30_Flight_in_turbulence.pdf

A320 Family – A330/A340 Operational Liaison Meeting 2008Flight in turbulence Introduction Severe turbulence is a SAFETY issue: Leading cause of injury to cabin crew and passengers in non-fatal accident. © AIRBUS S.A.S. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document. Severe turbulence is also an ECONOMIC issue : Cabin crew and passengers injured. Substantial aircraft damage and repair costs. AOG Flight in turbulence situation in some cases. 2 Contents 1 © AIRBUS S.A.S. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document. 2 What is turbulence? How to avoid turbulence? 3 Flying technique in turbulence 4 Flight/Cabin Crew recommendations 5 Conclusion Flight in turbulence 3 Confidential and proprietary document.S.A.Contents 1 © AIRBUS S. 2 What is turbulence? How to avoid turbulence? 3 Flying technique in turbulence 4 Flight/Cabin Crew recommendations 5 Conclusion Flight in turbulence 4 . All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document. … Different types of turbulence: Thermal Friction turbulence turbulence © AIRBUS S.What is turbulence? Turbulence can be created by many different conditions. All rights reserved. Obstacle.A. Jet Streams.S. Turbulence Clear Air Turbulence (CAT) Mountain Wake Flight in turbulence associated to thunderstorms waves turbulence 5 . Warm fronts. Confidential and proprietary document. All rights reserved. Intensity of turbulence may be defined as follows: Flight in turbulence 6 .What is turbulence? © AIRBUS S.S.A. Confidential and proprietary document.91 P1) Flight in turbulence 7 .What is turbulence? SEVERE turbulence is defined in FCOM Supplementary © AIRBUS S. All rights reserved. Techniques / Adverse Weather (FCOM 3.A.04.S. A.S.91 P1) are © AIRBUS S. Confidential and proprietary document. Flight in turbulence 8 . also applicable to EXTREME turbulence ( FAA AC 120-88A).What is turbulence? Recommendations for SEVERE turbulence (FCOM 3.04. All rights reserved. only the most severe turbulence events are reported to Airbus.S. All rights reserved. SEAT BELTS MUST BE FASTENED Flight in turbulence 9 . – Seat belts not fastened TURBULENCE IS NOT THE SAME AT ANY POINT OF THE CABIN. Over four years . due to: – Strong vertical/lateral acceleration changes within few seconds.What is turbulence? Usually. Confidential and proprietary document. about 45 turbulence events have been reported to Airbus People were injured in more than 1/3 of these events.A. and © AIRBUS S. GREATER IN THE REAR THAN IN THE FRONT OF THE CABIN AND IN THE COCKPIT. What is turbulence? Profile of the vertical load factor resulting from a turbulence encountered on an A330. VTRG 1 sec Flight in turbulence 10 . Confidential and proprietary document.A. All rights reserved. © AIRBUS S.S. S. Confidential and proprietary document. Flight REPORT TURBULENCE TO ATC AND TO YOUR MAINTENANCE Flight in turbulence 11 . All rights reserved.A.What is turbulence? If SEVERE turbulence occurs during a flight crew must make a logbook entry to initiate maintenance action (FCOM 3.91 P1 and AMM 05-51-17) © AIRBUS S.04. S. All rights reserved.Contents 1 © AIRBUS S.A. 2 What is turbulence? How to avoid turbulence? 3 Flying technique in turbulence 4 Flight/Cabin Crew recommendations 5 Conclusion Flight in turbulence 12 . Confidential and proprietary document. Contents 1 © AIRBUS S.S.A. 2 What is turbulence? How to avoid turbulence? 3 Flying technique in turbulence 4 Flight/Cabin Crew recommendations 5 Conclusion Flight in turbulence 13 . All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document. storms and CAT . if any © AIRBUS S. – Significant Weather Chart (CAT can be forecasted but not detected as it is dry Turbulence) – Wind chart – Pireps.02) must include: Weather information and weather briefing before departure to determine the location and altitude of possible Cb. if any – SIGMET. THE MORE TURBULENCE CAN BE AVOIDED AND/OR PROPERLY MANAGED.03. Flight in turbulence 14 . Briefing to the Cabin crew THE BETTER THE FLIGHT PREPARATION REGARDING THE EN-ROUTE WEATHER IS.How to avoid turbulence? Flight Preparation (SOP 3.A.S. Confidential and proprietary document. All rights reserved. A ON E L AB ld r L I o A V B R I A Flight in turbulence | S U W 15 . All rights reserved. weather mode. gain.S. © AIRBUS S. use WXR radar Most of the severe turbulence events are due to aircraft incursion into CB. ever not localized or not avoided with sufficient margins. Confidential and proprietary document. and range .A. Properly select tilt.How to avoid turbulence? During the flight. © AIRBUS S.S.. Flight in turbulence 16 20 NM . Avoid flight under Cb Current weather radars cannot detect dry turbulence such as CAT. All rights reserved.A. Confidential and proprietary document. 5000 ft Avoid Cb by at least 20 NM laterally and 5000 ft vertically.04. ….How to avoid turbulence? When operating in adverse WXR areas (FCOM 3.34 and FCTM 04.070). Confidential and proprietary document.How to avoid turbulence? The best way to use the WXR radar is to use it in conjunction with weather forecasts and weather reports: Update the weather information in flight when possible Report any turbulence encountered to the ATC © AIRBUS S. AVOIDANCE: OPTIMUM USE OF THE WXR RADAR UPDATE OF WXR INFORMATION IN FLIGHT INFORM OTHERS Flight in turbulence 17 .A.S. All rights reserved. A.Contents 1 © AIRBUS S.S. Confidential and proprietary document. 2 What is turbulence? How to avoid turbulence? 3 Flying technique in turbulence 4 Flight/Cabin Crew recommendations 5 Conclusion Flight in turbulence 18 . All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document. 2 What is turbulence? How to avoid turbulence? 3 Flying technique in turbulence 4 Flight/Cabin Crew recommendations 5 Conclusion Flight in turbulence 19 .Contents 1 © AIRBUS S. All rights reserved.A.S. All rights reserved. For Flight in turbulence 20 .010) example: Crew should wait for F+20 knots before setting FLAPS 1 © AIRBUS S.A.Flying technique in turbulence – TakeOff Slats/flaps retraction at target speed + 20 knots limited to VFE-5 (FCTM 04.S. Confidential and proprietary document. © AIRBUS S. All rights reserved.Flying technique in turbulence – Cruise SIGNS to ON SECURE all loose equipment Reduce the speed to the severe turbulence penetration speed (QRH 5.A.01).S. A320 example Set A/THR OFF Flight in turbulence 21 . Confidential and proprietary document. 01 / FCOM 3.A. – To ensure a good margin above VLS.04. Confidential and proprietary document.91) is a compromise : – To avoid structural damage if the speed is too high.Flying technique in turbulence – Cruise The turbulence penetration speed (QRH 5.010 ) – no need to apply the turbulence penetration speed unless uncomfortable for passenger . © AIRBUS S.S. – A/THR ON Flight in turbulence 22 . A330 example In case of Light or Moderate turbulence (FCTM 04. All rights reserved. 04.Flying technique in turbulence – Cruise (Cont’d) KEEP AP ON (FCOM 3. and – activation of the appropriate flight control law (respectively AOA and VMO/MMO protection). AP robustness has been increased. Confidential and proprietary document.A. © AIRBUS S. In case of VMO/MMO exceedance.S. Thanks to FCPC and ELAC modification. All rights reserved.91) Flight control laws are designed to efficiently fight turbulences If low speed excursion or VMO/MMO exceedance – Autopilot disconnection. Check AP engagement status Flight in turbulence 23 VMO . – Use speedbrakes with care. A. All rights reserved. Do not chase Avoid fighting the turbulence with sudden or rapid corrections.S.Flying technique in turbulence – Cruise SEVERE Turbulence may induce significant altitude deviations due to: The direct effects of the turbulence. The engagement of flight control law protections In case of manual control of the aircraft © AIRBUS S. Apply smooth corrections to control trajectory. Confidential and proprietary document. the altitude Remain aware of surrounding traffic Find a compromise between altitude excursion and speed margin to MMO / VMO protection or ALPHA prot feature SIGNS to ON SECURE all loose equipment SELECT Turbulence Penetration Speed (A/THR OFF) AP ON DO NOT CHASE THE ALTITUDE Flight in turbulence 24 . S.Flying technique in turbulence – Approach and Landing KEEP A/THR ON in managed speed Benefit of GS mini function – take advantage of the aircraft inertia when the wind conditions vary during the approach. – the IAS target computed by the GS Mini function is upper limited by VFE-5 in conf FULL. or VFE of the next configuration in conf 1. © AIRBUS S.A. 2 or 3. Confidential and proprietary document. maintain a ground speed as constant as possible. but reaching Vapp at the end of the approach. KEEP AP ON A/THR ON in managed speed AP ON Flight in turbulence 25 . All rights reserved. All rights reserved. 2 What is turbulence? How to avoid turbulence? 3 Flying technique in turbulence 4 Flight/Cabin Crew recommendations 5 Conclusion Flight in turbulence 26 .Contents 1 © AIRBUS S. Confidential and proprietary document.A.S. 2 What is turbulence? How to avoid turbulence? 3 Flying technique in turbulence 4 Flight/Cabin Crew recommendations 5 Conclusion Flight in turbulence 27 .A. Confidential and proprietary document. All rights reserved.S.Contents 1 © AIRBUS S. Confidential and proprietary document.A. All rights reserved. Recall time until reaching the area of turbulence of the expected turbulence (standard terminology) of the appropriate communication to alert the cabin crew Actions that captain wants cabin crew to perform Standard terminology to alert the cabin crew when out of the turbulence Flight in turbulence 28 .Flight / Cabin Crew recommendations – On Ground WXR briefing during the flight preparation should contain: Areas of turbulence forecasted during the flight (refer to shear factors indicated on computerized flight plan ) Estimated Severity © AIRBUS S.S. Confidential and proprietary document.S. Secure the cabin crew A ON E L AB ld r L I o A V B R I A Flight in turbulence | S U W 29 . Stop service © AIRBUS S.Flight / Cabin Crew recommendations – In Flight Feedback from the cabin crew in case of turbulence in the cabin Fasten Equipment Ensure that passengers and cabin are secure. All rights reserved.A. Contents 1 © AIRBUS S. 2 What is turbulence? How to avoid turbulence? 3 Flying technique in turbulence 4 Flight/Cabin Crew recommendations 5 Conclusion Flight in turbulence 30 . All rights reserved.S. Confidential and proprietary document.A. Contents 1 © AIRBUS S. Confidential and proprietary document.A. All rights reserved.S. 2 What is turbulence? How to avoid turbulence? 3 Flying technique in turbulence 4 Flight/Cabin Crew recommendations 5 Conclusion Flight in turbulence 31 . Confidential and proprietary document. 9AP ON 9Encourage use of seat belts during the whole flight. All rights reserved.S.Conclusion 9Avoid turbulence as much as possible 9Safety and economic issue 9If not avoidable: 9Cabin must be secured 9Fly the aircraft at recommended turbulence speed © AIRBUS S.A. 9Communication between Flight and Cabin crew is essential 9Report of turbulence encountered Flight in turbulence 32 . A. 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