea (Gilg) Fabris (hercampuri). (chancapiedra). Valerian´s root.Company Product Plant Alfalfa. Smallathus sonchifolius (Poepp.. 291 .H. Hercampuri.) C. Maca.) Maca forte.) DC. Graviola. (ajo) Taraxacum officinale F.C. Peumus boldus Molina (boldo). Morton Type of product Herbal medicinal products Herbal medicinal products Herbal medicinal products Herbal medicinal products Herbal medicinal products Medicinal and aromatic plants Source: Data was retrieved fron each corresponding company’s websites at Table 7. Annona muricata L. Allium sativum L.V. (caigua). Diana Flores (Personal communication). (caigua). (graviola). Chancapiedra. Table 6.Callao Lurin Miraflores De Surco Lima not reported Breña Perfumes and cosmetics ECOPRO NATURAL LIFE QUALITY PEOPLE PROCESS PRODUCTS RAIS VIDA Callao Lima Barranco Lima 292 . List of Peruvian producers by economic sector and economic location Economic sector Producers Geographic location Herbal Medical Products AGROINDUSTRIAL CHANCHAMAYO AGROINDUSTRIAS BACKUS AGROINDUSTRIAS FLORIS AGRONATURALES AMAZONIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS BIONATURISTA BUPO SAC CABEX CHAKARUNAS TRADING CODEPLAN CPX PERU DESHIDRATADOS TROPICALES ECOANDINO EXPORTACIONES AMAZONICAS NATIVAS FITOFARMA FITOMUNDO FITOVID GRUPO CONSULTOR GYRISA INDUQUIMICA INTERANDINA KESHUA / ASHANINKA KOKEN DEL PERU LABORATORIOS PORTUGAL LIOFILIZADORA DEL PACIFICO Mi Naturaleza Amazonica (MINA) NATUMAX NATURAL WORLD PANPACIFIC CORPORATION PEBANI INVERSIONES PERUVIAN INVESTMENT PERUVIAN NATURE PRODEAGRO QUIMPER RF CAR SOCIEDAD AGROCOMERCIAL DEL PERU UNIFARM Lima Lima Lima Ate Iquitos Arequipa Lima Lima Lima Lima Lima Lima Surco Miraflores San Luis Lima Lima Lince San Isidro Lima La Molina Lima Lima Arequipa Miraflores not reported Lima Lima Jesus Maria Lima Chucuito . MUELLE RAINLABS REATEGUI SIETE TAKIWASI TURMANYE YACUMAMAN Source: Analysis of Tables 5 and 7. DEL PERU EXPORTACIONES DE LA SELVA HIRO EXIMPORT IMPEXCO INDUSTRIAL AGROCHALLHUA MERIDIAN ENTERPRISE ACM PERU AGROINDUSTRIAS AMAZONICAS AGROINDUSTRIAS FLORIS ANDEAN PRODUCTS BIONATURISTA CABEX CARBONES Y DERIVADOS CDEPYMES CODEPLAN CORPORACION JOSE R. GHAL INVESTMENTS INVERSIONES SAMSARA MG NATURA NATERI REPRESENTACIONES NATURAL PERU NATURANDINA NORPAL NOVANDINA PEBANI INVERSIONES PERU AMAZON EXPORT PERUVIAN HERITAGE R. LINDLEY EXPORTACIONES DE LA SELVA FRUCTUS TERRUM S. Lima Lima Ate Lima Lima Lima Lima Lima Surco Callao Miraflores Lima Callao Lima Miraflores Nicolas Rodrigo Ate Lima Lima not reported Arequipa Lima Miraflores Huanuco Lima Lima Lima Surquillo San Borja Lima Lima Lima Lima Lima Los Olivos Lima Lima Lima Santiago Surco Callao Ate Lima San Martin Lima not reported 293 .Nutraceuticals and allies Pharmaceutical aids AGROINDUSTRIAL CHANCHAMAYO AGROINDUSTRIAS BACKUS AGRONATURALES AURANDINA CABEX CORPNATUEFRUIT CPX PERU DESHIDRATADOS TROPICALES ECOANDINO ECOPRO EMPRESA AGROINDUST.A. agronat.com Jr. Miraflores CDEPYMES Roger Estacio 062-518399 062-519660 CHAKARUNAS TRADING Sergio Cam 440-3133 252-3717
[email protected] AMAZONIAN Dina Limanco 65236425 NATURAL PRODUCTS www.santanatura.bionaturista.carbomaca. Surquillo.C. List of Peruvian companies Company Contact Phone Fax Email Web Address www.chakarunas.com www.Lima 294 . Lima/Peru CABEX Fernando Cabezudo 348-0409 348-0292 info@cabexperu. Arequipa Huanuco www.es 251-3530.pe CODEPLAN Jose Hernandez Salazar 324-9648 324-4195
[email protected] www.pe
[email protected] www. Saco 346.rcp. Ate ACM PERU Emilio Lozano 436-0666 436-9571 AGROINDUSTRIAS AMAZONICAS Jose Anaya Yaber 345-2019 345-0462 AGROINDUSTRIAL CHANCHAMAYO Alfonso Higa 533-1569 533-1569
[email protected] www. Calle C 265. Ate Urb. Iquitos ANDEAN PRODUCTS Mariela de la Puente
[email protected] Av. La Victoria .cabexperu. Gomez Del Carpio 140 .com Enrique Palacios 355.agrobackus.com.urubamba.andepro. Santa Patricia.Perú AGROINDUSTRIAS FLORIS Carlos Emanuel Tejada 222-4775 422-3351 santanatura@santanatura. Lima com.com/ macapunch Jr.acmperu.industriasamazonicas.com.com.com www. Chorrillos Calle Carlos A. 251-0239.pe BUPO SAC Robert Burns 448-3697 Alberto Poirier 51-14462162
[email protected] www.pe Av. Las Palmeras D-3.com Jamaica 159.com.pe Ricardo Palma 894 Miraflores. Chorillos www.com. 251-0245
[email protected] 065-261632 Los Frutales 430.lindavida. Lima 12 www. Lima 14 AGRONATURALES Antonio Luna 436-5445 476-0166
[email protected] www. 251-0245 251-3530.pe Los Frutales 461.com.Table 7.pe www. Arenales 2570.com AGROINDUSTRIAS BACKUS Esteban Liebminger 241-4500 444-5445 contact@agrobackus. Lima .com. 251-0239.com. La Maquinaria 210.pe 33 Marcos Farfan 3181.com Scipion Llona 140. Lima 12 CARBONES Y DERIVADOS Manuel Salaverry 422-5507 422-5545
[email protected] AURANDINA Juan Alfredo Menacho BIONATURISTA Carolina Silva (51)(1)4501 221-3407 Priselac 699 gerencia@bionaturista. Juan 376-1137 Peña Ponce 458-0090
[email protected] Av.com www.com. Zarate-Lima www.com.ecoprosa. Palacios.ghalinvestments Enrique Seoane 130.pe www. LINDLEY Victor Arturo 459-6082.kyodai. Lima 27 Av.com. Torres de Limatambo. Miraflores icas. Piso 6.pe FITOFARMA Roberto Culotti 326-1097 Parolini 326-1403
[email protected]. 441-0353 LA SELVA Reategui.pe www. San Borja www.com Los Tulipanes 131.ecoandino.incakola. Maria Paredes 421-2972
[email protected] Av Aviación nº 368 Lima-Perú Julio Vegas Solis 339-Chorrillos
[email protected] Rivera Navarrete 762.Company Contact Phone 248-0232 Fax Email Web 241-4133 Address CORPNATUEFRUIT Nelson del Carpio Angamos Este 453. Dos de mayo 1675.pe CPX PERU Fernando Eda 221-0194 221-1093 221-0197 feda@kyodai. exportselva.com www. Limatambo. Argentina 6304.pe 242-8512 FITOMUNDO www. Lima 14 CORPORACION JOSE R. Callao EMPRESA AGROINDUST. San Isidro. Felipe Morales 212-6022 Bermudez 212-6013 GHAL INVESTMENTS Laura Ghiggo 372-4179 372-4179 GRUPO CONSULTOR 221-6947 Alberto Morán 222-5881 Privette Jr.rcp.1617 Urb.com.com.1 Mz.San Francisco.pe ECOANDINO Carlos Samaniego 275-1647 275-1647
[email protected]. Lima 27 Av.com.com.com.pe DESHIDRATADOS TROPICALES Marc Chauvet 326-4814 326-4758 tropics@qnet. Surquillo www.Ind.com
[email protected] Lt.Lince 295 .com FITOVID Miguel Campuñay 251-0226 251-0226 FRUCTUS TERRUM S.ilender. Reducto 1350. Cajamarquilla 1241.pe
[email protected] 323-4365 494-1227 ventas@fitomundo. DEL PERU Takayuka Susuki 449-3548 EXPORTACIONES AMAZONICAS NATIVAS Alberto de Amat 446-6055 akhenyyhashimoto@ exportacionesamazonicas.pe www.exportacionesamazon Av.com. Surco ECOPRO Jaime Pardo 452-1984 464-4088 exports@ecoprosa. San Luis www. Nicolas Arriola 2844.A.pe/ fructus Los Ñandues 193 Urb.com EXPORTACIONES DE Javier Arturo 441-1422.pe Av. Ate Lima 03 Lima
[email protected] Batallon Callao 602.com. Urb. com. OF.com Martin Olaya 129-1501. Lima 296 .com Los Duraznos 153.jmsons.com.Los frutales 220.com LIOFILIZADORA DEL Carlos PACIFICO Desmaison MERIDIAN ENTERPRISE 447-8495 447-7437 Fidel Miranda 434-2140 434-3069 Mi Naturaleza Amazonica (MINA) MG NATURA Web Address Mariano de los Santos 154.Company Contact Phone Fax Email GYRISA Eduardo Ferré 221-3013 221-3012 221-3023
[email protected] INDUQUIMICA Catherine Quintanilla 617-6000 254-8453
[email protected]. Urb. Cerro Colorado.Perú www.impexco. Callao 1 Gerardo Unger 3273. Lima 21 www.com www.pe CALLE MIGUEL GRAU 317. Arequipa www.com.pe LABORATORIOS PORTUGAL Jose Alonso Portugal 054-251292 054-251292
[email protected]. Centro Empresarial Jose Pardo Torre A. Lima 33 Los Jazmines Nº 219 Lima 14 .hersil.com www.com INDUSTRIAL AGROCHALLHUA Olga Almendariz Veiga 241-2921 241-2921 iagrochallhua@terra. Urb. San Isidro www.com KESHUA / ASHANINKA Octavio Zolessi 422-5594 4225494
[email protected] Martin Valdivia 445-9677 942-4884 445-9677
[email protected] Libre.perunatura.com www.pe INTERANDINA Marcial Rodriguez 495-1833 495-1833 INVERSIONES SAMSARA Marcel Verand 435-1078 435-1078
[email protected]. Miraflores Nicolas Rodrigo 174.com Av. 461-5904 461-9137 impexco@infonegocio. Villa Marina . Miraflores Los Sauces 389 La Molina
[email protected] Vitarte Hurtado de Mendoza 193.net.net.induquimica.com Av.com Parque Santa Maria Magdalena 122.Chorrillos Manuel Olaechea 267.com IMPEXCO Hans Roland Feise/Javier Feise/Erlinda Huertas 533-3233.pe HIRO EXIMPORT Rene Hijar Romero 452-7049 452-7049
[email protected]. 101.mannaxx.keshua. Dos de mayo 768 Of. Lima 28 Santa Lucia 152. 101
[email protected] HERSIL SA Jose Luis Silva 435-9377 Martinot 437-4936
[email protected] KOKEN DEL PERU Luis Castillo Huerta 261-0629 261-9525 kokenperu@amauta. La Colonial.pe www.com www.naturaperu.com.com www.com www.rcp.com. naturalperu. San Borja Lima. Lima 18 www.e-norpal. Dos de Mayo 169 Callao.Callao www.com 430-0278 www.org. Urb.induquimica.com www.com Samuel Mac Mahon 334. Ucayali 181.com Arnaldo Marquez 2352.com.pe www. Perú PERU AMAZON EXPORT Hector Yamakawa 422-0620 221-8226
[email protected] Av. Of. Benavides 2199 Oficina 502 (octavo piso). Chucuito .co m PEBANI INVERSIONES Cesar Barriga 346-0965 346-0965 info@pebani. Lucila 152-154 Urb.Benavides 4488.com Calle Las Gardenias MZ I Lote 12.pe PANPACIFIC CORPORATION Hector Tsuchiya 463-2105 463-9355 panpacificcorp@panpacificperu. Lima 41 NATURAL WORLD Christian Taboada Castillo 617-6000
[email protected]. El Zinc 271Urb. Lima NATURAL LIFE Ana Maria del 445-9671 Castillo 445-9671
[email protected]. Lurin. UrbSta. Lima Calle German Gomez Sanchez 443.sni.com www. Lima NATURANDINA Gian Carlo Samudio 426-8204 426-8204
[email protected] Av.com.com www.com Av.Catalina. Lima PERUVIAN HERITAGE Mark Hein 271-5891 271-5891 mhein@repex. Paseo de la Republica 291.Perú NATURAL PERU Carlo Paulet 434-3581 435-6912
[email protected] Av. Lima NORPAL Walter Seras 528-2000 544-3216 wseras@e-norpal. Julio Bayletti 312.net Av.camu-camu. 297 .panpacificperu. Villa Marina.com www.com Av.pe www. Industrias Infantas-Los Olivos NOVANDINA Guillermo Castro 271-6684 271-6684
[email protected] PERUVIAN NATURE Damian Silva Cevallos 430-2954 dsilva@peruviannature. Chorrillos.pe www.schuler.com. Jesus Maria Jr.Santiago Surco PERUVIAN INVESTMENT Luis Takehara 420-1920 Shirota 420-0544 jesica.Company Contact Phone Fax Email Web 476-7325 nateri@terra. Las Praderas de Lurin.com www.1002.com
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[email protected] www. Miraflores Lima 18 . gob.6.pe Av.com Pasaje Los Pinos 190. 042-525479 TURMANYE Francisco Mulanovich 242-9580 365-2333 UNIFARM Javier Salinas 330-2322 Paredes 423-3127 YACUMAMAN Dionisio Santos www.pe www. 104. 80.com Miller 450. 298 .com. 1206. Responsable de Latinpharma Peru.pe www. Of.pe www.raisvida.com.net. Comisión para la Promoción de Exportaciones (PROMPEX). 603-604.com.com Las Palomas 537.com. Tarapoto. Miraflores PRODEAGRO Ruben Revollar 242-8910 242-8910 PROMPEX Max Rodriguez 222-1222 Guillen 421-3938 QUALITY PEOPLE PROCESS PRODUCTS Cecilia Terry Chaves 461-0693 261-8158 3qp@millicom. Stgo. 4. Diana Flores.Company Contact Phone Fax Email
[email protected]. Delucchi No. Of.com Cruz del Sur 227Int.pe www. Perú www.com 522818. Of. 1405. Tte. Barranco com/3qp QUIMPER Michel Guiller 913-1388 Ducher 372-2656 quimperin@viabcp. Lima 18 perusal133@yahoo. ate RAIS VIDA Isabel Arana 222-2080 221-4721 raisvida@infonegocio. San Martín www. Lima 33 rfcar@terra. Urb. 2do Piso. Bolivia 1223 1227. 422-0869 SOCIEDAD AEROCOMERCIAL DEL PERU Hernan Morales Mandoñedo 348-1759 TAKIWASI Jaime Torres Romerio 042042-525479 plantas@takiwasi. Arequipa 2450. 201.pe r7natur@terra. Sector Manufacturas Diversas.com Av.prompex. Data was retrieved fron each corresponding company’s websites. Gerencia de Manufacturas Diversas y Artesanías. Breña 042-526505 Source: Dr.com Calle El Rosario 338 Of. Chacarilla.takiwasi. Lima.perumarketplaces. MUELLE Ricardo Muelle 429-6060 465-5529
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[email protected]. Monterrico Chico.mx unifarm@tsi. Limatambo Lima 34 REATEGUI SIETE Jorge Reategui 452-0330 Gonzales 345-2306 RF CAR Rafael Fernandez 221-8686.pe Web Address www. De Surco R.natsur.com Prolongación Jirón Alerta Nº 466 .com Carretera central Km.turmayefoods.vidnatur. Lima 27 Nicolas Rodrigo 638. 299 .ANNEX 1. Spondias mombin L. Species Plantarum 1: 371.A Model Monograph Spondias mombin L. 1753. Fotografía: CIFLORPAN 300 . FAMILIA: Anacardiaceae FIGURA 11. sheson (Shipibo-conibo). ramas laterales perpendiculares a los ejes principales. jobo blanco. pecíolo 5–6. Spondias aurantiaca Schumach. Don Spondias pseudomyrobalanus Tussac Spondias purpurea var. ylopo (Piro_Yine) (PERÚ) Jobo (VENEZUELA) DESCRIPCIÓN BOTÁNICA Arbol de 7–20 m de altura.) Engl. Spondias zanzee G. Ciruelo de hueso. Rich. glabras a puberulentas. glabra Engl. Spondias nigrescens Pittier Spondias oghigee G. glabros a puberulentos. en panícula frondo-bracteosa de 15–40 cm de longitud. cajá. obo. Ciruelo de Castilla. venación en el haz prominente o subimpresa. a menudo puberulenta en el envés. ciruelo de monte.5–7 cm. agudos y subuncinados. margen ciliado. oblícua. blanco-amarillentos. en el envés prominente. Spondias lutea var. peciólulos terminales hasta 2 cm de longitud. maxima Engl. orocorocillo (BOLIVIA) Acajú. cajarana. ambos teretes. teperbá (BRASIL) Arisco. Ciruelo hobo. Hojas imparipinnadas. Cancharana. Sm. corteza gris. glabra excepto en la porción terminal. braquidódromapinnada con nervios pequeños arqueados. glabros a puberulentos. base redondeada a cuneada o cortamente atenuada. articulados proximalmente. 2. roji (Siona) (ECUADOR) Jobo (PANAMÁ) Amahuaca (Ubus). estambres (8-) 10. Spondias lucida Salisb. dÿí (Ese eja). Spondias cythera Tussac Spondias dubia A. Sépalos 5. lámina 5– 16 x 1. raquis 15–35 cm. hobo. & Thonn.5 cm. Ciruelo.5 x 1–1. Spondias myrobalunus L. ápice acuminado con acumen obtuso a agudo o ápice raramente agudo.5–3. Spondias lutea L. 9–19 folioladas. 0. jobo arisco. segmentos toscos. jobo de castilla. brácteas deltoides.SINÓNIMOS Spondias lutea L. Inflorescencia terminal. Canyarana. curvados a extendidos. lanceolada a ovada o elíptica a oblonga. venulosa Engl. jobo del Amazonas (COLOMBIA) Jobo. Spondias radlkoferi Donn. algunos episépalos de 301 . pedicelos 1–4 mm glabros a pulverulento. jobo. Spondias axillaris Roxb. jobo colorado. peciólulos laterales 1–7 mm. Spondias venulosa (Engl.5 mm.5–1 mm. Don NOMBRES COMUNES EN LOS PAÍSES IBEROAMERICANOS Cedrillo. cóncavos. margen entero o remotamente subcrenado. angostamente ovados a oblongos u obovados. Ciruelo calentano. glabras a pulverulento. lisa o con fisuras levantadas. cartácea. Spondias graveolens Macfad. a menudo subondulado. Spondias lutea var. USOS ETNOMÉDICOS Y MODO DE EMPLEO MENDIETA & DEL AMO (1981).5 mm de ancho. endocarpo 1. estilos (4) 5. verdes a amarillos.n. curan las inflamaciones de las rodillas. es común en terrenos anteriormente cultivados y suelos livianos o medianos.2 mm. pistilo (4) 5 connado. Ecuador. 1972). 10-crenado a crenulado. Para las diarreas. Infrutescencia con muchos frutos. Ghana. ocasionalmente desigual en tamaño. Junín. Huánuco. ET AL. húmedo (BRAKO Y ZARUCCHI. para esto.5 mm de longitud. Se distribuye desde México (y toda Centroamérica) hasta Brasil y Perú. Nigeria. úlceras intestinales. ligeramente comprimido lateralmente. y no pasa de los 1.5 x 0. BARFOD. San Martín. 1984). Colombia. Madre de Dios.m. República Dominicana. Crece en las cimas de los cerros. oblongas. Puerto Rico. 1968). alrededor de 0. se coloca sobre heridas en la piel.5 cm.8-1. 1993). colocan la corteza en agua hirviendo y cuando la preparación está fría la toman frecuentemente. se emplean para reducir la fiebre.5-2 cm. Para tratar el sarpullido se muelen las hojas y se frota el área afectada (BRACK. cuando las mujeres Ticunas dejan de tomar la decocción quedan embarazadas. Esta especie ha sido introducida y naturalizada en África Tropical y Asia (BLACKWEL Y DODSON. hemostáticas y astringentes. Suriname. una vez se haya lavado. Nicaragua. utilizada a diario funciona como anticonceptivo. Gabón. frutos 2-4 x 1-2. tipo de suelo arcilloso. filamentos subulados.2–3 mm y ligeramente más largos que los otros epipétalos. 1987:37). ligeramente curvadas. pero claramente definidos los carpelos. Venezuela. Bolivia. Costa Rica. indican que los frutos aplicados localmente. Especie cultivada e introducida. estigmas lineares. DISTRIBUCIÓN GEOGRÁFICA Y HÁBITAT En Perú se encuentra en Amazonas. También se utiliza para combatir las infecciones de las encías. Según GARCÍA-BARRIGA (1975). disco alrededor de 1. directamente sobre heridas en la piel. mostró 302 . se prepara una infusión con la corteza y se bebe. Pasco. delgados. infecciones de la vagina. diarreas. cilíndricos (fide.(MOZO. La resina extraída de la corteza se aplica. Sus raíces y hojas. Se usa para el tratamiento de las heridas. oblongos a ovoides. Camerún. de bosque seco tropical (BS-T) y de zonas húmedas (BH-T). la corteza la usan los indígenas Ticunas del Amazonas para tratar metrorragia y las polimenorreas.5-3. En el caso de los lavados hay que hervir la corteza durante dos horas y hacer lavados vaginales (durante 2 días). es un árbol deciduo.500 m s. resfriados y para limpiar heridas (ANGEHR. Tiene propiedades cicatrizantes. anteras 0. jugoso. Panamá. las enfermedades del intestino y la vejiga. 1999). Spondias mombin L. Honduras. Loreto. El Salvador. Paraguay. mesocarpo carnoso. Ucayali. ACTIVIDAD FARMACOLÓGICA Y BIOLÓGICA Ensayos in vitro en una variedad resistente de Neisseria gonorrhoeae aislado de pacientes sintomáticos y confirmado por procedimientos bacteriológicos estandarizados. Si la corteza ya está seca se muele hasta obtener un polvo fino. acetato y butirato de hexilo.pequeña actividad con una zona de inhibición de 6. éster etílico del ácido 3-hidroxihexanoico. α-copaeno.. El éster butílico del ácido clorogénico mostró una actividad antiviral contra Herpes simplex 1 (dosis 100 µg/mL). otros ésteres: acetato y butirato de etilo. bencenoides como benzaldehído.. δ-cadineno. Shigella. acetato de geraniol.. 1992). octanoato de etilo). además. β y γ-selineno. el ácido 2-O-cafeoil-(+)-allohidroxicítrico mostró actividad antiviral contra Coxsackie B2 (dosis 100 µg/mL). y el ácido clorogénico no nostró actividad. 303 . etílico y metílico del ácido benzoico. cubenol. de ácido clorogénico. 4-alil-1. βcariofileno. éster metílico del ácido salicílico. nerol. éster butílico del ácido clorogénico y el ácido 2-O-cafeoil-(+)allohidroxicítrico (CORTHOUT ET AL. aplicando 50 μL de la tintura (equivalente a 50 mg del material vegetal inicial) (CÁCERES ET AL. y fueron inactivos contra otros hongos y bacterias a la misma concentración (CORTHOUT ET AL. 2-metilpropanal. S.. 1992). alcoholes (2 y 3-metil-1-butanol. El geraniin y galloilgeraniin muestran actividad antiviral contra los virus Coxsackie B2 y Herpex simplex tipo 1 a una concentración de 50 µg/mL. óxido de linalol. Extractos acuosos de la hojas poseen QUÍMICA Las hojas y tallos contienen los elagitaninos geraniin y galoilgeraniin. ésteres etílico y hexílico del ácido hexanoico. actividad abortiva (OFFIAH ET AL. De acuerdo con BARROS ET AL. éster metílico de eugenol. α y δ-terpineol.. La actividad mostrada por los cafeoil ésteres es menos pronunciado que la de los elagitaninos (CORTHOUT ET AL. propilo y butilo. cetona (3-metil-2-butanona).3-trimetoxibenceno. TOXICIDAD Y ESTUDIOS CLÍNICOS Puede producir náuseas o vómitos pasajeros. 3hidroxibutanoato de etilo. (1970). monoterpenos (linalol. éster etílico del ácido caproico y caprílico. Los frutos contienen vitaminas como el ácido ascórbico.6 mm en el de la corteza. 1991).2. ésteres (butanoato de etilo y de hexilo. curcumeno) (SAGRERO-NIEVES ET AL. terpinen-4-ol. 1995).. 2-metilpentanal. Ambos compuestos muestran una débil actividad antibacterial contra Enterobacter aeruginosa y Proteus vulgaris a 500 µg/mL. octan-1-ol). α-humuleno.2. 1991).0 mm en el caso de la tintura alcohólica de las hojas y de 7. 1989). sesquiterpenos (α y δ-cadinol. Streptoccocus. Pseudomonas. ésteres butílico. β-cubebeno. 1992). Los extractos etanólicos al 5% y acuoso al 20% fueron activos contra Escherichia. acetato de butilo. 2-metil-1-propanol (ALDELEJI ET AL. cis y trans-β-ocimeno. éster butílico del ácido caproico.3trimetoxibenceno. En el aceite esencial de los frutos aldehídos (butanal). pentanal. sesquiterpenos: óxido de cariofileno. Estos resultados confirman la actividad antiherpes previamente encontrados para el geraniin y taninos relacionados por medio del ensayo “formación de placa”. 5-alil-1. mombin mostró actividad cardiorespiratoria sobre ratones y pequeños peces de laboratorio. GARCÍA-BARRIGA. BLACKWELL. Planta Medica 60(5): 460-463. J. BogotaColombia. Agr.BIBLIOGRAFIA ADEDEJI. 1989. Missouri-U. 1987.Y. J. Citado en CORREA. Editora Guadalupe Ltda. PIETERS. 50pp. Antiviral ellagitannins from Spondias mombin. & DODSON. p. 137-139pp. J. H. Jour.. Antibacterial and molluscicidal phenolic acids from Spondias mombin.Y. O.. 1984. ET AL. Primera edición. ET AL. Universidad Nacional de Colombia.Y. 1991. Especies vegetales promisorias de los países del Convenio Andrés Bello. 1989. L. 1992. Free and glycosidically bound aroma compounds in hog plum (Spondias mombin L. Bogotá-Colombia. CORTHOUT. Primera edición. Citado en CORREA. 1999 Diccionario Enciclopédido de Plantas útiles al Perú..).A.G. J. A. ET AL. Tomo I. Missouri Bot. 1975. BogotaColombia.. CORTHOUT. 1991. Primera edición. ANGEHR.& ZARUCCHI. 184-195pp. G. 22(2):116-122. ET AL. Especies vegetales promisorias de los países del Convenio Andrés Bello. 1985. Cusco. Int.Y.J.. A. Catálogo de las angiospermas y gimnospermas del Perú. Editora Guadalupe Ltda. H. W. L. J. SHONUKAN. Citado en CORREA. Tomo I. J. Primera edición. Antigonorrhoeal activity of plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. Panamá. O. 184-195pp.. Missouri Botanical Garden. HARTMAN.. Pharmacol. Ethnopharmacol. J.E. & BERNAL H. 184-195pp. & BERNAL H. AJAO. Tomo I. Spondias mombin Linneo...H. 304 . 1968. Pharm. 1989. Edit. A. CORTHOUT. 30: 36-38. BARFOD. CACERES. J. PNUD-Centro de Estudios Regionales Bartolomé de las Casas. ET AL. T. F. Phytochemistry 30(4): 1129-1130. Tomo II. Spondias mombin L. In Flora of Ecuador..H. COLEY P. CORREA.. Bogotá-Colombia. & BERNAL H. Editora Guadalupe Ltda. L. 23(2):67-72. J. PIETERS. Bogota-Colombia. Antiviral caffeoil esters from Spondias mombin. Bot.. Pharmacological screening of some Brazilian plants. BRAKO.471.E. Primera edición. Food Chem. Ann. 48: 85-88. Editoriales de la Imprenta Nacional.. Garden 54(3):365-367.S. Especies vegetales promisorias de los países del Convenio Andrés Bello. BRACK. Panamá. Guía de los árboles comunes del Parque Nacional Soberanía. ET AL.. ET AL. 37pp. MENENDEZ. Especies vegetales promisorias de los países del Convenio Andrés Bello Tomo I. PIETERS. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales. 39(9):1494-1499. 1994. C.E. ET AL. J. Nordic Journ.E. & BERNAL H. en Flora of Panama. 1970.. 1989. L. Crude Drug Res. G. MATOS. 1995. Impretex. Antibacterial effect of aqueous and alcohol extracts of Spondias mombin and Alchornea cordifolia. J.G. Editora Guadalupe Ltda. J. Phytochemistry 31(6): 1979-1981. Botánica Médica. 1993. 184-195pp. Flora medicinal de Colombia. Two local antimicrobial remedies.. BARROS. & RENGIFO. 305 . S. México. 1992. Bogota-Colombia. & BERNAL H. & DE POOTER. T.168-169 MENDIETA. Algunas especies para reforestación. J.L. 28pp. & BERNAL H. En CORREA. Lima-Perú. Compañía editorial Continental. & DEL AMO.MEJIA. Plantas medicinales del Estado de Yucatán. E.E. 1989.. OFFIAH. MOZO. Primera edición. Abortifacient activity of an aqueous extract of Spondias mombin leaves. 184-195pp.N. R.A. Citado en CORREA. ABC. 1989. Plantas medicinales de uso popular en la Amazonía Peruana. H. ANYANWU. 1981. Tomo I.M. J. 184-195pp. 1995. 1989. Ed. Bogota-Colombia. J. V.). Primera edición. S. Ethnopharmacol. AECI. 1972.E. Editora Guadalupe Ltda. p. Primera edición.Y. Editora Guadalupe Ltda. I. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones sobre Recursos Bióticos. 203206pp. Especies vegetales promisorias de los países del Convenio Andrés Bello. Essential Oil Res.Y. Edit. 4(4): 535-537. K. ET AL. Especies vegetales promisorias de los países del Convenio Andrés Bello. Tomo I. SAGRERO-NIEVES. Primera edición. 26(3): 317-320. Volatiles of the jobo fruits (Spondias mombin L.. L. J.