5067 CHEMISTRY (WITH PRACTICAL EXAM) O LEVEL (2013) CHEMISTRY INTRODUCTION GCE ORDINARY LEVEL (Syllabus 5067) This syllabus is designed to place less emphasis on factual materials and greater emphasis on the understanding and application of scientific concepts and principles. This approach has been adapted in recognition of the need for students to develop skills that will be of long term value in an increasingly technological world rather than focusing on large quantities of factual materials, which may have only short term relevance. It is important that, throughout the course, attention should be drawn to: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) the finite life of the world’s resources and hence the need for recycling and conservation; economic considerations in the chemical industry, such as the availability and cost of raw materials and energy; the social, environmental, health and safety issues relating to the chemical industry; the importance of chemicals in industry and in everyday life. It is envisaged that teaching and learning programmes based on this syllabus will feature a wide variety of learning experiences designed to promote acquisition of expertise and understanding. Teachers are encouraged to use a combination of appropriate strategies including developing appropriate practical works for their students to facilitate a greater understanding of the subject. AIMS These are not listed in order of priority. The aims are to: 1. provide, through well designed studies of experimental and practical chemistry, a worthwhile educational experience for all students, whether or not they go on to study science beyond this level and, in particular, to enable them to acquire sufficient understanding and knowledge to 1.1 1.2 1.3 become confident citizens in a technological world, able to take or develop an informed interest in matters of scientific import; recognise the usefulness, and limitations, of scientific method and to appreciate its applicability in other disciplines and in everyday life; be suitably prepared and stimulated for studies beyond Ordinary level in chemistry, in applied sciences or in science-dependent vocational courses. 2. develop abilities and skills that 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 are relevant to the study and practice of science; are useful in everyday life; encourage efficient and safe practice; encourage effective communication. 3. develop attitudes relevant to science such as 3.1 3.2 accuracy and precision; objectivity; 1 5067 CHEMISTRY (WITH PRACTICAL EXAM) O LEVEL (2013) 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 4. 5. integrity; enquiry; initiative; inventiveness. stimulate interest in and care for the environment. promote an awareness that 5.1 the study and practice of science are co-operative and cumulative activities, and are subject to social, economic, technological, ethical and cultural influences and limitations; the applications of sciences may be both beneficial and detrimental to the individual, the community and the environment; science transcends national boundaries and that the language of science, correctly and rigorously applied, is universal; the use of information technology is important for communications, as an aid to experiments and as a tool for interpretation of experimental and theoretical results. 5.2 5.3 5.4 ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES A Knowledge with Understanding Students should be able to demonstrate knowledge and understanding in relation to: 1. 2. scientific phenomena, facts, laws, definitions, concepts, theories; scientific vocabulary, terminology, conventions (including symbols, quantities and units contained in ‘Signs, symbols and systematics 16-19’, Association for Science Education, 2000); scientific instruments and apparatus, including techniques of operation and aspects of safety; scientific quantities and their determination; scientific and technological applications with their social, economic and environmental implications. 3. 4. 5. The subject content defines the factual knowledge that candidates may be required to recall and explain. Questions testing these objectives will often begin with one of the following words: define, state, describe, explain or outline. (See the Glossary of Terms.) B Handling Information and Solving Problems Students should be able – in words or by using symbolic, graphical and numerical forms of presentation – to: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. locate, select, organise and present information from a variety of sources; translate information from one form to another; manipulate numerical and other data; use information to identify patterns, report trends and draw inferences; present reasoned explanations for phenomena, patterns and relationships; make predictions and propose hypotheses; solve problems. 2 4. Weighting of Assessment Objectives Theory Papers (Papers 1 and 2) A B Knowledge with Understanding. deduce. candidates are required to use principles and concepts that are within the syllabus and apply them in a logical. apparatus and materials. 5. candidates will be expected to suggest a modification or an extension which does not need to be executed. In one or both of the questions in Paper 3.5067 CHEMISTRY (WITH PRACTICAL EXAM) O LEVEL (2013) These assessment objectives cannot be precisely specified in the subject content because questions testing these objectives may be based on information which is unfamiliar to the candidates. (See the Glossary of Terms). 2. 3. apparatus and materials. follow a sequence of instructions. the number of marks associated with this element will be in the range of 10% to 20% of the total marks available for the practical test. C Experimental Skills and Investigations Students should able to: 1. In answering such questions. 3 . Practical Assessment (Paper 3) Paper 3 is designed to test appropriate skills in C. approximately 55% of the marks with approximately 20% allocated to recall. measurements and estimates. make and record observations. calculate or determine. use techniques. Depending on the context in which the modification/extension element is set. 6. Experimental Skills and Investigations. select techniques. plan investigations. interpret and evaluate observations and experimental results. Handling Information and Solving Problems. Questions testing these objectives will often begin with one of the following words: predict. reasoned or deductive manner to a novel situation. suggest. approximately 45% of the marks. evaluate methods and suggest possible improvements. A copy of the Data Sheet ‘Colours of Some Common Metal Hydroxides’ and ‘The Periodic Table of the Elements’ will be printed as part of this Paper. This question will carry 8-12 marks.5067 CHEMISTRY (WITH PRACTICAL EXAM) O LEVEL (2013) SCHEME OF ASSESSMENT Candidates are required to enter for Papers 1. which does not need to be executed. Paper 2 (1 h 45 min. Practical Assessment Paper 3 (1 h 30 min. 40 marks. one of which will be a data-based question requiring candidates to interpret. Paper 1 2 3 Type of Paper Multiple Choice Structured and Free Response Practical Test Duration 1h 1 h 45 min 1 h 30 min Marks 40 80 30 Weighting 30% 50% 20% Theory Papers Paper 1 (1 h. A copy of the Notes for Use in Qualitative Analysis will be printed as part of this Paper. candidates will be expected to suggest a modification or an extension. In one or both of the questions. scaled to 30) consisting of two compulsory questions. The last question will be presented in an either/or form and will carry 10 marks. Section A will carry 50 marks and will consist of a variable number of compulsory structured questions. 2 and 3. evaluate or solve problems using a stem of information. consisting of two sections. The first two questions are compulsory questions. consisting of 40 compulsory multiple choice items of the direct choice type. 4 . 40 marks). Section B will carry 30 marks and will consist of three questions. 80 marks). A copy of the Data Sheet ‘Colours of Some Common Metal Hydroxides’ and ‘The Periodic Table of the Elements’ will be printed as part of this Paper. ATMOSPHERE ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 10. 7. The Periodic Table Metals V. 6. Organic Chemistry 5 .5067 CHEMISTRY (WITH PRACTICAL EXAM) O LEVEL (2013) CONTENT STRUCTURE SECTION I. PERIODICITY 8. 9. 2. Air 11. CHEMISTRY OF REACTIONS 4. 5. Stoichiometry and the Mole Concept III. Bases and Salts IV. 3. Topic Experimental Chemistry The Particulate Nature of Matter Formulae. VI. II. EXPERIMENTAL CHEMISTRY ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND STOICHIOMETRY 1. Electrolysis Energy from Chemicals Chemical Reactions Acids. 1 Experimental design (a) name appropriate apparatus for the measurement of time. In this section. 1 Experimental Chemistry Content 1. e. while working in the laboratory. temperature. he lost an eye in a laboratory explosion due to the lack of proper eye protection. and the experimental techniques.2 Methods of purification and analysis (a) describe methods of separations and purification for the components of the following types of mixtures: (i) solid-solid (ii) solid-liquid (iii) liquid-liquid (miscible and immiscible) Techniques to be covered for separations and purification include: (i) use of a suitable solvent. Robert Bunsen spent most of his time doing experiments in the laboratory and at the age of 25. including burettes.3 Identification of ions and gases Learning Outcomes: Candidates should be able to: 1. Students need to be aware of the importance of purity in the electronic. including collection of gases and measurement of rates of reaction 1.1 Experimental design 1.2 Methods of purification and analysis 1. pharmaceutical. Students should be able to appreciate the need for precision and accuracy in making readings and also value the need for safe handling and disposing of chemicals. It is important for students to learn the techniques of handling laboratory apparatus and to pay special attention to safety while working in the laboratory. foodstuffs and drugs.5067 CHEMISTRY (WITH PRACTICAL EXAM) O LEVEL (2013) SUBJECT CONTENT SECTION I: EXPERIMENTAL CHEMISTRY Overview Chemistry is typically an experimental science and relies primarily on practical work. pipettes.g. mass and volume. and be allowed to try out different methods of purification and analysis in school science laboratories. measuring cylinders and gas syringes (b) suggest suitable apparatus. Robert Bunsen. given relevant information. Accidents happened even to German chemist. students examine the appropriate use of simple apparatus and chemicals. is important 6 . food and beverage industries. for a variety of simple experiments. filtration and crystallisation or evaporation (ii) sublimation (iii) distillation and fractional distillation (iv) use of a separating funnel (v) paper chromatography (b) describe paper chromatography and interpret chromatograms including comparison with ‘known’ samples and the use of Rf values (c) explain the need to use locating agents in the chromatography of colourless compounds (d) deduce from the given melting point and boiling point the identities of substances and their purity (e) explain that the measurement of purity in substances used in everyday life. chloride (by reaction of an aqueous solution with nitric acid and aqueous silver nitrate).3 Structure and properties of materials 2. and concentrations introduce students to the fundamentals of stoichiometry. iron(III). ammonium. chlorine (using damp litmus paper).6 Metallic bonding Learning Outcomes: Candidates should be able to: 2. reacting masses and volumes.4 Ionic bonding 2.g. In this section. oxygen (using a glowing splint) and sulfur dioxide (using acidified potassium dichromate(VI)) SECTION II: ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND STOICHIOMETRY Overview For over 2 000 years. and the bonding in elements and compounds.5067 CHEMISTRY (WITH PRACTICAL EXAM) O LEVEL (2013) 1. carbon dioxide (using limewater).1 Kinetic particle theory (a) describe the solid.2 Atomic structure 2. calcium. lead(II) and zinc (formulae of complex ions are not required) describe tests to identify the following anions: carbonate (by the addition of dilute acid and subsequent use of limewater). The knowledge of atomic structure opens the door for students to understand the world of chemical reactions.3 (a) (b) (c) Identification of ions and gases describe the use of aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia to identify the following aqueous cations: aluminium.5 Covalent bonding 2. It translates to mean something that is indivisible. e. Calculations involving chemical formulae. At the time. tea and coffee grains in water (d) state qualitatively the effect of molecular mass on the rate of diffusion and explain the dependence of rate of diffusion on temperature 7 . the spread of perfumes and cooking aromas. This simple model could explain the millions of different materials around us. the Greek Leucippus and his pupil Democritus coined the term atomos to describe the smallest particle of matter. Students are also introduced to the use of models and theories in the study of the structures of atoms. people have wondered about the fundamental building blocks of matter. chemist. molecules and ions. liquid and gaseous states of matter and explain their interconversion in terms of the kinetic particle theory and of the energy changes involved (b) describe and explain evidence for the movement of particles in liquids and gases (the treatment of Brownian motion is not required) (c) explain everyday effects of diffusion in terms of particles. Differences between the atoms give the elements their different chemical properties. iodide (by reaction of an aqueous solution with nitric acid and aqueous lead(II) nitrate).1 Kinetic particle theory 2. iron(II). copper(II). the idea of atoms and chemical bonding being the most important fundamental concept in Chemistry is introduced. 2 The Particulate Nature of Matter Content 2. there were about 35 known elements. As far back as 440 BC. In the eighteenth century. John Dalton. revived the term when he suggested that each element was made up of unique atoms and the atoms of an element are all the same. nitrate (by reduction with aluminium and aqueous sodium hydroxide to ammonia and subsequent use of litmus paper) and sulfate (by reaction of an aqueous solution with nitric acid and aqueous barium nitrate) describe tests to identify the following gases: ammonia (using damp red litmus paper). hydrogen (using a burning splint). MgCl2 state that ionic materials contain a giant lattice in which the ions are held by electrostatic attraction.2 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) 2. a neutron and an electron describe. the structure of an atom as containing protons and neutrons (nucleons) in the nucleus and electrons arranged in shells (energy levels) (no knowledge of s. sand (silicon dioxide). e. e. Stoichiometry and the Mole Concept Learning Outcomes: Candidates should be able to: (a) state the symbols of the elements and formulae of the compounds mentioned in the syllabus (b) deduce the formulae of simple compounds from the relative numbers of atoms present and vice versa 8 . p. limited to binary compounds relate the physical properties (including electrical property) of ionic compounds to their lattice structure Covalent bonding describe the formation of a covalent bond by the sharing of a pair of electrons in order to gain the electronic configuration of a noble gas describe.g. lubricating or cutting action (candidates will not be required to draw the structures) deduce the physical and chemical properties of substances from their structures and bonding and vice versa Ionic bonding describe the formation of ions by electron loss/gain in order to obtain the electronic configuration of a noble gas describe the formation of ionic bonds between metals and non-metals. NaCl (candidates will not be required to draw diagrams of ionic lattices) deduce the formulae of other ionic compounds from diagrams of their lattice structures. e. the formation of covalent bonds between nonmetallic elements.3 (a) (b) Atomic structure state the relative charges and approximate relative masses of a proton. O2. NaCl.g.g. diamond. e. iodine. CH4. using ‘dot-and-cross’ diagrams.g. with the aid of diagrams. neutrons and electrons in atoms and ions given proton and nucleon numbers Structure and properties of materials describe the differences between elements. e. with those of giant molecular substances. CO2 deduce the arrangement of electrons in other covalent molecules relate the physical properties (including electrical property) of covalent substances to their structure and bonding Metallic bonding describe metals as a lattice of positive ions in a ‘sea of electrons’ relate the electrical conductivity of metals to the mobility of the electrons in the structure 3 Formulae. graphite in order to deduce their properties compare the bonding and structures of diamond and graphite in order to deduce their properties such as electrical conductivity.6 (a) (b) define the term isotopes deduce the numbers of protons.5 (a) (b) (c) (d) 2. poly(ethene). a copy of the Periodic Table will be available in Papers 1 and 2) define proton (atomic) number and nucleon (mass) number interpret and use symbols such as 12 6 C (c) (d) 2. H2O.4 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) 2. compounds and mixtures compare the structure of simple molecular substances. H2. methane. d and f classification will be expected.5067 CHEMISTRY (WITH PRACTICAL EXAM) O LEVEL (2013) 2.g. 4 Electrolysis Learning Outcomes: Candidates should be able to: (a) describe electrolysis as the conduction of electricity by an ionic compound (an electrolyte). and salts in water are composed of ions. when molten or dissolved in water. bases. He also proposed a simple yet beautiful model of neutralisation – the combination of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions to form water. hydroxides and sulfates (e. Mr. and also their reactions with substances. inert electrodes are used. including ionic equations define relative atomic mass. Students should be able to appreciate the importance of proper laboratory techniques and precise calculations for accurate results. built a powerful battery to pass electricity through molten salts. the factors affecting the rate of reaction and also the energy changes during a reaction. A new era of electrochemistry started when Humphry Davy (1778-1829). They should also value the knowledge of the hazardous nature of acids/alkalis and the safe handling. storing and disposing of chemicals. calcium and magnesium. aqueous copper(II) sulfate and dilute sodium chloride solution (as essentially the electrolysis of water)) (iii) concentration effects (as in the electrolysis of concentrated and dilute aqueous sodium chloride) (In all cases above. bases and salts. Ar define relative molecular mass. and calculate relative molecular mass (and relative formula mass) as the sum of relative atomic masses calculate the percentage mass of an element in a compound when given appropriate information calculate empirical and molecular formulae from relevant data calculate stoichiometric reacting masses and volumes of gases (one mole of gas occupies 24 dm3 at room temperature and pressure).) apply the concept of solution concentration (in mol/dm3 or g/dm3) to process the results of volumetric experiments and to solve simple problems (Appropriate guidance will be provided where unfamiliar reactions are involved. and the importance of controlling variables in making comparisons. leading to the decomposition of the electrolyte (b) describe electrolysis as evidence for the existence of ions which are held in a lattice when solid but which are free to move when molten or in solution (c) describe. calculations involving the idea of limiting reactants may be set (The gas laws and the calculations of gaseous volumes at different temperatures and pressures are not required. with state symbols.5067 CHEMISTRY (WITH PRACTICAL EXAM) O LEVEL (2013) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l) deduce the formulae of ionic compounds from the charges on the ions present and vice versa interpret chemical equations with state symbols construct chemical equations. by liberating them from their molten compounds.) 9 . Swedish chemist.) calculate % yield and % purity SECTION III: CHEMISTRY OF REACTIONS Overview Chemists like Humphry Davy and Svante Arrhenius played important roles in providing a comprehensive understanding of what happens in chemical reactions. students examine the chemical decomposition of substances by electrolysis. the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride. Svante Arrhenius. characteristic properties of acids. using inert electrodes (d) predict the likely products of the electrolysis of a molten binary compound (e) apply the idea of selective discharge based on (i) cations: linked to the reactivity series (see 9. a British chemist.2) (ii) anions: halides. sodium. In this section.g. such as potassium. in terms of the mobility of ions present and the electrode products. in 1887. He discovered elements. proposed the theory that acids. electron gain/loss and changes in oxidation state (d) describe the use of aqueous potassium iodide and acidified potassium dichromate(VI) in testing for oxidising and reducing agents from the resulting colour changes 10 .6.2 Redox (a) define oxidation and reduction (redox) in terms of oxygen/hydrogen gain/loss (b) define redox in terms of electron transfer and changes in oxidation state (c) identify redox reactions in terms of oxygen/hydrogen gain/loss. reacting with oxygen to generate electricity directly in a fuel cell (details of the construction and operation of a fuel cell are not required) 6 Chemical Reactions Content 6. as a potential fuel.5067 CHEMISTRY (WITH PRACTICAL EXAM) O LEVEL (2013) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) predict the likely products of the electrolysis of an aqueous electrolyte.2 Redox Learning Outcomes: Candidates should be able to: 6.1 Speed of reaction (a) describe the effect of concentration. pressure. copper plating.1(c) and 10(d)) (e) suggest a suitable method for investigating the effect of a given variable on the speed of a reaction (f) interpret data obtained from experiments concerned with speed of reaction 6.g. e.1 Speed of reaction 6. derived from water or hydrocarbons. particle size and temperature on the speeds of reactions and explain these effects in terms of collisions between reacting particles (b) define the term catalyst and describe the effect of catalysts (including enzymes) on the speeds of reactions (c) explain how pathways with lower activation energies account for the increase in speeds of reactions (d) state that some compounds act as catalysts in a range of industrial processes and that enzymes are biological catalysts (see 5(b). given relevant information describe the electrolysis of aqueous copper(II) sulfate with copper electrodes as a means of purifying copper (no technical details are required) describe the electroplating of metals.2) and redox reactions (in terms of electron transfer) 5 Energy from Chemicals Learning Outcomes: Candidates should be able to: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) describe the meaning of enthalpy change in terms of exothermic (∆H negative) and endothermic (∆H positive) reactions represent energy changes by energy profile diagrams. including reaction enthalpy changes and activation energies (see 6. given relevant information construct ionic equations for the reactions occurring at the electrodes during the electrolysis. two electrodes in an electrolyte) linked to the reactivity series (see 9.1(c). 6.e.1(d)) describe bond breaking as an endothermic process and bond making as an exothermic process explain overall enthalpy changes in terms of the energy changes associated with the breaking and making of covalent bonds describe hydrogen. and state one use of electroplating describe the production of electrical energy from simple cells (i. carbonates. given appropriate information Ammonia describe the use of nitrogen.2 (a) H+ + OH. basic. sulfates (including barium.2(a) (methods for preparation should include precipitation and titration together with reactions of acids with metals.3 (a) (b) (c) (d) 11 . insoluble bases and insoluble carbonates) describe the general rules of solubility for common salts to include nitrates. e. manufacture of ammonia describe the essential conditions for the manufacture of ammonia by the Haber process describe the displacement of ammonia from its salts (b) (c) 7.g.3 Ammonia Learning Outcomes: Candidates should be able to: 7. Bases and Salts Content 7. separation and purification of salts as examples of some of the techniques specified in Section 1. in the manufacture of wood pulp for paper and as a food preservative (by killing bacteria) Salts describe the techniques used in the preparation. hydroxides. amphoteric or neutral based on metallic/non-metallic character classify sulfur dioxide as an acidic oxide and state its uses as a bleach.→ H2O.5067 CHEMISTRY (WITH PRACTICAL EXAM) O LEVEL (2013) 7 Acids. chlorides (including silver and lead).1 Acids and bases (a) describe the meanings of the terms acid and alkali in terms of the ions they produce in aqueous solution and their effects on Universal Indicator (b) describe how to test hydrogen ion concentration and hence relative acidity using Universal Indicator and the pH scale (c) describe qualitatively the difference between strong and weak acids in terms of the extent of ionisation (d) describe the characteristic properties of acids as in reactions with metals.2 Salts 7. as neutralisation describe the importance of controlling the pH in soils and how excess acidity can be treated using calcium hydroxide describe the characteristic properties of bases in reactions with acids and with ammonium salts classify oxides as acidic. from cracking oil. from air. (g) (h) (i) (j) 7. and hydrogen. bases and carbonates (e) state the uses of sulfuric acid in the manufacture of detergents and fertilisers. in the manufacture of ammonia state that some chemical reactions are reversible. Group I cations and ammonium salts suggest a method of preparing a given salt from suitable starting materials.1 Acids and bases 7. calcium and lead). and as a battery acid (f) describe the reaction between hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions to produce water. In this section.4 Recycling of metals 9. a Russian chemist. state and their displacement reactions with solutions of other halide ions (c) describe the elements in Group 0 (the noble gases) as a collection of monatomic elements that are chemically unreactive and hence important in providing an inert atmosphere. was published in 1869 by Dmitri Mendeleev. helium in balloons.2 Group properties (a) describe lithium. students examine the periodic trends and group properties of elements. and also the need for conserving some of the finite resources. argon and neon in light bulbs. low density metals showing a trend in melting point and in their reaction with water (b) describe chlorine. 8 The Periodic Table Content 8.1 Periodic trends 8. bromine and iodine in Group VII (the halogens) as a collection of diatomic non-metals showing a trend in colour. The most famous and successful classification.3 Extraction of metals 9.2 Reactivity series 9. reactivity and uses. widely accepted by chemists. their properties. argon in the manufacture of steel (d) describe the lack of reactivity of the noble gases in terms of their electronic structures 9 Metals Content 9. sodium and potassium in Group I (the alkali metals) as a collection of relatively soft. His Periodic Table arranged the elements known at that time.5 Iron 12 . e.1 Properties of metals 9.g.2 Group properties Learning Outcomes: Candidates should be able to: 8. Students should be able to appreciate the development of the Periodic Table and hence to envisage that scientific knowledge changes and accumulates over time. in order of increasing atomic masses.1 Periodic trends (a) describe the Periodic Table as an arrangement of the elements in the order of increasing proton (atomic) number (b) describe how the position of an element in the Periodic Table is related to proton number and electronic structure (c) describe the relationship between group number and the ionic charge of an element (d) explain the similarities between the elements in the same group of the Periodic Table in terms of their electronic structure (e) describe the change from metallic to non-metallic character from left to right across a period of the Period Table (f) describe the relationship between group number. occurrence of metals.5067 CHEMISTRY (WITH PRACTICAL EXAM) O LEVEL (2013) SECTION IV: PERIODICITY Overview The development of the Periodic Table started in the 1800s as chemists began to recognise similarities in the properties of various elements and place them in families. number of valency electrons and metallic/non-metallic character (g) predict the properties of elements in Group I and VII using the Periodic Table 8. copper. cutlery. limestone and coke in the blast furnace (b) describe steels as alloys which are a mixture of iron with carbon or other metals and how controlled use of these additives changes the properties of the iron. and stainless steel.g. chemical plants.3 Extraction of metals (a) describe the ease of obtaining metals from their ores by relating the elements to their positions in the reactivity series 9.g. (ii) the reduction. if any. magnesium. lead. brass. recycling of iron (b) discuss the social. potassium. e. It is now recognised that pollutants such as sulfur dioxide.g. oxides of nitrogen. In the last few decades. car bodies.g. iron. e. of the metals with water.1 Properties of metals (a) describe the general physical properties of metals as solids having high melting and boiling points. In this section. if any. steam and dilute hydrochloric acid. (hydrogen). good conductors of heat and electricity in terms of their structure (b) describe alloys as a mixture of a metal with another element. the sources of air pollutants and their effects are examined. e. scientists and the general public began to realise the adverse effects of pollutants on the air we breathe. malleable. underwater pipes have a piece of magnesium attached to them SECTION V: ATMOSPHERE Overview Our atmosphere has been taken for granted in the past. e. illustrated by its reaction with (i) the aqueous ions of the other listed metals (ii) the oxides of the other listed metals (c) deduce the order of reactivity from a given set of experimental results (d) describe the action of heat on the carbonates of the listed metals and relate thermal stability to the reactivity series 9. painting. Students should be able to value the knowledge of the hazardous nature of pollutants and the environmental issues related to air pollution.5 Iron (a) describe and explain the essential reactions in the extraction of iron using haematite.4 Recycling of metals (a) describe metal ores as a finite resource and hence the need to recycle metals. galvanising (e) describe the sacrificial protection of iron by a more reactive metal in terms of the reactivity series where the more reactive metal corrodes preferentially. of their oxides by carbon and/or by hydrogen (b) describe the reactivity series as related to the tendency of a metal to form its positive ion. sodium and zinc by reference to (i) the reactions. economic and environmental issues of recycling metals 9. surgical instruments (d) describe the essential conditions for the corrosion (rusting) of iron as the presence of oxygen and water.g. machinery. 13 .2 Reactivity series (a) place in order of reactivity calcium. e. stainless steel (c) identify representations of metals and alloys from diagrams of structures (d) explain why alloys have different physical properties to their constituent elements 9. silver. e. high carbon steels are strong but brittle whereas low carbon steels are softer and more easily shaped (c) state the uses of mild steel.5067 CHEMISTRY (WITH PRACTICAL EXAM) O LEVEL (2013) Learning Outcomes: Candidates should be able to: 9. e. plastic coating. prevention of rusting can be achieved by placing a barrier around the metal.g. and particulates released into the atmosphere as a result of energy generation and increased use of motor vehicles. have serious health and environmental consequences.g. greasing. functional group. chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) (g) describe the carbon cycle in simple terms. a compound found in urine.4 Alcohols 11. some basic concepts of organic chemistry such as homologous series. In this section. 11 Organic Chemistry Content 11. and even the food that we eat are examples of organic compounds. methane. Students should be able to value the need for assessing the impacts of the use of synthetic materials and the environmental issues related to the use of plastics. Air Learning Outcomes: Candidates should be able to: (a) describe the volume composition of gases present in dry air as being approximately 79% nitrogen.2 Alkanes 11. under laboratory conditions. They should recognise that materials such as plastics. chemists believed that all organic chemicals originated in tissues of living organisms. carbon monoxide. ozone. alcohols and carboxylic acids. challenged this belief and synthesised the organic compound urea. Students should be able to identify and name unbranched alkanes. detergents and medicines. sulfur dioxide. students examine the sources of fuels. Friedrich Wohler. give the sources of these gases and discuss the possible consequences of an increase in global warming SECTION VI: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Overview In the nineteenth century.1 Fuels and crude oil 11.1(d)) (ii) the use of calcium carbonate to reduce the effect of ‘acid rain’ and in flue gas desulfurisation (e) discuss some of the effects of these pollutants on health and on the environment (i) the poisonous nature of carbon monoxide (ii) the role of nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide in the formation of ‘acid rain’ and its effects on respiration and buildings (f) discuss the importance of the ozone layer and the problems involved with the depletion of ozone by reaction with chlorine containing compounds.5067 CHEMISTRY (WITH PRACTICAL EXAM) O LEVEL (2013) 10.5 Carboxylic acids 14 . e. His work led other chemists to attempt the synthesis of other organic compounds. unburned hydrocarbons (c) state the sources of these pollutants as (i) carbon monoxide from incomplete combustion of carbon-containing substances (ii) nitrogen oxides from lightning activity and internal combustion engines (iii) sulfur dioxide from volcanoes and combustion of fossil fuels (d) describe the reactions used in possible solutions to the problems arising from some of the pollutants named in (b) (i) the redox reactions in catalytic converters to remove combustion pollutants (see 6.3 Alkenes 11. respiration and photosynthesis (ii) how the carbon cycle regulates the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (h) state that carbon dioxide and methane are greenhouse gases and may contribute to global warming. nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2). alkenes. general formula and structural formula. and polymers.g. 20% oxygen and the remainder being noble gases (with argon as the main constituent) and carbon dioxide (b) name some common atmospheric pollutants. to include (i) the processes of combustion. in 1828. 5067 CHEMISTRY (WITH PRACTICAL EXAM) O LEVEL (2013) 11. and name the unbranched alkenes. C1 to C4. e. methanol to butanol (c) describe the properties of alcohols in terms of combustion and oxidation to carboxylic acids (d) describe the formation of ethanol by the catalysed addition of steam to ethene and by fermentation of glucose 15 . ethene to butene (c) describe the manufacture of alkenes and hydrogen by cracking hydrocarbons and recognise that cracking is essential to match the demand for fractions containing smaller molecules from the refinery process (d) describe the difference between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons from their molecular structures and by using aqueous bromine (e) describe the properties of alkenes (exemplified by ethene) in terms of combustion. C1 to C4. steam and hydrogen (f) state the meaning of polyunsaturated when applied to food products (g) describe the manufacture of margarine by the addition of hydrogen to unsaturated vegetable oils to form a solid product 11. viscosity. and petroleum as sources of energy (b) describe petroleum as a mixture of hydrocarbons and its separation into useful fractions by fractional distillation (c) name the following fractions and state their uses (i) petrol (gasoline) as a fuel in cars (ii) naphtha as feedstock for the chemical industry (iii) paraffin (kerosene) as a fuel for heating and cooking and for aircraft engines (iv) diesel as a fuel for diesel engines (v) lubricating oils as lubricants and as a sources of polishes and waxes (vi) bitumen for making road surfaces (d) state that the naphtha fraction from crude oil is the main source of hydrocarbons used as the feedstock for the production of a wide range of organic compounds (e) describe the issues relating to the competing uses of oil as an energy source and as a chemical feedstock 11. C2 to C4.4 Alcohols (a) describe the alcohols as an homologous series containing the -OH group (b) draw the structures of alcohols.2 Alkanes (a) describe an homologous series as a group of compounds with a general formula. flammability (b) describe the alkanes as an homologous series of saturated hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n+2 (c) draw the structures of branched and unbranched alkanes. methane to butane (d) define isomerism and identify isomers (e) describe the properties of alkanes (exemplified by methane) as being generally unreactive except in terms of burning and substitution by chlorine 11. similar chemical properties and showing a gradation in physical properties as a result of increase in the size and mass of the molecules.3 Alkenes (a) describe the alkenes as an homologous series of unsaturated hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n (b) draw the structures of branched and unbranched alkenes. and name the unbranched alcohols.g. polymerisation and the addition reactions with bromine.1 Fuels and crude oil (a) name natural gas. and name the unbranched alkanes. melting and boiling points. mainly methane.6 Macromolecules Learning Outcomes: Candidates should be able to: 11. flavourings.5067 CHEMISTRY (WITH PRACTICAL EXAM) O LEVEL (2013) (e) 11. parachutes. as a solvent. a polyester.g. solvents Macromolecules describe macromolecules as large molecules built up from small units. plastic bags. reacting with carbonates. ethyl ethanoate state some commercial uses of esters. bases and some metals describe the formation of ethanoic acid by the oxidation of ethanol by atmospheric oxygen or acidified potassium dichromate(VI) describe the reaction of a carboxylic acid with an alcohol to form an ester. as a constituent of alcoholic beverages Carboxylic acids describe the carboxylic acids as an homologous series containing the -CO2H group draw the structures of carboxylic acids. e.g. sleeping bags describe the pollution problems caused by the disposal of non-biodegradable plastics 16 . a polyamide.g. as a fuel. fishing line. methanoic acid to butanoic acid. e. perfumes. clothing.5 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) 11. methanoic to butanoic acids describe the carboxylic acids as weak acids. e.g.g. e. different macromolecules having different units and/or different linkages describe the formation of poly(ethene) as an example of addition polymerisation of ethene as the monomer state some uses of poly(ethene) as a typical plastic.6 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) state some uses of ethanol. and Terylene. clingfilm deduce the structure of the polymer product from a given monomer and vice versa describe nylon. e. as condensation polymers. and name the unbranched acids. the partial structure of nylon being represented as O C O C N H H O N C O C N H N H and the partial structure of Terylene as O C (f) (g) O C O O O C O C O O (Details of manufacture and mechanisms of these polymerisations are not required) state some typical uses of man-made fibres such as nylon and Terylene. curtain materials. by their nature. A knowledge of acid/alkali titrations using methyl orange or screened methyl orange will be assumed.g. This assessment is provided in Paper 3 as a formal practical test and is outlined in the Scheme of Assessment. copper(II). The exercise may include simple chromatography. text books or any other information in the Practical Examination. chloride. (d) problems of an investigatory nature. Candidates may also be required to perform simple calculations. full instructions and other necessary information will be given. if titrations other than acid/alkali are set. Such experiments will depend on the use of usual laboratory apparatus. possibly including suitable organic compounds. 1 Practical Syllabus for Paper 5067/3 (a) A volumetric analysis problem. (e) simple paper chromatography. iodide. (c) measurements of temperature based on thermometers with 1 °C graduations. Candidates are not allowed to refer to notebooks. experimental. oxygen and sulfur dioxide) as detailed in the Notes for Use in Qualitative Analysis which will be included with the question paper. It is therefore important that an assessment of a candidate’s knowledge and understanding of Chemistry should include a component relating to practical work and experimental skills. burette and an indicator such as methyl orange or screened methyl orange. carbon dioxide. chlorine. (g) tests for oxidising and reducing agents as specified in the syllabus. (h) identification of ions and gases as specified in the syllabus. by specified experiments. iron(II). Paper 3 Practical Test This paper is designed to assess a candidate’s competence in those practical skills that can realistically be assessed within the context of a formal test of limited duration. This question paper will contain notes on qualitative analysis for the use of candidates in the examination. an unknown substance or mixture. Simple titrations involving other reagents may be set but full instructions and other necessary information will be given. tests for oxidising and reducing agents and filtration. iron(III). and with the tests for the anions (carbonate. (b) speeds of reaction. An observational problem in which the candidate will be asked to investigate. textbooks or any other information in the Practical Examination. and sulfate) and gases (ammonia. The questions in the practical paper may include: (b) (c) 17 . Candidates are not allowed to refer to note books. Exercises involving organic substances and ions not on the list above may be set but candidates will only be required to record observations and to draw general conclusions. ammonium. e. calcium. hydrogen. based on one set of titrations. nitrate. lead(II) and zinc). a temperature change or the rate of a reaction. Candidates may be asked to carry out exercises based on: (a) quantitative experiments involving the use of a pipette. (f) filtration. An experiment that may involve the determination of some quantity. Systematic analysis will not be required but it will be assumed that candidates will be familiar with the reactions of the following cations with aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia (aluminium.5067 CHEMISTRY (WITH PRACTICAL EXAM) O LEVEL (2013) PRACTICAL ASSESSMENT Scientific subjects are. e. tripods) that are commonly regarded as standard equipment in a chemical laboratory are not included. 3 Apparatus List for 5067/3 This list given below has been drawn up in order to give guidance to schools concerning the apparatus that is expected to be generally available for examination purposes. 20 cm3 or 25 cm3 A pipette filler Two conical flasks within the range 150 cm3 to 250 cm3 A measuring cylinder. times to the nearest second. ensuring good mixing. Answers should include details of colour changes and precipitates formed and the names and chemical tests for any gases evolved. or other plastic beaker of approximate capacity 150 cm3 Clocks (or wall-clock) to measure to an accuracy of about 1s. in an experiment with a good end-point. approximately 150 mm x 25 mm Stirring rod 18 . (Where clocks are specified. until no further change is seen. candidates may use their own wrist watch if they prefer. Equations are not required and marks for deductions or conclusions can only be gained if the appropriate observations are recorded.5 °C. (b) (c) In qualitative exercises candidates should use approximately 1 cm depth of a solution (1–2 cm3) for each test and add reagents slowly. 50 cm3 One pipette. 2 Practical Techniques for 5067/3 The following notes are intended to give schools and candidates an indication of the accuracy that is expected in quantitative exercises and general instructions for qualitative exercises.) Wash bottle Test-tubes (some of which should be Pyrex or hard glass). 50 cm3 or 25 cm3 A filter funnel A beaker. approximately 125 mm x 16 mm Boiling tubes.5067 CHEMISTRY (WITH PRACTICAL EXAM) O LEVEL (2013) Candidates may also be required to carry out simple calculations as detailed in the theory syllabus. One burette.2 cm3. The rate of allocation is “per candidate”. two titres within 0.1 cm3 and they should ensure that they have carried out a sufficient number of titrations. squat form with lip: 250 cm3 A thermometer. (a) Candidates should normally record burette readings to the nearest 0. Candidates should normally record: temperature readings to the nearest 0. Candidates should indicate at what stage a change occurs. The list is not intended to be exhaustive: in particular.g. -10 °C to +110 °C at 1 °C A polystyrene. items (such as Bunsen burners. 0 mol/dm3) Nitric acid (approximately 1. The list is not intended to be exhaustive and the ‘Instructions to Supervisors’ issued several weeks in advance of the examination will give a full list of all the reagents that are required for each practical examination. These Instructions also contain advice about colour-blind candidates.02 mol/dm3) Aqueous potassium iodide (approximately 0.0 mol/dm3) Sulfuric acid (approximately 0.05 mol/dm3) Aqueous barium nitrate or aqueous barium chloride (approximately 0. 19 .5 mol/dm3) Aqueous silver nitrate (approximately 0. The attention of Centres is drawn to the Handbook for Centres which contains a section on science syllabuses which includes information about arrangements for practical examinations. Failure to supply such information may cause candidates to be unavoidably penalised.0 mol/dm3) Aqueous ammonia (approximately 1.2 mol/dm3) Aqueous lead(II) nitrate (approximately 0.5067 CHEMISTRY (WITH PRACTICAL EXAM) O LEVEL (2013) 4 Reagents List for 5067/3 This list given below has been drawn up in order to give guidance to schools concerning the standard reagents that are expected to be generally available for examination purposes.1 mol/dm3) Aluminium foil Red and blue litmus paper or Universal Indicator paper Supervisors are reminded of their responsibilities for supplying the Examiners with the information specified in the Instructions.0 mol/dm3) Hydrochloric acid (approximately 1.1 mol/dm3) Aqueous potassium manganate(VII) (approximately 0. Aqueous sodium hydroxide (approximately 1.2 mol/dm3) Limewater (a saturated solution of calcium hydroxide) Aqueous potassium dichromate(VI) (approximately 0. insoluble in excess red-brown ppt.... carbon dioxide produced white ppt.5067 CHEMISTRY (WITH PRACTICAL EXAM) O LEVEL (2013) NOTES FOR QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS Test for anions anion carbonate (CO32–) chloride (Cl –) [in solution] iodide (I–) [in solution] nitrate (NO3–) [in solution] sulfate (SO42–) [in solution] test add dilute acid acidify with dilute nitric acid. yellow ppt.] Test for gases gas ammonia (NH3) carbon dioxide (CO2) chlorine (Cl2) hydrogen (H2) oxygen (O2) sulfur dioxide (SO2) test and test result turns damp red litmus paper blue gives white ppt. dissolves with excess CO2) bleaches damp litmus paper “pops” with a lighted splint relights a glowing splint turns aqueous acidified potassium dichromate(VI) from orange to green 20 . ammonia produced white ppt.. with limewater (ppt. then add aqueous lead(II) nitrate add aqueous sodium hydroxide.. then add aqueous barium nitrate test result effervescence. warm carefully acidify with dilute nitric acid. soluble in excess giving a colourless solution [Lead(II) ions can be distinguished from aluminium ions by the insolubility of lead(II) chloride. soluble in excess giving a dark blue solution green ppt.... insoluble in excess white ppt. light blue ppt... insoluble in excess green ppt. insoluble in excess white ppt. then aluminium foil. insoluble in excess red-brown ppt.. Test for aqueous cations cation aluminium (Al3+) ammonium (NH4+) calcium (Ca2+) copper(II) (Cu2+) iron(II) (Fe2+) iron(III) (Fe3+) lead(II) (Pb2+) zinc (Zn2+) effect of aqueous sodium hydroxide white ppt.. soluble in excess giving a colourless solution effect of aqueous ammonia white ppt.. insoluble in excess light blue ppt. insoluble in excess no ppt. soluble in excess giving a colourless solution ammonia produced on warming white ppt. insoluble in excess white ppt. then add aqueous silver nitrate acidify with dilute nitric acid. soluble in excess giving a colourless solution white ppt. not by factual recall but by analogy or by using information in the question. 6. describe and give an account of should be interpreted more generally. length. Measure implies that the quantity concerned can be directly obtained from a suitable measuring instrument. the candidate has greater discretion about the nature and the organisation of the material to be included in the answer. Estimate implies a reasoned order of magnitude statement or calculation of the quantity concerned. Measurement. Such information may be wholly given in the question or may depend on answers extracted from an earlier part of the question. Candidates should appreciate that the meaning of a term must depend in part on its context. 8. i. substituting measured or known values of other quantities into a standard formula. Comment is intended as an open-ended instruction.e. It is often used with reference either to particular phenomena or to particular experiments. Outline implies brevity. Discuss requires candidates to give a critical account of the points involved in the topic.g. Apparatus. with no elaboration. working should be shown. 11. restricting the answer to giving essentials. In the former instance. Calculate is used when a numerical answer is required. 4. e. Predict also implies a concise answer with no supporting statement required. making such simplifying assumptions as may be necessary about the points of principle and about values of quantities not otherwise included in the question. Only a formal statement or equivalent paraphrase being required. 9. 15. Find is a general term that may be variously interpreted as calculate.e. List requires a number of points. determine etc. i. generally each of one word. taking account of the number of marks available. Describe and explain may be coupled in a similar way to state and explain. 16. or angle. Describe requires candidates to state in words (using diagrams where appropriate) the main points of the topic. 3.e. In other contexts.g. 5. e. using a protractor. using a rule. Where a given number of points is specified. 10. 14. it is neither exhaustive nor definitive. this should not be exceeded. 12. Classify requires candidates to group things based on common characteristics. especially where two or more steps are involved. depending on the context. Construct is often used in relation to chemical equations where a candidate is expected to write a balanced equation. Determine often implies that the quantity concerned cannot be measured directly but is obtained by calculation. 2. 7. 21 . Predict or deduce implies that the candidate is not expected to produce the required answer by recall but by making a logical connection between other pieces of information. Compare requires candidates to provide both similarities and differences between things or concepts. The glossary has been deliberately kept brief not only with respect to the number of terms included but also to the descriptions of their meanings. In the latter instance the answer may often follow a standard pattern. In general. 13. Explain may imply reasoning or some reference to theory. inviting candidates to recall or infer points of interest relevant to the context of the question. i. 1. Define (the term(s)…) is intended literally. Method. the term usually implies that the answer should include reference to (visual) observations associated with the phenomena. Results and Precautions. measure.5067 CHEMISTRY (WITH PRACTICAL EXAM) O LEVEL (2013) GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN CHEMISTRY PAPERS It is hoped that the glossary (which is relevant only to science papers) will prove helpful to candidates as a guide. but candidates should be aware that. 22 . 20. e. especially where two or more terms are included in the question. when applied to graph work. State implies a concise answer with little or no supporting argument. 19.g. either to imply that there is no unique answer. In diagrams. depending on the context.g. together with some relevant comment on the significance or context of the term(s) concerned.) normally implies that a definition should be given. i. What do you understand by/What is meant by (the term(s). nevertheless. some quantitative aspects may be looked for. implies that the shape and/or position of the curve need only be qualitatively correct. 18. having the intercept. Sketch. or to imply that candidates are expected to apply their general knowledge to a ‘novel’ situation. one that may be formally ‘not in the syllabus’. e.5067 CHEMISTRY (WITH PRACTICAL EXAM) O LEVEL (2013) 17.. care should be taken over proportions and the clear exposition of important details. The amount of supplementary comment intended should be interpreted in light of the indicated mark value..e. asymptote or discontinuity at a particular value. passing through the origin. Suggest is used in two main contexts. a numerical answer that can be obtained ‘by inspection’. freehand drawing is acceptable. sketch implies that a simple. however students can use either spelling in their answers.5067 CHEMISTRY (WITH PRACTICAL EXAM) O LEVEL (2013) SPECIAL NOTE Nomenclature Students will be expected to be familiar with the nomenclature used in the syllabus. percentages. although either of the usual symbols for the benzene ring is acceptable. i. subtract. Any calculator used must be on the Singapore Examinations and Assessment Board list of approved calculators. use positive. use of dm3 in place of l or litre will be made. full structural formulae (displayed formulae) in answers should show in detail both the relative placing of atoms and the number of bonds between atoms. providing they are in accordance with the regulations stated in the “UCLES Handbook for Centres” (General Certificate of Education). 4. recognise and use standard notation. the inclusion of units in quantities defined as ratios or quoting answers to an inappropriate number of significant figures. use direct and inverse proportion. add. is liable to be penalised. 14. Symbols and Systematics" (The Association for Science Education Companion to 16-19 Science. ≈ . recognise and use the relationship between length. and their units on metric scales. in order to avoid difficulties arising out of the use of l as the symbol for litre. 10. 23 . 2000) will generally be adopted although the traditional names sulfate. Hence. decimals. 5. MATHEMATICAL REQUIREMENTS Calculators may be used in all parts of the examination. whole number indices. –CONH2 and –CO2H are not satisfactory as full structural formulae. 7. sulfurous and nitrous acids will be used in question papers. It is intended that. 9. make approximate evaluations of numerical expressions. nitrate. Sulfur (and all compounds of sulfur) will be spelt with f (not with ph) in question papers. failure to quote units where necessary. sulfite. use averages. fractions. 11.e. recognise and convert between appropriate units. Units and significant figures Candidates should be aware that misuse of units and/or significant figures. 13. 3. solve equations of the form x = yz for any one term when the other two are known. multiply and divide. comprehend and use the symbols/notations <. ratios and reciprocals. interpret charts and graphs. 12. select suitable scales and axes for graphs. 8. surface area and volume. In chemistry. nitrite. draw charts and graphs from given data. The proposals in "Signs. Candidates should be able to: 1. 6. 2. >. ∝ comprehend how to handle numerical work so that significant figures are neither lost unnecessarily nor used beyond what is justified. ).p.Group I II 1 III H hydrogen IV V VI VII 0 4 He 11 12 14 16 19 2 helium 7 9 1 20 Li 3 lithium Be 4 beryllium B 5 boron C 6 carbon N 7 nitrogen O 8 oxygen F 9 fluorine Ne 10 neon 23 24 27 Na 11 sodium Mg magnesium Al 28 31 32 35.5 Si 14 silicon P phosphorus S 16 sulfur Cl 40 Ar 18 argon 39 12 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 64 65 13 aluminium 70 73 15 75 79 17 chlorine 80 84 K 19 potassium Ca 20 calcium Sc 21 scandium Ti 22 titanium V 23 vanadium Cr 24 96 Mn 25 – Fe 26 101 iron Co 27 103 cobalt Ni 28 106 nickel Cu 29 108 copper Zn 30 112 zinc Ga 31 115 gallium Ge germanium As 33 122 arsenic Se 34 128 selenium Br 35 127 bromine Kr 36 131 krypton chromium manganese 85 88 89 91 93 Rb 37 rubidium Sr 38 strontium Y 39 yttrium Zr 40 zirconium Nb 41 niobium Mo 42 184 Tc Ru 45 Rh rhodium Pd 46 palladium Ag 47 silver Cd 48 cadmium molybdenu technetium ruthenium m 43 44 49 indium In 32 119 Sn 50 tin Sb 51 antimony Te 52 tellurium 53 iodine I Xe 54 xenon 24 133 137 139 178 181 186 190 192 77 iridium Cs 55 caesium Ba 56 barium La lanthanum Hf * 72 hafnium Ta 73 tantalum W 74 tungsten Re 75 rhenium Os 76 osmium Ir 195 197 201 204 Pt 78 platinum Au 79 gold Hg 80 mercury Tl 207 209 – – – Pb 82 lead Bi 83 bismuth Po 84 polonium At 85 astatine Rn 86 radon – – 57 – 81 thallium Fr 87 francium Ra 88 radium Ac 89 actinium † *58-71 Lanthanoid series †90-103 Actinoid series 140 141 144 – 150 152 157 159 162 165 167 169 173 175 Ce Key b a a = relative atomic mass X = atomic symbol b = proton (atomic) number Pr 59 – Nd 60 238 Pm 61 – Sm 62 – 63 Eu europium Gd gadolinium Tb 65 terbium Dy dysprosium Ho 67 holmium Er 68 erbium Tm 69 thulium Yb 70 ytterbium Lu 71 lutetium X 58 232 cerium praseodymium neodymium promethium samarium – 64 – – 66 – – – – – – Th 90 thorium Pa protactinium U 92 uranium Np 93 neptunium Pu 94 plutonium Am 95 americium Cm 96 curium Bk 97 berkelium Cf 98 99 Es Fm 100 fermium Md 101 No 102 Lr lawrencium 91 californium einsteinium mendelevium nobelium 103 The volume of one mole of any gas is 24 dm3 at room temperature and pressure (r.t. . 5067 CHEMISTRY (WITH PRACTICAL EXAM) O LEVEL (2013) Colours of Some Common Metal Hydroxides aluminium hydroxide calcium hydroxide copper(II) hydroxide iron(II) hydroxide iron(III) hydroxide lead(II) hydroxide zinc hydroxide white white light blue green red-brown white white 25 .