CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION Electrical power is generated, transmitted in the form of alternating current. The electric power produced at the power stations is delivered to the consumers through a large network of transmission & distribution. The transmission network is inevitable long and high power lines are necessary to maintain a huge block of power source of generation to the load centers to inter connected. Power house for increased reliability of supply greater. The assembly of apparatus used to change some characteristics (e.g. voltage, ac to dc, frequency, power factor etc.) of electric supply keeping the power constant is called a substation. An electrical substation is a subsidiary station of an electricity generation, transmission and distribution system where voltage is transformed from high to low or the reverse using transformers. Electric power may flow through several substations between generating plant and consumer, and may be changed in voltage in several steps. Fig.1 - 220 KV GSS IG Nagar 1 Substations have switching, protection and control equipment and one or more transformers. In a large substation, circuit breaker are used to interrupt any short-circuits or overload currents that may occur on the network. Depending on the constructional feature, the high voltage substations may be further subdivided: (a) Outdoor substation (b) Indoor substation (c) Base or Underground substation 1.1) 220KV Grid Substation, IG Nagar: Its part of RRVPNL. It is situated 13.4km away from Jaipur. The power mainly comes from three incoming feeders of 220 KV(Heerapura). The substation is equipped with various equipments and there are various arrangements for the protection purpose. The equipments in the GSS are listed previously. At this substation following feeders are established. 1. TIE FEEDERS 2. RADIAL FEEDERS 220KV GSS IG Nagar is an outdoor type primary substation and distribution as well it has not only step down but the distribution work The electrical work in a substation comprises to: 1. Choice of bus bar arrangement layout. 2. Selection of rating of isolator. 3. Selection of rating of instrument transformer. 4. Selection of rating of C.B. 5. Selection of lighting arrester [LA] 6. Selection of rating of power transformer 7. Selection of protective relaying scheme, control and relay boards. 8. Selection of voltage regulator equipment. 9. Design a layout of earthing grids and protection against lightening stockes. 1.2 INCOMING FEEDERS: 2 • • • 220 KV(Heerapura) 220 KV Bassi(PGCIL) Puranaghat(Currently Dead) 1.3 OUTGOING FEEDERS: The outgoing feeders are: Puranaghat 220 KV Jagatpura 33 KV 1. 2. 3. Mahel 33 KV 4. IG Nagar 33 KV 5. Bisalpur 33 KV 6. Pradhan Marg 33 KV Rajasthan Rajya Vidyut Prasaran Nigam Limited (RRVPNL) a company under the Companies Act, 1956 and registered with Registrar of Companies as "RAJASTHAN RAJYA VIDYUT PRASARAN NIGAM LIMITED" vide No. 17-016485 of 2000-2001 with its Registered Office at VIDYUT BHAWAN, JYOTI NAGAR, JAIPUR-302005 has been established on 19 July, 2000 by Govt. of Rajasthan under the provisions of the Rajasthan Power Sector Reform act 1999 as the successor company of RSEB. The RERC has granted RRVPNL a license for transmission and bulk supply vide RERC/Transmission and Bulk Supply License 4/2001 dated 30. Our aim is to provide reliable electric transmission service to these customers. As a public utility whose infrastructure serves as the link in transporting electricity to millions of electricity users, RRVPNL has following duties and responsibilities: • Intra state transmission of electricity through Intra-State Transmission System. • Ensuring development of an efficient, co-ordinated and economical system of intra-state transmission of electricity from generating stations to Load Centers. • Non-discriminatory Open Access to its transmission system on payment of transmission charges • Complying with the directions of RLDC and SLDC, operating SLDC until any other authority is established by the State Govt. • Now RRVPNL is "An ISO 9001:2000 Certified Company". 3 4 5 . over headlines and HV 6 . It is a safety valve which limits the magnitude of lightning and switching over voltages at the substations.Lightning arrester A lightning arrester (also known as surge diverter) is a device connected between line and earth i.Fig. 2: Single Line Diagram of 220KV GSS Heerapura(Jaipur) CHAPTER 2 LIGHTNING ARRESTER Fig. 3.e. in parallel with the over headline. HV equipments and substation to be protected. The techniques can be studied under: Protection of transmission line from direct stroke.It consists of a divided spark-gap in series will a non linear resistor.It have two electrodes at each end and consists of a fiber tube capable of producing a gas when is produced. The divided spark gap consists of a no. 7 .equipments and provides a low resistance path for the surge current to flow to the ground. The gas so evolved blows the arc through the bottom electrode.1. 2.3) Valve type LA:.1) Rod/sphere gap:. All the electrical equipments must be protected from the severe damages of lightning strokes.1) Types of Arrestors:2.1.It is a very simple protective device i. each of it two electrode across which are connected high resistor. 2. Protection of power station and sub-station from direct stroke. gap is provided across the stack of Insulators to permit flash-over when undesirable voltages are impressed of the system. Protection of electrical equipments from travelling waves. 2.e.1. The practice is also to install lightning arresters at the incoming terminals of the line.2) Expulsion type LA:. of similar elements. 1) BUS BAR ARRENGEMENT MAY BE OF FOLLOWING TYPE WHICH IS BEING ADOPTED BY R.R. If the bus bars are of rigid type (Aluminum types) the structure height are low and minimum clearance is required.L.V.3) Double bus bar arrangement with auxiliary bus.P. 3.1. 8 .1) Single bus bar arrangement 3. While in case of strain type of bus bars suitable ACSR conductor are strung/tensioned by tension insulators discs according to system voltages.:3. The clamping should be proper. Clamps or even effect the supporting structures in low temperature conditions. Here proper clearance would be achieved only if require tension is achieved.N. as loose clamp would spark under in full load condition damaging the bus bars itself.1.2) Double bus bar arrangement a) Main bus with transformer bus b) Main bus-I with main bus-II 3. Loose bus bars would effect the clearances when it swings while over tensioning may damage insulators.1.CHAPTER 3 BUS BARS Bus Bars are the common electrical component through which a large no of feeders operating at same voltage have to be connected. In the widely used strain type bus bars stringing tension is about 500-900 Kg depending upon the size of conductor used. 3) DOUBLE BUS BAR ARRANGEMENTS CONTAINS MAIN BUS WITH AUXILARY BUS : The double bus bar arrangement provides facility to change over to either bus to carry out maintenance on the other but provide no facility to carry over breaker maintenance. from major defects. 9 . Whenever maintenance is required on any breaker the circuit is changed over to the transfer bus and is controlled through bus coupler breaker. 2.3. It provides facility for carrying out breaker maintenance but does not permit bus maintenance. It suffers. Extension of the sub station without a shut down is not possible 3. The main and transfer bus works the other way round. The normal bus selection insulators can not be used for breaking load currents. The load circuit may be divided in to two separate groups if needed from operational consideration. 3. 2. The arrangement does not permit breaker maintenance without causing stoppage of supply. Either bus bar may be taken out from maintenance of insulators. Two supplies from different sources can be put on each bus separately. 1.1.1) SINGLE BUS BAR ARRANGEMENT : This arrangement is simplest and cheapest.2) DOUBLE BUS BAR ARRANGEMENT : 1. Maintenance without interruption is not possible. Each load may be fed from either bus. 3. however.1.1. wind load etc. 4. The insulators provide necessary insulation between line conductors and supports and thus prevent any leakage current from conductors to earth. The insulators are connected to the cross arm of supporting structure and the power conductor passes through the clamp of the insulator. the insulator should have the following desirable properties: • • • • High mechanical strength in order to withstand conductor load.CHAPTER 4 INSULATOR The insulator for the overhead lines provides insulation to the power conductors from the ground so that currents from conductors do not flow to earth through supports. When the upper most shell is wet due to rain the lower shells are dry and provide sufficient leakage resistance these are used for transmission and distribution of electric power at 10 .1: Pin type 4. In general.2: Suspension type 4.1. These insulators are generally made of glazed porcelain or toughened glass.1. It is desirable not to allow porcelain to come in direct contact with a hard metal screw thread.1) TYPE OF INSULATORS: 4.1. Poly come type insulator [solid core] are also being supplied in place of hast insulators if available indigenously.3: Strain insulator 4. High ratio of puncture strength to flash over.1) PIN TYPE: Pin type insulator consist of a single or multiple shells adapted to be mounted on a spindle to be fixed to the cross arm of the supporting structure.1. The design of the insulator is such that the stress due to contraction and expansion in any part of the insulator does not lead to any defect. High relative permittivity of insulator material in order that dielectric strength is high. High electrical resistance of insulator material in order to avoid leakage currents to earth. Each disc is designed for low voltage for 11KV. Fig. Beyond operating voltage of 33 KV the pin type insulators thus become too bulky and hence uneconomical. Its working voltage is 66KV.1. 11 . 4-Pin type insulator 4.2) SUSPENSION TYPE: Suspension type insulators consist of a number of porcelain disc connected in series by metal links in the form of a string.voltage up to voltage 33 KV. 6-Strain type insulator 12 . For low voltage lines (< 11KV) shackle insulator are used as strain insulator. 5-Suspension type insulator 4. Fig.1.Fig.3) STRAIN INSULATOR: The strain insulators are exactly identical in shape with the suspension insulators. These insulators are used where line is subjected to greater tension. These strings are placed in the horizontal plane rather than the vertical plane. These are normally used in various circuits for the purposes of Isolation of a certain portion when required for maintenance etc.CHAPTER 5 ISOLATORS “Isolator" is one. which can break and make an electric circuit in no load condition. Isolation of a certain portion when required for maintenance etc. "Switching Isolators" are capable of • • Interrupting transformer magnetized currents Interrupting line charging current Load transfer switching • 13 . d) No isolator can operate when corresponding earth switch is on breaker. 14 .Fig.Isolators Its main application is in connection with transformer feeder as this unit makes it possible to switch out one transformer. c) Only one bay can be taken on bypass bus. with the outer posts carrying fixed contacts and connections while the centre post having contact arm which is arranged to move through 90` on its axis. 7. The most common type of isolators is the rotating centre pots type in which each phase has three insulator post. The following interlocks are provided with isolator: a) Bus 1 and2 isolators cannot be closed simultaneously. while the other is still on load. b) Isolator cannot operate unless the breaker is open. Each having its protective relays for determining the existence of a fault in that zone and having circuit breakers for disconnecting that zone from the system. It is desirable to restrict the amount of system disconnected by a given fault. and to minimize their effect on the remainder of the system. During a fault. In addition to its protective function. or bus 15 . machine. the zone which includes the faulted apparatus is de-energized and disconnected from the system. This is accomplished by dividing the system into protective zones separated by circuit breakers. line section. as for example to a single transformer. a circuit breaker is also used for circuit switching under normal conditions.CHAPTER 6 CIRCUIT BREAKER The function of relays and circuit breakers in the operation of a power system is to prevent or limit damage during faults or overloads. 2) Air Blast Circuit Breaker 6. and gas insulated transmission lines.1) SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER:Sulphur hexafluoride has proved its-self as an excellent insulating and arc quenching medium. Mitsubishi Electric. At the moment the contacts are opened. However.1.section. gas-insulated switchgear (GIS). Cutler-Hammer (Eaton). AREVA.5) Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker 6.4) Bulk Oil Circuit Breaker (MOCB) 6. where the enclosure that contains the breaking mechanism is at line potential. High-voltage AC circuit breakers are routinely available with ratings up to 765.1) SF6 Circuit Breaker 6.000 volts. Circuit breaker can be classified as "live tank". a small amount of gas is compressed and forced through the arc to extinguish it.1. In SF6 breakers the contacts are surrounded by low pressure SF6 gas. It has been extensively used during the last 30 years in circuit breakers. Toshiba.3) Oil Circuit Breaker 6. or dead tank with the enclosure at earth potential. Končar HVS and others. Schneider Electric. Siemens.1. economic considerations frequently limit the number of circuit breakers to those required for normal operation and some compromises result in the relay protection. 6.1) Various types of circuit breakers:6. Pennsylvania Breaker. high voltage capacitors. bushings. 16 .1.1.1. Some of the manufacturers are ABB. 1. 8-SF6 Circuit Breaker 6. the contacts are surrounded by compressed air. When the contacts are opened the compressed air is released in forced blast through the arc to the atmosphere extinguishing the arc in the process.Fig. 17 . at high pressure and velocity. Fresh and dry air of the air blast will replace the ionized hot gases within the arc zone and the arc length is considerably increased. In this type of breaker. Consequently the arc may be interrupted at the first natural current zero.2) AIR BLAST CIRCUIT BREAKER: The principle of arc interruption in air blast circuit breakers is to direct a blast of air. to the arc. thus resulting in less burning of contacts • Due to lesser arc energy. Therefore. air blast circuit breakers are very suitable for conditions where frequent operation is required 18 . the expense of regular oil is replacement is avoided The growth of dielectric strength is so rapid that final contact gap needed for arc extinction is very small. this reduces the size of device The arcing time is very small due to the rapid build up of dielectric strength between contacts. 9-Air Blast Circuit Breaker Advantages: An air blast circuit breaker has the following advantages over an oil circuit breaker: • • • • The risk of fire is eliminated The arcing products are completely removed by the blast whereas the oil deteriorates with successive operations.Fig. the arc energy is only a fraction that in oil circuit breakers. Oil circuit breakers are classified into two main types namely: bulk oil circuit breakers and minimum oil circuit breakers. The advantages of using oil as an arc quenching medium are: 1. which helps to cool and extinguish the arc that forms when the contacts are opened.4) BULK OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER: 19 . It acts as an insulator and permits smaller clearance between live conductors and earthed components. The disadvantages of oil as an arc quenching medium are: 1. Its inflammable and there is risk of fire 2. which have excellent cooling properties. It may form an explosive mixture with air. Majority of circuit breakers for voltages beyond 110 kV are of this type. The arcing products remain in the oil and it reduces the quality of oil after several operations. 6. However. 2. The contacts of an oil breaker are submerged in insulating oil.• The energy supplied for arc extinction is obtained from high pressure air and is independent of the current to be interrupted. 6. • • • Air blast circuit breakers are very sensitive to the variations in the rate of restriking voltage.1. 3. Oil circuit breakers of the various types are used in almost all voltage ranges and ratings. The oil in oil-filled breakers serves the purpose of insulating the live parts from the earthed ones and provides an excellent medium for arc interruption. Considerable maintenance is required for the compressor plant which supplies the air blast Air blast circuit breakers are finding wide applications in high voltage installations. 4.3) OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER: Circuit breaking in oil has been adopted since the early stages of circuit breakers manufacture. they are commonly used at voltages below 115KV leaving the higher voltages for air blast and SF6 breakers. It absorbs the arc energy to decompose the oil into gases.1. This necessitates periodic checking and replacement of oil. Disadvantages: Air has relatively inferior arc extinguishing properties. or enclose within the arc controllers. The contacts of bulk oil breakers may be of the plain-break type.Bulk oil circuit breakers are widely used in power systems from the lowest voltages up to 115KV. where the arc is freely interrupted in the oil. The head of oil above the arc should be sufficient to cool the gases. By this arrangement the amount of oil needed for arc interruption and the clearances to earth are roused.5) MINIMUM OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER: Bulk oil circuit breakers have the disadvantage of using large quantity of oil.8 to 34. A small air cushion at the top of the oil together with the produced gases will increase the pressure with a subsequent decrease of the arcing time. conditioning or changing the oil in the interrupter chamber is more frequent than in the bulk oil breakers.1. The oil in both chambers is completely separated from each other. Plain-break circuit breakers consist mainly of a large volume of oil contained in a metallic tank. However. However. With frequent breaking and making heavy currents the oil will deteriorate and may lead to circuit breaker failure. they are still used in the systems having voltages up to 230KV. 6. Both chambers are made of an insulating material such as porcelain. CHAPTER 7 PROTECTIVE RELAYS 20 . The lower chamber contains the operating mechanism and the upper one contains the moving and fixed contacts together with the control device. Arc interruption depends on the head of oil above the contacts and the speed of contact separation. produced by oil decomposition. This has led to the design of minimum oil circuit breakers working on the same principles of arc control as those used in bulk oil breakers. In this type of breakers the interrupter chamber is separated from the other parts and arcing is confined to a small volume of oil. This is due to carbonization and slugging from arcs interrupted chamber is equipped with a discharge vent and silica gel breather to permit a small gas cushion on top of the oil. Single break minimum oil breakers are available in the voltage range 13. mainly hydrogen.5 KV. the impedance. As the power systems become more complex and the fault current varies with 21 .Relays must be able to evaluate a wide variety of parameters to establish that corrective action is required. The impedance per mile is fairly constant so these relays respond to the distance between the relay location and the fault location. which is of the greatest significance in designing a secure relaying system.1) Distance Relays: Distance relays respond to the voltage and current. The most common parameters which reflect the presence of a fault are the voltages and currents at the terminals of the protected apparatus or at the appropriate zone boundaries. This problem is compounded by the fact that “normal” in the present sense means outside the zone of protection.e. Its primary purpose is to detect the fault and take the necessary action to minimize the damage to the equipment or to the system. 10-Relays 7. The fundamental problem in power system protection is to define the quantities that can differentiate between normal and abnormal conditions. at the relay location. Obviously. i.. Fig. This aspect. a relay cannot prevent the fault. dominates the design of all protection systems. 2. directional over current relays become difficult to apply and to set for all contingencies. 7. it can be shaped to correspond to the transmission line impedance. It is non directional and is used primarily as a fault detector. It is non directional and is used to supplement the admittance relay as a tripping relay to make the overall protection independent of resistance. and in the solid state design. 7.3) Reactance Relay: The reactance relay is a straight-line characteristic that responds only to the reactance of the protected line.2) Types of Distance relay:7. 7. CHAPTER 8 POWER TRANSFORMER 8.2.changes in generation and system configuration.1) Impedance Relay: The impedance relay has a circular characteristic centred. whereas the distance relay setting is constant for a wide variety of changes external to the protected line.2) Admittance Relay: The admittance relay is the most commonly used distance relay. It is the tripping relay in pilot schemes and as the backup relay in step distance schemes.2.1) Windings: 22 . In the electromechanical design it is circular. It is particularly useful on short lines where the fault arc resistance is the same order of magnitude as the line length. Coils shall be insulated that impulse and power frequency voltage stresses are minimum. After completion of welding. all joints shall be subjected to dye penetration testing. Tapping shall be so arranged as to preserve the magnetic balance of the transformer at all voltage ratio.2) Tanks and fittings: Tank shall be of welded construction & fabricated from tested quality low carbon steel of adequate thickness.Winding shall be of electrolytic grade copper free from scales & burrs. At least two adequately sized inspection openings one at each end of the tank shall be provided for easy access to bushing & earth connections. Bracing and other insulation used in assembly of the winding shall be arranged to ensure a free circulation of the oil and to reduce the hot spot of the winding. All leads from the windings to the terminal board and bushing shall be rigidly supported to prevent injury from vibration short circuit stresses. Coils assembly shall be suitably supported between adjacent sections by insulating spacers and barriers. Fig. All windings of the transformers having voltage less than 66 kV shall be fully insulated. 11-Power Transformer 8. Turrets & other parts surrounding the conductor of individual 23 . Windings shall be made in dust proof and conditioned atmosphere. air release plug at the top.4) Transformer Accessories: 8. radiators shall be capable of withstanding full vacuum. This is the most dependable protection for a given transformer. 8. This is mounted in the connecting pipe line between conservator and main tank. 12-Radiator with fan 8.phase shall be non-magnetic. These shall be located so as to prevent ingress of rain water. 24 .3) Cooling Equipments: Cooling equipment shall conform to the requirement stipulated below: (a. Fig. a drain and sampling valve and thermometer pocket fitted with captive screw cap on the inlet and outlet.4. Each fan shall be suitably protected by galvanized wire guard. shut off valves at the top and bottom (80mm size) lifting lugs. (b. one of them with surge catching baffle and gas collecting space at top. top and bottom oil filling valves.) Each radiator bank shall have its own cooling fans. The main tank body including tap changing compartment.) Cooling fans shall not be directly mounted on radiator bank which may cause undue vibration.1) Buchholz Relay: This has two Floats. where as the winding temperature measurement is indirect. 13-Buchholz Relay 8. This is done by adding the temperature rise due to the heat produced in a heater coil (known as image coil) when a current proportional to that flowing in windings is passed in it to that or top oil. Oil temperature measured is that of the top oil. Fig.4.2) Temperature Indicators: Most of the transformer (small transformers have only OTI) are provided with indicators that displace oil temperature and winding temperature. There are thermometers pockets provided in the tank top cover which hold the sensing bulls in them.Gas evolution at a slow rate that is associated with minor faults inside the transformers gives rise to the operation or top float whose contacts are wired for alarm. There is a glass window with marking to read the volume of gas collected in the relay. Size of the relay varies with oil volume in the transformer and the mounting angle also is specified for proper operation of the relay. Any major fault in transformer creates a surge and the surge element in the relay trips the transformer. For proper functioning or OTI & WTI it is essential to keep the thermometers pocket clean and filled with oil. 25 . In larger transformers.Fig. which absorbs the moisture in air before it enters the conservator air surface. 14-Winding and oil temperature indicator 8. an expansion vessel called conservator is added to the transformer with a connecting pipe to the main tank. if not excluded from the oil surface in conservator. Fig. To account for this.3) Silica Gel Breather: Both transformer oil and cellulosic paper are highly hygroscopic.4. an air bag is mounted inside 26 . thus will find its way finally into the paper insulation and causes reduction insulation strength of transformer.4) Conservator: With the variation of temperature there is corresponding variation in the oil volume. Paper being more hygroscopic than the mineral oil The moisture. 15-Silica gel Breather 8. In smaller transformers this vessel is open to atmosphere through dehydrating breathers (to keep the air dry). To minimize this conservator is allowed to breathe only through the silica gel column.4. the conservator with the inside of bag open to atmosphere through the breathers and the outside surface of the bag in contact with the oil surface. Fig.5 MVA 2 2 1 1 CHAPTER 9 CURRENT TRANSFORMER 27 . 16-Conservator with Buchholz relay and tank [ref.-6] Total No. of transformers = 6 No. of transformers 220/132 KV-----------------------------------.100MVA 132/33 KV--------------------------------------20/25MVA 132/33KV---------------------------------------40/50MVA 132/11 KV---------------------------------------10/12. Street lighting requires a constant current to prevent flickering lights and a current transformer is used to provide that constant current. Current transformers are also used for street lighting circuits. 240A. Care should be taken so that there should be no strain as the terminals. 400A. 150A. Such as primary current 60A. These current transformers have the primary winding connected in series with the conductor carrying the current to be measured or controlled. 17-Current Transformers It can be used to supply information for measuring power flows and the electrical inputs for the operation of protective relays associated with the transmission and distribution circuit or for power transformer. to the secondary output of 1A to 5A. 300A. mostly secondary connections is taken to three unction boxes where star delta formation is connected for three phase and final leads taken to protection /metering scheme. There should be no chance of secondary circuit remaining opens as it leads to extremely high voltage which ultimately damages the CT itself Fig. 75A. Now a day mostly separate current transformer units are used instead of bushing mounting CT’s on leveled structure they should be for oil level indication and base should be earthed properly.As you all know this is the device which provides the pre-decoded fraction of the primary current passing through the line/bus main circuit. The secondary winding is thus insulated from the high voltage and can then be connected to low voltage metering circuits. When connecting the jumpers. In this 28 . CHAPTER 10 POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER 29 .case the current transformer utilizes a moving secondary coil to vary the output so that a constant current is obtained. which has reached wide application in modern high voltage network for tele-metering remote control and telephone communication purpose. Fig. which is in the range of an ac voltmeter or the potential coil of an ac voltmeter. particularly for systems voltage of 132KV and above where it becomes increasingly more economical. The CVT is more economical than an electromagnetic voltage transformer when the nominal supply voltage increases above 66KV. Capacitive voltage transformer is being used more and more for voltage measurement in high voltage transmission network.18-Potential Transformer The voltage transformers are classified as under: • • Capacitive voltage transformer or capacitive type Electromagnetic type.A potential transformer (PT) is used to transform the high voltage of a power line to a lower value. It enables measurement of the line to earth voltage to be made with simultaneous provision for carrier frequency coupling. The capacitance type voltage transformers are of twp type: • • Coupling Capacitor type Pushing Type The performance of CVT is affected by the supply frequency switching transient and magnitude of connected Burdon. 30 . There by there is no need of separate coupling capacitor. the current taken by burden is negligible compared with current passing through the series connected capacitor. The capacitor connected in series act like potential dividers. The coupling CVT combines the function of coupling and voltage transformer. CVT as coupling capacitor for carrier current application: The carrier current equipments is connected to the power line via coupling capacitor.The carrier current equipment can be connected via the capacitor of the CVT. provided. CHAPTER 11 CAPACITIVE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER 31 . and hence the secondary terminals. C1. The device has at least four terminals.A capacitor voltage transformer (CVT) is a transformer used in power systems to step-down extra high voltage signals and provide low voltage signals either for measurement or to operate a protective relay. is often replaced by a stack of capacitors connected in series. In practice the first capacitor. This results in a large voltage drop across the stack of capacitors that replaced the first capacitor and a comparatively small voltage drop across the second capacitor. Capacitive voltage transformers are available for system voltage. The porcelain in multi unit stack. a high-voltage terminal for connection to the high voltage signal. CVTs are typically single-phase devices used for measuring voltages in excess of one hundred kilovolts where the use of voltage transformers would be uneconomical. CHAPTER 12 CONTROL ROOM 32 . an inductive element used to tune the device to the supply frequency and a transformer used to isolate and further step-down the voltage for the instrumentation or protective relay. C2. all the potentials points are electrically tied and suitably shielded to overcome the effect of corona RIV etc. a ground terminal and at least one set of secondary terminals for connection to the instrumentation or protective relay. In its most basic form the device consists of three parts: two capacitors across which the voltage signal is split. Control panel contain meters. control switches and recorders located in the control building.1) MEASURING INSTRUMENT USED: 12. These are used to control the substation equipment to send power from one circuit to another or to open or to shut down circuits when needed. Fig. meter is provided.1) ENERGY METER: To measure the energy transmitted energy meters are fitted to the panel to different feeders the energy transmitted is recorded after one hour regularly for it MWHr. 33 .1.19-Control Room in GSS Heerapura 12. also called the dog house. The voltage regulation problem frequently reduces so of circulation of reactive power.7) MVAR METER: It is to measure the reactive power of the circuit. CHAPTER 13 CAPACITOR BANK The capacitor bank provides reactive power at grid substation. 12.1. It is also available in both the forms analog as well as digital. 12.5) AMETER: It is provided to measure the line current.1.6) MAXIMUM DEMAND INDICATOR: There are also mounted the control panel to record the average power over successive predetermined period.1. 12. 12.1.1.12.1. 12. 34 .4) VOLTMETER: It is provided to measure the phase to phase voltage .It is also available in both the analog and digital frequency meter.3) FREQUENCY METER: To measure the frequency at each feeder there is the provision of analog or digital frequency meter.2) WATTMETERS: It is attached to each feeder to record the power exported from GSS. Unlike the active power. At any point in the system shunt capacitor are commonly used in all voltage and in all size. which have always to be workout. 1 . transmitted and absorbed of course with in the certain limit.Increased voltage level at the load 2. 20-Capacitor Bank Benefits of using the capacitor bank are many and the reason is that capacitor reduces the reactive current flowing in the whole system from generator to the point of installation. Communication between various generating and receiving station is very essential for 35 . Fig. reactive power can be produced. Reduced system losses 3. communication is also a backbone of any power stations. Increase power factor of loading current CHAPTER 14 POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION As electronics plays a vital role in the industrial growth. 36 .proper operation of power of power system. then signal loss is more and communication will be ineffective/probably impossible. This is more in case of large interconnected system where a control leads dispatch station has to co-ordinate the working of various unit to see that the system is maintained in the optimum working condition. voice and data communication signals. The Line trap thus obstructs the OFFERS HIGH IMPEDANCE TO THE HIGH FREQUENCY COMMUNICATION SIGNALS flow of these signals in to the substation bus bars. What it does is trapping the high frequency communication signals sent on the line from the remote substation and diverting them to the telecom/teleprotection panel in the substation control room (through coupling capacitor and LMU). 21-Wave Trap This is relevant in Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) systems for communication among various substations without dependence on the telecom company network. Fig. power line communication is most economic and reliable method of communication for medium and long distance in power network. 14.1) Wave Trap: Line trap also is known as Wave trap. The signals are primarily teleprotection signals and in addition. If there were not to be there. CHAPTER 15 EARTHING OF THE SYSTEM The provision of an earthing system for an electric system is necessary by the following reason. are concerned do not attain dangerously high potential. 37 . • In the event of over voltage on the system due to lightening discharge or other system fault. which are normally dead. as for as voltage. These parts of equipment. The resistance of earth and current path should be low enough to prevent voltage rise between earth and neutral. Specific resistance of soil surrounding in the neighbourhood of system electrodes.1) PROCEDURE OF EARTHING: Technical consideration the current carrying path should have enough capacity to deal with more faults current. The resistance of earthing system is depending on: • • Shape and material of earth electrode used. To sufficient lowered earth resistance a number of electrodes are inserted in the earth to a depth. 15. The resistance of earth should be for the mesh in generally inserted in the earth at 0.5m depth the several point of mesh then connected to earth electrode or ground conduction. circuit the neutral of the system is earthed in order to stabilize the potential of circuit with respect to earth.• In a three phase. voltages The neutral earthing is provided for the purpose of protection arcing grounds unbalanced with respect to protection from lightening and for improvement of the system. Depth in the soil. they are connected together to form a mesh. 38 . The earth electrode is metal plate copper is used for earth plate. 15. The earth electrode must be driven in to the ground to a sufficient depth to as to obtain lower value of earth resistance. Grounding of neutral offers several advantages the neutral point of generator transformer is connected to earth directly or through a reactance in some cases the neutral point is earthed through an adjustable reactor of reactance matched with the line. The neutral earthing is associated switchgear.2) NEUTRAL EARTHING: Neutral earthing of power transformer all power system operates with grounded neutral. • • The earth fault protection is based on the method of neutral earthing. 39 . which are kept. separate dc supply is maintained for signalling remote position control. charged in normal condition by rectifier supply. from the fixed batteries.CHAPTER 16 BATTERY ROOM In a GSS. alarm circuit etc. Direct current can be obtained from 220volt 3 phase ac supply via rectifier and in event of ac failure. Fig. it has a specific gravity of 1. The windows of battery are of forested glass to avoid the batteries from direct action of sun light. Following precautions are taken in a battery room: • The conductor connecting the cells are greased and coated with electrolyte resisting varnish. The cells are installed stand by porcelain. 22-Battery Room Battery System: The batteries used are lead acid type having a solution of sulphuric acid and distilled water as electrolytes. smoking. of transformers 2 40 . In charged state.In the battery room batteries are mounted on wooden stand.100MVA No. winding etc.2 at temperature of 30C. of transformers = 6 220/132 KV-----------------------------------.1) TRANSFORMER: Total No. CHAPTER 17 RATINGS 17. • • Proper care is taken so that acid vapours do not accumulate in the room to avoid risk of explosion. TELK X-Mer 2---------------------------------. 5OHz 650KV (Peak) 1-2 31. of 33KV breaker No. of 132KV breaker No. 10/12. 20/25 MVA X-Mer 1---------------------------------. 20/25 MVA X-Mer 2-----------------------------------BBL 132/33 KV.132/33 KV--------------------------------------20/25MVA 132/33KV---------------------------------------40/50MVA 132/11 KV---------------------------------------10/12. 31. 40/50 MVA X-Mer 3-----------------------------------T&R 132/33 KV.5 MVA MAKE 220/133KV.5KA 3 Sec.TELK 132/33 KV. RATED VOLTAGE NORMAL CURRENT FREQUENCY LIGHTNING IMPULSE WITHSTAND FIRST POLE TO CLEAR TO CLEAR FACTOR SHORT TIME WITHSTAND CURRENT DURATION OF SHORT CIRCUIT (SHORT CIRCUIT SYM. 100 MVA 2 1 1 Company 220/133 KV. of Capacitor Bank (33kv) - SF6 CB BREAKER SERIAL NO.2) CIRCUIT BREAKER: No. of 220KV breaker No.ALSTOM 132/33 KV. 100MVA X-Mer 1----------------------------------. of 11KV breaker 6 13 12 4 7 No.5KA 41 030228 145KV 1250A .5 MVA X-Mer 1---------------------------------EMCO 17. 5KA 7. INSULATION LEVEL RATED VOLTAGE FACTOR TIME HIGHEST SYSTEM VOLTAGE PRIMARY VOLTAGE 0173537 460KV 1.-1 VDC HBL NIFE LTD. VDC HBL NIFE LTD. EXCITING CURRENT MAX.3 Bar 1300Kg 8. WINDING RESISTANCE 50Hz 245KV 40KA/15 600A 600-300-150/1 850V at 150/1 100MA at 150/1 2.2MVAR 7.2MVAR 7.BREAKING CURRENT) ASYM.2MVAR 17. BHEL BHEL ABB WS 38KV 38KV 38KV 38KV 6.-2 Capacitor BankNo. SEC.3) BATTERY CHARGER: Battery Charger – 220AH 440AH Capacitor BankNo. KNEE POTENTIAL VOLTAGE MAX.9KA 0-0.-1 Capacitor BankNo.4) CURRENT TRANSFORMER: FREQUENCY HIGHEST SYSTEM VOLTAGE SHORT TIME CURRENT RATED CURRENT CURRENT RATIO MIN.5/30sec.3-CO-3min-CO 6. 245KV 22OKV/1.2/cont 1. 8.7Kg SHORT TIME MAKING CURRENT OUT OF PHASE BREAKING CURRENT OPERATING SEQUENCE SF6 GAS PRESSURE AT 20C TOTAL MASS OF CB MASS OF SF6 GAS 17.-1 Capacitor BankNo.732 42 .0KA 37.6MVAR 7.5) CAPACITIVE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER: SERIAL NO.5OHM at 150/1 17. CAT 50C 110/1. 43 . isolators.5Hz 110/1.5-50. Battery room etc. 850Kg TBONP. control room. PT. Jagatpura. There are many instruments like transformer. load shedding.TYPE OUTDOOR PHASE SINGLE SECONDARY VOLTAGE RATED BURDON FREQUENCY Wgt. shut down. capacitor bank.732 110Va CONCLUSION Training at 220KV GSS IG Nagar. What is the various problem seen in substation while handling this instruments.732 220Va 49. CT. Jaipur gives the insight of the real instruments used. PLCC. LA. bus bars. insulator. There are various occasion when relay operate and circuit breaker open. relay. which has been heard previously. CVT. “ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM” P79.K. “POWER SYSTEM” P447.GUPTA (2005). P507. CBS publisher and distributors. P527.Chand & Company Ltd.R. B. 2. P501. how things manage all is learned there.MEHTA (2002). 44 .chand & company Ltd.To get insight of the substation. how things operate. “POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN” P122. P123. P483. V. S. P516. Practical training as a whole proved to be extremely informative and experience building and the things learnt at it would definitely help a lot in snapping the future ahead a better way. P555. ASHFAQ HUSSAIN (2005). S. BIBILIOGRAPHY 1. 3. S.S. Manual of G.com/relay 7.browzen. www.co.in/(Equipment’s name) 6.png 5.wikimedia.google. http://images.4.org/wikipedia/en/6/63/cvt. http://upload. 45 .