22 Oil Gas Industry Guidelines

Oil and Gas Industry GuidelinesModule 22 What standards are enforceable?  OSHA standards  By industry and type of operation  Take precedence over industry standards  Standards incorporated by reference  Only the parts concerning health and safety  Recognized hazards  Generally accepted industry standards  OSHA guidance documents can interpret ambiguities 2 ©2006 TEEX Elements Required to Prove Violation of General Duty Clause  The employer failed to keep the orkplace free of a hazard to hich employees of that employer ere exposed  The hazard as recognized  The hazard as causing or as likely to cause death or serious physical harm  There as a feasible and useful method to correct the hazard Reference! "#R$ %hapter ### &%'&('&c'  )ot the lack of a particular abatement method  )ot a particular accident 3 ©2006 TEEX G! + citations  AS$23A)S# B4* series! 4 citations  A-# 0B! / citation  )2%! / citation  %ompany safety practices! 4 citations  Operating manuals! + citations 4 ©2006 TEEX .  A-# R.IC !"## tandards Cited by O $% Com&liance Officers under '(a)(!) October (**+ through September (**..+.! /0 different sections1 some multiple times  A-# R. Recommended Practice for Occu&ational afety for Oil and Gas Well Drillin* and ervicin* O&eration API RP 54 . ! General /5/ -urpose! recommend practices and procedures for promotion and maintenance of safe orking conditions for personnel engaged in drilling operations and ell servicing operations1 including special services 6 ©2006 TEEX . ! General /5( Scope! rotary drilling rigs1 ell servicing rigs1 special services  Operations on location  )ot seismic or ater ell drilling  )ot site preparation or site abandonment /54 Responsibility!  2ach employer trains o n employees  Operator and contractor share information  #mmediate supervision of authorized person ith authority to commence1 modify1 cease or improve ©2006 TEEX . + References A-# standards A%G#H T67s A)S# standards AS$2 Boiler and -ressure 7essel %ode  )"-A standards  #ncorporated for special topics     ! ©2006 TEEX . " Definitions  45/588 shall! Recommended practice has universal application to specific activity  45/580 should! Recommended practice  Safe comparable alternative available  $ay be impractical or unnecessary under certain circumstances " ©2006 TEEX . .irst %id .5/ General 9 immediate reporting and treatment: follo . In-uries and .54 "irst aid 9 %-R trained individual and first aid kit at orksite .up reporting: cause investigation and prevention .5( $edical services 9 #nformation available and arrangements made .5. 2mergency eye or body ash stations here e<posed to in=urious materials #0 ©2006 TEEX . ' Personal Protective Equi&ment (PPE) +5/ General!  >ear --2 hen there is reasonable potential for prevention of harm  --2 only used hen engineering or administrative controls impractical ## ©2006 TEEX . '/+ Wearin* %&&arel  Hard hat! each person  2ye protection here probable in=ury  Safety.toe foot ear  Alternative practice for e<treme cold  Gloves1 apron1 boots1 other appropriate --2 for chemical handling  )o loose or poorly fitted clothing #2 ©2006 TEEX . '/+ Wearin* %&&arel  )ever ork in clothing saturated ith flammable1 hazardous1 or irritating substances  )ever ear =e elry that could be snagged or hung  ?eep hair contained if long enough to cause hazards  Hair3beard must not interfere ith --2 #3 ©2006 TEEX . ' Personal Protective Equi&ment (PPE) +54 Hearing protection +5. Respiratory protection $%$ &all protection for ork /* feet above rig floor or other orking surface  Guardrail1 net1 or -"AS  Alternative fall protection plan if infeasible #4 ©2006 TEEX . 0/! O&erations 1 General  'ell control maintained at all times  (ig floor attended by person @ualified in ell control  AHorseplay and careless actsB not permitted  Training and safety program  Cnsafe conditions reported to supervisor and relayed bet een shifts #$ ©2006 TEEX . 0/! O&erations 1 General  -ipe threads cleaned ith brush to prevent finger ounds  Hazardous substances properly labeled: users trained  Blo out prevention here necessary: ell control drills  )o field elding on tongs1 elevators1 bails1 or heat treated rig e@uipment #6 ©2006 TEEX . 0/! O&erations 1 General  7ehicles not involved in operations! at least /** feet or derrick height a ay from ellbore1 or other safety measures if not possible  )round rig substructure1 derrick1 mast1 and other e@uipment as appropriate # ©2006 TEEX . 0/+ Over Water O&erations  #nstruction in abandonment procedures1 emergency signals1 ater entry  ≥ ( emergency escape means to ater  -ersonal flotation devices D ring buoys  ≥ ( life floats or alternatives  %old ater attire  Basket stretcher or litter1 and instruction #! ©2006 TEEX . 0/+ Over Water O&erations  Rules for crane transport of personnel  A-# R.(E for offshore pedestal cranes  )o crane operation during helicopter takeoff or landing  -ersonal flotation devices for crane or s ingrope transfer to3from boats  Tag lines to steady all loads #" ©2006 TEEX . 0/" Preliminary Ri*23& O&erations  Revie planned arrangement to avoid hazardous conditions  -ipelines  Ctility lines  (ig up safely before commencing ell operations  6ocate change rooms and outbuildings far enough from boilers and fuel tanks 20 ©2006 TEEX . 0/" Preliminary Ri*23& O&erations  *hec+ .ell for pressure1 and remove it or operate safely under pressure  All personnel out of derrick or mast and cellar and stand clear hen  Subsurface pump is being unseated or  #nitial pull on tubing is made 2# ©2006 TEEX . 4lo5out Prevention Equi&ment  Blo out prevention e@uipment installed and tested here ell might flo  #nstall1 operate1 maintain! A-# R.=ob meeting  Erills under variety of conditions  Anchor choke and kill lines 9 prevent hipping 22 ©2006 TEEX .0/.+4  Rig personnel must understand and be able to operate blo out preventer  Eiscuss in pre. 0/' $ouse6ee&in*  %lean ork areas: remove trip hazards  Avoid 3 clean up et floors &from leaks1 spills1 or pulling et pipe'  ?eep cellar clear of fluids or loose e@uipment3material  ?eep egress routes unblocked  Store tools D e@uipment to avoid falling  ?eep fire fighting e@uipment accessible 23 ©2006 TEEX . 01 ++1 ..0/0 $ydro*en ulfide Environment  Safety guidelines referenced  A-# R.8  -rotect personnel and general public 24 ©2006 TEEX . 0/7 Confined &ace8 E9cavations8 or $a:ardous Environments  >here unusually hazardous gases present1 advise employees1 contractors1 and service company supervisors of hazards  "ill the cellar if it is not needed  Eefinition of confined space  Testing1 permit system before entry  Eeclassification of confined spaces 2$ ©2006 TEEX . feet and may contain a hazardous atmosphere!  Test for o<ygen1 flammable gases3vapors1 to<ic air contaminants  2valuate hether e<cavation is a confined space1 and permit if necessary  -recautions to prevent e<posures  2mergency response procedures 26 ©2006 TEEX .0/7/' E9cavations  #f deeper than . 0/. <achinery and =ools  -ersonnel only operate machinery on hich they are @ualified  Belts1 drive chains1 gears1 and drives must have guards installed  2<cept rotary table1 catheads1 kelly  Guards in place and properly maintained for operation  $aintenance! report to rig supervisor 2 ©2006 TEEX . 0/. <achinery and =ools  $oving parts guarded or stopped before cleaning1 lubrication1 or repair  $aintain tools in safe condition  Eouble insulate or ground tools: Cse G"%#  2lectric or pneumatic tools! deadman s itch or starting s itch that cannot be locked in  Secure materials to body hen carrying them up a ladder 2! ©2006 TEEX . 0/> ?oc6out@=a*out  6ocks3tags identify e@uipment or circuits being orked on  %ritical systems! include identity of orker  Train and discipline personnel  6ock3tag removed by person ho installed it1 or authorized replacement  #f neither available1 supervisor may remove after ensuring no hazard created 2" ©2006 TEEX . 0/!# %u9iliary Esca&e  6and rigs! derrick or mast must have au<iliary means of escape before ork in the derrick  Securely anchored escape line attached to derrick or mast for escape from derrickmanFs platform &Geronimo line'  >ire rope ith safety buggy ith braking or controlled descent device  Safety buggy releases hen eight is applied 30 ©2006 TEEX . /( feet of sag in middle Ground anchor point distance ≥(< height Ground anchor point should ithstand 4*** lb pull  Alternate fast escape if line is infeasible  Training on use  )ever ride e<cept in emergency 3# ©2006 TEEX .0/!# %u9iliary Esca&e  Tension on escape line!     -eriodically checked and ad=usted .. 0/!! Personnel ?iftin* ystems  )ever ride the elevators5  2<cept in e<treme emergency1 as determined by supervisor1 ith full fall protection and no pipe or other e@uipment  BosunFs chair attached to traveling block or tugger line for inaccessible location  Hydraulic or air inch lines allo able under certain conditions 32 ©2006 TEEX . 0/!+ Rac6in* =ubulars and Drill Collars  Secure rods1 tubulars1 drill pipe1 drill collars hen racked or hung in derrick or mast to keep from falling  Safety clamps removed before hoisting continues  Cse stops1 pins1 or chocks to keep round e@uipment from rolling off storage rack  -revent3remove ice plugs in tubulars 33 ©2006 TEEX 0/!" $andlin* Drillin* .luid Chemicals and %dditives  )ever use asbestos as additive  #nstruct personnel handling fluid and additives in handling1 disposal1 and --2 34 ©2006 TEEX 7/! .ire Prevention  Store combustible and flammable materials safely  -revent rubbish accumulation  )o smoking1 or source of ignition1 near operations that could cause fire hazard 9 signs necessary  %hange rooms in safe areas for smoking 3$ ©2006 TEEX 7/! .ire Prevention  -otential ignition sources located at safe distance from ellhead or flammable storage areas  Only safety;designed heaters near rig floor1 substructure1 or cellar  Eo not allo oil and gas accumulations  Store oily aste in covered metal containers 36 ©2006 TEEX 7/! .ire Prevention  )ever use natural gas or 6-G to operate spray guns or pneumatic tools  %leaning solutions! flash point ≥/**G"  %onductive containers &e5g5 metal' to handle1 store1 or transport flammable li@uids  Ground and bond any plastic containers  )"-A HH and A-# -ublication (**4 3 ©2006 TEEX ire Protection  "ire fighting e@uipment not tampered ith or removed  "ire fighting ater system may be used for ash do n if capacity is not compromised  2@uipment accessible1 plainly labeled  2@uipment inspected D maintained  %re familiar ith location D use 3! ©2006 TEEX .7/+ . pound B% e<tinguishers1 depending on operation  >ell servicing rigs! at least ( (*.ire Protection  Erilling rigs! at least .7/+ . (*.pound B% e<tinguishers1 depending on operation  "ire fighting e@uipment near all elding  "ire atch for elding3cutting outside designated elding area 3" ©2006 TEEX . lammable ?iquids  Approved portable containers  Tanks and Erums properly labeled  Refueling operations!  -rocedures for over ater transfers  Shut do n engines hile refueling unless shutdo n causes greater hazard  Assign a person to monitor filling tank to prevent spillage  Ground during refueling 40 ©2006 TEEX .. . /" ?iquefied Petroleum Gas (?PG)       "ollo )"-A +8 #gnition source control -rotective caps on cylinders Csual cylinder precautions )o temperatures I/(+G"1 no direct heat -rotective gloves for refilling or replacing bottles! freeze burns ©2006 TEEX 4# .. /..lammable ?iquid tora*e  Storage area re@uirements! ventilation1 e<its1 housekeeping1 arning1 e<tinguishers1 classification  On land!  )ot ithin +* feet of ellbore1 or e@uivalent safety measures  6-G tanks I(+* gallons at least /+* ft from and parallel to closest side of rig: labeled  Offshore! appropriate precautions 42 ©2006 TEEX . . >/! Drillin* and Well ervicin* Ri* Equi&ment 1 General  Openings in rotary table kept covered hen not occupied  Rathole and mousehole openings kept covered hen not occupied ith e@uipment 43 ©2006 TEEX . >/+ Derric6s and <asts  Substantial1 ell designed D maintained  -ermanent name plate!  $anufacturer  $odel and serial number  Rating including static hook load capacity ith number of lines  Recommended guying pattern if applicable  #f not noted1 guy according to A-# .G 44 ©2006 TEEX . >/+ Derric6s and <asts  Raising and lo ering masts!  )ot moved hile raised &e<cept for skidding'  7isual inspection of raising3lo ering mechanism before use  Tools and unsecured materials removed from mast before raising3lo ering  Base level and positioned before raising1 lo ering or telescoping1 or tightening guylines  Jualified person in charge of raising3lo ering 4$ ©2006 TEEX . >/+ Derric6s and <asts  Raising and lo ering masts!  Bolts1 nuts and pins secured  )o e<tra personnel in3under mast unless fully raised or lo ered  Guylines tensioned before load applied  Euring unusual loading!  Only essential personnel on rig floor  )o one in derrick1 mast1 or cellar 46 ©2006 TEEX . >/+ Derric6s and <asts  -latforms above rig floor maintained and secured to support stresses  $aterials not kept above rig floor unless in use and secured against falling  )o one on rig floor during overhead repair unless their help is needed  )o unguarded openings big enough for person to fall e<cept ladder opening bet een supports of cro n block 4 ©2006 TEEX . >/+ Derric6s and <asts  Bumper blocks!  Safety cable or strap along full length  -revent ood fragment falling ith screen  %ounter eights!  Safety line anchored to derrick3mast if not encased or in permanent guides  Travel of tong counter eights limited to elevations needed for tongs  Safety devices for =acks 4! ©2006 TEEX . >/" ?adders8 tair5ays8 and Platforms  "i<ed ladder from rig floor to cro n block and to each intermediate platform  6adders securely attached by manufacturer specifications  6adders must not lean back from vertical  $inimum clearances for ladders  Side rails e<tend ≥.( inches past landing 4" ©2006 TEEX . ays .4 risers/  Securely fastened  Handrails and midrails over entire length  Cniform1 level stair treads $0 ©2006 TEEX .>/" ?adders8 tair5ays8 and Platforms  %ages and platforms not re@uired if -"AS is used  -latforms herever ladders are offset1 if -"AS is not used  -pen stair. >/" ?adders8 tair5ays8 and Platforms  At least ( stair ay e<its on drilling rigs from rig floor to ground level  Rig floor1 ramps1 stair ays1 ladders1 platforms kept free of slip3trip hazards  Eerrick platforms!  #nside mast1 e<cept stabbing board1 must completely cover space from edge to legs  Secured to protect against dislodging $# ©2006 TEEX . >/" ?adders8 tair5ays8 and Platforms  >ell servicing rigs!  >ork not at ground level is on a orking platform large enough for ( people  Safety fasteners hen folded for storage  "inger board fingers bolted1 elded1 hinged.pinned1 or e@uivalent1 to beam $2 ©2006 TEEX .and. ft5 above ground or other orking level  . inch toe boards to prevent falling items $3 ©2006 TEEX .( inch top rail1 intermediate rail1 posts  2<cept for  -ersonnel e<its and entrances  %at alk and 7.door opening hen being used  >ork station used to rack tubulars  Alternate arrangements ith e@uivalent safety  .>/" ?adders8 tair5ays8 and Platforms  Guardrails at outer edge ≥. >/" ?adders8 tair5ays8 and Platforms  "loor and deck openings not left open  "loor holes people may alk into! securely covered ith no more than / inch opening $4 ©2006 TEEX . Dra55or6s  7isual inspection once per day  Guard remains in place and in good condition during operation  Eo not lubricate during operation  Eo not leave brake ithout securing1 unless e@uipped ith automatic driller  Shut.do n s itches at drum control console $$ ©2006 TEEX .>/. >/. Dra55or6s  Brake systems inspected and maintained per manufacturer recommendations  Erilling rigs!  Eouble &au<iliary' braking system  Safety device to keep traveling block from striking cro n block  Tested before each trip and after drill.line slipping or cutting operation $6 ©2006 TEEX . inch: rebuild and turn to avoid fouling  ?eep lines from being entangled ith cathead line  )o rope or line on unattended cathead $ ©2006 TEEX .>/' Catheads and ?ines Po5ered by the Cathead  Shaft head covered by a thimble a rope cannot ind around  Rope guide for manually operated rope  %heck for grooves I/3. >/' Catheads and ?ines Po5ered by the Cathead  Era orks control attended hile manual cathead is in use  )o rope splices on cathead friction surface1 e<cept properly spliced endless rope  Headache post or guard for dra orks control personnel hen line is near operator $! ©2006 TEEX . >/' Catheads and ?ines Po5ered by the Cathead  Training re@uired before operation of cathead or lines  $aintain lines and automatic catheads in safe orking condition  >hen lifting tubulars1 use slings that ill not slip off5 $" ©2006 TEEX . >/0 $oistin* lines and other 5ire ro&e  7isually inspect at least once per day: detailed inspection once per month  Remove hen too many broken ires  %onsider removal for corrosion  (emo0e lines ith corroded1 cracked1 bent1 orn1 improper end connections  Remove for kinking1 crushing1 birdcaging1 cutting1 cold orking 60 ©2006 TEEX . mile limits: see A-# R.>/0 $oistin* lines and other 5ire ro&e  Hoisting line! 2nd securely fastened: enough e<tra line on drum to avoid fastener strain  Anchors at least as strong as line  Ton.0B  $oving hoisting line not to come in contact ith anything stationary e<cept cro n block sheaves and traveling block sheaves 6# ©2006 TEEX . >/0 $oistin* lines and other 5ire ro&e  Hoisting line not removed from drum until traveling block rests on rig floor or is suspended separately  Slings should be identified by size1 grade1 rated capacity1 reach 62 ©2006 TEEX . >/7 $oistin* =ools8 $oo6s8 4ails8 Elevators8 and Related Equi&ment  Good engineering practice: maintained safe5 See A-# Spec 8A1 8B1 8%  )ever e<ceed design load  Safety latch on hoisting hook to prevent accidental release  Tra0eling bloc+s guarded properly  %ro n blocks secured to keep sheaves from =umping out of bearings 63 ©2006 TEEX . >/7 $oistin* =ools8 $oo6s8 4ails8 Elevators8 and Related Equi&ment  Traveling blocks not moved hile cro n block is being lubricated  "asten pump end of rotary hose to derrick3mast by cable or chain  "asten s ivel end of rotary hose to s ivel ith similar cable or chain  #nspect elevators1 latches1 latch locks1 pins1 springs: replace if orn3damaged 64 ©2006 TEEX . Rotary  Only engage po er hen rotary table is clear of all people and materials  Eo not use rotary table for initial breakout of tool =oints 9 only spinning out after initial breakout  Cse smooth kelly bushings to prevent catching of people1 clothes or material 6$ ©2006 TEEX .>/. >/> Drill trin* $andlin* Equi&ment  $anual drill pipe slip handles!  Cse manufacturerFs original or e@uivalent  Short enough to not pro=ect beyond master bushing  6ubricate tapered side of drill pipe slips  Eo not kick slips into place  Attach tongs to fi<ed structure using ire rope or stiff arm 66 ©2006 TEEX . >/> Drill trin* $andlin* Equi&ment  $aintain tongs properly  Tong safety lines! long enough to use breakout cathead1 but short enough to prevent complete rotation of tongs  -o er tongs!  -ressure systems! safety relief valve  -o er input pressure line disconnected to ork on tongs 6 ©2006 TEEX . >/!# Wei*ht Indicators  Csed for all rigs that manipulate tubulars  $aintained to register ithin +K  %hecked periodically for calibration  Gauge visible to operator  -rotected from falling 6! ©2006 TEEX . >/!! Drillin* .luid =an6s  On land! -its and tanks used to circulate flammables located ≥/** feet from ell1 or e@uivalent  Erilling fluid tanks treated as confined spaces  7entilation1 ventilation alarms1 gas detectors  Blo ers ith appropriate electrical classification 6" ©2006 TEEX . >/!+ Pi&e Rac6s and Pi&e =ubs  -ipe handled at the ends hile loading1 unloading1 or transferring  ?eep people out of the ay during transfer or loading3unloading  -revent pipe from rolling off! 6oad and unload by layers1 ith each layer blocked at all . corners5  Temporary supports to skid or roll pipe 0 ©2006 TEEX . >/!" Pressure Equi&ment  -ressure relief valve discharges located to prevent hazard ith sudden discharge or piping movement  6ines and hoses secured to prevent unsafe movement  )ever operate above rated pressure  Hammer unions must be the same thread 9 some look alike but ill fail # ©2006 TEEX . pin relief valves enclosed to prevent flying pins 2 ©2006 TEEX .>/!" Pressure Equi&ment  -ressure relief devices to discharge at or belo rated pressure of components  Automatic air pressure controls for cleaning1 sandblasting1 etc5  -ump houses ith ( e<it doors in different directions to outside  Shear. Generators8 <otors8 and ?i*htin*  Generators ≥/** feet up ind of ellhead or e@uivalent  Overload safety device to protect from shorting and burnout  Ade@uate illumination1 by safe portable lights if necessary5 Headlights are not sufficient5  2<tension cords insulated: plugs in good condition 3 ©2006 TEEX .>/!. +** D +*+'  2nclosed and gasketed if not covered by +**3+*+  A)S#3#2S R-H /088! #ndustrial 6ighting  %lass #1 Eivision # safeguards for shale shaker motor and area ithin + feet  6ockout3tagout before repairing electrical e@uipment  Ground motors1 generators1 control panels 4 ©2006 TEEX . Generators8 <otors8 and ?i*htin*  6ighting and fi<tures of appropriate electrical classification &R.>/!. >/!' Internal Combustion En*ines  Eiesel engines re@uire emergency shut. do n devices to shut off air  Actuation check the rig po er emergency shut do n devices /<3 eek  %heck all other internal combustion engine shutdo n devices /<34* days  Spark arrestors or e@uivalent ithin /** feet of ellbore $ ©2006 TEEX . >/!0 Ins&ection of Critical Equi&ment  -eriodically inspected by manufacturer recommendation or good engineering practice  %ertified inspectors use recognized methods for nondestructive testing  Jualified personnel for other inspection types 6 ©2006 TEEX . !#/! Wor6 in Pro9imity to E9&osed Ener*i:ed Po5er ources  $inimum clearances to po er lines!     Operating rig! /* ft L .energized ©2006 TEEX . ft L . in3/* k7 over +* k7 #ndividual designated as observer %onsider lines live unless o ner report or test by @ualified person says non. in3/* k7 over +* k7 6o ered mast! . " ! ©2006 TEEX ./.!#/+ Ri* Electrical ystems Equi&ment  Eesigned for use in hazardous locations if used there  $aintain! manufacturer recommendation  "le<ible cord1 resistant to dampness and petroleum  -rotect iring from damage: replace or properly repair hen insulation damaged  Offshore! A-# R. +** and +*+ and )"-A 4*  Ade@uate ventilation defined  M/*K of lo er e<plosive limit &626'  2nclosed areas! / cubic foot3minute per s@uare foot1 but at least . air changes per hour  )atural or mechanical " ©2006 TEEX .!#/" Classification of %reas  See A-# R. up or rig.!!/! Well Pum&in* 3nits  2lectric po er deenergized during ell servicing and1 if necessary1 during rig moves and rig.do n  "or ell servicing!  -umping unit turned off  Brake set  -o er source locked3tagged out !0 ©2006 TEEX . !!/! Well Pum&in* 3nits  -revent unintended counter eight movement  Cse strong enough sling to handle horsehead  #nstallation! bolt or latch as recommended  $aintain brake systems in safe orking order  Reinstall guards before startup !# ©2006 TEEX . !+ &ecial ervices General 2@uipment %ommunications Eischarge 6ine &Temporary Treating or %ementing 6ines'  6ubricator operations     !2 ©2006 TEEX . !" Wireline ervice           !3 General -lacement and Handling of >ireline Service Cnits Gin -oles &Telescoping and Single -oles' Rope "alls &Block and Tackle' >ellheads1 >ellhead %onnections1 and Adapters 6ubricators and >ireline Blo out -reventer 2@uipment >ireline Operations -erforating S abbing Bailing ©2006 TEEX . !. tri&&in* and nubbin*  General  Operations !4 ©2006 TEEX . !' Drill tem =estin*  General  -reliminary to Erill Stem Test  -erforming the Erill Stem Test !$ ©2006 TEEX . racturin*8 and $ot Oil O&erations  General  -umping Operations !6 ©2006 TEEX .!0 %cidi:in*8 . !7 Cementin* O&erations  General  -umping Operations ! ©2006 TEEX . !. Gas8 %ir8 or <ist Drillin* O&erations      General &All other re@uirements apply' Training 2@uipment -rocedures 1inimizing 2ources of 3gnition !! ©2006 TEEX . ree:in* O&erations  General  Hot Tapping Operations  "reezing Operations !" ©2006 TEEX .!> $ot =a&&in* and . lame Cuttin* O&erations  General  >ritten safety ork permit system  Avoid being a source of ignition  %ertified elders for e@uipment hose primary function is to contain hydrocarbons     "0 -ersonal -rotective 2@uipment &--2' "ire -rotection 2@uipment >elding "umes and 7entilation ©2006 TEEX .+# $ot5or68 Weldin*8 and .