2118.1-1995

AS 2118.1—1995 Australian Standard® Automatic fire sprinkler systems Part 1: Standard Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] This Australian Standard was prepared by Committee FP/4, Automatic Sprinkler Installations. It was approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 30 March 1995 and published on 5 July 1995. The following interests are represented on Committee FP/4: Asset Services—Department of Administrative Services Australian Building Codes Board Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry Australian Chamber of Manufactures Australian Fire Authorities Council Australian Fire Protection Association Australian Water and Sewerage Authorities Commonwealth Fire Board CSIRO—Division of Building, Construction Department of Defence Fire Protection Industry Association of Australia Institution of Engineers, Australia Insurance Council of Australia Master Plumbers and Mechanical Services Association of Victoria Melbourne Water New Zealand Fire Equipment Association Telecom Australia Testing Interests The Association of Consulting Engineers, Australia Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] Review of Australian Standards. To keep abreast of progress in industry, Australian Standards are subject to periodic review and are kept up to date by the issue of amendments or new editions as necessary. It is important therefore that Standards users ensure that they are in possession of the latest ed ition, and any amendments thereto. Full details of all Australian Standards and related publications will be found in the Standards Australia Catalogue of Publications; this information is supplemented each month by the magazine ‘The Australian Standard’, which subscribing members receive, and which gives details of new publications, new editions and amendments, and of withdrawn Standards. Suggestions for improvements to Australian Standards, addressed to the head office of Standards Australia, are welcomed. Notification of any inaccuracy or ambiguity found in an Australian Standard should be made without delay in order that the matter may be investigated and appropriate action taken. This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 92188. AS 2118.1—1995 Australian Standard® Automatic fire sprinkler systems Part 1: Standard Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] PUBLISHED BY STANDARDS AUSTRALIA (STANDARDS ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA) 1 THE CRESCENT, HOMEBUSH, NSW 2140 ISBN 0 7262 9790 9 AS 2118.1—1995 2 PREFACE This Standard was prepared by the Joint Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand Committee FP/4 on Automatic Sprinkler Installations to supersede in part AS 2118—1988, SAA Code for Automatic Fire Sprinkler Systems, and is the result of a consensus among representatives on the joint committee to produce it as an Australian Standard. The revisions to AS 2118 have included Standards Australia’s requirements to keep product and installation Standards separate. When complete the series will comprise: AS 2118 Automatic fire sprinkler systems Part 1: Standard Part 2: Wall wetting sprinklers (Drenchers) Part 3: Deluge Part 4: Residential Part 5: Domestic Part 6: Combined sprinkler and hydrant Part 9: Piping support and installation Part 10: Approval documentation 4118 Fire Part Part Part Part Part Part Part Part Part sprinkler systems 1.1: Components—Sprinklers and sprayers 1.2: Components—Alarm valves (wet) 1.3 Components—Water motor alarms 1.4: Components—Valve monitors 1.5: Components—Deluge and pre-action valves 1.6: Components—Stop valves and non-return valves 1.7: Components—Alarm valves (dry) 1.8: Components—Pressure reducing valves 1.9: Components—Accelerators and exhausters Part 2.1: Piping—General The terms ‘normative’ and ‘informative’ have been used in this Standard to define the application of the appendix to which they apply. A ‘normative’ appendix is an integral part of a Standard, whereas an ‘informative’ appendix is only for information and guidance. Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] © Copyright STANDARDS AUSTRALIA Users of Standards are reminded that copyright subsists in all Standards Australia publications and software. Except where the Copyright Act allows and except where provided for below no publications or software produced by Standards Australia may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system in any form or transmitted by any means without prior permission in writing from Standards Australia. Permission may be conditional on an appropriate royalty payment. Requests for permission and information on commercial software royalties should be directed to the head office of Standards Australia. 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This policy may be varied by Standards Australia at any time. 3 AS 2118.1—1995 CONTENTS Page SECTION 1 SCOPE, DEFINITIONS, CLASSIFICATION AND DESIGN DATA 1.1 SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 NEW DESIGNS AND INNOVATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SECTION 2 CLASSES OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS AND 2.1 CLASSES OF SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 CLASSIFICATION OF OCCUPANCIES . . . . . . 2.3 TYPES OF SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 DESIGN DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SECTION 3 INSTALLATION 3.1 SPRINKLERED BUILDINGS . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 TRANSMISSION OF ALARM SIGNAL TO 3.3 LOCAL ALARM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 SYSTEM MONITORING . . . . . . . . . . . . . DESIGN DATA ............ ............ ............ ............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 6 6 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 8 13 19 ............. FIRE BRIGADE ............. ............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 21 22 22 SECTION 4 WATER SUPPLIES 4.1 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 ACCEPTABLE SOURCES OF SUPPLY . . . . 4.3 WATER SUPPLY GRADES . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 CONNECTIONS TO OTHER SERVICES . . . 4.5 PRESSURE AND FLOW REQUIREMENTS . 4.6 PRESSURE CONSIDERATIONS . . . . . . . . . 4.7 MINIMUM CAPACITY OF STORED WATER 4.8 PUMP SUCTION TANKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9 PRIVATE WATER SUPPLIES . . . . . . . . . . . 4.10 TOWN MAINS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.11 PUMP INSTALLATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.12 PUMPSETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.13 PRESSURE TANKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.14 PROVING OF WATER SUPPLIES . . . . . . . . ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... SUPPLIES ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 23 23 35 36 37 37 37 43 43 44 45 49 51 Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] SECTION 5 SPACING AND LOCATION OF SPRINKLERS 5.1 STANDARD SPACING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 STAGGERED SPACING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 MINIMUM DISTANCE BETWEEN SPRINKLERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4 LOCATION OF SPRINKLERS (OTHER THAN SIDEWALL SPRINKLERS) . . 5.5 SPACING AND LOCATION OF SIDEWALL SPRINKLERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6 LOCATIONS OR CONDITIONS INVOLVING SPECIAL CONSIDERATION (supplementary protection) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7 OBSTRUCTIONS BELOW SPRINKLERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.8 FILM AND TELEVISION PRODUCTION STUDIOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.9 THEATRES AND MUSIC HALLS (protection on the stage side of the proscenium wall) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.10 COLD STORAGE WAREHOUSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 53 53 53 58 59 63 64 64 64 AS 2118.1—1995 4 Page SECTION 6 SPRINKLERS, SPRAYERS AND MULTIPLE CONTROLS 6.1 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 TYPES OF SPRINKLERS, SPRAYERS AND MULTIPLE CONTROLS 6.3 SPRINKLER K FACTORS, ORIFICE AND THREAD SIZES . . . . . . . . 6.4 APPLICATION OF SPRINKLER TYPES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5 TEMPERATURE RATINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6 COLOUR CODING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.7 STOCK OF REPLACEMENT SPRINKLERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.8 ANTI-CORROSION TREATMENT OF SPRINKLERS . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.9 SPRINKLER GUARDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.10 ESCUTCHEON PLATE ASSEMBLIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.11 PROTECTION AGAINST FROST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 66 67 68 68 68 68 69 69 69 69 SECTION 7 PIPING 7.1 PIPE AND PIPE FITTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 HYDRAULIC TEST PRESSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3 PIPING IN UNSPRINKLERED BUILDINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4 HAZARDOUS PROCESSES AND EXPLOSION HAZARD—SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS CONCERNING PIPING AND VALVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5 SLOPE OF PIPES FOR DRAINAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.6 LOW LEVEL DRAINAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.7 PIPE SIZES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.8 ORIFICE PLATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.9 SUPPORT OF SPRINKLER PIPING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SECTION 8 VALVES AND ANCILLARY EQUIPMENT 8.1 CONTROL ASSEMBLIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2 STOP VALVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3 BLOCK PLAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4 LOCATION PLATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5 EMERGENCY INSTRUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.6 NON-RETURN (BACK PRESSURE) VALVES . 8.7 ALARM VALVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.8 PRESSURE-REDUCING VALVES . . . . . . . . . . 8.9 DELUGE AND PRE-ACTION VALVES . . . . . . 8.10 ALARM DEVICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.11 REMOTE TEST VALVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.12 PRESSURE GAUGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SECTION 9 LIGHT HAZARD CLASS SYSTEMS 9.1 DESIGN DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2 WATER SUPPLIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3 SPACING OF SPRINKLERS . . . . . . . . . 9.4 SYSTEM COMPONENTS . . . . . . . . . . . 9.5 SYSTEM DRAINAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SECTION 10 ORDINARY HAZARD CLASS 10.1 DESIGN DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.2 WATER SUPPLIES . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.3 SPACING OF SPRINKLERS . . . . . 10.4 SYSTEM COMPONENTS . . . . . . . 10.5 SYSTEM DRAINAGE . . . . . . . . . . 70 70 70 70 70 70 71 71 71 Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 72 73 73 74 74 74 75 75 75 77 78 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 79 80 81 83 SYSTEMS ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 84 87 87 92 5 AS 2118.1—1995 Page SECTION 11 HIGH HAZARD CLASS SYSTEMS 11.1 DESIGN DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 WATER SUPPLIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3 SPACING OF SPRINKLERS . . . . . . . . . 11.4 SYSTEM COMPONENTS . . . . . . . . . . . 11.5 SYSTEM DRAINAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SECTION 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8 12.9 12.10 12.11 12.12 12.13 12.14 12.15 12.16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 . 103 . 106 . 107 . 109 12 FULL HYDRAULIC CALCULATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR DENSITY OF DISCHARGE . . . . . . . . . . ASSUMED AREA OF OPERATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SPRINKLERS IN OPERATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . POSITION OF ASSUMED AREA OF OPERATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SHAPE OF ASSUMED AREA OF OPERATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WATER SUPPLIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PUMPSETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CALCULATION OF PRESSURE LOSS IN PIPES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PRESSURE LOSSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ACCURACY OF CALCULATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MINIMUM SPRINKLER DISCHARGE PRESSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MINIMUM PIPE SIZES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VELOCITY LIMITATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VELOCITY PRESSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IDENTIFICATION OF FULLY HYDRAULICALLY CALCULATED SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 117 117 117 118 119 120 120 120 121 123 123 123 124 124 124 APPENDICES A REFERENCED DOCUMENTS . B WIRING SYSTEMS RATING . C ORIFICE PLATES . . . . . . . . . D PIPING INTERPRETATIONS . E COMPLETION CERTIFICATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 140 142 145 148 151 155 INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RECORD OF AMENDMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] Originated as part of CA16—1939 (endorsement of Seventh Edition of FOC Rules). Previous edition AS 2118—1982. Revised and redesignated in part as AS 2118.1—1995. AS 2118.1 — 1995 6 STANDARDS AUSTRALIA Australian Standard Automatic fire sprinkler systems Part 1: Standard S E C T I O N 1 S C O P E , D E F I N I T I O N S , C L A S S I F I C A T I O N A N D D E S I G N D A T A 1.1 SCOPE This Standard specifies requirements for the installation of standard sprinkler systems in buildings. 1.2 NEW DESIGNS AND INNOVATIONS Any alternative materials, designs, methods of assembly, procedures and similar that do not comply with the specific requirements of this Standard, or are not mentioned in it, but that give the equivalent results to those specified, are not necessarily prohibited. The Committee on Automatic Sprinkler Installations can act in an advisory capacity concerning equivalent suitability, but any required approval remains the prerogative of the regulatory authority. 1.3 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS Appendix A. A list of referenced documents is given in Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] 1.4 DEFINITIONS For the purpose of this Standard the definitions given in AS 2484.1, AS 2484.2, AS 3500.0 and that below apply. 1.4.1 Alarm valve — a non-return valve which allows the water to enter the installation and operate alarms when the installation pressure falls below the water supply pressure. 1.4.2 Approved — approved by the regulatory authority. 1.4.3 Assumed area of operation — the area, i.e. the number of sprinklers likely to operate, in a sprinklered building which is considered may be involved in a fire. The assumed area of operation is different in each hazard class. 1.4.4 Regulatory authority — a Minister of the Crown, a government department, or other public authority having power to issue regulations, orders, or other instructions in respect of any subject covered by this Standard. NOTE: Where adoption of this Standard is not a requirement of a regulatory authority but is a requirement of a body such as a relevant insurance company or association, then that body, or their nominees such as the Insurance Council of Australia, may perform the functions of the regulatory authority for the purposes of this Standard. 1.4.5 Authorized inspector — an inspector appointed by the regulatory authority. 1.4.6 Building owner — the owner of a building or his authorized representative. 1.4.7 Fire and draught stop — a partition or bulkhead extending from end to end and top to bottom of a concealed space, installed to delay the spread of fire and constructed from imperforate materials which are non-shatterable under fire conditions. NOTES: 1 Examples of acceptable fire and draught stops include the following: (a) Structural features such as a reinforced beam or steel joist extending to or through the ceiling, and a brick wall extended up through the ceiling to the floor above. (b) A purpose-built partition mounted on wood or steel framework, constructed of 10 mm gypsum board, 0.6 mm sheet steel or 7 mm high-density tempered hardboard. COPYRIGHT 7 AS 2118.1 — 1995 2 Only the following apertures are permitted: (a) Openings for the passage of individual pipes, conduits and airconditioning ducts, provided that such openings are reasonably close fitting. (b) Openings not exceeding 2 m in width for the passage of groups of pipes, conduits and airconditioning ducts, protected by a ‘cut-off’ sprinkler or sprinklers as required to provide full protection to such openings. 1.4.8 Inferior wall — any wall with an FRL of less than −/30/30 and for an inferior external wall the FRL applies only to the external face. 1.4.9 Net positive suction head (NPSH) (of a pump)— the total inlet head plus the head corresponding to the atmospheric pressure minus the head corresponding to the vapour pressure. NPSH, as well as inlet total head, is referred to the reference plane. It is necessary to make a distinction between — (a) (b) required net positive suction head (NPSHR) — a function of pump design, which is available from the pump manufacturer; and available net position suction head (NPSHA) — a function of the system in which the pump operates, which can be calculated for any installation. 1.4.10 Open joists and exposed common rafters — a series of members (including purlins) spaced not more than 600 mm apart, measured from centre to centre of the members. 1.4.11 Sprinklered area — an area of a building equipped with a sprinkler system installed in accordance with this Standard, and separated from non-sprinklered areas in accordance with this Standard. 1.4.12 Sprinklered building— a building equipped throughout with a sprinkler system installed in accordance with this Standard. 1.4.13 Post or box pallet— solid or mesh box with the open face uppermost, designed to be stacked one upon the other in a self-supporting manner. Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 8 S E C T I O N 2 C L A S S E S O F S P R I N K L E R S Y S T E M S A N D D E S I G N D A T A 2.1 CLASSES OF SYSTEMS Sprinkler systems shall be classified on the basis of the hazard classes of occupancy and shall be designated accordingly, viz. light, ordinary and high. (See Clause 2.2 for the classification of occupancies according to hazard class.) 2.2 CLASSIFICATION OF OCCUPANCIES 2.2.1 General The following lists provide a guide to the classification of occupancies. The listings cannot be considered to be exhaustive. Where sprinkler protection is being designed for an occupancy which is not listed, the occupancy should be related to that which could be considered to behave in a similar manner under fire conditions. 2.2.2 Light hazard occupancies Examples of light hazard occupancies are as follows: Medical and dental consulting rooms Museums (low combustible loading) Offices Prisons Churches and chapels Hospitals, orphanages, homes and asylums Libraries (excluding stack rooms) Lodging houses The piping and pressure and flow requirements for light hazard systems are not designed to provide adequate densities should more than six sprinklers come into operation. Therefore, where there is any undivided* area in excess of 126 m 2 within a building otherwise classified as light hazard, the sprinklered areas (see Clause 1.4.11) shall be classified throughout as ordinary hazard 1. Corridors and lobbies requiring one row of sprinklers only, are exempted from this area limitation (see Clause 9.1). Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] Art galleries Bath (Turkish and Sauna) Boarding houses and residential sections of clubs, hotels and motels Schools, colleges, universities Sewerage works Waterworks and pumping stations 2.2.3 Ordinary hazard occupancies groups as follows: Ordinary hazard occupancies are divided into four NOTE: Premises having mixed occupancies must be referred to the regulatory authority for a decision. * Undivided areas are those enclosed between full height walls and partitions, adequate to delay the flow of hot gases until a sprinkler is operated. COPYRIGHT 9 AS 2118.1 — 1995 (a) Ordinary hazard 1 (OH 1) occupancies* include the following: Abrasive wheel and powder manufacturers Aerated water manufacturers (not on brewery premises) Artificial stone manufacturers Assayers (gold and silver) Boiler composition manufacturers Cement works Chrome platers Clubs/hotels/motels (excluding public entertainment areas such as discos and gaming areas Creamery and wholesale dairies Fibrous cement millboard manufacturers Galvanizers Gold and silver smelters Ice factories Jewellery manufacturers and engravers Mirror manufacturers Plating works Precast concrete and brick manufacturers Restaurants and cafes Salt manufacturers Sewerage works Sports pavilions and stands Stained glass manufacturers Stone working (b) Ordinary hazard 2 (OH 2) occupancies* include the following: Abattoirs/meat processing Aircraft engine works (excluding engine testing) Battery manufacturers (excluding stationary types with plastic housings) Breweries including wineries (bottling section but excluding beverage processing) Electric lamp and neon light manufacturers Emery paper/cloth manufacturers Enamellers Engineering works Glasspaper and sandpaper manufacturers Instrument and tool manufacturers (metal) Laundries (excluding hanging garments) Motor garages, including public and private car parks Motor vehicle manufacturers and assembly plants (excluding plastic component handling) Paint manufacturers (water-based only) Plant rooms Plaster manufacturers Potteries Shipbreakers Tea manufacturers Tobacco manufacturers Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] * Excluding woodworking, painting and any other high fire load areas which are to be treated as OH 3. In areas where there is storage of stock within the categories described in Clause 2.2.3 in excess of the storage heights set out in the Note to Table 2.2.4.2, high hazard protection will be required. COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 10 (c) Ordinary hazard 3 (OH 3) occupancies* include the following: Aircraft factories (excluding hangars) Athletic goods manufacturers (excluding plastic component handling/ manufacturing) Bleach, dye and print works Boathouses Brake and clutch lining manufacturers Briquette and patent fuel manufacturers Broadcasting studios and transmitters Brush manufacturers Candle manufacturers Carpet manufacturers Cinematography film dealers and exchangers Clothing/textile manufacturers Cork cutters and dealers Cotton mills (excluding preparatory processes) Data processing Departmental/retail stores Electrical signal cable manufacturers Electrical/electronic manufacturing and assembly (predominantly metal materials) Fibre goods manufacturers Flax, jute and hemp mills (excluding preparatory processes) Food/beverage processing Footwear manufacturers French polishers Furriers Furniture manufacturers and repairs (excluding foam rubber and plastics) Nitrate storage Paper goods manufacturers Paper mills Printers and allied trades (excluding flammable liquids) Pharmaceutical and chemical manufacturers (not producing or using flammable solids, liquids, dust and the like) Photographic materials works Rope and twine manufacturing Rubber and rubber goods manufacturers (excluding foam rubber) Sawmills and timber yards Shale oil refiners Ship/boat builders (excluding plastic) Show rooms Stables Starch works Sugar manufacturers Tanneries Telephone exchanges Theatres, cinemas and public entertainment areas Tram and railway depots Tyre manufacturers Video stores–retail/rental Wallpaper manufacturers Warehouses and storage buildings (storage heights not exceeding the figures stated in the Note to Table 2.2.4.2) Waste paper dealers Woodworkers Woollen and worsted mills Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] Glass manufacturers Glue works Granaries, grain and seed mills Laundries and dry cleaners Leather goods manufacturers Maltings and cooperages Market halls Museums (with high combustible loading) * In areas where there is storage of stock within the categories described in Clause 2.2.3 in excess of the storage heights set out in the Note to Table 2.2.4.2, high hazard protection will be required. COPYRIGHT 11 AS 2118.1 — 1995 (d) Ordinary hazard special (OH special) occupancies* include the following: Copra kilns Cork processing Cotton mills (preparatory processes) Fibreglass products manufacturers Film and television studios Flax and hemp scutch mills Flax, jute and hemp mills (preparatory processes) Match manufacturers Oil mills (crushing and solvent extraction) Pharmaceutical and chemical manufacturers (producing or using flammable solids, liquids, dust or the like) Printers and allied trades (using flammable inks and solvents) 2.2.4 High hazard occupancies Examples of high hazard process risks are as Nitrocellulose manufacturers and nitrocellulose goods manufacturers Paint and varnish works, solvent based Plastic goods manufacturing and processing works (where plastic is one of the basic materials in the operation) Resin and turpentine manufacturers Theatrical scenery stores Tar distillers Vehicle repair shops 2.2.4.1 High hazard — process risks follows: Aircraft engine testing Aircraft hangars Distilleries (still houses) Electrical/electronic manufacturing and assembly (predominantly plastic components) Exhibition halls with unusually high ceiling and high concentration of combustibles Firelighter manufacturers Fireworks manufacturers Flammable liquid spraying Foam plastics goods manufacturers and processing Foam rubber goods manufacturers and processing Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] 2.2.4.2 High hazard — High-piled storage risks The protection of high-piled storage risks depends on the method of storage, the hazardous nature of the stock, and the height of the storage. Provision is made for protection where sprinklers are only provided at the roof or ceiling and also where additional sprinklers are provided at intermediate levels in storage racks. Risks have been subdivided according to the severity of hazards of the stock and the classification as set out in Items (a)–(d) below. * This group in an extension of OH 3 occupancies where flash fires are likely, covering somewhat larger areas of operation, such as might be anticipated in connection with preparatory processes in textile mills and certain other risks. COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 12 It is considered that overall storage heights not exceeding that below in Table 2.2.4.2 for the various categories are suitable for ordinary hazard systems and need not be regarded as high-piled storage. The term ‘storage’ includes the warehousing or the temporary depositing of goods or materials in the following categories: (a) Category 1 Category 1 comprises ordinary combustible materials and noncombustible materials in combustible wrappings, excluding those items specified under Categories 2, 3 and 4 stored in bulk, in pallets or on racking, to heights as specified in Tables 11.1.3.2(A) and 11.1.3.2(B). Examples of Category 1 storage are as follows: Baled wool Clothing (excluding multilevel hanging garments) Electrical appliances (metal) Fibreboard (high density hardboard) Glassware and crockery (in cartons) Groceries* (b) Category 2 Library stack rooms Metal goods in cartons Paints (water-based) Textiles All forms of paper storage other than those specified under Categories 2, 3 and 4. Examples of Category 2 storage are as follows: Linoleum products Palletized whisky stocks Rolled asphalt paper (horizontal storage) Rolled pulp and paper (horizontal storage excluding light weight) Veneer sheets Wood patterns Wooden furniture 2.2.4.2 Aerosols with non-flammable contents/ expellants Baled cork Baled waste paper Cartons and carton flats Cartons containing alcoholic beverages Carpet (natural and blended) Chipboard Fibreboard (low density softboard) TABLE OVERALL STORAGE HEIGHTS FOR CATEGORIES OF ORDINARY HAZARD SYSTEMS Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] Overall storage height, m Category of storage Freestanding, bin or block storage Nonencapsulated 4.0 3.0 2.1 1.2 Encapsulated 3.0 2.2 1.6 0.9 Single or double row post or box pallets and rack storage Nonencapsulated 3.5 2.6 1.7 1.2 Encapsulated 2.7 2.0 1.3 0.9 1 2 3 4 NOTE: In designated storage areas to provide for any future requirements, the height of storage should be taken as not less than 1 m below any ceiling or roof. * This item applies only to the storage of grocery items. Packaging and other items in the storage area may require protection appropriate to a higher category. COPYRIGHT 13 AS 2118.1 — 1995 (c) Category 3 Examples of Category 3 storage are as follows: Plastics (foamed) in cartons Rolled pulp and paper (vertical storage and lightweight paper horizontal storage) Rolled asphalt paper (vertical storage) Rubber goods (excluding tyre storage) Ventilated wood stacks Waxed paper or asphalt coated paper and containers in cartons Woodwool Wooden pallets and wood flats (idle) Rolled lightweight paper (vertical storage) Rolled non-woven synthetic fabric Rolls of sheet foamed plastics or foamed rubber Tyre storage Bitumen coated or wax-coated paper Carpet (synthetic) Celluloid Electrical appliances (plastic) Esparto (loose) Flammable liquids (metal containers) Foamed rubber products (with or without cartons) other than those specified in Category 4 Hanging garments (multilevel) Paint (solvent-based metal containers) Plastics (non-foamed) with or without cartons (d) Category 4 Examples of Category 4 storage are as follows: Foamed plastics without cartons and nonwoven synthetic fibre products with or without cartons Off-cuts and random pieces of foamed plastics or foamed rubber Plastic pallets (idle) 2.2.4.3 Storage risks requiring special consideration Such risks would include aerosols with flammable contents storage, flammable and combustible liquids in plastic containers, vertically stored tissue paper, and the like. Classification and form of protection are subject to approval of the regulatory authority. 2.3 2.3.1 (a) Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] TYPES OF SYSTEMS Standard sprinkler systems Standard sprinkler systems shall include the following categories: Wet. Alternate wet and dry. Wet or alternate wet and dry, incorporating tail-end dry systems. Wet incorporating tail-end alternate systems. Dry. Pre-action. 2.3.1.1 Categories (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) 2.3.1.2 Wet systems A wet system is a Standard sprinkler system permanently charged with water both above and below the installation alarm valve (wet) (see Clause 8.7.1). Wet systems shall be installed in premises where there is no danger at any time of the water in the pipes freezing. Where these conditions cannot be ensured throughout the premises, the areas in which freezing may occur may be on a tail-end alternate wet and dry system, provided that the number of sprinklers thereon does not exceed the limits specified in Clause 2.3.1.5, otherwise the installation shall be erected as an alternate wet and dry system. Sprinklers in wet systems may be installed in either the upright or the pendent position. COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 14 Wet systems shall be so designed that the maximum floor area, excluding concealed spaces but including mezzanine floor areas, controlled by one control assembly (including tail-end extensions — see Clause 2.3.1.5) does not exceed the following: (a) (b) (c) 9000 m2 for light and ordinary hazard systems; 6000 m2 for high hazard systems where only roof protection is provided above pallet racking; and 8000 m 2 for other high hazard systems. The floor area controlled by a single installation of intermediate level sprinklers, shall not exceed 4000 m2 of floor area occupied by the racks, including aisles. 2.3.1.3 Alternate wet and dry systems An alternate wet and dry system shall be a standard sprinkler system embodying either a composite alarm valve (see Clause 8.7.3) or a combination set comprising an alarm valve (wet) and an alarm valve (dry) (see Clauses 8.7.1 and 8.7.2) where — (a) during the winter months, the system piping above the composite or alarm valve (dry) shall be charged with air and the remainder of the system below the valve with water; and at other times of the year, the system operates as a wet system described in Clause 2.3.2.2. (b) Sprinklers shall be installed in the upright position above the line of pipes in alternate wet and dry systems. An exception is allowed if approved dry pendent sprinklers (see Clause 6.2.1(e)) are installed or where sprinklers, erected pendent, have an anti-freezing device incorporated therein. Piping shall be arranged with slope for drainage (see Clause 7.5). Alternate wet and dry systems shall be so designed that the maximum number of sprinklers controlled by one control assembly (including tail-end extensions (see Clause 2.3.1.5)) comply with the requirements of Table 2.3.1.3. TABLE 2.3.1.3 MAXIMUM NUMBER OF SPRINKLERS FOR ALTERNATE WET AND DRY SYSTEMS 1 Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] 2 Light hazard systems* 250 3 Ordinary and high hazard systems† 500 Conditions With an accelerator or exhauster (see Clause 8.7.5) Without an accelerator or exhauster 125 250 * For example, in an installation with 300 sprinklers in ordinary hazard and 100 in the light hazard section, a total of 400, the figure for this requirement would be taken as 500, i.e. 300 + (100 × 2). † In the calculation of the number of sprinklers in a composite system, the actual number of sprinklers in the light hazard section must be doubled. This figure is added to the number of sprinklers in the ordinary and high hazard section and the total is not to exceed that in Column 3. COPYRIGHT 15 AS 2118.1 — 1995 2.3.1.4 Dry system A dry system shall be a sprinkler system in which the system piping is permanently charged with air above the alarm valve (dry) and with water below the valve. Dry systems shall only be installed in buildings where the temperature conditions are maintained close to or below freezing, such as in cool stores, fur vaults, or where the temperature is maintained above 70°C as in drying ovens. (See special provisions in Clause 5.10 for cold storage warehouses.) The number of sprinklers controlled by one control assembly in a dry system shall not exceed that prescribed in Clause 2.3.1.3 for alternate wet and dry systems. Sprinklers shall be installed in the upright position above the line of pipes in dry systems unless dry pendent sprinklers (see Clause 6.2.1(e)) are installed or where sprinklers erected pendent have an anti-freezing device incorporated. Piping shall be arranged with slope for drainage (see Clause 7.7). 2.3.1.5 Tail-end alternate wet and dry or tail-end dry systems These systems are essentially similar to the systems described in Clauses 2.3.1.3 and 2.3.1.4 except that they shall be of comparatively small extent and form extensions to sprinkler installations. They shall be installed as follows: (a) As extensions to a wet system in — (i) comparatively small areas where there is possible exposure to frost in an otherwise adequately heated building, in which case the tail-end system shall be an alternate wet and dry type; and high temperature ovens or stoves, in which case the tail-end system shall be a dry type. (ii) (b) As extensions to an alternate wet and dry system in high temperature ovens or stoves, where the tail-end system shall be of the dry principle. (See special provisions in Clause 5.10 for cold storage warehouses.) Sprinklers shall be installed in the upright position above the line of pipes in tail-end systems unless dry pendent sprinklers (see Clause 6.2.1(e)) are installed or where sprinklers erected pendent have an anti-freezing device incorporated. The number of sprinklers in a group of tail-end systems controlled by one wet system control assembly or alternate wet and dry system control assembly shall not exceed 250 with not more than 100 on any one tail-end system. Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] Each tail-end system shall be provided with a 50 mm diameter drain valve and drain pipe and a pressure gauge fitted at a point above the seating of the tail-end valve. To assist in the maintenance of a tail-end system when under air pressure, a subsidiary stop valve may be installed immediately beneath the tail-end valve, provided that the arrangements comply with the requirements in Clause 8.2.4(c). 2.3.1.6 Tail-end anti-freezing solution systems Piping within the area subject to freezing shall be filled with an anti-freezing solution and shall be installed to prevent diffusion of water into that area. Anti-freezing solutions shall have a freezing point of not less than 10°C below the minimum temperature possible in the area subject to freezing. The number of sprinklers on any tail-end anti-freezing solution system shall not exceed 20. The piping shall be arranged so that the interface between the anti-freezing solution and the water in the wet system is lower than the point of connection to the wet system. COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 16 A subsidiary stop valve (see Clause 8.2.4) may be incorporated in the piping. The following valves and fittings shall be incorporated in the piping (see Figure 2.3.1.6 and Figure 4.3.1 for symbols): (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) A drain valve. An upper test valve, not more than 300 mm below the water level in the wet system. A lower test valve, not less than 1.5 m below the water level in the wet system. A filling connection. A non-return valve. The disc of the non-return valve shall have a 1 mm hole to allow for expansion of the solution during a temperature rise and thus prevent damage to sprinklers. All valves in the system piping shall be metal-faced. NOTE: These systems are suitable for use in small coolrooms and freezing chambers and other areas such as loading docks and outhouses in localities subject to freezing conditions. They perform essentially the same function as the systems described in Clause 2.3.1.5. DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES FIGURE 2.3.1.6 Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] ARRANGEMENT OF SUPPLY PIPING AND VALVES, TAIL-END ANTI-FREEZING SOLUTION SYSTEM 2.3.1.7 Pre-action systems A pre-action system shall be a combination of a sprinkler system and an independent system of heat or smoke detectors installed in the same areas as the sprinklers. NOTE: In general, heat or smoke detectors operate prior to sprinklers, and so a pre-action valve opens to allow water to flow into the sprinkler piping before the first sprinkler operates. The sprinkler system piping shall be charged with air and shall be monitored so that an alarm is given on reduction of the air pressure. The pre-action alarm valve controlling the water supply shall be operated either — (a) solely by the system of detectors to allow the sprinkler piping to become charged with water thus reverting to a wet system, the objective being to prevent a discharge of water from piping or sprinklers that have suffered mechanical damage; or COPYRIGHT 17 AS 2118.1 — 1995 (b) by the system of detectors, or independently by the operation of a sprinkler releasing the air from the sprinkler piping, the object being to facilitate an earlier discharge of water from sprinklers on a dry system. Operation of the sprinkler system shall be unaffected by any failure in the detector system. In each case the detection system shall automatically operate an alarm. The heat or smoke detection system shall operate a continuously energized valve or trip mechanism to release the pre-action alarm valve when the valve or trip mechanism becomes de-energized. Pre-action systems shall be so designed that the maximum floor area, excluding concealed spaces but including mezzanine floor areas, controlled by one pre-action valve, whether in heated or unheated buildings, does not exceed the following: (i) (ii) 9000 m2 for light and ordinary hazard systems; and 6000 m2 for high hazard systems where only roof protection is provided above pallet racking; and (iii) 8000 m 2 for other high hazard systems. Where the piping could be subject to freezing, sprinklers shall be installed in the upright position and the piping arranged with slope for drainage (see Clause 7.5). 2.3.1.8 Recycling pre-action system A recycling pre-action system shall be a pre-action system of the type described in Clause 2.3.1.7(a), with heat detectors and incorporating a pre-action flow control valve capable of repeated on/off cycles appropriate to the possible redevelopment of fire in the protected area. The cycling shall occur as a result of heat detector operation which, as an electric interlock, shall cause the pre-action flow control valve to open and close. As a safety measure, the reclosing of the flow control valve shall be delayed for a period of 5 min by means of an automatic timer. If the fire should rekindle and re-actuate the heat detectors, the flow control valve shall reopen immediately and water shall again flow from the opened sprinklers. The objectives of the recycling pre-action system are — (a) (b) (c) Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] to restrict water damage after a fire has been extinguished; to obviate the need to close the main stop valve when effecting modifications to the system piping or the replacement of sprinklers; and to avoid water damage caused by accidental mechanical damage to the system piping or sprinklers. The maximum floor area controlled by a pre-action flow control valve, whether in heated or unheated buildings, shall not exceed 9000 m 2. Sprinklers should be installed in the upright position except where the system is installed in a heated building. The piping shall be arranged with a slope for drainage (see Clause 7.5). 2.3.1.9 Installation of detectors The installation and spacing of heat or smoke detectors in pre-action and recycling pre-action systems shall comply with the requirements of AS 1670. 2.3.2 Special sprinkler systems NOTE: All special sprinkler system design approaches utilize hydraulic calculation procedures. 2.3.2.1 General It is intended that any special requirements of these systems be limited to the portion of the installation downstream of the control assemblies. 2.3.2.2 (a) Exceptions The following exceptions shall apply: The number of sprinklers controlled by one control assembly shall be in accordance with the requirements of Sections 9, 10 and 11, as appropriate. COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 18 (b) Water supply grade, duration and capacities shall meet the requirements of this Standard based on the most appropriate hazard classification given in Section 2, as a minimum; and Calculation of the hydraulically most favourable areas of operation is required where booster pumps are necessary. Section 12 shall be adopted as the basis to determine the shape of these areas and method of pump selection. (c) 2.3.2.3 Early suppression fast response (ESFR) sprinkler systems ESFR systems are designed on the basis of an early response to fire and delivery of a heavy discharge to ‘suppress’ the fire, as opposed to the standard system aim to ‘contain’ the fire. ESFR systems shall only be wet, and can only be relied upon to operate effectively when designed within the narrow parameters permissible, therefore ESFR sprinklers shall be installed strictly in compliance with their approval listing, manufacturer’s data sheets and published installation requirements. 2.3.2.4 Large drop sprinkler systems Large drop sprinkler systems are designed to provide high levels of penetration and cooling to high hazard fires, and may be wet, dry or pre-action. To ensure the effective operation of large drop systems they shall be designed strictly in compliance with their approval listings, manufacturer’s data sheets and published installation requirements. 2.3.2.5 Residential sprinkler design approach Residential sprinklers may be installed in a wet pipe sprinkler system conforming to this Standard, subject to the following: (a) Residential sprinklers are permitted in sole occupancy units and their adjoining corridors for buildings of residential occupancies as defined in the BCA, provided the residential sprinklers are installed in strict compliance with their specified approval listing and positioning requirements. Sprinkler discharge rates shall be provided in accordance with minimum flow rates indicated in individual residential sprinkler listings, both for the single sprinkler discharge and the multiple sprinkler discharge of the design sprinklers. The design area shall be that area which includes the four most hydraulically demanding sprinklers. When residential sprinklers are installed within a compartment, all sprinklers shall be from the same manufacturer and have the same heat response thermal characteristics. Residential sprinkler systems shall be so designed that the maximum floor area, excluding concealed spaces but including mezzanine floor areas, controlled by one control assembly, does not exceed 9 000 m2. (b) (c) (d) Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] (e) 2.3.2.6 Deluge system Deluge systems are systems of open sprinklers controlled by a quick-opening valve (deluge valve) which is operated by a system of approved thermal detectors or sprinklers installed in the same areas as the open sprinklers. These systems are designed primarily for special hazards such as those listed as high hazard in Clause 2.2.4, where any fire could be anticipated to be intense with a fast rate of propagation. In these circumstances it is desirable to apply water simultaneously over a complete zone in which a fire may originate by admitting water to open sprinklers or to medium or high velocity sprayers. Full details of proposals for installation of deluge systems shall be submitted to the authority having jurisdiction for approval before any erection work is commenced. COPYRIGHT 19 AS 2118.1 — 1995 2.4 DESIGN DATA Each standard sprinkler system shall be hydraulically designed in accordance with the relevant hazard class to provide an appropriate density of discharge over an assumed area of operation. The design densities and discharge and the assumed area of operation for the three classes shall be as given in Table 2.4.1. TABLE 2.4.1 DESIGN DENSITIES OF DISCHARGE AND ASSUMED AREAS OF OPERATION OF STANDARD SPRINKLER SYSTEMS Hazard class Light Ordinary— 1 2 3 Special High — Process risks High piled storage risks Design density of discharge mm/min 2.25 5* 5* 5* 5* 7.5 to 12.5 7.5 to 30 Assumed area of operation m2 84 71 144 216 360 260 260 or 300 * Provision is made for the density to be increased for certain areas by specifying closer spacing of sprinklers (see Clause 9.3.1 or Clause 10.3.1). Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 20 S E C T I O N 3.1 3.1.1 3 I N S T A L L A T I O N SPRINKLERED BUILDINGS Extent of sprinkler protection 3.1.1.1 General For the purpose of this Standard, sprinklered buildings and sprinklered areas shall be classified in accordance with Clauses 3.1.1.2 and 3.1.1.3. 3.1.1.2 Classification as sprinklered building To be classified as a sprinklered building, a building shall be sprinklered throughout, other than where exceptions are permitted in Clause 3.1.3. 3.1.1.3 Classification as sprinklered area Where it is proposed to protect a portion of a building only, for that portion to be classified as a sprinklered area, it shall be protected throughout by a sprinkler system in accordance with this Standard and be separated from non-sprinklered areas by a construction having an FRL of not less than −/120/120 with the exception of those listed in Clause 3.1.3. Where the sprinklered building is linked to an unsprinklered building by a roofed connection (e.g. roofed passageway, roofed ramp or tunnel), protection shall extend to a wall having an FRL of not less than −/120/120 with any door or shutter in the wall having an FRL of not less than −/120/30, and extending from top to bottom and side to side of the passageway, ramp, or tunnel. Where the wall is located at the junction with the unsprinklered building, the link shall be sprinkler protected. 3.1.2 Protection against exposure hazards 3.1.2.1 Limit of application Provisions of this Clause do not apply to a sprinkler system installed to comply with the BCA — (a) (b) existing buildings not required to conform with current building regulations; or buildings without external wall wetting sprinklers conforming with current building regulations where exposure hazards are located within 10 m of the building. 3.1.2.2 External sprinklers Inferior external walls and openings in external walls of a sprinklered building or sprinklered area within 10 m of an exposure hazard shall be protected by external sprinklers, in compliance with the requirements of AS 2118.2. Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] For the purpose of this Clause an exposure hazard shall mean a source of radiant heat such as — (a) (b) unsprinklered buildings or structures with inferior external walls, wall openings and roofs (other than reinforced concrete roofs); or storage or handling of combustible or flammable substances. For the purpose of positioning the design points, external sprinklers shall be considered cumulative with the sprinklers forming the internal array to which they are connected. Pipe sizes from the system extremities to the design points shall comply with the requirements of Clauses 9.4.2.2, 10.4.2.2 or 11.4.2.2. For external sprinklers connected by distribution pipes to fully hydraulically calculated high hazard systems, the piping for the external sprinklers shall be sized in accordance with Table 10.4.2.2. The pressure and flow requirements of the external protection may be ignored when in the hydraulic calculations for the internal sprinkler piping. COPYRIGHT 21 AS 2118.1 — 1995 Where internal range pipes extend to external sprinklers, the external sprinklers shall, for the purpose of hydraulic calculations, form part of the internal system. In this case, the minimum flow rate per external sprinkler shall be taken as 70 litres/min. NOTES: 1 External protection is generally subject to the approval of the regulatory authority. In cases where the number of sprinklers opposed to a single exposure hazard exceeds 12, the water supply may require to be increased. 2 The underside of any roof overhang, other than reinforced concrete construction, irrespective of width, should be treated as an inferior wall. Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] 3.1.3 Permitted exceptions Sprinklers may be omitted from certain areas of sprinklered buildings or sprinklered areas as follows: (a) Fire-isolated stairways, fire-isolated passageways and fire-isolated ramps constructed in accordance with building regulations. (b) Toilets and washrooms, but not cloakrooms, separated from the sprinklered building by walls, floors and ceilings with an FRL of not less than −/60/60, with all openings to the sprinklered building fitted with fire doors or approved fire shutters with a minimum FRL of −/60/60. (c) Rooms or compartments containing dry electric equipment, used for no other purposes, enclosed by walls, floors and ceilings with a minimum FRL of −/120/120, and with all openings to the sprinklered building fitted with fire doors or approved fire shutters with a minimum FRL of −/120/30. Such room or compartment shall be fitted with — (i) multiple jet controls for alarm purposes only; or (ii) a detection and alarm system installed in accordance with the requirements of AS 1670. (d) Silos or bins for the storage of grain, inside buildings forming part of corn mill, distillery, maltings or oil mill premises. (e) Ovens, hovels and kilns in potteries, including earthenware, brick, tile and glass works. (f) The undersides of screens or shields erected over the wet ends of papermaking machines. (g) Over salt baths and metal melt pans where the application of water would endanger personnel. Piping and sprinklers may be located over such places if a suitable canopy is fitted. (h) Over uncovered potable water storage wherever there is a danger of contamination of that water. (i) Unroofed docks or loading platforms, subject to the requirements of Clause 5.6.13. (j) Balconies not exceeding 6 m 2, open sided, not recessed into the facade of the building and not encroaching below the floor slab of the storey above (see Clause 5.6.14). 3.2 TRANSMISSION OF ALARM SIGNAL TO FIRE BRIGADE Unless otherwise approved a distinctive alarm signal shall be automatically transmitted to a constantly manned fire brigade receiving centre on actuation of the sprinkler system. Where this provision is made, the following requirements shall be observed (see also Clause 8.10): (a) If at any time the connection to the fire brigade is severed, attention shall be drawn to this fact at the fire station and to when the connection is re-established. (b) A permanent and securely affixed notice shall be located in close proximity to the control assemblies to indicate that there is a direct alarm connection to the fire brigade. COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 22 (c) (d) The alarm signal wiring and power supply shall comply with the requirements of AS 1670, AS 3000 and Appendix B. For alarm transmission purposes, the control assemblies of not more than four installations may be grouped, provided that each installation is fitted with an approved mechanical indicating device which, when actuated, remains, in the ‘system operated’ position until manually reset. In addition, a readily discernible sign shall be located adjacent to the control assemblies to indicate the zone controlled by each control assembly. 3.3 LOCAL ALARM Every installation shall be fitted with an externally mounted water motor alarm, except that where alarm valves are grouped one water motor alarm may serve all installations in any one location. The water motor alarm shall be located as near as practicable to the alarm valves. (See also Clauses 8.7 and 8.10.) NOTES: 1 The purpose of this alarm is to attract the attention of passers-by. It is not intended to alert occupants of the building. 2 It should be noted that BCA required systems are required to have occupant alerting alarms (see BCA). Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] 3.4 SYSTEM MONITORING 3.4.1 General Monitoring of system components shall be provided in accordance with Clauses 3.4.2 to 3.4.5. 3.4.2 Monitoring devices Monitoring devices shall comply with the requirements of AS 4118.1.4 and shall automatically transmit an alarm upon — (a) a change of status of the monitored component; and (b) any attempt to tamper with or bypass the monitoring device. 3.4.3 Systems to be monitored Continuous system monitoring shall be installed — (a) in high hazard systems; (b) in buildings higher than 25 m; and (c) where required by acts or regulations. 3.4.4 Components to be monitored The following components shall be monitored: (a) Water supply stop valves excluding underground key-operated valves. (b) Main stop valves. (c) Subsidiary stop valves (see Clause 8.2.4). (d) Power supply for each electric motor driven pump. (e) Controller ‘ready to start condition’ battery voltage and fuel level for each compression-ignition driven pump. 3.4.5 Installation Control and power supply equipment shall comply with the requirements of AS 1603.4 and AS 3000. Monitoring alarms shall be connected to — (a) a constantly manned fire brigade receiving centre; (b) a Grade 1 central station complying with AS 2201.2; or (c) a constantly manned in-house security facility. Should the connection be severed, attention shall be drawn to this fact at the receiving station. COPYRIGHT 23 AS 2118.1 — 1995 S E C T I O N 4 W A T E R S U P P L I E S 4.1 GENERAL The water supply shall have a pressure and flow characteristic not less than that specified in Clauses 9.2, 10.2 or 11.2, as appropriate. It shall be automatic and thoroughly reliable and not subject to either freezing or drought conditions that could seriously deplete the supply. Sprinkler systems under separate ownership shall not share private water supplies, nor shall they share connections to public water supplies. Sprinkler system piping shall not traverse ground which is not under control of the owner and, with the exception of water supply connections to town mains, shall not traverse roadways. The water shall be fresh and free from fibrous or other matter in suspension liable to cause accumulations in the system piping. NOTES: 1 2 Water supplies, other than that part under the control of the water supply authorities, should be under the control of the occupier of the building containing the installation. In special circumstances where there is no suitable fresh water source available consideration may be given to the use of salt or brackish water, provided that the installation is normally charged with fresh water. Ring or loop mains — where there is a ring main within the premises it is desirable to provide isolating stop valves, so situated as to maintain the maximum possible service in the event of fracture or if it is necessary to close down part of the ring main. 3 4.2 ACCEPTABLE SOURCES OF SUPPLY be acceptable: (a) Town mains (see Clause 4.10). The following sources of supply shall NOTE: Internal water reticulation within an establishment, capable of supplying peak flows at the required duration for domestic, fire services and sprinkler installations, designed on a ring system with adequate valving, may be considered as town mains. (b) (c) (d) Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] Elevated private reservoirs (see Clause 4.9.2). Gravity tanks (see Clause 4.9.3). Automatic pumps (see Clause 4.11) — (i) drawing from suction tanks or natural sources such as rivers, lakes or underground water supply, subject to the conditions laid down in Clause 4.1; or boosting supplies such as town mains or elevated private reservoirs. (ii) (e) 4.3 Pressure tanks (see Clause 4.13). WATER SUPPLY GRADES 4.3.1 General Water supplies for automatic sprinkler systems shall be divided into three grades based on the reliability of supply in relation to the class of hazard. 4.3.2 Grade 3 water supplies constitute Grade 3 water supplies 4.3.2.1 Definition The following supplies (see Figure 4.3.2 for typical arrangements): (a) A direct supply from a single town main. COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 24 (b) A single automatic pump supply drawing from a single town main (booster pump), from a pump suction tank, or from a natural source. The automatic pump may be driven by an electric motor or by a compression-ignition engine. A pressure tank (light hazard and ordinary hazard 1 classes only). (c) 4.3.2.2 Limitations on the use of Grade 3 water supply A Grade 3 water supply shall not be used to supply sprinkler systems — (a) (b) protecting a building where the floor of the topmost storey is 25 m or more above the lowest storey providing egress to the road or open space; or protecting a high hazard class of risk unless the Grade 3 supply consists of — (i) (ii) a town main which is capable of supplying not less than 2200 L/min in excess of the system design flow rate at all times; or an automatic (booster) pump supply drawing from a single town main complying with (i) above (see Figure 4.10.2(f)), in which case there shall be either— (A) two automatic pumps, one at least of which shall have a compression-ignition engine drive and each of which shall be capable of providing independently the necessary pressure and flow; or three automatic pumps, two at least of which shall have compression-ignition engine drives and any two of which shall be capable of providing in aggregate the necessary pressure and flow. In each case the pumps shall be capable of operating in parallel, i.e. they shall have similar pressure and flow characteristics. NOTE: Where two completely independent electric power sources are available (neither linked with the other) or where automatic changeover facilities exist between two completely independent electric power sources (excluding emergency standby generating sets), the provision of two electrically driven pumps may be permitted, one supplied from each source in the former case, or both supplied from each source in the latter case. In these circumstances one of the pumps may be regarded as being compression-ignition engine driven for the purpose of interpretation of this Clause. (B) 4.3.3 Grade 2 water supplies The following supplies constitute Grade 2 water supplies (see Figure 4.3.3 for typical arrangement): (a) Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] Town main complying with the following requirements: (i) The town main shall be fed from both ends by mains, each of which shall be capable of furnishing the relevant pressures and flows required in Clauses 9.2, 10.2 or 11.2. There shall be duplicate connections from the town main carried separately up to the premises containing the sprinkler installation, with a stop valve (open or closed) on the main between the two branches. NOTE: If it is not possible to provide the duplicate connections, a normally open stop valve on the town main immediately on each side of a single branch connection shall be provided. (ii) (iii) (b) The mains at each end referred to in (i) above shall not be directly dependent on a common trunk main anywhere in the town main system. The town main system shall be connected to more than one source. Elevated private reservoir or gravity tank. COPYRIGHT 25 AS 2118.1 — 1995 (c) Automatic pump supply drawing from a town main (booster pump), or a pump suction tank. The automatic pump supply shall consist of either — (i) two automatic pumps, one at least of which shall have a compression-ignition engine drive and each of which shall be capable of providing independently the necessary pressures and flows for the respective hazard class (see Clauses 9.2, 10.2 or 11.2); or three automatic pumps, two at least of which shall have compression-ignition engine drives and any two of which shall be capable of providing in aggregate the necessary pressures and flows for the respective hazard class (see Clauses 9.2, 10.2 or 11.2). (ii) In each case the pumps shall be capable of operating in parallel, i.e. they shall have similar pressure and flow characteristics. Where pumps draw directly from a town main (booster pumps) or from a suction tank which requires the inflow from a town main to provide the requisite capacity, the town main shall comply with the requirements specified in (a)(i), (ii) and (iii) above, except where the suction tank has a capacity not less than two-thirds of the full holding capacity required for the particular hazard class. (d) Pressure tank (for light hazard class and ordinary hazard 1 only), provided that — (i) the water capacity is not less than — (A) (B) (ii) for light hazard class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 000 L; or for ordinary hazard 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 000 L; and there is an arrangement for maintaining automatically the required air pressure and water level in the tank under non-fire conditions (see Clause 4.13). NOTE: Where two completely independent electric power sources are available (neither linked with the other) or where automatic changeover facilities exist between two completely independent electric power sources (excluding emergency standby generating sets), the provision of two electrically driven pumps may be permitted, one supplied from each source in the former case, or both supplied from each source in the latter case. In these circumstances one of the pumps may be regarded as being compression-ignition engine driven for the purpose of interpretation of this Clause. Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] 4.3.4 Grade 1 water supplies A Grade 1 water supply shall have connection to a duplicate water supply which shall be capable of providing the same pressure and rate of flow and have the same capacity as is required for the primary supply. For light and ordinary hazard classes only, a pressure tank is acceptable as a duplicate water supply (see Figure 4.3.4 for typical arrangements). The following combinations of water supplies constitute a Grade 1 water supply service: (a) Where two town mains are used as a Grade 1 supply, the following additional requirements shall apply to ensure continuity of supply: (i) The mains shall either be independent or form part of an interconnected town mains system having stop valves so arranged that in the event of a breakdown anywhere in the system at least one of the mains to the installation can remain operative. The town mains system shall be connected to more than one source. There shall be a branch connection from each main carried separately up to the premises containing the installation. NOTE: Two or more installations on any premises in one ownership may have the second and subsequent installation supplied by a single pipe taken downstream of the interconnection of the two branches. (ii) (iii) COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 26 (b) (c) (d) Town main and pressure tank (light and ordinary hazard classes only). Town main and elevated private reservoir or gravity tank. Town main and automatic pump, provided that where the automatic pump draws from a suction tank of less capacity than that stated in Clause 4.8, the town main which forms one of the supplies shall not be used to supply the balance. Automatic pump and pressure tank (light and ordinary hazard classes only). Automatic pump and elevated private reservoir or gravity tank, provided the latter does not form the source of supply to the automatic pump. Two elevated private reservoirs or gravity tanks. Alternatively, one double capacity reservoir or tank shall be acceptable if it is suitably subdivided, with separate downpipes from each division. The point of connection of each downpipe to the sprinkler main should be as close as possible to the protected premises and the common main shall not traverse ground not under the control of the owner of the installation nor cross a public roadway. (e) (f) (g) (h) Automatic pump supply drawing from a virtually inexhaustible source, such as a river, canal, lake or underground source, or two limited capacity pump suction tanks. For pump suction tanks, the primary tank shall have a holding capacity equal to that required for the particular hazard class while the secondary tank may be of smaller capacity with automatic inflow, provided that it meets the requirements of Clause 4.8. In high hazard class systems, the primary pump suction tank may also be of smaller capacity, provided that it meets the requirements of Clause 4.8. The automatic pump supply shall consist of either — (i) two automatic pumps, one at least of which shall have a compression-ignition engine drive and each of which shall be capable of providing independently the necessary pressures and flows for the respective hazard class (see Clauses 9.2, 10.2 or 11.2); or three automatic pumps, two at least of which shall have compression-ignition engine drives and any two of which shall be capable of providing in aggregate the necessary pressures and flows in the respective hazard class (see Clauses 9.2, 10.2 or 11.2). (ii) In each case the pumps shall be capable of operating in parallel, i.e. they shall have similar pressure and flow characteristics. Where pumps draw from suction tanks provision shall be made for the pumps to draw from either tank so that when one tank is rendered inoperative the other tank is available for all pumps. Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] NOTES: 1 If the holding capacity of suction tanks is reduced as permitted in (h), it will not be necessary to provide separate automatic inflow facilities for either suction tank if the rate of inflow for either suction tank meets the requirements of Clause 4.8.1. 2 Where two completely independent electric power sources are available (neither linked with the other) or where automatic changeover facilities exist between two completely independent electric power sources (excluding emergency standby generating sets), the provision of two electrically driven pumps may be permitted, one supplied from each source in the former case or both supplied from each source in the latter case. In these circumstances, one of the pumps may be regarded as being compression-ignition engine driven for the purpose of interpretation of this Clause. (j) Elevated private reservoir and pressure tank (light and ordinary hazard classes only). COPYRIGHT 27 AS 2118.1 — 1995 Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] FIGURE 4.3.1 SYMBOLS USED IN FIGURES 4.3.2 TO 4.3.4 COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 28 Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] FIGURE 4.3.2 TYPICAL GRADE 3 WATER SUPPLIES COPYRIGHT 29 AS 2118.1 — 1995 Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] FIGURE 4.3.3 (in part) TYPICAL GRADE 2 WATER SUPPLIES COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 30 FIGURE 4.3.3 (in part) TYPICAL GRADE 2 WATER SUPPLIES Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] COPYRIGHT 31 AS 2118.1 — 1995 Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] FIGURE 4.3.4 (in part) TYPICAL GRADE 1 WATER SUPPLIES COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 32 Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] FIGURE 4.3.4 (in part) TYPICAL GRADE 1 WATER SUPPLIES COPYRIGHT 33 AS 2118.1 — 1995 Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] FIGURE 4.3.4 (in part) TYPICAL GRADE 1 WATER SUPPLIES COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 34 Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] FIGURE 4.3.4 (in part) TYPICAL GRADE 1 WATER SUPPLIES COPYRIGHT 35 AS 2118.1 — 1995 4.4 CONNECTIONS TO OTHER SERVICES 4.4.1 General The water supply to a sprinkler system shall be separate with no other connections except where the water supply authority so regulates. Where connections are to town mains or the supply is from a private source, the provisions of Clause 4.4.2 shall apply. If other connections are necessary to comply with water supply authority requirements, any such connection shall be made upstream of the sprinkler system main stop valve and shall be fitted with separate isolating valves. NOTE: See AS 2118.6 for combined sprinkler and hydrant systems for installation in multistorey buildings. Within an establishment, water supply for both automatic sprinkler and fire hydrant services (see AS 2419) may be combined subject to the following conditions: (a) (b) The provision of a water supply of sufficient capacity to provide the combined flow requirements for both sprinklers and hydrants. The employment of ring mains incorporating isolating valves complying with AS 2419 for all combined sprinkler/hydrant systems which have hydrants in the open or hydrants which may be subject to damage. Such ring mains are generally recommended to preserve the integrity of the sprinkler system in all combined systems. Where ring mains are not employed, an isolating valve shall be installed at the point of connection of any branch serving more than one hydrant. Piping shall be sized on the basis of the aggregate flow at any point in the system with a velocity not exceeding 4 m/s. NOTE: For ring mains, the flow shall be taken in one direction only for velocity calculations. (c) (d) Where a reservoir is provided, it shall be compartmented to permit retention of at least half the supply when it is necessary to shut down for cleaning or repairs and it shall — (i) (ii) be of sufficient capacity to comply with the requirements of (a) above; or have a capacity not less than two-thirds of the quantity of water required in (a) above, provided that the remainder is made up from a reliable source by an automatic inflow for the operational period required for sprinklers or hydrants, whichever is the more stringent. they shall be of sufficient capacity to supply the requirements of sprinklers and hydrants simultaneously except that pumps shall be capable of delivering not less than 150 percent of the combined flow at not less than 65 percent of the required pressure and need not comply with the nominal ratings specified elsewhere in this Standard; the number and arrangement of pumps shall comply with the relevant requirements for the class of hazard and grade of water supply; they shall have automatic starting in accordance with AS 2941; where remote manual start is required for fire hydrant operation, the manual start stations shall be sealed in a manner which will ensure that any operation of the starting device is readily discernible, e.g. lead and wire seals, break-glass facilities or similar; and pump start shall transmit an alarm signal to the fire brigade. (e) Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] Where pumps are provided they shall comply with Clauses 4.11 and 4.12 and — (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (f) The pressure limitations applicable to both the sprinkler system and hydrant system shall be complied with. COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 36 4.4.2 Fire hose reel connections 4.4.2.1 General Connections to sprinkler system water supplies are permitted for fire hose reels, provided that the appropriate requirements of Clauses 4.4.2.2 to 4.4.2.4 are complied with. Such connections shall not exceed 50 mm internal diameter and shall be provided with a stop valve suitably labelled and in close proximity to the point of connection with the supply pipe. 4.4.2.2 Town mains Provided that the town main and the sprinkler supply pipe are not less than 100 mm diameter — (a) (b) a single pipe may be taken from the sprinkler supply pipe for fire hose reels; and where the water supply comprises connections taken from more than one town main, connections for fire hose reels may be made from the sprinkler supply pipe. Such connection shall be made between the point where the supplies are joined and the sprinkler system main stop valves. 4.4.2.3 Elevated private reservoirs, gravity tanks and automatic pumps Connections to supply fire hose reels may be made on the supply side of the sprinkler system main stop valve. In installations supplied from more than one of these sources, connections for fire hose reels may be made similarly to Clause 4.4.2.2(b). 4.4.2.4 Pressure tanks Where a pressure tank forms the sole supply to an installation, no fire hose reel connection shall be made. Where a pressure tank forms a secondary supply to the installation, a fire hose reel connection may be made similarly to Clause 4.4.2.2(b), provided that the pressure tank is replenished automatically in accordance with Clause 4.13.2(b). 4.4.3 Fire brigade booster connection Sprinkler systems shall be fitted with a fire brigade booster connection to enable the fire brigade to pressurize or pump water into the system. NOTE: The regulatory authority may waive this requirement. An example could be where the water supply is considered to be sufficient for a small system without the assistance of an automatic pump. Fire brigade booster connections shall be adequately supported and located outside the building in a position which is readily accessible to fire brigade personnel. They shall be fitted with a full way non-return valve, any other fittings required by the water supply authority, and hose connections equipped with standard caps. The pipe between the non-return valve and the outside hose connection shall be fitted with a plug-cock which shall drain to a suitable place. Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] The enclosure in which the fire brigade booster connection is housed shall be marked with the words ‘SPRINKLER BOOSTER CONNECTION’ in letters not less than 50 mm high, in a colour contrasting with that of the background, and shall be marked with the maximum allowable inlet pressure at the connection. If the connection does not serve the complete sprinkler system, it shall be clearly marked to indicate that part of the system which it serves. NOTE: Attention is drawn to the need to ensure that a suction point is available in close proximity to the fire brigade booster connection. 4.5 PRESSURE AND FLOW REQUIREMENTS The required running pressure and flow requirements shall be as specified for the appropriate hazard class in Clauses 9.2, 10.2 or 11.2. The running pressure shall be measured on the installation gauge immediately above the alarm valve. The static pressure equivalent (in kilopascals) of the height of the highest sprinkler above the level of the installation gauge shall be taken as — 9.79 × height of sprinkler above gauge (in metres). COPYRIGHT 37 AS 2118.1 — 1995 4.6 PRESSURE CONSIDERATIONS Where the water pressures applied to any system are excessive, as in the case of storeyed buildings in excess of 75 m in height, the system shall be divided into ‘stages’ so that the pressure on any sprinkler does not exceed 1 MPa. Care shall be taken to ensure that all piping, pumps, valves and fittings are suitable for the pressures that are applied. For the purpose of this Clause, pressure calculations shall include allowance for anticipated maximum water supply pressures, such as pressure fluctuation in town mains and pumps operating in a closed system condition. (See also Clause 8.8.) 4.7 MINIMUM CAPACITY OF STORED WATER SUPPLIES The minimum capacities specified in the relevant clauses relate to stored water sources reserved for the sprinkler system, including fire hose reels if permitted. Clauses relating to minimum capacity of stored water supplies are as follows: (a) (b) (c) 4.8 Pressure tanks Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clauses 9.2.2.5 and 10.2.2.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clauses 4.8, 9.2.2.3, 10.2.2.3 and 11.2.2.3. Pump suction tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clauses 9.2.2.2, 10.2.2.2 and 11.2.2.2. PUMP SUCTION TANKS 4.8.1 General Pump suction tanks shall have an effective capacity not less than that specified in Clauses 9.2.2.3, 10.2.2.3 or 11.2.2.3. If there is an automatic inflow which can be relied upon at all times, a smaller capacity shall be permitted, provided that the rate of inflow enables the pump to operate at full capacity for not less than the period necessary to comply with the relevant requirements of Tables 9.2.2.2, 10.2.2.2, or 11.2.2.2. The water supply to suction tanks shall be capable of completely refilling the tank within the following times: (a) Single tanks — (i) (ii) (b) capacity less than 500 000 L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to be refilled in 6 h; and larger capacities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to be refilled in 24 h. Duplicate tanks — one tank to be refilled in 24 h. Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] If the rate of input to a tank of less than 500 000 litres capacity is such that it will take longer than 6 h to refill, the capacity of the tank shall be increased beyond the relevant requirements of Tables 9.2.2.2, 10.2.2.2, or 11.2.2.2. Such increase in capacity shall be sufficient to ensure that the required minimum capacity shall be available 6 h after the volume equal to the required minimum capacity has been drained. Provision shall be made to minimize the entrainment of air where the supply water enters the tank or where test water returns to the tank. 4.8.2 Effective capacity When calculating the effective capacity of a pump suction tank, the depth shall be taken as the measurement between the normal water level in the tank and the low water level X shown in Figure 4.8.2. Low water level X is calculated to be the lowest level before a vortex is created causing the pump to draw air (see Note). Where the suction pipe is taken from the side of the tank as shown in Figure 4.8.2(b), the clearance between the base of the tank and the lowest level of the pump suction pipe shall be not less than dimension B in the Figure (see Note). Where a sump is formed in the base of a suction tank from which the suction pipe draws water, the sump shall not be smaller than indicated in Figure 4.8.2 in which the position of the sump is shown with broken lines. In addition, the sump width shall be not less than 3.6 D, where D is the nominal diameter of the suction pipe. The point of entry of water to the suction pipe shall be located centrally across the width of the sump. (See Note.) COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 38 NOTE: Where a vortex inhibitor is installed the following may be applied: (a) Dimension A may be disregarded and low water level X may be taken as the level at which vortexing commences. (b) Dimension B may be taken from the base of the tank to the level at which vortexing commences in the case of example (a). Example (b) is unlikely to be appropriate to arrangements employing a vortex inhibitor. millimetres Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] Nominal diameter of suction pipe 65 80 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Dimension A 250 310 370 500 620 750 900 1 050 1 200 Dimension B 80 80 100 100 150 150 200 250 300 DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES FIGURE 4.8.2 EFFECTIVE CAPACITY OF PUMP SUCTION TANKS COPYRIGHT 39 AS 2118.1 — 1995 4.8.3 Vortex inhibitor Where a vortex inhibitor, in the form of a flat circular plate at the suction inlet, is used it shall be designed as shown in Figure 4.8.3 and to the following formulae: Hm = 0.5d where d > 150 mm nominal bore (NB) or 0.75d where d = 150 mm (NB) or less D where Hm Ha d D Q = = = = = Minimum clearance under plate (mm) Actual clearance under plate (mm) Nominal diameter of suction pipe Minimum diameter of plate (mm) Maximum flow rate (intersection of square law curve and effective pump curve) L/min = The plate shall not be less than 10 mm thick and be effectively protected from corrosion. Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES FIGURE 4.8.3 VORTEX INHIBITORS COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 40 4.8.4 Supply from inexhaustible source 4.8.4.1 General Where the suction pipe draws from a suction chamber fed from a virtually inexhaustible source such as a river, channel, lake, or the like, the design and dimensions specified in Figure 4.8.4 shall apply. 4.8.4.2 Slope of inlet Pipes, conduits and beds of open-topped channels shall have a continuous downward slope towards the jackwell or suction pit of at least 1:125. 4.8.4.3 Diameters of pipes from the following formula: D where D Q = internal diameter, in millimetres = maximum flow output of the pump, i.e. the normal rating for light or ordinary hazard and the maximum design flow rate for high hazard, in litres per minute. = 21.68Q 0.357 The diameters of feed pipes or conduit shall be determined 4.8.4.4 Depth of inlet The top of the pipe or conduit inlet shall be not less than one diameter below the lowest known water level. 4.8.4.5 Depth of water The depth d of water in open channels or weirs, and above the weir between the settling chamber and suction chamber shall be not less than that shown in Table 4.8.4.5 for the corresponding width W and maximum flow output of the pump Q. Each suction inlet shall be provided with a separate suction and settling chamber. The total depth of open channels and weirs shall be sufficient to accommodate the highest known water level of the water source. 4.8.4.6 Dimensions of suction and settling chambers The dimension of the suction chamber and the location of suction pipes from the walls of the chamber, their depth below the lowest known water level and clearance from the bottom shall comply with the requirements of Clause 4.8.2. The settling chamber shall have the same width and depth as the suction chamber and a length not less than 4.4√H where H is the depth of the settling chamber in millimetres. 4.8.4.7 (a) Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] Inlet screens Inlet screens are required with the following: Pipe or conduit The inlet to a pipe or conduit feeding the settling chamber shall be fitted with a strainer with an aggregate clear opening not less than five times the cross-sectional area of the pipe or conduit. Individual openings in the strainer shall not allow a 25 mm diameter sphere to pass through. Provision shall be made for removal of the strainer for cleaning. Weir or open-top channels Weirs and open-top channels feeding the settling chamber shall be fitted with a removable screen of wire mesh or perforated metal plate with an aggregate clear opening below water level of 150 mm2 for each litre per minute of the maximum flow output of the pump Q. The screen shall be of sufficient strength to withstand the force applied by the water should it become obstructed. NOTES: 1 2 It is recommended that two screens be provided, one in use with the other in a raised position, ready for interchange when cleaning is necessary. Provision should be made for isolation of the settling chamber for periodical cleaning and maintenance. (b) COPYRIGHT 41 AS 2118.1 — 1995 (c) Suction inlet drawing direct from source Where the suction inlet draws direct from the source, a walled area not smaller than that required for suction chambers (Clause 4.8.4.6) shall be provided. Where the wall extends above the surface of the water, apertures shall be provided and fitted with screens complying with the requirements of Clause 4.8.4.7(b). Where the top of the wall is below the surface of the water level, a screen shall be fitted between the top of the wall and the highest known water level. Such screens shall provide an area not less than that required in Clause 4.8.4.7(b) at the lowest known water level. Provision shall be made for access to the screens for cleaning. Excavated pits Where the bed of a lake or similar is excavated to provide sufficient depth for a pump suction inlet, an area not less than that required in Clause 4.8.4.7(b) shall be enclosed with a screen. The largest screen area possible should be provided. NOTE: The excavation of the bed of a lake or similar for this purpose is not recommended. (d) TABLE 4.8.4.5 MINIMUM DEPTH OF WATER AND WIDTH OF OPEN CHANNELS AND WEIRS FOR CORRESPONDING INFLOWS millimetres Depth d 250 Width W 88 125 167 215 307 334 410 500 564 750 1 113 1 167 1 500 2 000 4 500 Q max. 280 497 807 1 197 2 064 2 342 3 157 4 185 4 953 7 261 12 054 12 792 17 379 24 395 60 302 Width W 82 112 143 176 235 250 291 334 361 429 527 539 600 667 819 1 000 500 Q max. 522 891 1 383 1 960 3 159 3 506 4 482 5 592 6 340 8 370 11 415 11 816 13 903 16 271 21 949 29 173 Width W 78 106 134 163 210 223 254 286 306 353 417 425 462 500 581 667 2 000 1 000 Q max. 993 1 687 2 593 3 631 5 647 6 255 7 825 9 577 10 749 13 670 18 066 18 635 21 411 24 395 31 142 38 916 203 320 Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 42 Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] NOTE: For clarity, horizontal dimensions of chambers are shown longer than acceptable minimum. FIGURE 4.8.4 MINIMUM DIMENSIONS FOR SUPPLIES FROM INEXHAUSTIBLE SOURCE COPYRIGHT 43 AS 2118.1 — 1995 4.9 PRIVATE WATER SUPPLIES 4.9.1 General Elevated private reservoirs, gravity tanks, and pump suction tanks, together with their inlet and outlet pipes, shall be adequately protected against freezing and, where the supply is not wholly enclosed within a tower, shall be covered in at the top in such a manner as to exclude daylight and solid matter. Each storage tank shall be provided with an overflow pipe of not less than 100 mm diameter, or such larger diameter related to the size and capacity of the inlet pipe as is necessary to provide the required air gap below the discharge point of the input pipe. Each storage tank shall be fitted with a device to indicate the depth of water. A permanent ladder or stairway, complying with AS 1657, shall be provided to permit access to the top of the tank. The water in the tank shall be kept clean and free from sediment (see AS 1851.3). 4.9.2 Elevated private reservoirs Where an elevated private reservoir serves other than the sprinkler installation, e.g. water for trade and domestic purposes, there shall be a constant capacity of at least — (a) (b) (c) for light hazard class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500 000 L; for ordinary hazard class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ML; or for high hazard class . . . 1 ML plus the stored capacity specified in Clause 11.2.2. Pressure and flow tests in connection with the approval of the supply shall be carried out when the demand for other purposes is at its peak. The outlet from the reservoir shall be kept clean and free of debris (see AS 1851.3). NOTE: A reservoir of smaller capacity may be accepted if the conditions are considered to be exceptionally favourable and it meets the approval of the regulatory authority. 4.9.3 (a) Gravity tanks A gravity tank shall comply with the following requirements: The gravity tank shall have a capacity in accordance with Clause 4.7. NOTE: Should the capacity of the tank exceed the requirements of Clause 4.7, it is permissible to draw upon the surplus for other purposes by means of an outlet pipe on the side of the tank above the level of the quantity to be reserved for the sprinkler installation. (b) Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] The quantity of water required for the sprinkler installation shall be automatically maintained. If the tank forms the sole supply to the sprinkler system, the supply to the tank shall be capable of refilling the tank to the capacity required under Clause 4.7 within 6 h. If the rate of input of the supply to the tank is less than that required to refill it within 6 h, the capacity of the tank shall be increased by the amount of the shortfall. TOWN MAINS 4.10 4.10.1 Direct supply from town mains Town mains directly supplying a sprinkler system shall comply with the following requirements: (a) The main shall be capable of furnishing, under normal conditions, at all times of the day and night, the minimum pressure and flow requirements laid down in Clauses 9.2, 10.2 or 11.2, as appropriate. Where the standing pressure of the main exceeds 1 MPa it shall comply with the requirements of Clause 8.8. (b) Terminal mains or branch dead-end mains of less than 150 mm diameter shall not be used to supply ordinary hazard 3 and ordinary hazard special or high hazard class systems. COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 44 (c) The town mains system shall be fed from a source of at least 1 ML capacity plus for the high hazard class, the stored capacity given in Clause 11.2.2.2. (For light hazard, refer to Clause 9.2.2.1.) Any stop valves, apart from those under the control of the water supply authority, on the branch connection from the town main shall be secured open and under the control of the occupier of the building containing the installation. (d) 4.10.2 Pump drawing from town mains A pump may draw directly from a town main, subject to the approval of the water supply authority, and provided that the latter is capable of providing water at all times at the maximum flow rate of the pump and the combined output of the town main and pump meets the pressure and flow requirements for the appropriate hazard class and height of highest sprinkler laid down in Clause 4.5. There shall be a bypass around the pump with a back-pressure valve on the bypass. The bypass shall be at least the same diameter as the water supply connection to the pump. The diameter of the water supply connection to the pump shall be such that a velocity of 3.7 m/s is not exceeded when the pump is operating at maximum flow rate. Any branch taken off this supply connection for the purpose of tank filling shall be fitted with a back-pressure valve to prevent the entrainment of air. (See Figure 4.10.2 for typical pressure and flow curves.) TABLE 4.10.2 VALUES OF CONSTANT K Hazard Class Light Ordinary— 1 2 3 Special High* K 50 83 145 190 195 Determined by hydraulic calculation of the hydraulically most favourable area of operation Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] * For high hazard systems designed in accordance with Tables 11.4.2.2(A) to 11.4.2.2(C), the requirements of the formula may be ignored, in which case the maximum flow rate of the pump is taken as 150 percent of the flow rate given in column 2 of Table 11.2.1 for the appropriate design density of discharge. 4.11 PUMP INSTALLATIONS Pumpsets shall be installed in accordance with AS 2941 4.11.1 General requirements and the following: (a) Compression-ignition engine driven pumps shall be housed in a sprinkler-protected area. Electric motor driven pumps shall be housed in — (i) (ii) a sprinkler-protected area; or a separate building of non-combustible construction that shall be used for no other purpose than for the housing of fire protection water supplies. NOTE: The installation of pump motors and electrical controls in pits, tunnels or the like may be permitted only in special cases. COPYRIGHT 45 AS 2118.1 — 1995 (b) Pumpsets shall be adequately protected against mechanical damage. The temperature of the room shall be maintained above 4°C and above 10°C where the compression-ignition type engines are used. Where a pump house, which is required to be sprinkler-protected, is situated remote from the sprinkler-protected premises such that it is impracticable to supply the pump house sprinklers from the installation control assembly, the pump house sprinklers may be supplied from a point on the downstream side of the non-return valve on the supply pipe from the pump. The sprinkler supply connection shall be provided with a controlling stop valve locked in the open position fitted on the supply pipe to the sprinklers together with an approved alarm device with visible and audible indication of the operation of sprinklers provided at some suitable location, e.g. in the gatehouse or at the installation control assembly. A 15 mm drain valve shall be provided downstream of the flow alarm to permit a practical test of the alarm. (Where practicable, this alarm should also be connected to the fire brigade.) A stop valve, padlocked in the open position, shall be fitted in the suction pipe to permit removal of the pump without draining water from the supply. Piping between the supply and the pump shall be arranged to prevent airlocks. (c) (d) (e) 4.11.2 Pump operating conditions Because of the difficulties encountered in the automatic priming of pumps installed under suction lift conditions, sprinkler pumps shall be supplied with intake water under positive head. Pumps shall be considered to be under positive head when not more than 2 m depth or one third of the effective capacity of the stored water supply, whichever is the lesser quantity of water, is contained between the centre-line of the pump and the low water level X (see Clause 4.8.2). Where pumps draw from a natural unlimited water supply, such as a river, canal or lake, it shall be considered to be under positive head when the centre-line of the pump is located not less than 850 mm below the lowest known water level. 4.11.3 Suction piping Suction pipe diameter shall comply with AS 2941 and be not less than the suction inlet size of the pump. The position of the entry point to the suction piping shall conform to the dimensions given in Figure 4.8.2. Where more than one pump is provided, the suction pipes may be interconnected only where each individual pump suction inlet and each such pipe connection to the tank or tanks is fitted with a stop valve. The cross-connection pipe shall be at least equal in diameter to the individual pump suction pipes. Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] NOTE: Any interconnected pump which is out of commission is to be isolated from the system by closing the inlet suction valve, pressure relief valve and anti-overheating circulating pipe valve. Provision is to be made to automatically prevent any operating pump from drawing air from any non-operating interconnected pump through — (a) the pump air vent pipes; (b) the pressure relief valve piping; and (c) the pump anti-overheating circulating pipe. 4.11.4 Performance requirements for pumps Pumpsets shall be capable of satisfying the flow and pressure requirements of any assumed areas of operation in the system under consideration, calculated at the lowest available suction pressure. NOTE: When selecting a pump, margin should be allowed for deterioration of at least 50 kPa in pump performance at system design flow. Each pump driver shall be capable of meeting the power requirements of AS 2941. 4.12 PUMPSETS Pumpsets shall comply with the requirements of AS 2941. COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 46 Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] FIGURE 4.10.2 (in part) TYPICAL PRESSURE AND FLOW CURVES FOR PUMPS DRAWING FROM TOWN MAINS COPYRIGHT 47 AS 2118.1 — 1995 Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] FIGURE 4.10.2 (in part) TYPICAL PRESSURE AND FLOW CURVES FOR PUMPS DRAWING FROM TOWN MAINS COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 48 Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] FIGURE 4.10.2 (in part) TYPICAL PRESSURE AND FLOW CURVES FOR PUMPS DRAWING FROM TOWN MAINS COPYRIGHT 49 AS 2118.1 — 1995 4.13 PRESSURE TANKS 4.13.1 General Pressure tanks are acceptable as a sole supply only for light hazard and ordinary hazard 1 classes, subject to the requirements of Clause 4.3.2 for Grade 3 water supplies and of Clause 4.3.3.(d) for Grade 2 water supplies. For ordinary hazard 2, 3 and Special, pressure tanks are acceptable only as one source of a Grade 1 water supply. Pressure tanks are not permitted in high hazard class. 4.13.2 Special requirements: (a) requirements Pressure tanks shall comply with the following Pressure tanks shall be housed in a readily accessible position in a sprinkler-protected building of non-combustible construction used for no purpose other than for the housing of fire protection water supplies. The tank shall be adequately protected against mechanical damage. The temperature of the room should be maintained above 4°C. Where the pressure tank enclosure is required to be sprinkler protected and is situated remote from the sprinkler-protected premises such that it is impracticable to supply the pressure tank enclosure sprinklers from the installation control assembly, the sprinklers may be supplied from a point on the downstream side of the non-return valve on the supply pipe from the pressure tank. The sprinkler supply connection shall be provided with a controlling stop valve locked in the open position and fitted on the supply pipe to the sprinklers, together with an alarm device with visible and audible indication of the operation of sprinklers provided at some suitable location, e.g. in the gatehouse or at the installation control assembly. A 15 mm drain valve shall be provided downstream of the flow alarm to permit a practical test of the alarm. (b) Where used as a Grade 3 water supply, the pressure tank shall be provided with an arrangement for maintaining automatically the required air pressure and water level in the tank under non-fire conditions. The arrangement shall include an automatic warning system that indicates failure of the devices to restore the correct air pressure and water level within a reasonable period, the indication being given both visibly and audibly at some suitable location, e.g. in the gatehouse or at the installation control assembly. Power for this warning system shall be independent of the power supply to that feeding the air compressor and water pump supplying the tank. Where a pressure tank is used as part of a Grade 1 supply, the same arrangements specified in (b) above shall apply, or daily inspections shall be carried out to verify water level and air pressure, and any deficiencies found shall be immediately rectified. The pressure tank shall be fitted with air pressure gauges in duplicate and a gauge glass to show the level of the water. The second air pressure gauge may be omitted where the air pressure is automatically maintained. Normally-closed stop valves shall be fitted on both connections to the gauge glass. Stop valves and back-pressure valves shall be provided on both the water and air supply connections to the tank and shall be fixed as close to the tank as practicable. Safety valves fitted to pressure tanks shall be fixed in such a position that the valve seating is water-sealed. A connection to the valve from the air space above the waterline should be provided to permit the rapid escape of air in the event of the valve opening. The setting of the safety valve for the correct working pressure shall be carried out by the installing engineers and the valve shall be so constructed that it can be tested without the setting being interfered with. The setting mechanism should be protected against alteration by unauthorized persons. The outlet from the relief valve shall be an open end so that any leakage will be readily detected. COPYRIGHT (c) Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] (d) (e) AS 2118.1 — 1995 50 (f) Pressure tanks shall be examined thoroughly every three years when they shall be cleaned and painted both internally and externally if necessary. NOTE: Pressure tanks are subject to inspection by the regulatory authority. (g) Minimum quantity of water to be maintained in the tank shall be as follows: (i) When Grade 2 supply — (A) (B) (ii) (A) (B) light hazard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 000 L; and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 000 L. ordinary hazard 1 light hazard When one source of Grade 1 supply — . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 000 L; and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 000 L. ordinary hazard all groups Where a number of installation control assemblies are sited together, and all are associated with installations of the same hazard class, this testing facility is only necessary on one installation control assembly, provided that it is fitted to the valve which has the highest demand. Where more than one hazard class is involved, whether on the same or separate installation, control assemblies testing facilities shall be provided to enable the full range of flows to be measured, except this requirement may be waived by the regulatory authority where it is obvious, from testing of the higher flow rate, that the lower pressure and flow requirements are satisfied. NOTE: Care should be taken, when water supplies are marginal, to ensure that pressure losses in the drainpipe are not so high as to restrict the flow across the testing facility below the required test pressure and flow. This applies particularly where the required flow rate is high, or where the highest sprinklers are below the installation gauge or only slightly above it. (h) The proportion of air in the tank shall be not less than one-third (see Table 4.13.2). The air pressure (gauge) to be maintained in the tank shall be determined from the following formulas, as appropriate: (i) Where the tank is above the highest sprinkler — . . . 4.13.2(h)(i) (ii) Where the tank is below the highest sprinkler — . . . 4.13.2(h)(ii) Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] where P = gauge pressure to be maintained in tank, in kilopascals P1 = atmospheric pressure (assume 100 kPa) P2 = minimum pressure required at the highest sprinklers when all the water is expelled from the tank, i.e. Light hazard: 190 kPa Ordinary hazard: 1 2 3 ...................................... 70 kPa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 kPa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 kPa Special . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 kPa COPYRIGHT 51 AS 2118.1 — 1995 Plus in each case the pressure loss (at the maximum rate of flow for the appropriate hazard class specified in Clauses 9.2 and 10.2) in the piping, including all valves, between the outlet from the pressure tank and the installation gauge, or 30 kPa, whichever is the greater H = height between the highest sprinkler and the tank base, in metres R = NOTE: Table 4.13.2 indicates the required working air pressure for tanks having proportions of air in the tank of one-third, one-half and two-thirds, and where (under the maximum rate of flow for the appropriate hazard class specified in Clauses 9.2 and 10.2), the loss of pressure in the piping, including all valves, between the outlet from the pressure tank and the installation gauge, does not exceed 30 kPa. TABLE 4.13.2 MINIMUM AIR PRESSURE IN PRESSURE TANKS Minimum air pressure to be maintained in tank when base is level with highest sprinkler kPa 860 540 380 500 300 200 620 380 260 710 440 330 800 500 350 Add for each metre of part thereof where tank is below highest sprinkler kPa 30 20 15 30 20 15 30 20 15 30 20 15 30 20 15 Hazard class Proportion of air in tank Light One-third One-half Two-thirds One-third One-half Two-thirds One-third One-half Two-thirds One-third One-half Two-thirds One-third One-half Two-thirds Ordinary — 1 Ordinary — 2 Ordinary — 3 Ordinary — Special Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] 4.14 PROVING OF WATER SUPPLIES (see Figure 4.14.1) A facility shall be provided at the control assembly on each system to enable tests to be carried out to verify that the water supply satisfies the pressure and flow requirements appropriate to the hazard class (see Clauses 9.2, 10.2 or 11.2). These facilities shall consist of one of the following: (a) (b) Connections for a proprietary device to be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. A pressure differential device manufactured and installed in accordance with BS 1042.1. COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 52 FIGURE 4.14.1 TYPICAL LAYOUT FOR PROVING WATER SUPPLIES Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] COPYRIGHT 53 AS 2118.1 — 1995 S E C T I O N 5 S P A C I N G A N D L O C A T I O N S P R I N K L E R S O F 5.1 STANDARD SPACING The maximum area coverage per sprinkler and maximum distance between sprinklers on range pipes and between adjacent rows of sprinklers shall be as specified for the class of hazard (see Clauses 9.3, 10.3 and 11.3 and Figure 5.1). 5.2 STAGGERED SPACING Where sprinklers are required to be staggered (see Clause 5.4.4), the arrangements shall be uniform. The distance from the end sprinkler to the wall or partition in each alternate row shall be one-fourth of the design sprinkler spacing down the row; the spacing of the next sprinkler in the same row shall be three-fourths of the design spacing. (See Figure 5.2.) 5.3 MINIMUM DISTANCE BETWEEN SPRINKLERS Sprinklers should not be spaced closer than 2 m, except where intervening constructional features provide a satisfactory baffle or where special baffles are installed in order to prevent the first sprinkler which operates from wetting adjacent sprinklers. Baffles shall be 200 mm wide × 150 mm high and preferably of sheet metal. They shall be located approximately midway between sprinklers and arranged to baffle the actuating elements. The top of the baffles should extend above the sprinkler deflectors by 50 mm to 75 mm. 5.4 LOCATION OF SPRINKLERS (OTHER THAN SIDEWALL SPRINKLERS) 5.4.1 General In addition to limitations specified for the maximum area coverage per sprinkler and the maximum distance between sprinklers (see Clause 5.1), sprinklers shall be so located that there will be minimal interference to the discharge pattern by structural members such as beams, columns, girders and trusses (see Clauses 5.4.4, 5.4.5, 5.4.6 and 5.4.7) or any other obstructing feature. Sprinklers shall also be located at the appropriate distance below ceiling and beams as required by Clause 5.4.3. 5.4.2 Walls and partitions Except as provided for in Clause 5.2, the distance of sprinklers from walls or partitions shall be as specified for the appropriate hazard class (see Clauses 9.3.3, 10.3.3 or 11.3.3). For open-joisted ceilings or where the roof has the rafters exposed, the distances from walls and partitions referred to in Clauses 9.3.3, 10.3.3 or 11.3.3, as appropriate, shall not exceed 1.5 m. Sprinklers shall be placed not more than 1.5 m from external walls where these are constructed of — (a) (b) (c) combustible material; fibrous cement or metal, with combustible lining in either case; or metal (whether on wood or metal frame and with or without combustible lining) protected with a coating of bitumen, tar or pitch, or with material impregnated or treated with bitumen, tar or pitch. Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] Open-faced buildings shall have sprinklers not more than 1.5 m from the open face. COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 54 FIGURE 5.1 STANDARD SPACING Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] FIGURE 5.2 STAGGERED SPACING (Illustrating acceptable staggered arrangement for ordinary hazard where it is desired to space sprinklers more than 4.2 m apart on range pipes) COPYRIGHT 55 AS 2118.1 — 1995 5.4.3 Ceilings, roofs and underside of stairs The following requirements apply to sprinklers located below ceilings, roofs and stairs: NOTE: Notwithstanding the provisions of this Clause, it is preferable that sprinklers be located between 75 mm and 150 mm below any roof or ceiling. (a) (b) (c) Sprinkler deflectors shall be parallel to any slope of the ceiling, roof or underside of stairs. Spacing measurements shall be taken horizontally. When fitted under a sloping surface which is greater than 1 in 3, a line of sprinklers shall be fitted at the apex unless there is a row of sprinklers at a radial distance not greater than 750 mm from the apex. Sprinklers shall not be recessed in ceilings unless specifically manufactured for such mounting. Sprinklers shall be located not more than 300 mm below combustible or frangible ceilings or roofs. Sprinklers shall be located not more than 450 mm below ceilings or roofs containing no combustible material. Where combustible sarking, insulation or linings or similar are installed below ceilings or roofs, such ceilings or roofs shall be deemed to be combustible. For open joists and exposed common rafter construction, measurements shall be taken from the underside of joists or rafters. Deflectors shall be not more than 150 mm below joists of open-joist ceilings. Unless otherwise approved, measurements in (e) and (f) above for arched ceilings or ceilings of irregular shape shall be taken from the highest point in the ceiling. (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) 5.4.4 Beams and joists Light fittings and ducts in close proximity to the ceiling shall be treated as beams or joists. NOTE: Bulkheads will be treated as ducts. Where deflectors of sprinklers are above the level of the bottom of the beams or joists (because of the limitation imposed by Clause 5.4.3), the sprinklers shall be at such distances therefrom, that undue interference with the sprinkler discharge pattern is avoided. NOTE: Table 5.4.4 and Figure 5.4.4(A) indicate the minimum horizontal distances for sprinklers — (a) from the side of a beam or joist in relation to the height of the deflector; and Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] (b) above the bottom of the beam or joist. Figures 5.4.4(B) and 5.4.4(C) give examples of these distances. Where the depth of the beam or joist c (see Figure 5.4.4(A)) exceeds 300 mm (combustible ceilings) or 450 mm (non-combustible ceilings) and it is impracticable to position sprinklers at the required distance from the side of the beam, the beam shall be treated as a wall insofar as the sprinklers in the adjoining bay are concerned. Where the depth of beams (or joists) is such that the dimensions specified in Table 5.4.4 cannot be complied with and the beams (or joists) are spaced closer than 1.8 m measured from centre-to-centre of beam, the sprinklers shall be stagger-spaced (see Clause 5.2). NOTE: Where beams of the above depth are spaced closer than 1.2 m, they should be underdrawn with substantial non-combustible material. 5.4.5 Columns Sprinklers shall be spaced well clear of columns. Where individual sprinklers are placed within 600 mm of any column, the obstruction to the distribution of water from that sprinkler shall be compensated for by placing a sprinkler within 1.8 m of the opposite face of the column. COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 56 TABLE 5.4.4 SPRINKLER DISTANCES FROM BEAMS AND JOISTS (For sidewall sprinklers, see Table 5.5.1) millimetres Maximum height of sprinkler deflector above bottom of beam or joist b Minimum horizontal distance from sprinkler to side of beam or joist a Conventional sprinklers installed upright — 17 34 51 68 90 135 200 265 340 Spray sprinklers (upright and pendent types) and conventional sprinklers installed pendent 17 40 100 200 300 415 460 460 460 460 100 200 400 600 800 1 000 1 200 1 400 1 600 1 800 Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] 5.4.6 Girders Sprinklers shall be not less than 1.2 m from any girder with a top flange exceeding 200 mm nominal width. Where the top flange of a girder does not exceed 200 mm nominal width, sprinklers may be located directly over the girder, provided that the sprinkler deflectors are not less than 150 mm above the top of the girder. 5.4.7 Roof trusses Sprinklers shall be not less than 300 mm laterally from truss members which are 100 mm nominal or less in width. Where widths exceed 100 mm nominal, the sprinklers shall be not less than 600 mm laterally therefrom. Where range pipes pass above or through trusses, the sprinklers may be located on the centre-line of the truss if the truss members are not more than 200 mm nominal in width and the sprinkler deflectors are 150 mm above the truss member. When sprinklers are located alongside truss members, the distance of the sprinkler deflectors therefrom shall be in accordance with Table 5.4.4. 5.4.8 Clear space below sprinklers (See also Clauses 11.1.3.4 and 11.1.3.5) A clear space not less than 500 mm shall always be maintained below the level of the sprinkler deflectors throughout the room. For high piled combustible stock, clearance not less than 1 m shall be provided. Roof trusses shall at all times be accessible to water discharged from the sprinklers. Where sloping ceilings or roofs are concerned, stored goods may follow the slope, provided that the above clearances are maintained. FIGURE 5.4.4(A) SPRINKLER DISTANCES FROM BEAMS AND JOISTS COPYRIGHT 57 AS 2118.1 — 1995 FIGURE 5.4.4.(B) CONVENTIONAL SPRINKLERS INSTALLED UPRIGHT Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] FIGURE 5.4.4.(C) SPRAY SPRINKLERS (UPRIGHT AND PENDENT TYPES) AND CONVENTIONAL SPRINKLERS INSTALLED PENDENT COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 58 5.5 SPACING AND LOCATION OF SIDEWALL SPRINKLERS 5.5.1 General The following requirements shall apply to the spacing and location of sidewall sprinklers: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) The sprinklers (see Clause 6.2.1(d)) shall be mounted with their deflectors not more than 150 mm and not less than 100 mm from the ceiling. The centre-line of the sprinklers shall be not less than 50 mm and not more than 150 mm from the wall face on which they are mounted. There shall be no obstruction at the ceiling within an area extending along the wall 1 m on each side of a sprinkler and 1.8 m at right angles to the wall. Beams on any boundary of this area shall not exceed a depth of 100 mm. If sprinklers are mounted closer to beams than the distances specified in Table 5.5.1, the bays formed shall be separately protected. TABLE 5.5.1 DISTANCE FROM SIDEWALL SPRINKLERS TO BEAMS Minimum distance from sprinkler to side of beam, m In direction at right angles to wall 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.0 In direction parallel to wall 1.0 1.2 1.5 1.6 1.8 Maximum depth of beam mm 100 125 150 175 200 5.5.2 Maximum spacing of sidewall sprinklers The spacing of sidewall sprinklers along the walls and from endwalls shall be appropriate to the hazard class (see Clauses 9.3 or 10.3). Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] 5.5.3 Distance between rows of sprinklers The distance between rows of sprinklers shall comply with the following requirements: (a) (b) (c) Rooms not exceeding 3.7 m in width shall have a minimum of one row of sprinklers along the length of the room. Rooms exceeding 3.7 m but not exceeding 7.4 m in width shall have one row of sprinklers at each side along the length of the room. In rooms exceeding 7.4 m in width, conventional, spray or ceiling type sprinklers shall be provided centrally positioned under the ceiling to supplement the sidewall sprinklers. In rooms exceeding 9.2 m in length (light hazard) or 7.4 m in length (ordinary hazard), the sprinklers shall be regularly staggered so that they face midway between the sprinklers on the opposing wall. (d) COPYRIGHT 59 AS 2118.1 — 1995 5.6 LOCATIONS OR CONDITIONS INVOLVING SPECIAL CONSIDERATION (supplementary protection) 5.6.1 Roof spaces 5.6.1.1 Roof spaces exceeding 400 mm in depth All concealed spaces between ceilings and roofs exceeding 400 mm in depth, measured from the underside of the outer roof covering to the top of the lined ceiling, shall be fully protected by sprinklers in accordance with the requirement for the particular hazard. 5.6.1.2 Roof spaces not exceeding 400 mm in depth Concealed roof spaces not exceeding 400 mm in depth, measured as in Clause 5.6.1.1, shall be protected by sprinklers installed on the extended (skeleton) basis, i.e. using 10 mm nominal size sprinklers with a maximum coverage of 42 m2 per sprinkler and spaced at not more than 7 m apart and more than 3 m from compartmental boundaries, except that the sprinkler protection may be omitted where the space is subdivided by fire and draught stops at intervals not exceeding 15 m in each direction. 5.6.1.3 Exceptions All concealed spaces shall be protected in accordance with Clauses 5.6.1.1, 5.6.1.2 or 5.8.2 except sprinklers need not be installed where — (a) (b) (c) (d) the roof is of concrete; the space is not more than 800 mm deep; the ceiling material is not of a type that will readily deform or collapse in a fire condition; and fire and draught stops are provided at intervals not exceeding 15 m in each direction. Ceiling and floor spaces Sprinkler protection may be omitted. 5.6.2 NOTE: For waffle type concrete floor slabs not exceeding 1.5 m square, the depth may be measured from the soffit of the waffle beam to the top of the ceiling. 5.6.2.1 Spaces exceeding 800 mm in depth All concealed spaces between floors or concrete slab roofs and ceilings below, exceeding 800 mm in depth, measured between the underside of the floor and the top of the ceiling, shall be fully protected by sprinklers in accordance with the requirements for the particular hazard class. 5.6.2.2 Ceiling and floor spaces exceeding 200 mm and not exceeding 800 mm in depth Concealed ceiling and floor spaces exceeding 200 mm and not exceeding 800 mm in depth, measured as in Clause 5.6.2.1, shall be protected by sprinklers installed on the extended (skeleton) basis, i.e. using 10 mm nominal size sprinklers with a maximum coverage of 42 m2 per sprinkler, and spaced not more than 7 m apart and not more than 3 m from compartmental boundaries, except that the sprinkler protection may be omitted where the space is subdivided by fire and draught stops at intervals not exceeding 15 m in each direction. 5.6.3 Ceiling materials Where ceilings are constructed of materials which will readily deform or collapse under fire conditions, e.g. vinyl, acrylic, polyurethane, and polystyrene plastics, the concealed spaces irrespective of depth shall be sprinklered in accordance with Clauses 5.6.1.1 or 5.6.2.1. 5.6.4 Spaces under ground floors Sprinklers shall be installed in all spaces below wholly or partially combustible ground floors, except where — (a) the space is not accessible for storage purposes or entrance of unauthorized persons and is completely sealed against accumulation of debris; Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 60 (b) the space contains no equipment such as steam pipes, electric wiring (except cables in conduit or mineral-insulated copper-sheathed cables, suitably earthed), shafting or conveyors; the floor over the space is imperforate; and no flammable liquids are stored on the floor above. (c) (d) 5.6.5 Machinery pits and production lines Machinery pits and the underside of production lines, where waste may collect, shall be protected. 5.6.6 Hoists, lift shafts, building services shafts and enclosed chutes Sprinklers shall be installed in all hoists, lift shafts, service shafts and chutes which are inside or in communication with sprinklered buildings. The positioning of the sprinklers shall be as follows: (a) Hoists, lift shafts and sheave rooms Sprinklers shall be installed in the top and base of each hoist and lift shaft. Sprinklers installed in lift shafts and sheave rooms shall be protected by stout metal guards and shall have a temperature rating of not less than 100°C in accordance with the appropriate part of AS 1735. Building services shafts Shafts housing airhandling ducts and other building services which are not sealed at each floor level and are provided with access panels or doors shall have sprinklers fitted at vertical intervals of 15 m in addition to that at the head of the shaft. Chutes Chutes for disposal of refuse, soiled linen and similar shall have a sprinkler in the head of each chute. Chutes in buildings exceeding two storeys in height shall have a sprinkler fitted at each alternate level in addition to that at the head of the chute. (b) (c) All sprinklers installed in chutes and shafts shall be protected from mechanical damage and be fitted, where necessary, with a suitable baffle in order to prevent the first sprinkler which operates from wetting lower sprinklers. 5.6.7 Elevators, rope or strap races, exhaust ducts, gearing boxes and dust receivers A sprinkler shall be fitted in the box at the top of every elevator (other than those of the pneumatic type or which comprise a slow moving endless chain fitted with rings, loops or forks, capable of functioning only when the elevator is full). The sprinkler in each case shall be so placed as to command the head and both legs or shafts of the elevator. Sprinklers shall be fitted internally in all rope or strap races, enclosed belt or shaft machine drives and gearing box compartments. Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] Where exhaust fans are installed within ducts conveying dust or refuse, a sprinkler shall be fitted inside the duct immediately downstream of the fan. To prevent obstruction and mechanical damage the sprinkler shall be recessed within a purpose-built metal box mounted on the duct. Sprinklers shall not be installed on the underside of the ducts. Sprinklers shall be fitted in dust cyclones, collection chambers and boxes where these are — (a) (b) (c) housed within the protected building; erected outside and directly above the protected building unless the roof is of non-combustible construction; or external to but connected with and closely adjacent to the protected buildings. Where dust cyclones, collection chambers and boxes are erected above non-combustible roofs or where they are situated remote from the protected buildings, at least one sprinkler shall be fitted inside the trunking where it leaves the protected building. COPYRIGHT 61 AS 2118.1 — 1995 5.6.8 Corn, rice, provender and oil mills provender and oil mills as follows: (a) (b) (c) Sprinklers shall be fitted in corn, rice, Sprinklers shall be fitted not more than 3 m apart inside all dust trunks which are more than 30 degrees from the vertical and constructed of combustible materials. A sprinkler shall be fitted at the head of every dust trunk. Where centrifugals or similar machines are placed one above another in tiers as shown in Figure 5.6.8 and are less than 1 m from each other, sprinklers shall be fitted in the spaces as shown. 5.6.9 Bins and silos All bins and silos of combustible construction having a plan area in excess of 9 m2 for the storage of flour, bran, or other similar material which has undergone any process of reduction (in such premises as flour mills, granaries, oil mills or distilleries), or for the storage of sawdust, wood flour, pulverized coal and similar easily ignitable materials which can be extinguished by water, shall be internally protected by sprinklers on the basis of one sprinkler per 9 m2 of the bin or silo area (see also Clause 10.3.2). NOTE: If the bin or silo contains materials which will swell if wet and thereby incur the risk of bursting, exemption from this Clause may be specially allowed. 5.6.10 Escalators Sprinklers shall be fitted under the escalator and in the escalator boot and motor space. Where limited space prevents this, sprinklers shall be fitted in any surrounding ceiling space immediately adjacent to the escalator, to the satisfaction of the regulatory authority. These sprinklers shall be fitted regardless of the depth of the ceiling space (see Clauses 5.6.1 and 5.6.2). Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] FIGURE 5.6.8 MACHINES IN TIERS 5.6.11 Canopies Sprinklers shall be installed under all canopies where goods are stored or handled and which communicate with the sprinkler-protected building. Canopies which are of non-combustible construction and do not extend more than 2.3 m from the wall of the building need not be fully protected provided that cut-off sprinklers are fitted under the canopy over each of the openings into the sprinkler-protected building. Where such openings do not exceed 2.5 m in width, one sprinkler positioned centrally over each opening shall suffice. Where openings exceed 2.5 m in width, the sprinklers over the opening shall be spaced not more than 2.5 m apart and not more than 1.25 m from the sides of the opening. Where the dividing wall between the canopy and building has an FRL of less than −/120/120, the cut-off sprinklers shall extend the full length of the canopy. COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 62 5.6.12 Roof overhang Any roof overhang exceeding 1.5 m in width requires sprinkler protection thereunder, irrespective of exposure hazard. 5.6.13 Exterior docks and platforms Sprinklers shall be installed under exterior docks and loading platforms of wholly or partially combustible construction, except where such spaces are completely sealed against the accumulation of debris. 5.6.14 Covered balconies Covered balconies that exceed 6 m2 floor area and have a depth in excess of 2 m shall be sprinkler protected. Any balconies, regardless of area, that are recessed into the facade of a building by more than 1 m shall be sprinkler protected. 5.6.15 Enclosed paint lines, drying ovens, drying enclosures Sprinkler protection shall be provided inside enclosed paint lines, drying ovens and drying enclosures. Sidewall sprinklers (see Clause 5.5) may be used for this purpose. NOTE: Where practicable, sprinklers in ambient temperatures above 70°C should be on a dry system, or the feed pipes thereto should rise up to the sprinklers or groups of sprinklers so as to restrict the thermal circulation of the heated water in the pipes. 5.6.16 Spray booths Sprinkler protection shall be provided inside spray booths and connected exhaust ducts. Sprinklers installed within spray booths and connected exhaust ducts shall be protected against the accumulation of residue from spraying operations by a liberal coating of petroleum jelly and paper bags which shall be cleaned off and renewed as often as may be necessary to prevent the formation of a hard deposit on the sprinklers and so preserve their efficiency. Plastic bags or other protective covering shall not be used for this purpose. 5.6.17 Oil and flammable liquid hazards all oil and flammable liquid hazards. NOTES: 1 2 Examples of such hazards include dip tanks and oil-filled electrical transformers. It is recognized that in certain cases modified or supplementary protection may be required where extensive storage, handling or processing equipment such as large dip tanks, varnish kettles, reactors or oil-filled electrical transformers are employed. In these cases medium or high velocity sprayers or other arrangements may be employed in lieu of or in conjunction with sprinklers, provided that adequate water supplies are available (see also Table 11.1.2). Electricity supply authorities may not permit sprinklers in the vicinity of their transformers which are installed on private property. Sprinkler protection shall be provided for 3 Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] 5.6.18 Commercial type cooking equipment and associated ventilation systems Sprinkler protection shall be provided under hoods, and above cooking equipment and associated ventilation systems designed to carry away grease-laden vapours. Sprinklers shall be located not more than 3.6 m apart under hoods, 4 m apart in horizontal ducts, and at the head of all rising ducts. The first sprinkler in a horizontal duct shall be installed adjacent to the duct entrance. The system shall be designed so that a cooking surface fire will operate the sprinklers protecting the cooking surface prior to or simultaneously with those protecting the connected ductwork. This may be accomplished by installing sprinklers in the ducts at least one temperature rating higher than those protecting the cooking surface, but in any event, not less than 182°C. Deep fat fryers shall have one spray pattern sprinkler centred longitudinally over each single or pair of fryers. Such sprinklers should operate at not less than 200 kPa and shall have their frames parallel to the front edge of the hood. Their deflectors shall be located at least 25 mm below the lower edge of the hood and not less than 600 mm nor more than 1.2 m above and parallel to the cooking surface. COPYRIGHT 63 AS 2118.1 — 1995 Sprinklers protecting the surrounding area shall be arranged so that they do not cause water to fall into deep fat fryers. Where this is accomplished by the provision of a shield or unducted hood over the deep fat fryer, such shield or hood shall be placed above the shroud protecting the deep fat fryer and be so located that it will not interfere with sprinkler discharge. NOTE: Piping, as far as is practicable, should not be exposed under cooking equipment hoods, and care should be taken to comply with the requirements of the local health authority. 5.6.19 Air-handling plant In air-handling plants sprinklers shall be located 5.6.19.1 Location of sprinklers throughout — (a) (b) (c) the return air/fresh air plenum; the chambers on each side of any filter bank; and the fan/motor chamber. NOTE: See Clause 6.5 for information regarding temperature ratings of sprinklers. 5.6.19.2 Exceptions Sprinklers may be omitted from air-handling plants which have an external plan area less than 12 m2 and an external height less than 2 m. Sprinklers shall not be installed in fan/motor chambers through which spill air is designed to pass under fire conditions in accordance with AS 1668.1. 5.6.20 Computer and other electronic equipment areas 5.6.20.1 Location of sprinklers Sprinkler protection shall be provided in areas where computers or other electronic equipment are installed. 5.6.20.2 Raised floor spaces The space beneath any raised floor shall be treated in accordance with Clause 5.6.2.2. 5.7 OBSTRUCTIONS BELOW SPRINKLERS 5.7.1 General Where obstructions below sprinklers are such that the operation of sprinklers could be delayed or effective distribution of water from the sprinklers could be impaired, sprinklers shall be mounted below such obstructions in accordance with Clauses 5.7.2 to 5.7.7. 5.7.2 Overhead platforms Sprinklers shall be installed below internal overhead platforms, heating panels, galleries, walkways, stagings, stairs and stairways and chutes exceeding 800 mm wide and closer than 150 mm to adjacent walls. Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] If the clearance from adjacent walls exceeds 150 mm, sprinklers shall be fitted below any such structure which exceeds 1 m in width. 5.7.3 Ducts and bulkheads Sprinklers shall be installed under rectangular ducts exceeding 800 mm in width and under circular ducts exceeding 1 m diameter unless there is at least 150 mm clearance from adjacent walls in which case the width without protection may be 1 m and 1.2 m respectively. Where a duct is erected with the top of the duct less than 500 mm below the ceiling or roof, it shall be regarded as a beam and the requirements of Clauses 5.4.4 and 5.5 shall apply (see also Clause 5.4.8). 5.7.4 Suspended ceilings Sprinklers shall be installed below suspended ceilings (e.g., in connection with diffused lighting) except where the ceiling construction does not impair the effective water distribution from the sprinklers above (see also Clause 5.6.3). 5.7.5 Hoods over papermaking machines The underside of hoods or shields over the dry ends of papermaking machines shall be sprinkler-protected. Sidewall sprinklers (see Clause 5.5) may be used for this purpose. 5.7.6 Storage racks Sprinklers shall be fitted in such positions as to afford efficient protection to goods stored in racks (see Clause 11.1.3). COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 64 5.7.7 Storage fixtures of solid and slatted shelved construction Storage fixtures wider than 2 m shall be fitted with sprinklers at each shelf level. Storage racks and fixtures wider than 1.2 m but not wider than 2 m shall be — (a) fitted with sprinklers; or (b) fitted with bulkheads which divide the fixture into areas not exceeding 9 m2, with the distance between bulkheads not exceeding 6 m, provided that the total storage height does not exceed the values given in Table 11.1.3.2(B). Such bulkheads shall be tight partitions extending from front to rear faces and from top to bottom of the storage spaces. They shall be constructed from one of the following materials: (i) 15 mm tongued and grooved timber. (ii) 13 mm hardboard. (iii) 16 mm chipboard. (iv) 7 mm flexible fibre cement sheeting. (v) 0.6 mm steel sheet. NOTE: Sprinkler protection may also be required for worktables, the undersides of which are used for the housing of motive power, or, under which process waste of combustible nature may accumulate. 5.8 FILM AND TELEVISION PRODUCTION STUDIOS 5.8.1 Overhead platforms and walkways Sprinklers shall be fitted on the underside of overhead platforms or walkways including those for lighting or other equipment, whether slatted or not, together with stairs thereto, if they exceed 800 mm in width, provided that this shall not apply to temporary platforms in connection with sets. 5.8.2 Concealed spaces and cavities Concealed spaces or cavities between walls and combustible linings which exceed 100 mm in width and those between roofs and combustible linings which exceed 100 mm in depth shall be fitted with sprinklers. Electric cables are permitted, provided that the wiring is either in screwed steel conduit or is mineral-insulated metal-sheathed cable. 5.9 THEATRES AND MUSIC HALLS (protection on the stage side of the proscenium wall) In addition to the normal sprinkler protection of the roof, sprinklers shall be placed under the gridiron, under the flies, under the stage and in every portion on the stage side of the proscenium wall and in any communicating building not separated by a wall with a minimum fire-resistance rating of 240/240/240. Where the regulatory authority requires the provision of a line of open drenchers or open sprinklers on a fixed fire curtain, the control assemblies shall be of the quick-opening type and shall be located in a readily accessible position. The water supply to these open drenchers or sprinklers shall not be taken from the standard sprinkler installations. 5.10 COLD STORAGE WAREHOUSE 5.10.1 General Sprinkler protection shall be installed on the wet system if the temperature conditions in the area where the piping is installed are such that there is no danger at any time of the water in the pipes freezing. Dry pendent sprinklers shall be installed in air circulating system plenums formed by one or more false ceilings within the cold chamber. NOTE: Where practicable, sprinkler piping should be located in normal temperature conditions above the cold chamber with dry pendent sprinklers connected thereto penetrating into the cold chamber. Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] Air circulation fans shall be closed down automatically on operation of the sprinkler system. COPYRIGHT 65 AS 2118.1 — 1995 Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] Sprinklers shall not be installed where there is likelihood of mechanical damage due to movement of goods within the cold store. 5.10.2 Piping within the cold chamber The following special conditions shall apply where it is necessary to install the piping within the cold chamber, or where it is desired to house the sprinkler piping within a single small cold chamber: (a) The sprinkler protection shall be on the permanent dry system and the maximum number of sprinklers controlled by one dry valve shall not exceed 50. These groups of 50 sprinklers may be installed as tail-end dry systems on the basis of at least one control assembly (wet, dry or alternate wet and dry, as circumstances dictate) for each five groups. Each tail-end system shall be controlled by a subsidiary stop valve as provided in Clause 8.2.4 and shall include either a water flow alarm switch or an electric alarm pressure switch (see Clause 8.10.5) to indicate the particular section that is operating. These sectional warning systems are additional to the water motor alarm on the main control assembly. Where there is a series of tail-end systems and one main control assembly operating on the dry or alternate wet and dry principle, care should be taken to ensure that the air/gas pressure on the tail-end system is maintained at not less than the air pressure in the system between the control assembly and the tail-end dry valves. Differential dry valves used in tail-end systems connected to an installation operating on the dry or alternate wet and dry principle shall be suitably modified to retain air pressure in the system piping between the main control assembly and the underside of the tail-end dry valves. (b) Sprinklers installed in an air circulation plenum formed by a false ceiling within the cold chamber may be disregarded when determining the maximum number of sprinklers required under (a) above if the sprinklers are fed from the piping feeding the sprinklers in the cold chamber. (c) The air supply for charging the sprinkler system shall be taken from the cold chamber from the freezers of lowest temperature or through a chemical dehydrator. Compressed nitrogen gas in cylinders may be used as a substitute for air but care shall be taken to provide a pressure-reducing valve to reduce the gas pressure to not more than 800 kPa to avoid over-pressurizing the system piping. In these circumstances it is desirable to include a pressure-relief valve set to operate at 900 kPa. (d) Piping joints shall be of a high standard of gastightness. (e) The system shall be provided with a low air/gas pressure alarm. (f) Dry pipe valves shall be housed outside the cold chamber in areas where the temperature is maintained above 4°C. Where valves are normally provided with a liquid seal, because of the problem of evaporation and possible ice formation in the piping, the sealing medium shall be a fluid such as propylene glycol. (g) All piping downstream of the dry valve shall be installed above ground such that it can be readily dismantled and reinstated to permit thorough purging of moisture after operation. Piping should be compression or flange jointed and an inspection point should be provided at the position of entry into the cold chamber. Pipe hangers should permit easy removal of the piping. Changes of direction should be made by using tees with one branch sealed off instead of elbows. Pipes should be sloped to drain (see Clause 7.5). (h) Notwithstanding the requirements of Clause 2.3.2.4, sprinklers may be installed in either the upright or the pendent position, having regard to the necessity for the sprinkler system to be dismantled for drying out after each operation. COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 66 S E C T I O N 6 S P R I N K L E R S , S P R A Y E R S M U L T I P L E C O N T R O L S A N D 6.1 GENERAL Sprinklers shall comply with the requirements of AS 4118.1.1. They shall not be altered in any respect nor have any type of ornamentation or coatings applied after leaving the production factory except as permitted by Clauses 5.6.15 and 6.8. 6.2 TYPES OF SPRINKLERS, SPRAYERS AND MULTIPLE CONTROLS 6.2.1 Sprinklers Sprinklers in an installation shall conform to the patterns described below: (a) Conventional sprinklers — are designed to produce a spherical type of discharge with a proportion of water being thrown upwards to the ceiling. They are usually designed with a universal type deflector enabling the sprinkler to be erected in either the upright or pendent position. Some conventional sprinklers are, however, made in two types: one suitable for erection in the upright position and the other for erection in the pendent position. Spray sprinklers — are designed to produce a hemispherical discharge below the plane of the deflector with little or no water being discharged upwards to wet the ceiling. They are made in two types: one suitable for erection in the upright position and the other for erection in the pendent position. Flush sprinklers — are designed for use with concealed piping and are installed pendent, with plate or base flush to the ceiling. Flush sprinklers are intended for use where it is desired, for reasons of appearance, to make sprinklers inconspicuous. They are normally used in hotel lobbies, dining rooms, offices, boardrooms and parts of retail stores. They are of two types — (i) (ii) those having fixed deflectors; and those having retracted deflectors which drop to the normal position on actuation. (b) (c) Flush sprinklers shall not be fitted under stairs or sloping roofs where the angle of the stairs or roof exceeds 45 degrees from the horizontal; they are not suitable for use in atmospheres which are corrosive or subject to a high dust content. (d) Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] Sidewall sprinklers — are designed for installation along the walls of a room close to the ceiling. The design of the sprinkler is usually similar to the conventional sprinkler except for a special deflector which causes most of the water to be discharged to one side in a pattern resembling one-quarter of a sphere with a small proportion discharging on the wall behind the sprinkler. Sidewall sprinklers are not a substitute for conventional sprinklers generally and their use is limited to such locations as offices, entrance halls, lobbies and corridors. They may be used with advantage in drying tunnels and hoods over papermaking machines, where condensate dripping from sprinklers and piping at the ceiling could be troublesome and also in certain other locations such as shop show windows and under platforms having low headroom where sprinklers would be subject to damage. Dry pendent and dry sidewall sprinklers — are designed for use in portions of premises protected by a dry or an alternate wet and dry system where it is not practicable to install sprinklers in the upright position or on a wet system where the sprinklers may be subject to frost. Apart from the valve arrangement, the sprinklers are designed having either conventional or pendent spray type deflectors. They are manufactured integral with drop pipes of varying lengths, the valve being so placed that there is no pocket or depression where water can be trapped. COPYRIGHT (e) 67 AS 2118.1 — 1995 (f) Dry upright sprinklers — are essentially the same as the dry pendent types except that an upright type deflector is incorporated. They are designed for the protection of unheated concealed roof spaces in connection with installations on the wet system. 6.2.2 Sprayers Sprayers in an installation shall be medium or high velocity type. They are special purpose sprayers for use in water spray systems (which may or may not form part of sprinkler systems) intended for the extinguishment or control of fires involving flammable liquids and for the cooling of storage tanks, process plant and exposed structural steelwork against heat from an exposure of fire. These sprayers have directional discharge characteristics with cone angles ranging from 40 degrees to 180 degrees and with orifice sizes varying from 5 mm to 15 mm. Sprayers are characterized as follows: (a) Medium velocity sprayers are either — (i) (ii) sealed sprayers with glass bulbs or soldered links or levers as for sprinklers; or open sprayers. They are designed essentially for cooling purposes when dealing with fires involving low flashpoint liquid hazards, e.g. liquefied petroleum gases. In such risks the aim is not for automatic extinguishment but to control the burning within safe limits until the source of gas supply has been shut off, thus avoiding the danger following a fire incident of these heavier-than-air gases continuing to escape and collecting in low-lying areas producing an explosion hazard. (b) High velocity sprayers These are of the ‘open’ type and are designed for the extinguishment of fires involving high flashpoint liquids. 6.2.3 Multiple controls Multiple controls are heat-sensitive sealed valve controlled outlets (single or multiple) using either glass bulbs or soldered links or levers as the heat-sensitive device. They are designed for use in systems using medium velocity or high velocity sprayers of the ‘open’ type in circumstances where it is required to operate small groups of sprayers simultaneously. They may also be used in connection with bypass piping for alarm purposes. The controls are made in various sizes relevant to the diameter of the valve and the number of sprayers that are to be fed therefrom. The sizes range from 20 mm to 80 mm. 6.2.4 Residential sprinkler A type of fast response sprinkler specifically developed for use against the type of fire hazards typically found in dwellings. Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] 6.2.5 Extended coverage sprinkler A type of spray sprinkler specifically developed with an extended maximum protection area. Abbreviation: EC 6.2.6 Large drop sprinkler A type of sprinkler that is capable of producing characteristic large water droplets to enable its use in controlling fires in specific high challenge fire hazards. Abbreviation: LD 6.2.7 Early suppression fast response A type of fast response sprinkler developed for its capability to provide fire suppression for specific high challenge fire hazards. Abbreviation: ESFR 6.3 SPRINKLER K FACTORS, ORIFICE AND THREAD SIZES Sprinklers shall have the K factors, nominal orifice sizes, and nominal pipe thread sizes set out in AS 4118.1.1. COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 68 6.4 APPLICATION OF SPRINKLER TYPES The types of sprinkler for the appropriate hazard class shall be limited to those nominated in Clauses 9.4.1.1, 10.4.1.1 and 11.4.1.1 except as permitted in Clause 6.1. 6.5 TEMPERATURE RATINGS The temperature ratings chosen shall be not less than 30°C above the highest anticipated temperature conditions except that — (a) under glazing, translucent plastics and uninsulated metal roofs, in unventilated concealed spaces and show windows on external walls, and in other locations which are directly exposed to the sun, it may be necessary to install sprinklers with a temperature rating between 79°C and 100°C; in high hazard systems protecting high piled storage, sprinklers having a nominal temperature rating of 141°C shall be used at the roof or ceiling; where high temperature sprinklers are installed within drying ovens or hoods over papermaking machines and the like (see Clauses 5.6.14 and 5.7.5), sprinklers at the ceiling or roof immediately over and to a distance of 3 m beyond the boundary of such structures should be of the same temperature rating, subject to a maximum of 141°C. NOTES: 1 2 Sprinklers shall be approved in nominal temperature ratings ranging from 57°C to 260°C. For normal conditions in temperate climates, ratings of 68°C to 74°C will be generally suitable. (b) (c) 6.6 COLOUR CODING The colour code given in AS 4118.1.1 shall be used to distinguish sprinklers of different nominal temperature ratings. 6.7 STOCK OF REPLACEMENT SPRINKLERS A stock of spare sprinklers, with the necessary spanners, shall be maintained on the premises so that sprinklers that have operated or have been damaged in any way can be promptly replaced. The spare sprinklers and spanners shall be kept in an accessible designated position, which shall be indicated on the block plan (see Clause 8.3), and where the ambient temperature does not exceed 38°C. NOTE: The number of spare sprinklers to be maintained on the premises will depend on the hazard class of the system and the types and temperature ratings of the sprinklers installed. Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] As a general guide the following number of spares of standard temperature ratings should be: Light hazard system .......................................... 6 sprinklers. Ordinary hazard system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 sprinklers. High hazard system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 sprinklers. Should the systems include sprinklers of high temperature ratings, e.g. in boiler rooms or drying ovens, an adequate number of spare sprinklers of the appropriate temperature rating should also be maintained. Similarly if the systems include sidewall or other special type sprinklers or if there are any multiple controls, an adequate number of spares should be maintained. Spares should be replenished immediately after an incident. Advice should be sought regarding the possible necessity of replacing sprinklers, on the perimeter of the area, which although they have not operated, may have been heat-affected. COPYRIGHT 69 AS 2118.1 — 1995 6.8 ANTI-CORROSION TREATMENT OF SPRINKLERS Sprinklers used in bleach, dye and textile print works, alkali plants, organic fertilizer plants, foundries, pickle and vinegar works, electroplating and galvanizing works, paper mills, tanneries and in any other premises or portions of premises where corrosive vapours are prevalent, shall have corrosion-resistant coatings or shall be coated twice with a good quality petroleum jelly, the first coat to be applied before installation and the second after installation. These later coatings shall be renewed at periodic intervals as may be necessary (see AS 1851.3), but only after the existing coatings have been thoroughly wiped off. For glass bulb type sprinklers, the anti-corrosion treatment need only be applied to the body and yoke. 6.9 SPRINKLER GUARDS In situations where sprinklers are liable to damage, or where otherwise specified by the regulatory authority, sprinklers shall be protected by metal guards. 6.10 ESCUTCHEON PLATE ASSEMBLIES Escutcheon plate assemblies fitted to sprinklers shall be of metal and securely attached so that they cannot slip down and adversely affect activation or the water discharge pattern of sprinklers. Recessed escutcheon plate assemblies shall only be used with sprinklers which have been approved for such mounting. 6.11 PROTECTION AGAINST FROST Sprinklers shall not be wrapped or enclosed in any material for protection against frost. Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 70 S E C T I O N 7 P I P I N G 7.1 PIPE AND PIPE FITTING All pipes and pipe fittings in an installation shall be new and shall comply with the requirements of AS 4118.2.1. 7.2 HYDRAULIC TEST PRESSURE All new installations, trunk mains and water supply connections shall be capable of withstanding a hydraulic test pressure as specified in AS 2118.9 Section 3. 7.3 PIPING IN UNSPRINKLERED BUILDINGS Sprinkler piping shall not pass through unsprinklered areas unless enclosed by construction having an FRL of not less than −/240/240. NOTE: See also Clause 7.4 regarding special precautions for piping, valves, fittings and similar in buildings or sections of premises in which particularly hazardous processes are carried out or conditions exist which are liable to result in explosions. Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] 7.4 HAZARDOUS PROCESSES AND EXPLOSION HAZARD — SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS CONCERNING PIPING AND VALVES In buildings or sections of premises in which particularly hazardous processes are carried on or conditions exist which are liable to result in explosions, the following special precautions shall be taken: (a) Separate control assemblies shall be provided to control the sprinklers and shall be located— (i) in a structure separated from the hazardous building by a distance not less than 6 m; or (ii) where this is not practicable, in an enclosure separated from the hazardous building by imperforate concrete or masonry walls and roof with a fire-resistance rating of not less than 4 h. When this enclosure is recessed in an external wall of the building which does not have a fire-resistance rating, a return wall 3 m long and the same height as the enclosure, with a fire-resistance rating not less than 4 h, shall be provided on each side. Sole access to the valve enclosure shall not be through the hazardous area. (b) Trunk mains leading to and from such installation shall be either carried external to the buildings concerned or adequately protected from damage arising from building collapse following an explosion (see Clause 7.3). (c) Water supplies such as pumps, pressure tanks or gravity tanks shall not be housed therein. 7.5 SLOPE OF PIPES FOR DRAINAGE Sprinklers forming part of dry or alternate wet and dry systems shall be so installed that the system can be thoroughly drained. Range piping shall have a slope of not less than 4 mm in 1 m, and distribution piping shall have a slope of not less than 2 mm in 1 m. NOTE: Piping in all systems including piping in wet system should be arranged to drain to the installation drain valve which should be not less than 50 mm in diameter for ordinary and high hazard systems and not less than 40 mm in diameter for light hazard systems. 7.6 LOW LEVEL DRAINAGE In basements and other areas where sprinkler piping is below the installation drain valves and in other trapped sections in the system, auxiliary drain valves of the following minimum sizes shall be provided: (a) For pipes up to 50 mm diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 mm. (b) (c) For 65 mm diameter pipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 mm. For pipes larger than 65 mm diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 mm. COPYRIGHT 71 AS 2118.1 — 1995 7.7 PIPE SIZES Pipe size shall be determined either by full hydraulic calculation (see Section 12), or partly by pre-calculated pipe size tables and partly by hydraulic calculations in accordance with the requirements for the class of hazard (see Clauses 9.4, 10.4 and 11.4). 7.8 ORIFICE PLATES Orifice plates fitted to assist in hydraulically balancing a high hazard class system or to meet pump characteristic curves shall have an orifice diameter of not less than 50 percent of the diameter of the pipe into which the plate is to be fitted and shall comply with the requirements of Appendix C. Such orifice plates shall be permitted only in pipes 50 mm diameter or larger. 7.9 SUPPORT OF SPRINKLER PIPING When a pipe support system is being designed for a standard fire sprinkler system, consideration shall be given to the correct location of pipe supports and to — (a) the stresses and loads which may be imposed on the support system from all external causes including differential movement of the building structure and all internal causes including pressure reactions; (b) the transmission of vibration from the building to the piping and from the piping to the building; and (c) the effect a corrosive atmosphere may have on the materials used. Fire sprinkler piping support systems shall comply with the requirements specified in AS 2118.9. Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 72 S E C T I O N 8 V A L V E S A N D E Q U I P M E N T A N C I L L A R Y 8.1 CONTROL ASSEMBLIES Each installation shall be provided with a set of control assemblies and ancillary equipment comprising the following: (a) (b) A main stop valve (see Clause 8.2.2). (i) (ii) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) An alarm valve (wet) (see Clause 8.7.1) or an alarm valve (dry) (see Clause 8.7.2); or a composite alarm (see Clause 8.7.3). valve suitable for either wet or dry systems A water motor alarm and gong (see Clauses 8.10.3 and 3.3). Direct brigade alarm (see Clause 3.2). equipment, where facilities for such are available A plan of the risk (block plan, see Clause 8.3). Emergency instructions (see Clause 8.5). A location plate (see Clause 8.4). A plate, or plates, giving essential information on the installation. NOTE: Installation control assemblies and ancillary equipment should be placed near a main entrance to the building, in such a location as to be readily visible and accessible to authorized persons. 8.2 STOP VALVES 8.2.1 General All stop valves (except those fitted by the water supply authorities on the branches from a town main) shall comply with the requirements of AS 4118.1.6. All valves shall be permanently identified to show their function and normal operating position. All valves on the water supply side of the sprinkler alarm valves shall be subject to the requirements of the water supply authority. 8.2.2 Main stop valves Water supplies to each sprinkler installation shall pass through a main stop valve. Before passing through the main stop valves, water supplies shall be combined. The main stop valve shall be secured open by a padlocked or riveted strap and shall be adequately protected from the effect of frost. Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] NOTE: Provision shall be made for closure of the main stop valve to give a visible and audible alarm at a place under constant surveillance (see Clause 3.4). 8.2.3 Stop valves controlling water supplies All stop valves controlling water supplies, except those under control of the water supply authority, shall be secured open by a padlocked chain or a padlocked or riveted strap. In the elevated private reservoirs and gravity tanks, the stop valve shall be fixed close to the non-return valve and on the reservoir or tank side thereof. 8.2.4 Subsidiary stop valves Stop valves controlling the flow of water to any sprinkler are not permitted downstream of the alarm valve except in the following circumstances: (a) (b) To facilitate the testing of a dry valve when a system is permanently on the dry system. To control sprinklers on a tail-end system (see Clauses 2.3.1.5 and 2.3.1.6), provided that the valve is positioned in a conspicuous place and there are suitable auxiliary drainage facilities. In connection with hoods over drying ends of a papermaking machine to enable cylinders to be changed. COPYRIGHT (c) 73 AS 2118.1 — 1995 Where subsidiary stop valves are used in the above locations, they shall be padlocked in the open position and suitable auxiliary drainage facilities shall be provided. Where the regulatory authority has approved the use of a subsidiary valve in a circumstance that is not listed above, such valve shall be completely monitored at all times and, in the event of the closing of the valve, a visible and audible warning shall be given at some place under constant surveillance (see Clause 3.4). 8.3 BLOCK PLAN A plan of the risk (block plan) with the position of the main stop valves clearly indicated thereon shall be placed adjacent to each set of installation control assemblies or group of valves where it can be readily seen by firemen and others responding to the alarm. The plan of the risk shall be in the form of a permanent diagram which is water-resistant and fade-resistant and shall include — (a) (b) the layout of the protected buildings or areas and adjacent streets; a diagram of water supplies including sizes and locations of supply authority mains and valves (dimensioned), connections for non-industrial purposes, storage tanks (capacity and locations), and pump duties; the location of control valves, subsidiary stop valves, remote test valves, tail-end air valves, anti-freeze devices, drains, air release valves, orifice plates, external sprinklers and any unusual features of the installation; the location and telephone number of the fire station to which the system is connected and Telecom Australia private line (alarm transmission) numbers; the location of the main switchboard, distribution boards and starters, and ratings of electrical services associated with all pumps, and details of auxiliary power supply, if applicable; the location of the stock of replacement sprinklers (see Clause 6.7); the year of installation of the system and of any major extension thereto; the height in metres above the installation gauge of the highest sprinkler used for the purpose of sizing the distribution piping for each installation and hazard class and the pressure and flow requirements when carrying out proving tests (see Clauses 9.2.1, 10.2.1 and 11.2.1); and the outline of the area of each individual hazard and the design density for that area. (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (j) See also Clause 12.16. 8.4 LOCATION PLATE A location plate shall be fixed on the outside of an external wall, as near to the main stop valve as possible, bearing the following words in raised letters or other approved type of letters: SPRINKLER STOP VALVE INSIDE NOTE: The words SPRINKLER STOP VALVE should be in letters at least 35 mm high and the word INSIDE in letters at least 25 mm high. It is recommended that the words be painted white on a black background. Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 74 8.5 EMERGENCY INSTRUCTIONS The following instructions together with an appropriate valve arrangement shall be permanently displayed at the control valves: EMERGENCY INSTRUCTIONS 1 2 3 4 5 MAKE SURE THAT FIRE IS OUT. CLOSE MAIN STOP VALVE (SHUTTING OFF WATER SUPPLY). OPEN WASTE VALVE (DRAINING INSTALLATION). TELEPHONE . . . . .* REMAIN AT VALVES. IF FIRE RE-OCCURS — (A) CLOSE WASTE VALVE, AND (B) RE-OPEN MAIN STOP VALVE. Name and telephone number of responsible maintenance contractor to be inserted. * 8.6 NON-RETURN (BACK PRESSURE) VALVES Where there is more than one water supply to an installation, a non-return valve shall be fitted in each water supply pipe and a test cock for testing the valve shall be provided between the non-return valve and the supply control valve, subject, for town mains, to the approval of the water supply authority. Non-return valves shall be readily accessible for testing and maintenance. All valves on the water supply side of the sprinkler alarm valves shall be subject to the requirements of the water supply authority. Where the fitting of a non-return valve below ground is unavoidable, the position of the valve shall be indicated and an inspection chamber shall be provided. Where an elevated private reservoir or gravity tank forms one of the supplies, the non-return valve on the supply pipe shall be not less than 5 m below the base of the reservoir or tank. All non-return valves shall comply with the requirements of AS 4118.1.6. 8.7 Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] ALARM VALVES 8.7.1 Alarm valves (wet) Alarm valves (wet) shall comply with the requirements of AS 4118.1.2. They shall be fixed on the main supply pipe immediately above the main stop valve and before any connection is taken off to supply any part of the installation. 8.7.2 Alarm valves (dry) Alarm valves (dry) shall comply with the requirements of AS 4118.1.7. They shall be fixed on the main supply pipe immediately above the main stop valve (and the alarm valve (wet) in installations on the alternate wet and dry system not employing a composite alarm valve as specified in Clause 8.7.3) and before any connection is taken off to supply any part of the installation. In dry systems maintained permanently under air pressure, the water motor alarm shall be connected to the atmospheric chamber or the alarm motor auxiliary valve of the alarm valves (dry). NOTE: In order to facilitate the carrying out of flow tests when an installation is under air pressure, an additional drain valve, of a size appropriate to the hazard class, may be fitted. Alternatively, a stop valve of approved type may be installed immediately above the alarm valve (dry) (see Clause 8.2.4(a)). COPYRIGHT 75 AS 2118.1 — 1995 8.7.3 Composite alarm valves Composite alarm valves shall comply with the requirements of AS 4118.1.7 and shall be fitted on the main supply pipe and immediately above the main stop valve before any connection is taken off to supply any part of the installation. NOTE: Composite alarm valves are dual purpose, i.e. they may be used in either wet or dry systems. 8.7.4 Identification of alarm valves and alarm gongs In buildings containing more than one installation, each alarm valve and direct brigade alarm (see Clause 3.2) shall have a number(s) indicated thereon and the relevant alarm gong (see Clause 3.3) shall bear the same number(s) in bold figures. 8.7.5 Accelerators or exhausters for alarm valves (dry system) (See Clause 2.3.1.4) These devices are designed to accelerate the operation of an alarm valve (dry). They shall be located as close as possible to the alarm valve (dry) or composite alarm valve. The connection to the device from the system shall be so located that the restriction orifice and other opening parts are not likely to become flooded with priming water or back drainage under normal conditions. 8.8 PRESSURE-REDUCING VALVES the requirements of AS 4118.1.8. Pressure-reducing valves shall comply with 8.9 DELUGE AND PRE-ACTION VALVES 8.9.1 Deluge valves Deluge valves shall comply with the requirements of AS 4118.1.5. NOTE: These valves are used to control the water to an array of open sprinklers or sprayers (see Clause 2.3.2.4) which are required to discharge simultaneously. The valve, normally held closed, is released automatically either by the loss of air pressure from independent piping carrying sprinklers acting as heat detectors, or by the operation of an approved heat or smoke detection system. Alarm equipment is normally connected to the outlet piping from the valve so that an alarm is given when water flows into the distribution piping. 8.9.2 Pre-action valves AS 4118.1.5. Pre-action valves shall comply with the requirements of Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] NOTE: These valves are used for either of the following purposes: (a) To control the water supply to a dry sprinkler installation to prevent water discharge from piping or sprinklers which have suffered mechanical damage. The valve, normally held closed, is released by the operation of a heat or smoke detection system and is of similar type to the deluge valve described in Clause 8.9.1, but the sprinkler piping will be charged with air. (b) To admit water to the piping of a dry installation prior to the operation of a sprinkler or sprinklers. The valve may be a standard alarm valve (dry) (which may be fitted with an accelerator). The heat or smoke detection system is arranged to trip the valve in a similar manner to the operation of an exhauster. 8.10 ALARM DEVICES 8.10.1 General Each installation shall be so arranged that the installed alarm devices (see Clauses 3.2 and 3.3) shall respond within 3 min of opening the test valve with a 15 mm bore referred to in Clause 8.10.6 and within 6 min of opening the remote test valve referred to in Clause 8.11. 8.10.2 Prevention of false alarms Where water supplies include a town main known to have widely fluctuating pressure characteristics such that the normal installation pressure is exceeded, causing intermittent operation of the alarm valve, false alarms shall be prevented by one of the following means: (a) Installation of an approved retarding device. (b) Maintenance of the installation pressure above the maximum anticipated mains pressure. COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 76 8.10.3 Local water motor alarms Local water motor alarms shall comply with the requirements of 8.10.3.1 General AS 4118.1.3. NOTE: Where an alarm bell is required to be installed in a high level valve room, a pressure switch and electronic bell may installed in lieu. 8.10.3.2 Height above valve above the valve(s). Water motor alarms shall be located not higher than 6 m The piping shall comply with the requirements of 8.10.3.3 Piping finish and size AS 4118.2.1. The size of pipe shall be as follows: (a) (b) (c) Where the length of the piping to the alarm does not exceed 6 m, it shall be not less than 15 mm nominal diameter. Where the length of the piping to the alarm exceeds 6 m but does not exceed 25 m, it shall be not less than 20 mm nominal diameter. Where the length of the piping exceeds 25 m, it shall be not less than 25 mm nominal diameter. 8.10.3.4 Drainage provisions Dry, pre-action and all systems in which the water motor alarm piping could be subject to freezing shall have such piping arranged to drain through a fitting having an orifice not larger than 3 mm diameter. The orifice plate (which may be integral with the fitting) shall be either stainless steel or a suitable non-ferrous material such that the hole will not become blocked by products of corrosion. 8.10.3.5 Alarm valve not to be bypassed Except for approved water supply shunt apparatus installed for the purpose of continuous main stop valve supervision, no connection between the water supply piping and water motor alarm shall directly bypass the alarm valve. 8.10.4 (a) (b) (c) Direct brigade alarms Direct brigade alarms shall be initiated by — a flow of water from the alarm valve through a water motor device; a flow of water from the valve causing actuation of the pressure switch; or a fall in pressure in the system piping above the alarm valve. NOTE: Auxiliary alarms may take the form of electric flow or pressure switches. They may be incorporated in the system piping above the alarm valves to indicate on a central panel which particular section of the system is operating. Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] The feed piping for hydraulically operated alarms shall be fitted with lock-open valves. 8.10.5 Pressure switches Pressure switches for transmitting alarm signals to the fire brigade shall be mounted on a vertical branch pipe at least 300 mm long. Where the pressure switch is situated on the pipe leading to the sprinkler alarm motor, the stop valve controlling the flow of water to the sprinkler alarm motor shall be positioned on the alarm motor side of the pressure switch. Where an installation is on the dry system, an approved means can be employed to ensure that pressure operation of the switch cannot be prevented either in the event of a fire or during the weekly test of the alarm motor. If at any time the connection to the fire brigade is severed, e.g. during hydraulic testing, then attention shall be automatically drawn to this fact by means of duplicate warning lights, conspicuously placed, or a buzzer. COPYRIGHT 77 AS 2118.1 — 1995 8.10.6 Testing of alarm devices Alarm devices shall be tested through a 15 mm test valve located on the installation side of the alarm valve. Installations on the alternate wet and dry system using both wet and dry alarm valves shall have testing valves fixed both above the dry alarm valve (for use when the installation is under water pressure) and between the wet and dry alarm valves (for use when the installation is under air pressure). (See AS 1851.3, for test procedure.) 8.11 REMOTE TEST VALVES For the purpose of the commissioning and periodic testing, a remote test valve shall be provided on each installation (see Figure 8.1). The remote test valve piping shall not be less than 25 mm nominal diameter and shall be taken from the end of a range pipe in the most remote group of sprinklers on the installation. Where the most remote group of sprinklers is not the highest in the installation, an additional remote test valve shall be connected to the range pipe at the highest level. The test pipe shall terminate in a smooth bore, corrosion resistant orifice giving a flow equivalent to the smallest orifice sprinkler representative of the installation. The remote test valve shall be readily accessible, locked shut, and labelled — ‘Sprinkler Remote Test Valve — To be locked shut’. Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] FIGURE 8.1 TYPICAL REMOTE TEST VALVE COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 78 8.12 PRESSURE GAUGES Pressure gauges shall comply with the requirements of AS 1349 and shall have scales with graduations as follows: Maximum scale reading MPA 1.0 1.6 >1.6 Maximum graduation interval kPa 20 50 100 NOTE: The maximum scale value of gauges should be approximately 150 percent of the known maximum pressure. Means shall be provided to enable each pressure gauge to be readily removed without interruption to installation water supplies. Gauges to monitor pressures shall be installed in the system at the following locations: (a) (b) Immediately above the alarm valve. Adjacent to the main stop valve, connected to indicate the pressure of each water supply. The connection for such gauges shall be on the supply side of the non-return valve nearest the supply. NOTE: For multiple installation systems, each subsequent main stop valve, or group of main stop valves, may be fitted with a gauge indicating trunk main pressure only. (c) (d) (e) On the delivery side of all pumps. On the suction side of all pumps. On all pressure tanks (see Clause 4.13). Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] COPYRIGHT 79 AS 2118.1 — 1995 S E C T I O N 9 L I G H T H A Z A R D S Y S T E M S C L A S S 9.1 DESIGN DATA Light hazard systems shall be hydraulically designed to provide an appropriate density of discharge over an assumed area of operation (number of sprinklers likely to operate) in all areas of the protected building as follows: The design density of discharge and the assumed area of operation shall be as follows: (a) (b) Design density of discharge Assumed area of operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.25 mm/min. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 m2. (See Clause 2.2.2.) In certain areas of light hazard, the density shall be increased by closer spacing of sprinklers (see Clause 9.3.1). 9.2 WATER SUPPLIES 9.2.1 Pressure and flow requirements The water supply shall provide at the installation control assemblies a minimum running pressure, measured on the installation gauge immediately above the alarm valve, of — (a) 220 kPa plus the pressure equivalent of the difference in height between the control assemblies and the highest sprinkler when water is being discharged through the control assemblies at a rate of 225 L/min; and at least 170 kPa plus the pressure equivalent of the difference in height between the highest sprinkler and the control assemblies when the flow is increased to 400 L/min. (See Clause 4.5.) Minimum capacity of water supplies A town main supply shall be fed from a source of at least 1 ML (b) 9.2.2 9.2.2.1 Town main capacity. NOTE: A source of smaller capacity may be approved if full particulars are submitted to the regulatory authority. TABLE 9.2.2.2 WATER STORAGE CAPACITY FOR LIGHT HAZARD CLASS SYSTEMS Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] Maximum height of sprinkler above lowest sprinkler m 15 30 45 60 75 Minimum capacity*† L 21 000 25 000 28 000 31 000 33 000 * Where the system is divided into various pressure stages, as required by Clause 4.6, the tank capacity may be based on the maximum stage height, rather than on the total height of the building. Where the total building height exceeds 75 m, the capacities given are to be increased by one-third for each additional 75 m or part thereof. † In fully hydraulically calculated light hazard systems, the water requirement is the maximum calculated demand in litres per minute for the hydraulically most favourable area for a period of 30 min. See Section 12. COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 80 9.2.2.2 Reservoirs and tanks other than pressure tanks The minimum capacities shall be as specified in Table 9.2.2.2. These capacities relate to stored water entirely reserved for the sprinkler system (including fire hose reels). For pump suction tanks, these capacities may be reduced in accordance with Clause 9.2.2.3, but the maximum period of inflow shall be 30 min. 9.2.2.3 Pump suction tanks Pump suction tanks shall have an effective capacity reserved entirely for the sprinkler system not less than that specified in Table 9.2.2.2. Smaller capacity, but not less than 9000 L, may be permitted, provided that automatic inflow can be relied on to enable the pump to operate at full capacity for not less than 30 min. (See also Clause 4.8.1.) Where tanks are used for a Grade 2 water supply, reference should be made to Clause 4.3.3.(c). 9.2.2.4 Supplies not reserved entirely for sprinklers Any private reservoir which also provides water for trade and domestic purposes shall contain at all times not less than 500 000 L. 9.2.2.5 Pressure tank The minimum quantity of water to be maintained in a pressure tank reserved entirely for sprinklers shall be as follows: (a) (b) Where sole supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 000 L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 000 L. Where duplicate supply The minimum air pressure to be maintained in a pressure tank shall be determined from the appropriate formula set out in Clause 4.13 and shall be not less than 190 kPa plus the pressure loss in the piping, or 30 kPa, whichever is the greater. The pressure loss in the piping shall include all valves between the outlet from the pressure tank and the installation gauge, and shall be calculated at a flow rate of 400 L/min. Table 9.2.2.5 indicates the required working pressure for tanks having proportions of air of one-third, one-half and two-thirds. TABLE 9.2.2.5 MINIMUM AIR PRESSURE IN PRESSURE TANKS Minimum air pressure to be maintained in tank when base is level with highest sprinkler kPa Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] Proportion of air in tank Add for each metre or part thereof where tank is below highest sprinkler kPa 30 15 20 One-third One-half Two-thirds 860 380 540 9.2.3 Pumps Pumps shall comply with the requirements of AS 2941. 9.2.4 Proving of water supplies Water supplies shall be proved in accordance with the requirements of Clause 4.14. 9.3 SPACING OF SPRINKLERS 9.3.1 Maximum area coverage per sprinkler The maximum area coverage per sprinkler shall be as follows: (a) (b) Sidewall sprinklers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 m2 (see also Clause 5.5). Other sprinklers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 m2 (see also Section 6). COPYRIGHT 81 AS 2118.1 — 1995 In certain areas of light hazard occupancies such as attics, basements, boiler rooms, kitchens, laundries, storage areas, workrooms, electronic data processing rooms, air conditioning and building services plant rooms, restaurants and cafes not exceeding 126 m2 in area, the maximum area coverage shall be limited to 9 m 2 per sprinkler and the maximum distance between sprinklers shall be limited to 3.7 m. 9.3.2 Maximum distance between sprinklers on range pipes and between adjacent rows of sprinklers The maximum distance between sprinklers on range pipes and between adjacent rows shall be as follows: (a) (b) Sidewall sprinklers along the walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6 m (see also Clause 5.5). Other sprinklers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6 m. NOTE: See also Clause 9.3.1 for reduced distances for certain occupancies. 9.3.3 Maximum distance from walls and partitions (See also Clauses 5.4.2 and 5.5.) The maximum distances of sprinklers from walls and partitions shall be as follows: (a) (b) 9.4 9.4.1 Sidewall sprinklers from end walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 m. Other sprinklers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 m. SYSTEM COMPONENTS Sprinklers 9.4.1.1 Size and type Sprinklers shall have a nominal orifice size of 10 mm and may be spray, ceiling (flush) or sidewall pattern. 9.4.1.2 Stock of replacement sprinklers A stock of spare sprinklers shall be provided. As a general guide, the minimum number of spares of standard temperature rating should be six sprinklers. 9.4.2 Piping 9.4.2.1 Pipe sizes Pipe sizes shall be determined partly by the pre-calculated pipe sizing table and partly by hydraulic calculation, or by full hydraulic calculation. Refer to Section 12. Table 9.4.2.2 shall be applied only to those portions of the piping described in Clause 9.4.2.2; the remainder of the piping shall be calculated in accordance with Clause 9.4.2.3. Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] Figure 9.4.2.1 illustrates piping arrangements showing the various design points (3-sprinkler points) from which the piping shall be calculated hydraulically. The length of pre-calculated piping to any sprinkler downstream of the design point shall not exceed 14 m, inclusive of equivalent length allowance for elbows (see Clause 9.4.2.3). The design point shall be within this 14 m maximum permitted length and shall be taken as the sprinkler, elbow or tee in the piping, downstream of which not more than three sprinklers are located. In the determination of the appropriate diameter of the pipes in the hydraulically calculated portions of a system, apart from complying with the requirements for maximum aggregate pressure loss, pipes shall diminish in diameter only in the direction of the flow of water to any sprinkler. 9.4.2.2 Pre-calculated piping Piping at the extremities of light hazard class systems downstream of each design point (3-sprinkler points) shall comply with the requirements of Table 9.4.2.2. COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 82 NOTES: 1 Between valves and design points A–H, pressure loss not exceeding 200 kPa. 2 Circled dimensions — calculated. Other dimensions— from pre-calculated tables. 3 Pipe sizes are nominal internal diameters in millimetres. FIGURE 9.4.2.1 Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] TYPICAL LIGHT HAZARD CLASS SYSTEM TABLE 9.4.2.2 MAXIMUM NUMBER OF SPRINKLERS ON PRE-CALCULATED PIPING Nominal internal pipe size* mm 20 25 Maximum number of sprinklers permitted 1 3† * The length of 20 mm pipe in any route from a sprinkler to the installation valves is not to exceed 8 m and the total length of pre-calculated pipe, both 20 mm and 25 mm, is not to exceed 14 m, inclusive of equivalent length allowance for elbows in each case. † This does not preclude the use of 25 mm pipe between the design point and the installation valves if hydraulic calculation shows that this is possible. COPYRIGHT 83 AS 2118.1 — 1995 9.4.2.3 Hydraulic calculation of piping (partly pre-calculated systems) The size or sizes of the piping between each design point and the installation valves shall be calculated hydraulically on the basis that with a flow of 400 L/min the aggregate pressure loss due to friction does not exceed 200 kPa. The losses given in Table 9.4.2.3 shall be used for the calculations. The loss of pressure at each elbow, bend or tee where water is turned through an angle shall be taken as that incurred through 2 m of straight pipe. TABLE 9.4.2.3 PRESSURE LOSS FOR MEDIUM* TUBES TO AS 1074 Nominal internal pipe size mm 25 32 40 50 65 80 100 150 200 Loss of pressure per metre length of pipe† kPa 56.8 14.8 7.1 2.27 0.64 0.29 0.08 0.012 0.0029 * For heavy tubes, the losses are calculated for a flow of 400 L/min from the data given in Section 12. † Calculations for the ringed portions of distribution pipes are to be based on these pressure losses on the total length of each pipe size multiplied by a factor of 0.14. Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] Where sprinkler protection is to be provided at various height levels, as in storeyed buildings or buildings having basement areas, the above-mentioned maximum allowable pressure loss upstream of the design point(s) on each floor may be increased by an amount equal to the difference in static pressure between the level of the sprinklers on the floor concerned and the level of the sprinklers in the top storey, except that where a system is divided into pressure stages as required by Clause 4.6, no advantage may be taken of the difference in height of sprinklers in another stage. 9.4.2.4 Fully hydraulically calculated systems Where complex piping configuration is involved and where economies in design can be effected, the piping may be designed on the basis of individual hydraulic calculation of pipes throughout the system. Refer to Section 12. 9.4.2.5 Sprinklers in concealed spaces Where sprinkler protection is required by Clauses 5.6.1 and 5.6.2, sprinklers may be fed individually from piping feeding sprinklers in the room below, provided that in determining the size of range pipes up to the design point the sprinklers above and below are taken cumulatively. 9.5 SYSTEM DRAINAGE specified in Clause 7.5. All pipes shall be arranged with slope for drainage as NOTE: Piping in all systems including piping in wet systems should be arranged to drain to the installation drain valves which should be not less than 40 mm diameter. COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 84 S E C T I O N 1 0 O R D I N A R Y H A Z A R D S Y S T E M S C L A S S 10.1 DESIGN DATA Ordinary hazard systems shall be hydraulically designed to provide an appropriate density of discharge over an assumed area of operation (number of sprinklers likely to operate) in all areas including the hydraulically most unfavourable areas of the protected building. The design density of discharge and the assumed area of operation shall be as follows: (a) (b) Design density of discharge Assumed area of operation: OH OH OH OH 1 ........... 2 ........... 3 ........... Special (see Note) . . . . .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 144 216 360 m2. m2 . m2 . m2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 mm/min. NOTE: This group is an extension of OH 3 occupancies where flash fires are likely, covering somewhat larger areas of operation, such as might be anticipated in connection with preparatory processes in textile mills and certain other risks (for classification of occupancies, see Clause 2.2.3). 10.2 WATER SUPPLIES Water supplies for ordinary hazard class 10.2.1 Pressure and flow requirements systems shall comply with Table 10.2.1. TABLE 10.2.1 PRESSURE AND FLOW REQUIREMENTS FOR ORDINARY HAZARD CLASS SYSTEMS Occupancy group Minimum running* pressure kPA 1 2 Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] Flow rate L/min 375 540 725 1 000 1 100 1 350 1 800 2 100 the all the the 100 70 140 100 170 140 200 150 3 Special * The pressure equivalent of the distance in height between highest sprinkler and the control assembly is added to pressure values when discharging the relevant flows at control assembly. The running pressure is measured at installation gauge. 10.2.2 Minimum capacity of water supplies A town main supply shall be fed from a source of at least 1 ML 10.2.2.1 Town mains capacity. Terminal mains or branch ‘dead end’ mains of less than 150 mm diameter shall not be used for OH 3 or OH Special systems. COPYRIGHT 85 AS 2118.1 — 1995 10.2.2.2 Reservoirs and tanks other than pressure tanks The minimum capacities shall be as specified in Table 10.2.2.2. These capacities relate to stored water sources entirely reserved for the sprinkler system (including fire hose reels). For pump suction tanks these capacities may be reduced in accordance with Clause 10.2.2.3, but the maximum period of inflow shall be 1 h. Where a private car park is strictly incidental to an otherwise light hazard class building, as may occur in office and residential type buildings, the minimum capacity required by Table 10.2.2.2 for a stored water source may, when used as one supply of a duplicate supply system only, be halved provided that the maximum period of inflow for a suction tank relying on automatic inflow shall be halved, i.e. to 30 min. TABLE 10.2.2.2 WATER STORAGE CAPACITY FOR ORDINARY HAZARD CLASS SYSTEMS Occupancy group Maximum height of sprinklers in building or stage above lowest sprinkler m 15 30 45 60 75 15 30 45 60 75 15 30 45 60 75 15 30 45 60 75 Minimum capacity L 55 70 80 90 100 105 125 140 160 175 135 160 185 205 220 160 185 205 225 245 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 1 2 3 Special Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] * Where the system is divided into various pressure stages as required by Clause 4.6, the tank capacity may be based on the maximum stage height rather than on the total height of the building. For storeyed buildings in excess of 15 m in height with different hazard classes at various levels, economies may be effected by calculating the minimum capacities of storage tanks, provided that in the calculations of distribution piping no advantage has been taken of the difference in static pressure as allowed in Clause 10.4.2.3. The minimum capacity must be sufficient to supply the pump for 1 h when running at its nominal rating. The nominal rating of the pump is that point on its characteristic curve which satisfies the formula — Q = K √(P – h) where Q = rate of flow, in litres per minute K = constant as set out in Table 4.10.2 P = pressure at pump discharge, in kilopascals h = pressure equivalent of the height above the pump of the sprinkler array hydraulically nearest the valves, in kilopascals. The storage capacity shall be not less than that allowed in Table 10.2.2.2 for a building of 15 m for the particular occupancy group. In fully hydraulically calculated ordinary hazard systems, the water requirement is the maximum calculated demand in litres per minute for the hydraulically most favourable area for a period of 60 min. (See Section 12.) COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 86 10.2.2.3 Pump suction tanks Pump suction tanks shall have an effective capacity reserved entirely for the sprinkler system not less than that specified in Table 10.2.2.2 except that, where there is an automatic inflow which can be relied upon at all times, a smaller capacity will be allowed, provided that the pump can operate at full capacity for not less than 1 h, subject to the following minimum capacities (see also Clause 4.8.1): OH OH OH OH 1 ... 2 ... 3 ... Special .... .... .... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 000 L. . 50 000 L. . 75 000 L. 100 000 L. 10.2.2.4 Supplies not reserved entirely for sprinklers Any private reservoir which also provides water for trade and domestic purposes shall have a constant capacity of at least 1 ML. 10.2.2.5 Pressure tank The minimum quantity of water to be maintained in a pressure tank reserved entirely for sprinklers shall be as follows: (a) (b) Where sole supply (OH 1 only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 000 L. Where duplicate supply (OH 1, 2, 3 and Special) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 000 L. The minimum air pressure to be maintained in a pressure tank shall be determined from one of the formulas set out in Clause 4.13.2 and shall be not less than — OH OH OH OH 1 ... 2 ... 3 ... Special .... .... .... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 kPa; . . . 110 kPa; 140 kPa; and . . . 170 kPa; plus 30 kPa, or the pressure loss in the piping between the pressure tank and the installation gauge, whichever is the greater. The pressure loss in the piping shall include all valves and shall be calculated at the maximum rate of flow for the group (see Clause 10.2.1). Table 10.2.2.5 indicates the required working air pressure for tanks having proportions of air of one-third, one-half and two-thirds. NOTE: For pressure limitations, see Clause 4.6. TABLE 10.2.2.5 MINIMUM AIR PRESSURE IN TANKS Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] Occupancy group Proportion of air in tank Minimum air pressure to be maintained in tank when base is level with highest sprinkler kPa 500 300 200 620 380 260 710 440 330 800 500 350 Add for each metre or part thereof where tank is below highest sprinkler kPa 30 20 15 30 20 15 30 20 15 30 20 15 1 One-third One-half Two-thirds One-third One-half Two-thirds One-third One-half Two-thirds One-third One-half Two thirds 2 3 Special COPYRIGHT 87 AS 2118.1 — 1995 10.2.3 Pumps 10.2.3.1 General Pumps shall comply with the requirements of AS 2941. 10.2.4 Proving of water supplies Water supplies shall be proved in accordance with the requirements of Clause 4.14. 10.3 SPACING OF SPRINKLERS 10.3.1 Maximum area coverage per sprinkler The maximum area coverage per sprinkler shall be as follows: (a) Sidewall sprinklers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 m 2 (see also Clause 5.5). (b) Other sprinklers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 m2. In cold storage warehouses using the air circulation method of refrigeration, provender and rice mills (other than those using the pneumatic system of conveying), film and television production studios, theatres and music halls (stage protection), the maximum area coverage is limited to 9 m 2 and the maximum distance between sprinklers to 3 m. 10.3.2 Maximum distance between sprinklers on range pipes and between adjacent rows of sprinklers The maximum distance between sprinklers on range pipes and between adjacent rows shall be as follows: (a) Sidewall sprinklers along the walls (see also Clause 5.5) — fire-resisting ceilings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7 m; and non-fire-resisting ceilings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 m. (b) Other sprinklers — standard spacing (see Clause 5.1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 m; staggered spacing (see Clause 5.2) — between sprinklers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6 m; and between rows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 m. NOTE: See also Clause 10.3.1 for reduced distances for certain occupancies. 10.3.3 Maximum distance from walls and partitions (See also Clauses 5.4.2 and 5.5.) The maximum distance of sprinklers from walls and partitions shall be as follows: (a) Sidewall sprinklers from end walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8 m. (b) Other sprinklers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 m or half the maximum allowable design spacing whichever is the lesser. Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] 10.4 SYSTEM COMPONENTS 10.4.1 Sprinklers 10.4.1.1 Size and type Sprinklers shall have a nominal orifice size of 15 mm and may be conventional, spray, ceiling (flush), or sidewall. 10.4.1.2 Stock of replacement sprinklers As a general guide, the minimum number of spares of standard temperature rating should be 24 sprinklers. 10.4.2 Piping 10.4.2.1 General Pipe sizes shall be determined either by full hydraulic calculation (see Section 12), or partly by pre-calculated pipe size tables and partly by hydraulic calculations. Figure 10.4.2.1 illustrates piping arrangements showing the various design points from which the piping shall be calculated hydraulically. Piping at the extremities of systems downstream of each design point (16/18-sprinkler point) shall comply with the requirements of Table 10.4.2.2. Pipes may only reduce in diameter in the direction of flow of water to any sprinkler. COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 88 10.4.2.2 Pre-calculated piping Where ranges are directly connected to the distribution pipe without risers (or drops), the design point shall be taken as the last elbow, tee or branch downstream of which the 16/18-sprinkler array is located (design points A and B in Figure 10.4.2.1). Where ranges are connected to the distribution pipe with risers (or drops), such risers (or drops) shall be considered as distribution pipes, and the design point shall be moved downstream to the point of connection of the riser (or drop) nearest the installation valves in the 16/18-sprinkler array (design points C, D and E in Figure 10.4.2.1). Where the number or sprinklers in a separate array (see Clause 1.4.10) is less than the number of sprinklers for which the distribution pipes are hydraulically designed, the design point shall be taken as the point of connection of the range nearest the installation valves in such separate array (design point F in Figure 10.4.2.1). Where single sprinklers are connected to horizontal pipes by risers (or drops), such risers shall be considered range pipes. Where such risers (or drops) exceed 300 mm in length, the horizontal pipes to which they are connected shall be sized as distribution pipes to a maximum of 18 sprinklers. For complex piping arrangements requiring the use of both arm pieces and risers (or drops), piping feeding such arrangements shall be sized as a combination of range and distribution pipes in accordance with Table 10.4.2.2 to a maximum of 18 sprinklers. NOTE: Appendix D provides a series of sketches illustrating these requirements. Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] 10.4.2.3 Hydraulic calculation of piping (partly pre-calculated system) The size or sizes of the piping (including main distribution pipes and all risers) between each design point and the installation valves shall be calculated on the basis that with a rate of flow of 1800 L/min the aggregate pressure loss due to friction does not exceed 150 kPa. The losses given in Table 10.4.2.3(A) shall be used for these calculations. Where sprinkler protection is provided at various height levels, pressure loss to the design point at each level may be increased by an amount equal to the difference in static pressure between the level of the sprinklers on the floor concerned and the level of the highest sprinklers on the site. This may apply in storeyed buildings, buildings having more than one main height level of protection within a storey (e.g. mezzanine floor or extensive platform levels), or separate buildings of different height on the same site, provided that each installation so designed shares a common water supply with the installation having the highest sprinklers on the site, and has a water supply running pressure (see Clause 10.2) based on the highest sprinklers on the site measured on each installation gauge. Where a system is divided into pressure stages as required by Clause 4.6, no advantage may be taken of the difference in height of sprinklers in another stage. In all cases where advantage is taken of this static pressure gain, the height in metres of the highest sprinkler above the installation gauge used for the calculation for the particular installation shall be indicated on the block plan (see Clause 8.3) with reference to that installation. The block plan shall also state the necessary pressure requirements at the installation gauge for the proving tests based on the highest sprinkler. The height of the highest sprinkler used for these calculations shall be that of a sprinkler actually installed or intended to be installed at the time of specifying the design of a particular installation distribution piping system. COPYRIGHT 89 AS 2118.1 — 1995 Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] Distribution pipes to be calculated on the basis that with a flow of 1800 L/min the aggregate friction loss shall not exceed 150 kPa between each point A, B, C, D, E, F and the installation valves The flow between Y and F shall be taken as 70 L/min per sprinkler (see Table 10.4.2.3(B)). Between Y and installation valve at 1800 L/min. SYSTEM COMPRISING 276 SPRINKLERS. Spacing 1:12 m2 (3.46 m x 3.46 m). Length of hydraulic route (incl. allowance for bends) between — design points A and installation control valves = 46 m approx. design points B and installation control valves = 64 m approx. design points C and installation control valves = 43 m approx. design points D and installation control valves = 69 m approx. design points E and installation control valves = 71 m approx. design points F and installation control valves = 73 m approx. Therefore maximum diameter of distribution pipe = 100 mm. Valves = 100 mm. FIGURE 10.4.2.1 TYPICAL ORDINARY HAZARD CLASS SYSTEM COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 90 10.4.2.4 Fully hydraulically calculated systems Where complex piping configuration is involved and where economies in design can be effected, the piping may be designed on the basis of individual hydraulic calculation of pipes throughout the system. Refer Section 12. TABLE 10.4.2.2 MAXIMUM NUMBER OF SPRINKLERS ON PRE-CALCULATED PIPING (a) Range pipes Ranges Ranges at remote end of all distribution pipes: (i) Two end-side layouts — last two ranges (ii) Three end-side layouts — last three ranges (iii) All other layouts — last range Nominal internal pipe size mm Maximum number of sprinklers permitted on range pipes* 25 32 25 32 25 32 40 50 25 32 40 50 1 2 2 3 2 3 4 9 3 4 6 9 All other ranges (b) Distribution pipes Distribution pipes Pipes at extremities of system: (i) Two end-side layouts Nominal internal pipe size mm 32 40 50 65 32 40 50 65 Maximum number of sprinklers to be fed by distribution pipe 2 4 8 16† 3 6 9 18† Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] (ii) All other layouts Pipes between the above-mentioned extremities and the installation valves To be individually hydraulically calculated in accordance with Clause 10.4.2.3 * The number of sprinklers on a range pipe when the ranges run longitudinally under roofs sloping at an angle in excess of 6 degrees must not exceed 6. The maximum length of 25 mm pipe allowed in any route from a sprinkler to the installation valves is 15 m including allowance for elbows. † This requirement does not preclude the use of 65 mm diameter pipe between the design point and the installation valves if hydraulic calculation shows that this is possible. COPYRIGHT 91 AS 2118.1 — 1995 TABLE 10.4.2.3(A) PRESSURE LOSSES FOR MEDIUM* TUBES TO AS 1074 Nominal internal pipe size mm 65 80 100 150 200 Loss of pressure per metre length of pipe with a flow of 1800 L/min†‡ 10.3 4.7 1.3 0.19 0.046 * For heavy tubes, the losses are calculated for a flow rate of 1800 L/min from the data in Section 12. The loss of pressure at each elbow bend or tee where the water is turned through an angle should be taken as equivalent to that incurred through 3 m of straight pipe. † Where the number of sprinklers in a separate array is less than the number for which the distribution pipes are hydraulically calculated, up to a maximum of 12 sprinklers, the losses may be calculated on the arbitrary basis of 70 L/min per sprinkler (see Table 10.4.2.3(B)) from the design point of such separate array back to the junction with another distribution pipe, then at the full flow rate of 1800 L/min. Aggregate loss to the valves is not to exceed 150 kPa. An example of this is illustrated in Figure 10.4.2.1 between design point F, point Y and control valves. ‡ Calculations for the ringed portions of distribution pipes shall be based on these pressure losses on the total length of each pipe size multiplied by a factor of 0.14. TABLE 10.4.2.3(B) PRESSURE LOSSES FOR MEDIUM* TUBES TO AS 1074 — ORDINARY HAZARD Number of sprinklers in array Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] Loss of pressure per metre length of pipe, kPa Nominal internal pipe size, mm 25 2.26 8.15 — — — — — — — — — — 32 0.59 2.15 4.48 7.64 — — — — — — — — 40 0.28 1.01 2.14 3.65 5.51 7.73 — — — — — — 50 0.08 0.32 0.67 1.15 1.74 2.44 3.24 4.15 5.16 — — — 65 0.02 0.09 0.19 0.32 0.49 0.68 0.91 1.16 1.45 1.76 2.10 2.47 80 — 0.04 0.09 0.15 0.22 0.31 0.41 0.53 0.66 0.80 0.96 1.13 100 — — — — 0.06 0.08 0.12 0.14 0.18 0.22 0.27 0.31 150 — — — — — — — — — 0.03 0.04 0.05 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 * For heavy tubes, the losses are calculated for the flow rate from the data in Appendix E. The loss of pressure at each elbow bend or tee where the water is turned through an angle should be taken as equivalent to that incurred through 3 m of straight pipe. COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 92 10.4.2.5 Sprinklers in concealed spaces Where sprinkler protection is required under Clauses 5.6.1 and 5.6.2, such protection shall be installed with either 10 mm or 15 mm nominal size sprinklers, but with ordinary hazard spacing and pipe sizing. Where the concealed spaces contain nothing but water pipes, electric wiring or air conditioning trunking of non-combustible material, the sprinkler protection may be installed on the light hazard spacing basis, i.e. with 10 mm nominal size sprinklers and maximum area coverage of 21 m 2 per sprinkler, but with piping as for ordinary hazard systems. Where sprinkler protection is installed on the extended (skeleton) spacing basis under Clauses 5.6.1.2 and 5.6.2.2, such protection shall be installed with 10 mm nominal size sprinklers, but with piping as for ordinary hazard systems. Sprinklers may be fed individually from piping feeding sprinklers in the room below, provided that in the determination of the size of range and distribution pipes up to the design point the sprinklers above and below are taken cumulatively (see also Clause 5.6.3). 10.5 SYSTEM DRAINAGE specified in Clause 7.5. All pipes shall be arranged with slope for drainage as NOTE: Piping in all systems, including piping in wet systems, should be arranged to drain to the installation drain valve which should be not less than 50 mm diameter. Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] COPYRIGHT 93 AS 2118.1 — 1995 S E C T I O N 11.1 DESIGN DATA 1 1 H I G H H A Z A R D S Y S T E M S C L A S S 11.1.1 General High hazard systems shall be hydraulically designed to provide an appropriate density of discharge over an assumed area of operation (number of sprinklers likely to operate) in all areas including the hydraulically most unfavourable areas of the protected building. The design densities of discharge and the assumed areas of operation shall be as follows: (a) Process risks (see also Clause 11.1.2). (i) (ii) (b) (i) (ii) Design density of discharge Assumed area of operation Design density of discharge . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5 mm/min to 12.5 mm/min. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 m 2 to 360 m2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5 mm/min to 30 mm/min. High piled storage risks (see also Clause 11.1.3). Assumed area of operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 m 2 to 300 m2 (according to density of discharge). 11.1.2 Process risks For process risks, density of discharge and assumed areas of operation shall be as given in Table 11.1.2. 11.1.3 High piled storage risks 11.1.3.1 Methods of storage The methods of storage which may be found in a high piled storage risk are as follows: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] Freestanding storage or block stacking. Bin-box — a container up to 1.8 m 3, having one vertical face open. Storage in post or box pallets (where the post or box pallets have solid floors, the storage shall be taken as solid shelf storage). Storage on solid shelves. Storage in multiple row and drive-through racks. Palletized rack storage. Bonded stores (spirituous liquors) storage. (g) 11.1.3.2 General design data The design density of discharge for high piled storage risks depends on the hazardous nature of the stock and the height of storage. These risks are subdivided into five categories according to the severity of the hazard of the stock (see Clause 2.2.4.2). Tables 11.1.3.2(A) and 11.1.3.2(B) indicate the appropriate density of discharge and assumed area of operation according to the category, method of storage and stack height where roof or ceiling protection only is provided. Where storage fixtures are of solid or shelved construction, the requirements of Clause 5.7.7 shall apply. Where an alternate wet and dry system is installed at roof or ceiling level, the assumed area of operation shall be increased by 25 percent. NOTE: It is recommended that high hazard systems for high piled storage risks be installed on the wet system. Approval may be given for pre-action systems or alternate wet and dry systems to be installed in unheated buildings. COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 94 TABLE 11.1.2 DISCHARGE DENSITY AND ASSUMED AREA OF OPERATION FOR PROCESS RISKS* Occupancy Aircraft engine testing Aircraft hangars Celluloid manufacturers and celluloid goods manufacturers Distilleries (still houses) Electrical/electronic manufacturing and assembly (predominantly plastic components) Exhibition halls with unusually high ceilings and high concentration of combustibles Firelighter manufacturers Firework manufacturers Flammable liquid spraying Floor cloth and linoleum manufacturers Foam plastics goods manufacturers and processing Foam rubber goods manufacturers and processing Paint and varnish works (solvent based) Plastics goods manufacturing and process works (where plastic is one of the basic materials in the operation) Resin and turps manufacturers Theatrical scenery store Tar distillers Vehicle repair workshops * Assumes use of 141°C rated sprinklers. Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] Design density mm/min 10.0 7.5 12.5 12.0 7.5 12.0 Assumed area of operation m2 260 Zone protection (deluge system) 260 260 260 360 10.0 10.0 12.0 7.5 12.0 12.0 7.5 260† Complete deluge protection required for each building 260 260 260 260 260† 12.0 7.5 10.0 10.0 10.0 260 260† 260 260† 260 † Supplementary protection by high or medium velocity sprayers, as appropriate, will be required in these risks in areas where solvents or other flammable liquids are stored or handled (see Clause 5.6.16). COPYRIGHT 95 AS 2118.1 — 1995 TABLE 11.1.3.2(A) DISCHARGE DENSITY AND ASSUMED AREA OF OPERATION FOR HIGH PILED STORAGE RISKS INVOLVING FREESTANDING STORAGE, BIN BOX STORAGE OR BLOCK STACKING WHERE CEILING OR ROOF PROTECTION ONLY IS PROVIDED Discharge density* mm/min 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0 27.5 30.0 Assumed area of operation m2 — — 260 — — — — 300 — — Category 1 5.3 6.5 7.6 — — — — — — — Maximum storage height, m Category 2 4.1 5.0 5.9 6.7 7.6 — — — — — Category 3 2.9 3.5 4.1 4.7 5.2 5.7 6.3 6.7 7.2 — Category 4 1.6 2.0 2.3 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 3.8 4.1 4.4 NOTE: In designated storage areas to provide for any future requirements, the height of storage should be taken as not less than 1 m below any ceiling or roof. * Where storage is encapsulated the ceiling sprinkler discharge density shall be increased by 25% for Category 1 and 50% for Category 2 and no special requirements for Categories 3 and 4. (The term ‘storage’ includes the warehousing or the temporary depositing of goods or materials while undergoing process.) TABLE 11.1.3.2(B) DISCHARGE DENSITY AND ASSUMED AREA OF OPERATION FOR HIGH PILED STORAGE RISKS INVOLVING POST OR BOX PALLETS (IN SINGLE OR DOUBLE ROWS) OR PALLETIZED RACK STORAGE WHERE ROOF OR CEILING PROTECTION ONLY IS PROVIDED Discharge density* mm/min Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] Assumed area of operation m2 — — 260 — — — 300 — Category 1 4.7 5.7 6.8 — — — — — Maximum storage height, m Category 2 3.4 4.2 5.0 5.6 6.0 — — — Category 3 2.2 2.6 3.2 3.7 4.1 4.4 5.3 6.0 Category 4 1.6 2.0 2.3 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.8 4.4 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 25.0 30.0 * Where storage is encapsulated at the ceiling sprinkler discharge density shall be increased by 25% for Category 1 and 50% for Category 2 and no special requirements for Categories 3 and 4. This also applies to storage arrangements where intermediate sprinklers are provided. NOTES: 1 Good practice dictates that post or box pallet storage should not exceed two rows wide in one direction. 2 Rack storage with aisles less than 1.2 m in width is treated as multiple row racks (see Table 2.2.4.2). 3 In designated storage areas to provide for future requirements, the height of storage should be taken as not less than 1 m below any ceiling or roof. COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 96 The maximum storage heights of 7.6 m for Categories 1 and 2, 7.2 m for Category 3 and 4.4 m for Category 4 indicated in Table 11.1.3.2(A) are considered to be a limiting factor to efficient sprinkler protection where sprinklers are provided at the ceiling or roof only. The maximum storage heights of 6.8 m for Category 1, 6.0 m for Categories 2 and 3, and 4.4 m for Category 4 indicated in Table 11.1.3.2(B) are considered to be a limiting factor to efficient sprinkler protection where sprinklers are provided at the ceiling or roof only. Where storage in racking and post or box pallets is above these heights, intermediate level protection shall be provided. 11.1.3.3 Storage in multiple row and drive-through or flow-through racks Intermediate sprinklers shall be installed in multiple row and drive-through or flow-through racks where storage heights exceed the ordinary hazard limitations for post pallets and palletized rack storage in Note 2 to Table 11.1.3.2(B) in accordance with Clause 11.1.3.4. Rack storage with aisles less than 1.2 m in width shall be treated as multiple row racks. 11.1.3.4 Intermediate level protection in storage racks shall be provided as indicated by the following: (a) Intermediate level protection General Supplementary intermediate level protection shall be provided in storage racks where heights of storage exceed those in Table 11.1.3.2(B). Flow rates for intermediate level sprinkler protection shall be hydraulically calculated as set out in Clause 11.2.2.5. Where racking does not exceed 3.2 m in width, one row of sprinklers shall be located centrally along the length of the rack. Where racking exceeds 3.2 m in width, but does not exceed 6 m, two rows of sprinklers shall be provided. The design of protection for racking exceeding 6 m in width shall be subject to approval. (See Figure 11.1.3.4(a), (b) and (c) for maximum spacing, stagger spacing and maximum area coverage per sprinkler.) Whenever any rack or structural steelwork is likely to significantly interfere with water discharge from sprinklers, additional sprinklers shall be provided and taken into account in water flow calculations. Each intermediate level sprinkler shall be fitted with a metal water shield 75 mm in diameter, located immediately above the sprinkler. For sprinklers mounted upright, the shield shall not be attached directly to the sprinkler deflector. Any bracket supporting the shield shall cause minimal obstruction to the water distribution. Provision shall be made for the protection of piping and sprinklers against mechanical damage (see Clauses 6.9 and 7.4). Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] (b) Location of intermediate level sprinklers Sprinklers within racks shall be positioned so that there is not less than 150 mm clearance between the deflectors and the top of the storage in the tier immediately below the line of sprinklers. Sprinklers shall be located in racks as follows: (i) Category 1 or 2 goods (A) (B) (C) (D) These shall be protected as follows: Every alternate rack tier, but not exceeding 3.7 m from the floor to the lowest level and between successive levels. Every alternate junction of longitudinal and transverse flues or gaps between pallets. Sprinklers shall be staggered between tiers. The horizontal spacing of sprinklers within tiers shall not exceed 2.8 m (see Figure 11.1.3.4(a)). COPYRIGHT 97 AS 2118.1 — 1995 (ii) Category 3 goods (or Categories 1 and 2 goods when they are mixed with Category 3 goods) These shall be protected as follows: (A) (B) (C) Every alternate rack tier, but not exceeding 3.7 m from the floor to the lowest level and between successive levels. Every junction of the longitudinal and transverse flues or gaps between pallets. The horizontal spacing of sprinklers within tiers shall not exceed 1.4 m (see Figure 11.1.3.4(b)). (iii) Category 4 goods (or Categories 1, 2 and 3 goods when they are mixed with Category 4 goods) These shall be protected as follows: (A) (B) (C) (D) At every tier, but not exceeding 2.3 m from the floor to the lowest level and between successive levels. Every alternate junction of the longitudinal and transverse flues or gaps between pallets. Sprinklers shall be staggered between tiers. The horizontal spacing of sprinklers within tiers shall not exceed 2.8 m (see Figure 11.1.3.4(c)). Provided that the roof or ceiling protection is not more than 3 m above the top of the stored goods, the uppermost row of intermediate level sprinklers may be omitted if this would otherwise be located at the top of the stored goods (see Figure 11.1.3.4(a), (b), (c) and (d)). (c) Design data for roof or ceiling sprinklers Where intermediate level sprinklers are provided — (i) the density of discharge for the roof or ceiling sprinklers shall be appropriate to the height of storage above the highest level of intermediate level protection which can be taken from Table 11.1.3.2(B) with a minimum density of discharge of 7.5 mm/min; and the assumed area of operation of roof or ceiling sprinklers shall be taken as — (A) (B) (d) Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] (ii) for wet systems — 260 m2 irrespective of total storage height; or for alternate wet and dry systems — 325 m2. The floor area controlled by a single installation of intermediate level sprinklers, shall not exceed 4000 m 2 of floor area occupied by the racks, including aisles. 11.1.3.5 Sprinkler protection of building columns Where any building column having a fire resistance rating of less than 2 h is enclosed in a rack without intermediate level sprinkler protection, or is within 300 mm of such a rack, the column shall be sprinkler protected. Starting at the top of the storage, sprinklers shall be installed on opposite sides of the column at vertical intervals downwards not exceeding 4.5 m. Additional sprinklers shall be provided where obstructions prevent run-down within the 4.5 m interval. Sprinklers shall be directed to wet the surface area at an application rate of not less than 10 mm/min. The discharge from these sprinklers within the assumed area of operation shall be included in water supply calculations. 11.1.3.6 Bonded stores (spirituous liquors) — Rack storage For rack storage the following parameters shall apply: (a) General For barrel storage in racks in bonded stores, the provisions for high piled storage risks shall be modified in accordance with Paragraphs (b) to (d), as appropriate. COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 98 (b) Double rack storage with aisles and walkways (See Figure 11.1.3.6(A).) The following modifications shall apply to double rack storage with aisles between and having walkways at various levels: (i) Storage height not exceeding 9.7 m For storage heights not exceeding 9.7 m, roof or ceiling protection only is acceptable. Table 11.1.3.6 shall be used to obtain densities of discharge and assumed area of operation where storage heights exceed 7.6 m. Storage height exceeding 9.7 m For storage heights exceeding 9.7 m, intermediate level protection shall be installed beneath walkways at intervals not exceeding 6.5 m commencing with the lowest walkway. Sprinklers under walkways shall be spaced at not more than 3.5 m and the maximum area coverage per sprinkler at each intermediate level shall not exceed 11 m 2. Sprinklers at alternate levels shall be staggered in relation to the rows of sprinklers above and below. (ii) The flow requirements of walkway sprinklers shall be calculated with an operational pressure of not less than 200 kPa at the hydraulically most unfavourable sprinkler when seven sprinklers are operating at each walkway level protected. (c) Continuous racking without aisles or walkways (See Figure 11.1.3.6(B).) The following modifications shall apply to continuous rack storage without aisles or walkways: (i) (ii) Storage height not exceeding 5 m For storage heights not exceeding 5 m, roof or ceiling protection only is acceptable. Storage height exceeding 5 m For storage heights exceeding 5 m, intermediate level protection shall be installed throughout at vertical intervals not exceeding 5 m. There shall be a clear space of not less than 500 mm beneath the deflectors of sprinklers in intermediate level protection. Sprinklers shall be positioned over each of the line of gaps between barrel ends with a maximum spacing down each line of 7 m. The maximum area coverage per sprinkler at each intermediate level shall not exceed 7 m 2. Sprinklers shall be arranged in stagger formation so that, in alternate lines, they are midway between the sprinklers in the adjacent lines. The following design data shall be used: (A) Design density of discharge for sprinklers at intermediate levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 mm/min. Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] (B) Assumed area of operation at each level of intermediate protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 m2. (d) Clearance below sprinklers Clearance below sprinklers at roof or ceiling level may be reduced to 300 mm instead of the 500 mm clearance required by Clause 5.4.8. 11.1.4 Type of system Where there is no danger of freezing, high hazard systems shall be of the wet type. Where there is danger of freezing, a pre-action type system or alternate wet and dry system may be installed. If an alternate wet and dry system is installed at only ceiling or roof, the design area of sprinkler operation shall be increased by 25 percent. COPYRIGHT 99 AS 2118.1 — 1995 Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] FIGURE 11.1.3.4 (in part) INTERMEDIATE LEVEL PROTECTION COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 100 Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] (d) Isometric view of typical rack — Category 4 FIGURE 11.1.3.4 (in part) INTERMEDIATE LEVEL PROTECTION COPYRIGHT 101 AS 2118.1 — 1995 FIGURE 11.1.3.6(A) TYPICAL BONDED STORES (SPIRITUOUS LIQUORS) Staggered arrangement of intermediate sprinklers in double rack storage with aisles between, having walkways at various levels: maximum area per sprinkler = 11 m 2 Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 102 FIGURE 11.1.3.6(B) TYPICAL BONDED STORES (SPIRITUOUS LIQUORS) Staggered arrangement of intermediate sprinklers in continuous racking without aisles or walkways: maximum area per sprinkler = 7 m2 TABLE Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] 11.1.3.6 DISCHARGE DENSITY AND ASSUMED AREA OF OPERATION AT CEILING FOR BONDED STORES (SPIRITUOUS LIQUORS) RACK STORAGE Category of storage 1 Height of storage Not more than 5.3 m Above 5.3 m but not Above 6.5 m but not Above 7.6 m but not Above 8.7 m but not Discharge density required mm/min m m m m 7.5 10.5 12.5 15.0 17.5 Assumed area of operation m2 260 260 260 260 260 more more more more than than than than 6.5 7.6 8.7 9.7 COPYRIGHT 103 AS 2118.1 — 1995 11.2 WATER SUPPLIES 11.2.1 Pressure and flow requirements The pressure and flow for fully hydraulically calculated systems shall be determined by calculation (see Section 12). Installation standing pressure shall not be less than 800 kPa. For systems designed in accordance with Tables 11.4.2.2(A) to 11.4.2.2(C), the pressure and flow shall comply with the following requirements: (a) The water supply shall given in Table 11.2.1 at the high hazard portion discharge and the area occupancy category. provide the flow and the corresponding running pressure the hydraulically most unfavourably situated design point in of the premises commensurate with the required density of of operation laid down in Clause 11.1 for the particular (b) Where the high hazard portion comprises less than 48 sprinklers and the provisions of (d) below do not apply, the required flow and running pressure given in Table 11.2.1 shall be provided at the level of the highest sprinklers at the point of entry to the sprinkler array. Where the design area of operation is fed by more than one distribution pipe, the running pressure at the level of the highest sprinklers at the design point shall be either that given in Table 11.2.1 for the required density of discharge, or that determined by hydraulic calculation. The flow rate for each distribution pipe shall be determined on the pro rata basis described in (h) below. Where the area of the high hazard portion of the risk is less than the area of operation given in Table 11.1.3.6, 11.1.3.2(A) or 11.1.3.2(B), as appropriate, the flow rate shown in Table 11.2.1 may be proportionately reduced (see (h) below), but the running pressure at the level of the highest sprinklers at the design point shall be that given in the tables for the required density of discharge. Where the basic design area of operation for a given density of discharge is increased due to circumstances described under Clauses 11.1.2 and 11.1.3, the flow rate shall be proportionately increased (see (h) below) but the pressure at the design point shall be maintained. NOTE: For example, in a high hazard system with design density of 12.5 mm min and 15 mm sprinklers, with piping conforming to Table 11.4.2.2(C) and spacing of one per 9 m 2, if the flow rate was increased by 25 percent in accordance with Clause 11.1.3 (i.e. from 3800 L/min to 4750 L/min), the appropriate pressure requirement at the design point would be 245 kPa (see Table 11.2.1). (c) (d) (e) Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] (f) Where the design area of operation is greater than the area of high hazard protection, and this area is adjacent to ordinary hazard protection, the total flow rate shall be calculated on the basis of the rate of flow in the high hazard portion being proportional to its area as above (see (h) below), and the flow in the ordinary hazard portion of the risk being equal to 0.1 times the balance of the area of operation. The pressure at the level of the highest sprinklers in the high hazard portion of the risk at the design point shall be either that given in the tables for the required density of discharge or that determined by hydraulic calculation. The flow requirements specified in items 3 and 4 of Table 11.2.1 apply only to pipe ranges which are horizontal or at a slope not exceeding 5 degrees to the horizontal. Where the angle of 5 degrees is exceeded, the flow requirements shall be increased by 5 percent for each additional 5 degrees of slope or part thereof, and there shall be a corresponding percentage decrease in the permitted maximum period of inflow for suction tanks (see Clause 11.2.2). (g) COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 104 (h) The increased or decreased flow rates referred to in (c), (d), (e) and (f) above shall be determined on a pro rata basis according to the following formula: Q2 = where Q2 = flow rate required (or in circumstances described in (c), the flow rate in each pipe) Q1 = flow rate required as given in the tables a2 = area of operation required (or in circumstances described in (c), the area served by each pipe). a1 = area of operation given in the tables for the discharge density required. (j) Where supplementary sprinklers are installed at intermediate levels in racking, the water supply shall be adequate for simultaneous flow to the ceiling or roof sprinklers and intermediate level sprinklers in the hydraulically most favourable area of operation derived from the intercept of the water supply curve and the square law curve for the hydraulically most favourable area. The flow requirements of sprinklers within the racks shall be calculated on the assumption of an operational pressure of 200 kPa at the hydraulically most unfavourable sprinkler when — (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) 11.2.2 Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] three sprinklers are operating at every sprinkler level for Categories 1, 2 and 3 goods; two sprinklers are operating at every sprinkler level for Category 4 goods; where rack aisles exceed 2.4 m in width, at least one rack shall be assumed to be involved; where rack aisles exceed 1.2 m and do not exceed 2.4 m, at least two racks shall be assumed to be involved; where racks are closer than 1.2 m (multiple row racks), at least three racks shall be assumed to be involved; and in no case, need more than three rows of sprinklers, as seen in plan view, be assumed to be simultaneously involved at each sprinkler level. Minimum capacity of water supplies 11.2.2.1 Town main The town main supply shall be fed from a source of at least 1 ML capacity plus the stored capacity specified in Table 11.2.2.2. Terminal mains or branch ‘dead ends’ mains of less than 150 mm diameter shall not be used. 11.2.2.2 Reservoirs and tanks other than pressure tanks The minimum capacities shall be as specified in Table 11.2.2.2. These capacities relate to stored water sources entirely reserved for the sprinkler system (including fire hose reels). For pump suction tanks, these capacities may be reduced to not less than two-thirds of the listed capacity, provided that reliable automatic inflow is available which will provide sufficient water for the pump to operate at the maximum flow rate for not less than 90 min. 11.2.2.3 Supplies not reserved entirely for sprinklers Any private reservoir which also provides water for industrial and domestic purposes shall have a constant capacity not less than 1 ML plus the stored capacity given in Table 11.2.2.2. NOTE: Pressure and flow tests in connection with the approval of supply should be carried out when the demand for other services is at its peak. COPYRIGHT 105 AS 2118.1 — 1995 TABLE 11.2.1 PRESSURE/FLOW REQUIREMENTS FOR HIGH HAZARD CLASS SYSTEMS Running pressure at the design point (48-sprinkler point) at the level of the highest sprinklers in the high hazard area, kPa Flow rate L/min 6 7 8 Design spacing of sprinklers, m2 (See Clause 11.3.2, Note) 9 10 11 12 Density of discharge mm/min 1. Systems having piping in accordance with Table 11.4.2.2(A) and 15 mm nominal sprinklers 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 2 3 3 4 300 050 800 500 — 180 270 380 — 240 365 520 180 315 475 675 225 390 600 — 280 480 730 — 335 575 — — 385 680 — — 2. Systems having piping in accordance with Table 11.4.2.2(B) and 15 mm nominal sprinklers 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 2 3 3 4 300 050 800 550 — 130 200 280 — 180 275 385 135 235 360 510 175 300 460 650 215 375 570 — 265 455 700 — 315 545 835 — 3. Systems having piping in accordance with Table 11.4.2.2(C) and 15 mm nominal sprinklers 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0 27.5 30.0 2 3 3 4 4 6 7 8 8 9 300 050 800 550 850 400 200 000 800 650 — 70 110 160 215 280 350 435 525 620 — 95 150 215 290 380 480 590 715 — 70 125 195 280 380 500 630 775 — — 90 160 245 355 480 630 795 — — — 110 195 305 435 590 775 — — — — 135 235 370 525 715 — — — — — 160 230 435 625 — — — — — — 4. Systems having piping in accordance with Table 11.4.2.2(C) and 20 mm nominal sprinklers Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0 27.5 30.0 2 3 3 4 4 6 7 8 8 9 300 050 800 550 850 400 200 000 800 650 — — — 95 125 165 205 255 305 360 — — 90 125 170 225 285 350 420 495 — — 115 165 225 295 370 455 550 650 — 95 145 210 280 370 470 575 690 — — 115 180 255 345 460 575 710 — — 80 140 215 310 420 555 695 — — — 95 165 255 365 495 655 — — — — COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 106 11.2.2.4 Pressure tanks systems. Pressure tank supplies are not acceptable for high hazard class 11.2.2.5 Supplementary sprinklers For storage risks coming under the high hazard class where supplementary sprinklers are installed at intermediate levels within racking, the minimum volume of water available shall be sufficient to supply for 90 min the maximum calculated simultaneous flow for both ceiling or roof and intermediate level sprinklers for the hydraulically most favourable area (see also Clauses 11.2.1 and 11.4.2.6). 11.2.3 Pumps Pumps shall comply with the requirements of AS 2941. 11.2.4 Proving of water supplies Water supplies shall be proved in accordance with the requirements of Clause 4.14. TABLE 11.2.2.2 WATER STORAGE CAPACITY FOR HIGH HAZARD CLASS SYSTEMS Design density mm/min 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0 27.5 30.0 Minimum capacity* L 237 000 316 000 395 000 474 000 553 000 729 000 820 911 1 002 1 094 000 000 000 000 Maximum period of inflow for suction tanks min 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] * In fully hydraulically calculated systems only, the above capacities may be reduced provided the maximum calculated demand in litres per minute for the hydraulically most favourable area (see Section 12) for a period of 90 min shows this to be possible. In no case is it required that the above capacities be increased except that they must be adjusted where the design area is increased or decreased or where supplementary protection is provided in accordance with Clauses 11.1.3, 11.1.4 and 11.2.1. 11.3 SPACING OF SPRINKLERS 11.3.1 Maximum distance between sprinklers Except for sprinklers in storage racks (see Clause 11.1.3.4), the maximum area coverage per sprinkler shall be 9 m 2. 11.3.2 Maximum distance between sprinklers on range pipes and between adjacent rows of sprinklers Except for sprinklers in storage racks (see Clause 11.1.3.4), the maximum distance between sprinklers and adjacent rows shall be 3.7 m. NOTE: Where there is no exposed structural steelwork and provided that a clear space of 2 m is normally maintained beneath the sprinklers under the ceiling or roof, special permission may be granted for an increase in area coverage to 12 m 2 per sprinkler if full particulars are submitted to the regulatory authority. Similarly, special consideration may be given to an area coverage of 12 m2 per sprinkler where occupancy changes cause the classification to be altered from ordinary to high hazard. The appropriate pressures at the design point for areas per sprinkler greater than 9 m 2 up to 12 m 2 are shown in Table 11.2.1. COPYRIGHT 107 AS 2118.1 — 1995 11.3.3 Maximum distance from walls and partitions The distance of sprinklers from walls or partitions shall not exceed 2 m or half the design spacing whichever is the lesser (see also Clause 5.4.2). 11.4 11.4.1 SYSTEM COMPONENTS Sprinklers 11.4.1.1 Size and type Sprinklers shall have a nominal orifice size of 15 mm or 20 mm and may be of conventional or spray type, except that intermediate level sprinklers within storage racks shall have a nominal orifice size of 15 mm. Where sprinklers are required for building column protection in accordance with Clause 11.1.3.5, spray type sprinklers installed horizontally or side wall sprinklers installed vertically shall be used, subject to a minimum orifice size of not less than 10 mm. 11.4.1.2 Stock of replacement sprinklers A stock of spare sprinklers shall be maintained. As a general guide, the minimum number of spares of standard temperature rating should be 36 sprinklers. 11.4.1.3 Sprinkler temperatures In systems, with in-rack sprinklers, protecting high piled storage, 141°C temperature rated sprinklers shall be used at the roof or ceiling, and 68°C to 74°C nominal temperature rated sprinklers shall be installed within storage racks, and for column protection. 11.4.2 Piping 11.4.2.1 General The appropriate sizing of piping for high hazard systems depends on the following factors: (a) (b) (c) (d) Required density of discharge. Spacing of sprinklers. Size of sprinkler orifice used. Pressure and flow characteristics of the water supply. To accommodate this wide range of conditions, and to provide reasonable economy in piping, systems are designed either partly by the pre-calculated pipe tables and partly by hydraulic calculation (see Clauses 11.4.2.2 and 11.4.2.3) or by full hydraulic calculation (see Section 12). Figures 11.4.2.1(A) to 11.4.2.1(C) illustrate piping arrangements showing various design points from which the piping shall be calculated hydraulically when the pre-calculated pipe sizing tables are used. Pipes may reduce in diameter only in the direction of flow of water to any sprinkler. An exception to this requirement may be permitted in systems which are fully hydraulically calculated in accordance with Section 12. 11.4.2.2 Pre-calculated piping Where ranges are directly connected to the distribution pipe without risers (or drops) the design point shall be taken as the last elbow, tee or branch downstream of which the 48-sprinkler array is located (see design point A in Figures 11.4.2.1(A) to 11.4.2.1(C)). Where ranges are connected to the distribution pipe with risers (or drops), such risers (or drops) shall be considered as distribution pipes, and the design point shall be moved downstream to the point of connection of the riser (or drop) nearest the installation valves in the 48-sprinkler array (see design point B in Figures 11.4.2.1(A) to 11.4.2.1(C)). Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 108 Where the number of sprinklers in a separate array is less than the number of sprinklers for which the distribution pipes are hydraulically designed, the design point shall be taken as the point of connection of the range nearest the installation valves in such separate array. Where single sprinklers are connected to horizontal pipes by risers (or drops), such risers shall be considered range pipes. Where such risers (or drops) exceed 300 mm in length, the horizontal pipes to which they are connected shall be sized as distribution pipes. For complex piping arrangements requiring the use of both armpieces and risers (or drops), piping feeding such arrangements shall be sized as a combination of range and distribution pipes in accordance with Tables 11.4.2.2(A) to 11.4.2.2(C), to a maximum of six sprinklers. NOTE: Appendix D provides a series of sketches illustrating these requirements. 11.4.2.3 Hydraulic calculation of distribution piping (partly pre-calculated systems) The distribution and rise pipe from the installation valves to the various nominal terminal points of the network, i.e. at each design point or at the point of entry to each sprinkler array wherever fewer than 48 sprinklers are involved (see Clause 11.2), shall be calculated hydraulically on the basis that, under the relevant flow conditions stated in Table 11.2.1, the pressure drop in this individually calculated piping will not exceed the residual pressure available from the water supply when allowance has been made for the pressure required at the design point in Table 11.2.1 plus the static head loss due to the height of the highest sprinkler in the high hazard network above the installation valves. Where the highest sprinkler of a high hazard portion of the premises is not beyond the design point, such portion requiring the higher static head shall have its own terminating distribution pipe. The pressure loss in the distribution pipe to each section of the high hazard risk shall be adjusted to that required either by suitably sizing the distribution pipes or by fitting an orifice plate in the feed main (see Clause 11.4.2.5) or by a combination of these two methods. The losses given in Table 11.4.2.3 shall be used for these calculations. 11.4.2.4 Fully hydraulically calculated systems Where complex piping configuration is involved and where economies in design can be effected, the piping may be designed on the basis of individual hydraulic calculation of pipes throughout the system. See Section 12. 11.4.2.5 Hydraulic balancing of systems with orifice plates Where it is considered necessary to fit orifice plates in order to assist in hydraulically balancing a system or to meet pump characteristic curves, the diameter of the orifice shall be not less than 50 percent of the diameter of the pipe into which the plate is to be fitted. Such orifice plates shall be fitted only in pipes of 50 mm diameter or larger. Orifice plates shall comply with the requirements of Appendix C. The relationship between the size of the orifice, the flow and the pressure loss, shall be calculated on the basis of the information given in Appendix C. 11.4.2.6 Piping for supplementary protection within storage racking Where supplementary sprinklers are installed at intermediate levels within storage racking, the piping shall be fully hydraulically calculated. In the sizing of the distribution piping, the water flow required by the intermediate sprinklers shall be added to that required by the roof sprinklers. Intermediate level protection within storage racks shall be controlled by a separate control assembly, except that subject to approval, not more than 50 intermediate level sprinklers may be fed directly from roof or ceiling system distribution piping. Where storage racks are freestanding, and the intermediate sprinklers are fed by distribution pipes attached to the building structure, the rack piping shall be connected to the distribution pipes by universal joints or flexible connections. Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] COPYRIGHT 109 AS 2118.1 — 1995 11.4.2.7 Sprinklers in concealed spaces Where sprinkler protection is required under Clauses 5.6.1 and 5.6.2.1, such protection shall be installed with either 10 mm or 15 mm nominal size sprinklers, but with ordinary hazard spacing and pipe sizing. Where the concealed spaces contain nothing but water pipes, electric wiring or air-conditioning ducting of non-combustible material, the sprinkler protection may be installed on the light hazard spacing basis, i.e. 10 mm nominal size sprinklers with maximum area coverage of 21 m2 per sprinkler, but with piping as for ordinary hazard systems. Where sprinkler protection is installed on the extended (skeleton) spacing basis under Clauses 5.6.1.2 and 5.6.2.2, such protection shall be installed with 10 mm nominal size sprinklers but with piping as for ordinary hazard systems. Sprinklers shall be fed by separate piping from that feeding sprinklers in the room below which may be connected to the main distribution pipe anywhere between the installation control assembly and the design point of the most distant array, or, for fully hydraulically calculated systems, the point of entry of the main distribution pipe into the hydraulically most unfavourable area of operation. The water requirements of sprinklers within concealed spaces need not be taken into account in the sizing of the distribution piping (see also Clause 5.6.3). 11.5 SYSTEM DRAINAGE accordance with Clause 7.5. All pipes shall be arranged with slope for drainage in NOTE: Piping in all systems, including piping in wet systems, should be arranged to drain to the installation drain valve which should be not less than 50 mm diameter. Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 110 Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] FIGURE 11.4.2.1(A) TYPICAL HIGH HAZARD CLASS SYSTEM — PIPE SIZES BASED ON TABLE 11.4.2.2(A) COPYRIGHT 111 AS 2118.1 — 1995 Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] FIGURE 11.4.2.1(B) TYPICAL HIGH HAZARD CLASS SYSTEM — PIPE SIZES BASED ON TABLE 11.4.2.2(B) COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 112 Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] FIGURE 11.4.2.1(C) TYPICAL HIGH HAZARD CLASS SYSTEM — PIPE SIZES BASED ON TABLE 11.4.2.2(C) COPYRIGHT 113 AS 2118.1 — 1995 TABLE 11.4.2.2(A) MAXIMUM NUMBER OF SPRINKLERS ON PRE-CALCULATED PIPING FOR DESIGN DENSITIES OF DISCHARGE NOT EXCEEDING 15 mm/min Systems with water supplies complying with the pressure and flow requirements for Item 1 in Table 11.2.1 and using 15 mm (nominal) size sprinklers. (a) Range pipes Ranges Ranges at remote end of all distribution pipes: (i) (ii) (iii) Two end-side layouts — Last two ranges Three end-side layouts — Last three ranges All other layouts — Last range 25 32 25 32 25 32 40 25 32 1 2 2 3 2 3 4 3 4 Nominal internal pipe size mm Maximum number of sprinklers permitted on range pipes* All other ranges (b) Distribution pipes Distribution pipes Pipes at extremities of system Nominal internal pipe size mm 32 40 50 65 80 100 Maximum number of sprinklers to be fed by distribution pipe 2 4 8 12 18 48† Pipes between the above-mentioned extremities and the installation valves‡ To be individually calculated hydraulically in accordance with Clause 11.4.2.3 * No arrangement is allowed with more than four sprinklers per range pipe. No range pipe may be connected to a distribution pipe exceeding 150 mm diameter. † This requirement does not preclude the use of 100 mm pipe between the design point and the installation control assemblies if hydraulic calculation shows that this is possible. Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] ‡ The maximum length of 25 mm pipe allowed in any route from a sprinkler to the installation control assembly is 15 m including allowance for elbows. COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 114 TABLE 11.4.2.2(B) MAXIMUM NUMBER OF SPRINKLERS ON PRE-CALCULATED PIPING FOR DESIGN DENSITIES OF DISCHARGE NOT EXCEEDING 15 mm/min Systems with water supplies complying with the pressure and flow requirements for Item 2 in Table 11.2.1 and using 15 mm (nominal) size sprinklers (a) Range pipes Ranges Ranges at remote end of all distribution pipes: (i) (ii) (iii) Two end-side layouts — Last two ranges Three end-side layouts — Last three ranges All other layouts — Last range 25 32 25 32 25 32 40 25 32 1 3 2 3 2 3 4 3 4 Nominal internal pipe size mm Maximum number of sprinklers permitted on range pipes* All other ranges (b) Distribution pipes Distribution pipes Pipes at extremities of system Nominal internal pipe size mm 50† 65 80 100 150 Maximum number of sprinklers to be fed by distribution pipe 4 8 12 16 48‡ Pipes between the above-mentioned extremities and the installation valves§ To be individually calculated hydraulically in accordance with Clause 11.4.2.3 * No arrangement is allowed with more than four sprinklers per range pipe. No range pipe may be connected to a distribution pipe exceeding 150 mm diameter. † No distribution pipe less than 65 mm diameter is permitted for four end-side systems. Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] ‡ This requirement does not preclude the use of 150 mm pipe between the design point and the installation control assemblies if hydraulic calculation shows that this is possible. § The maximum length of 25 mm pipe allowed in any route from a sprinkler to the installation control assembly is 15 m including allowance for elbows. COPYRIGHT 115 AS 2118.1 — 1995 TABLE 11.4.2.2(C) MAXIMUM NUMBER OF SPRINKLERS ON PRE-CALCULATED PIPING FOR DESIGN DENSITIES OF DISCHARGE UP TO 30 mm/min Systems having water supplies complying with the pressure and flow requirements for Item 3 in Table 11.2.1 and using 15 mm (nominal) size sprinklers OR Systems having water supplies complying with the pressure and flow requirements for Item 4 in Table 11.2.1 and using 20 mm (nominal) size sprinklers (a) Range pipes Ranges End-side arrangements: (i) Last three ranges at remote end of all distribution pipes Other ranges 40 50 65 32 40 50 65 1 3 6 1 2 4 6 Nominal internal pipe size mm Maximum number of sprinklers permitted on range pipes* (ii) End-centre arrangements: (i) Two end-centre systems— (a) Last three ranges at remote end of all distribution pipes (b) Other ranges (ii) Three and four end-centre systems— All ranges 32 40 32 32 40 50 1 2 2 1 2 4 (b) Distribution pipes Distribution pipes Pipes at extremities of system Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] Nominal internal pipe size mm 50† 65 80 100 150 Maximum number of sprinklers to be fed by distribution pipe 4 8 12 16 48‡ Pipes between the above-mentioned extremities and the installation valves To be individually calculated hydraulically in accordance with Clause 11.4.2.3 * No end-side arrangement is allowed with more than six sprinklers per range pipe and no end-centre arrangement with more than four sprinklers per range pipe. No range pipe may be connected to a distribution pipe exceeding 150 mm diameter. † No distribution pipe less than 65 mm in diameter is permitted for four end-side systems. ‡ This requirement does not preclude the use of 150 mm pipe between the design point and the installation control assembly if hydraulic calculation shows that this is possible. COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 116 TABLE 11.4.2.3 PRESSURE LOSSES FOR MEDIUM* TUBES TO AS 1074 Flow rate L/min 100 1 500 2 000 2 300 3 050 3 800 4 550 4 850 6 400 7 200 8 000 8 800 9 650 Loss of pressure per metre length of pipe, kPa† Nominal internal pipe size, mm 100 0.44 0.92 1.6 2.0 3.4 5.2 7.2 8.1 13.5 16.8 20.5 24.4 29.0 150 0.065 0.14 0.24 0.3 0.51 0.77 1.1 1.2 2.0 2.5 3.1 3.6 4.3 200 0.015 0.032 0.055 0.071 0.12 0.18 0.25 0.28 0.47 0.58 0.71 0.85 1.0 250 0.005 0.011 0.018 0.023 0.039 0.059 0.082 0.092 0.15 0.19 0.23 0.28 0.33 * For heavy tubes, the losses are calculated for the appropriate flow rate from the data in Section 12. The loss of pressure at each elbow, bend or tee where the water is turned through an angle, is to be taken as equal to that incurred through 3 m of straight pipe. † Calculations for the ringed portions of distribution pipes shall be based on these pressure losses on the total length of each pipe size multiplied by a factor of 0.14. Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] COPYRIGHT 117 AS 2118.1 — 1995 S E C T I O N 1 2 F U L L H Y D R A U L I C C A L C U L A T I O N O F S P R I N K L E R S Y S T E M S 12.1 GENERAL This Section details requirements for the design of sprinkler systems based on hydraulic calculations of all piping. This method of system design, whereby pipe sizes are selected on the basis of water supply characteristics and pressure losses to achieve minimum densities of discharge, is an alternative method to that described in Clauses 9.4.2, 10.4.2 and 11.4.2 for pre-calculated systems. 12.2 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR DENSITY OF DISCHARGE The calculated density of discharge within any assumed area of operation with all sprinklers simultaneously discharging shall be not less than the design density of discharge specified in Clauses 9.1, 10.1 or 11.1, as appropriate. The calculation shall involve one of the following methods: (a) Method 1 Where sprinklers are regularly spaced or stagger spaced, the density of discharge between any four adjacent sprinklers in a square or rectangle (in the case of regular spacing) or parallelogram (in the case of staggered spacing) shall be assumed to be the total flow from the four sprinklers in L/min divided by four times the floor area enclosed by the sprinklers. Method 2 Where the spacing of sprinklers along adjacent ranges differs, and the width of the floor area covered by a row of sprinklers connected to a common range pipe is constant, and readily definable (as in Figure 12.4(F)), the density of discharge between any two adjacent sprinklers connected to a common range pipe shall be assumed to be the total flow from the two sprinklers in L/min divided by twice the area derived from multiplying the width of the floor area covered by the row of sprinklers by the distance between the two sprinklers. In using this method, the width of the floor area covered by a row of sprinklers shall be based on the row being central to the width. NOTE: For sprinklers in racks see Clause 11.2.1(j). (b) 12.3 ASSUMED AREA OF OPERATION The assumed area of operation shall comply with Clauses 9.1, 10.1 or 11.1. (See also Clause 2.2.2.) 12.4 SPRINKLERS IN OPERATION The number of sprinklers assumed to be in simultaneous operation shall be all sprinklers which fall within the assumed area of operation, including any sprinklers located under obstructions within that area, but excluding sprinklers in concealed spaces. The location of the boundary of the assumed area of operation, as well as its shape and position, shall be established as set out in Clauses 12.5 and 12.6. For the purpose of this Clause, meanings shall be assigned to various terms as follows: (a) ‘Barrier’ shall mean ‘barrier to efficient water spray distribution’. Where sprinklers have been positioned from a beam to avoid undue interference to a sprinkler discharge pattern, in accordance with Clause 5.4.4, such a beam shall not constitute a ‘barrier’. ‘Perimeter boundary’ shall mean the boundary at the perimeter of the assumed area of operation. Where the assumed area of operation abuts the extremity of the total protected building area on one or more sides, this extremity shall constitute the perimeter boundary. Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] (b) COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 118 (c) ‘Intermediate boundary’ shall mean the boundary separating areas covered by individual sprinklers or groups of sprinklers within the assumed area of operation. Y×Z×4=A Locations of boundaries shall satisfy the formula — where Y = distance from a sprinkler to a boundary parallel with a range, in m Z = distance from a sprinkler to a boundary normal to a range, in m A = maximum area coverage per sprinkler specified in Clauses 9.3.1, 10.3.1 and 11.3.1, in sq m Y or Z must be constant when applicable either side of a sprinkler. Where a barrier exists between perimeter sprinklers and what would otherwise be the perimeter boundary, the barrier shall constitute the perimeter boundary. Other barriers shall constitute intermediate boundaries. The requirements of Clauses 12.3, 12.5 and 12.6 shall also be satisfied. NOTE: Figures 12.4(A) to (F) provide guidance in the application of this Clause. 12.5 POSITION OF ASSUMED AREA OF OPERATION 12.5.1 Hydraulically most unfavourable area of operation For the purpose of determining the hydraulically most unfavourable position, the assumed area of operation shall be located in turn as follows: (a) (b) (c) Terminal main system with terminal range pipes At the hydraulically most unfavourable position on each distribution pipe. (See Figures 12.5.1(A) and (B).) Looped main systems with terminal range pipes At the hydraulically most unfavourable position on the most remote loop. (See Figures 12.5.1(C) and (D).) Gridded systems These come in two types as follows: (i) With terminal range pipes in one of the following: (A) (B) Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] At the most unfavourable position as appropriate Between the distribution pipes. Partly between the distribution pipes and partly within the area of the terminal ranges. Wholly within the area of the terminal ranges. (C) (ii) Without terminal range pipes At the hydraulically most unfavourable position between the distribution pipes. (See Figure 12.5.1(E).) When flowing, the hydraulically most unfavourable area of operation creates the highest pressure requirement in a system. This condition shall be used to establish that the minimum sprinkler discharge pressure and required discharge density, averaged over any four adjacent sprinklers as defined in Clause 12.2, are met. NOTES: 1 Where the most unfavourable position is not readily apparent, calculation of more than one assumed area may be required. The most remote area in terms of distance is not necessarily the hydraulically most unfavourable area. Proof that the most unfavourable area has been established may be required. Where it is obvious that other arrays similar to that under consideration are hydraulically nearer to the water supply, such other arrays may be ignored. 2 COPYRIGHT 119 AS 2118.1 — 1995 12.5.2 Hydraulically most favourable area of operation For the purpose of determining the hydraulically most favourable area of operation, the assumed area of operation shall be located as follows: (a) (b) (c) Terminal main system with terminal range pipes At the hydraulically most favourable position on each distribution pipe. (See Figure 12.5.1(A).) Looped main system with terminal range pipes At the hydraulically most favourable position on the looped main. (See Figure 12.5.1(C).) Gridded systems These come in two types as follows: (i) (ii) System without terminal range pipes Adjacent to the hydraulically most favourable distribution pipe. (See Figure 12.5.1(E).) System with terminal range pipes Where the terminal ranges are fed from the most hydraulically favourable distribution pipe, the range pipes shall be either wholly or partly included in the assumed area of operation. (See Clause 12.6.1.2.) The hydraulically most favourable area of operation, when extrapolated onto the water supply pressure and flow characteristic curve, creates the maximum flow condition in a system. This flow shall be used to determine the water supply requirements. NOTE: Where the most favourable position is not readily apparent, calculation of more than one assumed area may be required. 12.6 12.6.1 SHAPE OF ASSUMED AREA OF OPERATION Hydraulically most unfavourable area of operation 12.6.1.1 Terminal main system with terminal range pipes or looped main system with terminal range pipes In a system with terminal mains or looped mains, the shape of the assumed most unfavourable area of operation shall be as near as possible rectangular. One side of the rectangle shall be defined by — (a) (b) the sprinklers on a range pipe for an end-side array; or the sprinklers on a pair of range pipes where there is an end-centre array, as derived from the calculation — (or pair of range pipes in end-centre array) Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] Remaining sprinklers not constituting a full range pipe or pair of range pipes shall be grouped adjacent to the distribution pipe on the next range pipe row of the area. (See Figures 12.5.1(A) and (B).) 12.6.1.2 Gridded system In a gridded system, where range pipes run parallel with the ridge of a roof having a slope greater than 6 degrees, or along bays formed by beams deeper than 1 m, the shape of the assumed hydraulically most unfavourable areas of operation shall be rectangular, with a length (L) greater than or equal to twice the square root of the area (A), i.e. L ≥ 2√A . . . 12.6.1.2(1) In all other cases, the shape of the assumed area of operation shall be rectangular with a length greater than or equal to 1.2 times the square root of the area, i.e. L ≥ 1.2√A where L = length of area of operation parallel with range pipes, in metres A = assumed area of operation, in square metres. COPYRIGHT . . . 12.6.1.2(2) AS 2118.1 — 1995 120 Any remaining sprinklers shall be grouped on the next range row of the area. (See Figures 12.5.1(E) and (F).) For the purposes of this Clause, all measurements shall be made in the horizontal plane, including installations with sloping piping. 12.6.2 Hydraulically most favourable area of operation 12.6.2.1 Terminal main system with terminal range pipes or looped main systems with terminal range pipes In a system with terminal mains or looped mains, the shape of the assumed most favourable area of operation shall be as near as possible square. As far as is practicable, the sprinklers under consideration shall be served by one distribution pipe only. The sprinklers assumed to be operating shall be located on each range pipe or pair of range pipes for end-centre arrays, at the hydraulically most favourable position. Any remaining sprinklers not constituting a full range pipe or pair of range pipes shall be grouped adjacent to the distribution pipe on the next range pipe row of the area. (See Figures 12.5.1(A), and (B), (C) and (D).) 12.6.2.2 Gridded system In a gridded system, the shape of the most favourable area of operation shall be as near as possible, square. The sprinklers calculated to be operating shall be located on each range pipe at the hydraulically most favourable position. Any remaining sprinklers shall be grouped on the next range pipe row of the area. (See Figure 12.5.1(E) and (F).) 12.7 WATER SUPPLIES Water supplies shall comply with the requirements of Section 4. For specific sources of supply, the requirements of Clauses 12.8 to 12.9 shall take precedence where systems are fully hydraulically calculated. 12.8 PUMPSETS 12.8.1 General Pumpsets shall be capable of satisfying the flow and pressure requirements of any assumed areas of operation. 12.8.2 Maximum flow rate The maximum flow rate (Q max.) shall be assumed to occur at the intercept of the system demand pressure and flow relationship for the hydraulically most favourable assumed area of operation with the pump performance pressure and flow characteristic, when the pump suction tank water level is at the normal water line (see Figure 4.8.2). 12.9 CALCULATION OF PRESSURE LOSS IN PIPES Pressure losses due to water flow through pipes shall be calculated using the Hazen Williams equation — P where P = loss of pressure per metre of pipe, in kilopascals per metre Q = flow rate of water through pipe, in L/min C = roughness coefficient for the type of pipe, (see Table 12.9.2) d = mean diameter of pipe, in millimetres (see Tables 12.9.1.1 and 12.9.1.2) = . . . 12.9(1) Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] COPYRIGHT 121 AS 2118.1 — 1995 Pressure losses in steel, galvanized steel, cast iron, ductile iron and copper pipes may be calculated using a simplified equation: P = KQ 1.85 where P = loss of pressure per metre length of pipe, in kilopascals K = a constant of value given in Tables 12.9.1.1 and 12.9.1.2. Q = flow rate of water through pipe length, in L/min. 12.10 PRESSURE LOSSES . . . 12.9(2) 12.10.1 Fittings and valves Loss of pressure due to water flow through pipe fittings, where the direction of water flow is changed through an angle of 45 degrees or more (other than the change of direction into a sprinkler from an elbow or tee into which the sprinkler is fitted), or through valves, shall be calculated by adding the appropriate equivalent pipe lengths given in Table 12.10.1, to the actual lengths in the network under consideration. TABLE 12.9.1.1 MEAN INTERNAL DIAMETERS AND VALUES OF K FOR STEEL TUBE TO AS 1074 Nominal bore mm 20 25 32 40 50 65 80 90* 100 Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] Medium Mean diameter mm 21.6 27.3 36.0 41.9 53.0 68.7 80.7 93.2 105.1 129.9 155.4 K 2.73 × 10-3 8.73 × 10-4 2.27 × 10-4 1.08 × 10-4 3.45 × 10-5 9.76 × 10-6 4.45 × 10-6 2.21 × 10-6 1.23 × 10-6 4.38 × 10-7 1.83 × 10-7 Mean diameter 20.4 25.7 34.4 40.3 51.3 67.0 79.1 91.6 103.3 128.8 154.3 Heavy K 3.61 × 10-3 1.17 × 10-3 2.83 × 10-4 1.31 × 10-4 4.05 × 10-5 1.10 × 10-5 4.91 × 10-6 2.41 × 10-6 1.34 × 10-6 4.58 × 10-7 1.90 × 10-7 125 150 NOTE: The values for K are based on a roughness coefficient, C, of 120. * While no longer manufactured, 90 mm tube is included to facilitate calculations for existing systems involving this size. COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 122 TABLE 12.9.1.2 MEAN INTERNAL DIAMETERS AND VALUES OF K FOR COPPER PIPES TO AS 1432 Nominal bore mm 20 25 32 40 50 65 80 90 100 125 150 NOTES: 1 These values for K are based on a roughness coefficient, C, of 150. 2 Diameters for pipes in other materials should be obtained from the manufacturers. Type A Mean diameter mm 16.2 22.1 28.4 34.8 47.5 60.2 72.0 84.7 97.4 122.8 147.0 K 7.34 × 10-3 1.62 × 10-3 4.77 × 10-4 1.77 × 10-4 3.89 × 10-5 1.23 × 10-5 5.14 × 10-6 2.33 × 10-6 1.18 × 10-6 3.83 × 10-7 1.59 × 10-7 Type B Mean diameter mm 17.0 22.9 29.3 35.6 48.3 61.0 72.8 85.5 98.2 123.6 148.2 K 5.81 × 10-3 1.36 × 10-3 4.10 × 10-4 1.59 × 10-4 3.59 × 10-5 1.15 × 10-5 4.87 × 10-6 2.22 × 10-6 1.13 × 10-6 3.70 × 10-7 1.53 × 10-7 TABLE 12.9.2 DESIGN ROUGHNESS COEFFICIENTS, C Types of pipe Cast iron (unlined) Steel (galvanized) Steel (black: welded or seamless) Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] Suggested design values C 100 120 120 140 140 140 140 150 150 150 Asbestos cement Concrete (bitumen lined) Steel (bitumen lined) Iron or steel (cement lined) Copper Polyethylene PVC (UPVC) unplasticized COPYRIGHT 123 AS 2118.1 — 1995 TABLE 12.10.1 EQUIVALENT PIPE LENGTHS FOR FITTINGS AND VALVES (APPLICABLE TO HAZEN WILLIAMS C value of 120 only) Equivalent length, m Fittings and valves 20 90° standard elbow 90° long radius elbow 45° elbow Tee or cross (flow turned 90°) Gate valve Check valve or alarm valve (swing) Check valve or alarm valve (mushroom) Check valve or alarm valve (butterfly) 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.9 0.3 — — — 25 0.6 0.6 0.3 1.5 0.3 1.5 — — 32 0.9 0.6 0.3 1.8 0.3 2.1 — — 40 1.2 0.6 0.6 2.4 0.3 2.7 — — 50 1.5 0.9 0.6 3.0 0.3 3.4 — 1.8 Nominal diameter (mm) 65 1.8 1.2 0.9 3.7 0.3 4.3 — 2.1 80 2.1 1.5 0.9 4.6 0.3 4.9 — 3.0 90 2.4 1.5 0.9 5.2 0.3 5.8 — — 100 3.0 1.8 1.2 6.1 0.6 6.7 18.0 3.7 125 3.7 2.4 1.5 7.6 0.6 8.2 — 2.7 150 4.3 2.7 2.1 9.1 0.9 9.8 30.0 3.0 200 5.5 4.0 2.7 10.7 1.2 13.7 45.0 3.7 250 6.7 4.9 3.4 15.2 1.5 16.8 60.0 5.8 300 8.2 5.5 4.0 18.3 1.8 19.8 — 6.4 For other values of C, the equivalent lengths shall be multiplied by factors as follows: C Value Factor 100 0.71 110 0.85 120 1.00 130 1.16 140 1.33 150 1.51 12.10.2 Dry pendent (or upright) sprinklers For a dry pattern sprinkler assembly, the K factor shall be considered to apply at the entry to the sprinkler assembly. Allowance shall be made for the static head gain or loss due to the length and orientation of the dry pipe. No allowance shall be made for friction losses due to flow through the sprinkler assembly dry pipe. 12.11 ACCURACY OF CALCULATIONS divide or join — (a) Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] At every hydraulic junction where flows the total flow into the junction shall equal the total flow out of the junction to an accuracy of ±2 L/min; and the pressure shall balance to within 0.5 kPa. (b) 12.12 MINIMUM SPRINKLER DISCHARGE PRESSURE The pressure at any sprinkler, with all sprinklers discharging simultaneously within an assumed area of operation, shall not be less than — (a) (b) (c) 12.13 (a) (b) Light hazard systems High hazard systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 kPa; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 kPa. No distribution or range pipe shall be less than — Ordinary hazard systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 kPa; and MINIMUM PIPE SIZES 20 mm nominal pipe diameter in light hazard systems; or 25 mm nominal pipe diameter in ordinary and high hazard systems. COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 124 12.14 VELOCITY LIMITATION The water velocity shall not exceed 6 m/s at any valve nor exceed 10 m/s at any point in the system, for any stabilized flow condition. 12.15 VELOCITY PRESSURE Velocity pressures may be included in hydraulic calculations at the discretion of the installer. Where included, velocity pressures shall be calculated for both range pipes and distribution mains. NOTE: The inclusion of velocity pressures in hydraulic calculations improves the predictability of the actual sprinkler system performance. 12.16 IDENTIFICATION OF FULLY HYDRAULICALLY CALCULATED SYSTEMS A durable notice shall be affixed to the riser pipe, immediately adjacent to the control assembly, of any installation which has been hydraulically calculated. The notice shall be similar to that shown in Figure 12.18 and shall include at least the following information: (a) (b) (c) Installation number. Installation hazard classification(s). For each hazard class within the installation — (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) the system design requirement at the installation gauge for the most unfavourable and favourable assumed areas of operation; the system design requirement at the pump delivery pressure gauge for the most unfavourable and favourable assumed areas of operation; height of highest sprinklers above the installation gauge in the most unfavourable and favourable assumed area of operation; and height difference between installation gauge and pump delivery pressure gauge. Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] COPYRIGHT 125 AS 2118.1 — 1995 Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] FIGURE 12.4(A) EXTRACT FROM GRIDDED SYSTEM LAYOUT (ORDINARY HAZARD 3) COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 126 Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] FIGURE 12.4(B) STEP 1: SPRINKLERS A1 TO A7 SELECTED AS ONE SIDE OF ASSUMED AREA OF OPERATION, BASED ON FORMULA L ≥ 1.2√A (FOR ORDINARY HAZARD 3 = 1.2 √216 = 17.64 m) COPYRIGHT 127 AS 2118.1 — 1995 Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES FIGURE 12.4(C) STEP 2: LENGTH OF NEXT TWO RANGE ZONES DETERMINED STEP 3: SPRINKLERS ON SAME CENTRE-LINE GROUPED AND BOXED COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 128 Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES FIGURE 12.4(D) STEP 4: DISTANCES TO BOUNDARIES CHECKED COPYRIGHT 129 AS 2118.1 — 1995 Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] Example: For ordinary hazard 3: (227.6 – 216 = 11.6; therefore sprinkler cannot be deducted). DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES FIGURE 12.4(E) STEP 6: CHECK WHETHER SPRINKLERS TO BE ADDED, OR SPRINKLERS TO BE DEDUCTED COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 130 Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] NOTE: Sprinkler D1 was initially included and areas totalled 269.9 m2 therefore D1 was excluded with a resultant area now 260.9 m2. DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES FIGURE 12.4(F) EXAMPLE OF BOUNDARY LOCATION FOR HIGH HAZARD LAYOUT (L ≥ 1.2√260 = 19.3494 min) COPYRIGHT 131 AS 2118.1—1995 Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] FIGURE 12.5.1(A) TYPICAL HYDRAULICALLY MOST FAVOURABLE AND UNFAVOURABLE AREAS OF OPERATION IN A TERMINAL MAIN SYSTEMS WITH TERMINAL RANGE PIPES COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 132 Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] Discharge density = = = = 20.23 mm/min FIGURE 12.5.1(B) HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF MOST UNFAVOURABLE AREA OF OPERATION (See Figure 12.5.1(A)) ASSUMING 20 mm/min MINIMUM DISCHARGE DENSITY THROUGHOUT SYSTEM COPYRIGHT 133 AS 2118.1—1995 Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] FIGURE 12.5.1(C) TYPICAL HYDRAULICALLY MOST FAVOURABLE AND MOST UNFAVOURABLE AREAS OF OPERATION IN A LOOPED MAIN SYSTEM WITH TERMINAL RANGE PIPES COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 134 Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] Derivation of average discharge density in hatched area U Discharge density = Total flow (L/min) from the four enclosing sprinklers 4 × floor area (m 2) enclosed by the four sprinklers 180.77 194.57 180.00 4 × 3 × 3 193.75 = = 749.09 36 = 20.81 mm/min FIGURE 12.5.1(D) HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF MOST UNFAVOURABLE AREA OF OPERATION (See Figure 12.5.1(C)) ASSUMING 20 mm/min MINIMUM DISCHARGE DENSITY THROUGHOUT SYSTEM COPYRIGHT 135 AS 2118.1—1995 Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] FIGURE 12.5.1(E) TYPICAL HYDRAULICALLY MOST FAVOURABLE AND MOST UNFAVOURABLE AREAS OF OPERATION IN A GRIDDED SYSTEM COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 136 Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] Derivation of average discharge density in hatched area V Discharge density = = = = 20.05 mm/min FIGURE 12.5.1(F) HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF MOST UNFAVOURABLE AREA OF OPERATION (see Figure 12.5.1(C)) ASSUMING A 20 mm/min MINIMUM DISCHARGE DENSITY THROUGHOUT A SYSTEM COPYRIGHT 137 AS 2118.1 — 1995 Installation No. Design specification Hazard class Height of* highest head m System hydraulic data System demand Unfavourable area Pressure Flow (kPa) L/min installation gauge Pump Flow gauge L/min Favourable area Pressure (kPa) installation gauge Pump gauge Area of operation m2 Density of discharge mm/min Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] *Height of highest head measured from installation gauge. The head difference between the installation gauge and the pump delivery gauge is . . . . . m. INSTALLATION ENGINEERS Name Address Reference number and data installed FIGURE 12.18 ILLUSTRATION OF INSTALLATION NOTICE COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 138 APPENDIX (Normative) A REFERENCED DOCUMENTS The following documents are referred to in this Standard: AS 1074 1349 1432 1603 1603.4 1657 1668 1668.1 1670 1735 1735.1 1735.2 1735.3 1735.4 1735.5 1735.6 1735.7 1735.8 1735.10 1735.11 1851 1851.3 Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] Steel tubes and tubulars for ordinary service Bourdon tube pressure and vacuum gauges Copper tubes for plumbing, gasfitting and drainage applications Automatic fire detection and alarm systems Part 4: Control and indicating equipment Fixed platforms, walkways, stairways and ladders — Design, construction and installation The use of mechanical ventilation and airconditioning in buildings Part 1: Fire and smoke control Automatic detection and alarm systems — System design, installation and commissioning Lifts, escalators and moving walks (known as the SAA Lift Code) Part 1: General requirements Part 2: Passenger and goods lifts — Electric Part 3: Passenger and goods lifts — Electrohydraulic Part 4: Service lifts — Power-operated Part 5: Escalators Part 6: Moving walks Part 7: Stairway lifts Part 8: Inclined lifts Part 10: Tests Part 11: Fire-rated landing doors Maintenance of fire protection equipment Part 3: Automatic fire sprinkler systems Automatic fire sprinkler systems Part 2: Wall wetting sprinklers (Drenchers) Part 6: Combined sprinkler and hydrant Part 9: Piping support and installation Intruder alarm systems Part 2: Central stations Fire hydrant installations Fire — Glossary of terms Part 1: Fire tests Part 2: Fire protection and firefighting equipment Fixed fire protection installations — Pumpset systems Electrical installations — Buildings, structures and premises (known as the SAA Wiring Rules) Electrical installations — Wiring systems for specific applications 2118 2118.2 2118.6 2118.9 2201 2201.2 2419 2484 2484.1 2484.2 2941 3000 3013 COPYRIGHT 139 AS 2118.1 — 1995 AS 3500 3500.0 4118 4118.1.1 4118.1.2 4118.1.3 4118.1.4 4118.1.5 4118.1.6 4118.1.7 4118.1.8 4118.2.1 National Plumbing and Drainage Code Part 0: Glossary of terms Fire Part Part Part Part Part Part Part Part Part sprinkler systems 1.1: Components — Sprinklers and sprayers 1.2: Components — Alarm valves (wet) 1.3: Components — Water motor alarms 1.4: Components — Valve monitors 1.5: Components — Deluge and pre-action valves 1.6: Components — Stop valves and non-return valves 1.7: Components — Alarm valves (dry) 1.8: Components — Pressure reducing valves 2.1: Piping — General BRITISH STANDARDS BS 1042 1042.1 Methods for the measurement of fluid flow in pipes Part 1: Orifice plates, nozzles and venturi tubes Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 140 APPENDIX (Normative) B WIRING SYSTEMS RATING B1 PROTECTION AGAINST EXPOSURE TO FIRE All wiring systems necessary for the operation of sprinkler systems shall have a protection against exposure to fire rating of not less than 120 min. This rating is represented as WS5X. B2 PROTECTION AGAINST MECHANICAL DAMAGE Protection against mechanical damage shall be provided as listed below. The areas indicated should not be considered as a rigid list to be adhered to with no deviations, rather they should be considered as a guide to the types of areas and causes of damage to be encountered. Details of ways to achieve the grade of protection can be found in AS 3013. WS5X — Areas where physical damage is considered to be unlikely. Examples of these areas are— (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) masonry riser shafts with strictly limited access; non-trafficable ceiling void areas; inaccessible underfloor areas; underground installation in accordance with AS 3000; and internal domestic and office situations where cabling is mounted on walls at heights above 1.5 m. WS51 — Areas where physical damage by light impact is considered possible. Examples of these areas are— (a) (b) internal domestic or office situations where cable is mounted on walls at heights below 1.5 m; and trafficable ceiling void areas where access to building services for maintenance purposes is required. WS52 — Areas where physical damage by impact from manually propelled vehicle is possible. Examples of these areas are— (a) Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] passageways and storerooms in domestic, office and commercial locations where hand trucks and barrows may be used, and cables are mounted at a height of less than 1.5 m; plant rooms where only minor equipment is installed; and workshops where repair and maintenance, on small equipment and furniture or the like, is carried out, and cables are mounted at a height of less than 2.0 m. (b) (c) WS53 — Areas where physical damage by impact from light vehicles is possible. Examples of these areas are— (a) (b) (c) car parks and driveways where cars and other light vehicles are present and cables are mounted at a height of less than 2.0 m; display areas of items such as white goods, furniture and cars and cabling is mounted at a height of less than 2.0 m; and storage areas where manually operated devices such as pallet trucks may be operated and cables are mounted at a height of less than 2.5 m. COPYRIGHT 141 AS 2118.1 — 1995 WS54 — Areas where physical impact from vehicles with rigid frames or rigid objects, the weight of which does not exceed 2.0 t, is possible. Examples of these areas are— (a) (b) (c) Small delivery docks where the cabling is mounted below a height of 3.0 m; warehouses with pallet storage up to 3.0 m and use of forklift trucks; and heavy vehicle workshops. WS55 — Areas were physical damage from impact by laden vehicles or objects the laden weight of which exceeds 2.0 t. Examples of these areas are— (a) (b) (c) loading and delivery docks; fabrication and maintenance areas for medium to heavy engineering; and large high pile storage warehouses with forklift trucks. Where any WS cabling traverses areas of various protection requirement, and it is neither viable nor practicable to change the degree of protection at the transition points, the installed cabling shall comply with the highest requirement of protection. B3 PROTECTION AGAINST HOSING WITH WATER Where the wiring system is required to maintain its integrity, after exposure to fire and subsequently hosed with water, it shall have the suffix W appended to its rating, i.e. WS5XW. Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 142 APPENDIX (Normative) C ORIFICE PLATES C1 SCOPE Tables C1 and C2 have been produced to assist in calculating the appropriate diameter of the orifice to achieve the desired hydraulic balance mentioned in Clauses 7.8 and 11.4.2.5. The tables indicate the correct orifice diameter in respect of pipe sizes from 50 mm to 200 mm for discrete values of pressure loss (P o) in kilopascals for an assumed rate of flow (Qo) in L/min. Table C1 for the smaller diameter pipes is based on a flow of 500 L/min and Table C2 for the larger diameter pipes is based on a flow of 5000 L/min. The K factor referred to in the last column of Tables C1 and C2 is the constant in the following formula — where P is the pressure loss in kilopascals due to the orifice with a rate of flow of water Q L/min. The pressure loss produced by the orifice plate is the net pressure across the orifice and not the pressure difference measured at ‘flange’, ‘corner’ or ‘D and D/2’ tapping points. C2 REQUIREMENTS Orifice plates shall be of brass with plain central holes without burrs and of thickness specified in Table C3. They shall be located not less than two pipe diameters from any elbow or bend, measured in the direction of flow. They shall have a projecting identification tag which shall be readily visible, and on which shall be stamped the nominal pipe diameter and K factor of the orifice. C3 NOTES ON THE USE OF TABLES C1 AND C2 To select an orifice plate which will produce a pressure loss of P x kPa with a rate of flow of Qx L/min, calculate the value of P o from the following formulae and refer to the appropriate table for the correct orifice diameter. Interpolate as necessary. (a) Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] Pipe sizes 50 and 65 — . . . C3(a) (b) Pipe sizes 80, 100, 150 and 200 — . . . C3(b) COPYRIGHT 143 AS 2118.1 — 1995 TABLE C1 ORIFICE PLATES FOR PIPES OF SIZE 50 AND 65 FOR A FLOW RATE OF 500 L/min Orifice diameter, mm Pressure loss Po kPa 250 225 200 175 150 125 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 5 50 25.9 26.5 27.1 27.9 28.8 29.6 30.9 31.1 32.2 32.8 33.7 34.7 35.9 37.5 39.7 42.7 — Nominal internal pipe size, mm 65 — — — — — — — — 34.5 35.3 36.3 37.6 39.3 41.2 44.2 49.1 53.6 K factor 31.6 33.3 35.4 37.8 40.8 44.7 50.0 52.7 55.9 59.8 64.5 70.7 79.1 91.3 111.8 158.1 223.6 TABLE C2 ORIFICE PLATES FOR PIPES OF SIZE 80, 100, 150 AND 200 FOR A FLOW RATE OF 5 000 L/min Orifice diameter, mm Pressure loss Po kPa 3 3 2 2 1 1 Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] 80 41.9 43.0 44.8 46.4 48.9 52.3 53.2 54.1 55.3 56.6 58.2 59.3 62.0 65.0 — — — — — — — — — — — Nominal internal pipe size, mm 100 150 200 — — — — — 55.6 57.6 59.0 60.4 62.0 63.9 66.5 69.7 74.2 81.1 82.2 83.3 84.4 85.7 87.0 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 82.3 95.8 97.1 99.3 101.7 104.0 106.8 110.1 115.1 120.6 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 105.7 108.1 111.1 113.9 117.7 122.2 129.1 137.7 152.6 165.8 K factor 84.5 91.3 100.0 111.18 129.1 158.1 166.7 176.8 189.0 204.1 223.6 250.0 288.7 353.6 500.0 527.0 559.0 597.6 645.5 707.1 790.6 912.9 1 118.0 1 581.0 2 236.0 500 000 500 000 500 000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 5 COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 144 TABLE C3 ORIFICE PLATE THICKNESS Nominal internal pipe size mm 50 65 80 100 150 200 Orifice plate thickness mm 3 3 3 6 6 6 Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] COPYRIGHT 145 AS 2118.1 — 1995 APPENDIX D PIPING INTERPRETATIONS (Informative) The figures in this Appendix are included to clarify the terminology applied to piping. Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] FIGURE D1 ORDINARY AND HIGH HAZARD — ARMPIECES AND RISERS (OR DROPS) COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 146 Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] FIGURE D2 ORDINARY AND HIGH HAZARD — ARMPIECES AND RISERS (OR DROPS) COPYRIGHT 147 AS 2118.1 — 1995 Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] Piping downstream of point ’x’ is considered range pipe. FIGURE D3 ORDINARY AND HIGH HAZARD — ARMPIECES AND RISERS (OR DROPS) COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 148 APPENDIX E COMPLETION CERTIFICATE (Informative) We (Name of installer) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . we have completed on (date) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . automatic sprinkler installation/s extension/s in accordance with AS 2118, Automatic fire sprinkler systems. Name of client . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Address of protected premises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Premises known as, or occupied by . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Type of system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total† Number Installation of heads heads on No. installed installation ................ hereby certify that a (name of system) designed and erected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Buildings protected Hazard class* Highest head m Handextinguishing appliances (type) * The hazard class will normally have been determined by the owner in consultation with the authority having jurisdiction before the installation is designed. † Excluding those in concealed spaces, etc. The maximum number of sprinklers in any one separate risk is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Installation No. High piled storage (type, height, location and design density of discharge) . . . . . . . . . ................................................................ Direct brigade alarm is/is not connected to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fire Brigade Station. Date of connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Portions of building(s) not protected and not requiring protection under the BCA . . . . ................................................................ Variations to the Standard previously agreed to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................................................ Date of placing sprinklers in full commission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] WATER SUPPLIES The following water supplies have been provided: *Town main (1): Diameter ........mm *Town main (2): Diameter ........mm *Elevated private reservoir: Construction ........ *Gravity tank: Construction ........ *Suction tank: Construction ........ Rate of replenishment by town main . . . . . . . . . . . Supply pipe diameter ...mm Supply pipe diameter ...mm Capacity ...........litres Capacity ...........litres Capacity ...........litres L/min COPYRIGHT 149 AS 2118.1 — 1995 Pumps* Motive power Nominal rating litres/min kPa Drawing water from 1. ......... 2. ......... 3. ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... Pressure tanks* Total capacity .........litres Ratio: Air-to-water .......... Required air pressure .........(taking into account any losses referred to below) * The pressure loss under the flow conditions for the respective hazard class in the piping and fittings, back pressure valves and alarm valves, between the pump or pressure tank and the various installation pressure gauges, are calculated to be as follows: Installation No. Pressure loss kPa Flow rate L/min Remarks: ..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... (Signature) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Date) ..................................................... Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 150 WATER SUPPLIES TEST DATA SHEET Accompanying COMPLETION CERTIFICATE in respect of sprinkler systems completed on ........................................................................... Name of client . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Address of protected premises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TEST APPARATUS (TYPE): . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . STANDARD TEST ORIFICE DETAILS if applicable .................................... Date Inst No. Water Hazard supply class Pump Highest cut-in 15 mm test Remote test head m kPa Flow Pressure valve valve A B C D L/min kPa Gong DBA Gong DBA Test requirements Test results*, kPa Alarm time in seconds Static Remarks loss† Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] * A, B and D are measured at the installation gauge; C is measured at the pump suction gauge. A Under test flow conditions. B With drain valve fully open. C Booster pump. D After tests completed (standing pressure). † Where an installation comprises more than one hazard class, the loss to be stated shall be that between the installation gauge and the highest sprinkler in the particular hazard class or, where advantage is taken of the static pressure gain described in Tables 9.4.2.3, 10.4.2.3 or 11.4.2.3, it shall be the height of the sprinkler used for the purpose of sizing the distribution piping for the particular installation. Completed by .................................... COPYRIGHT 151 AS 2118.1 — 1995 INDEX Accelerators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.7.5 Acceptable sources of water supply . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 Air-handling plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.20 Air pressure tanks (see Pressure tanks) Air valve (see Dry valve) Alarm devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.10 direct brigade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.10.4 electrically operated . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.10.4 Note local . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.10.3 pressure switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.10.5 transmission of signal to fire brigade . . . . . . . 3.2 water flow switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.10.4 water motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.10.4 Alarm valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.7 identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.7.4 Alternate wet and dry pipe systems . . . . . . . 2.3.1.3 number of sprinklers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1.3 Anti-corrosion treatment of sprinklers . . . . . . . . 6.8 Anti-freezing device with pendent sprinklers 2.3.1.3, 2.3.1.4 Approved, definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.2 Area to be protected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.1 Automatic pumps (see Pumps, automatic) Back-pressure valves . . . . . . . . . . . Baffle plates (water shields) . . . . . . Baffles between sprinklers . . . . . . . Balconies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Beams, joists, location of sprinklers Bins and silos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Block plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bonded stores (spirituous liquors) . . Building services shafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.6 5.6.6, 11.1.3.4 . . . . . . . . 5.3 . 3.1.1, 5.6.14 . . . . . . 5.4.4 . . . . 3.1.3(d) . . . . . . . . 8.3 . . . . 11.1.3.6 . . . . . . 5.6.6 Control assemblies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Controls, multiple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corn, rice, provender and oil mills dust trunks Corrosion protection of sprinklers . . . . . . . . . Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deluge valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Density of discharge (see Design data) Design data light hazard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ordinary hazard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . high hazard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bonded stores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . high piled storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . intermediate protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . process risks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Direct brigade alarms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Distribution, obstruction to . . . . . . . . . . . . Drainage of piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Drying ovens and enclosures . . . . . . . . . . . Dry pendent sprinklers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dry alarm valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . accelerators/exhausters for . . . . . . . . . . Dry and alternate wet and dry systems, high piled storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dry system, number of sprinklers . . . . . . . Dry upright sprinklers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ducts, protection under . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Duplicated water supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dust receivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dust trunks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.1 6.2.3 5.6.8 . . 6.8 . . . . 1.4 . . 8.9.1 . . . . 9.1 . . . 10.1 . . . 11.1 11.1.3.6 . 11.1.3 11.1.3.4 . 11.1.2 . 8.10.4 . . . . 5.7 . . . . 7.5 . 5.6.16 6.2.1(e) . . 8.7.2 . . 8.7.5 11.1.3.2 . 2.3.1.3 6.2.1(f) . . 5.7.3 . . 4.3.4 . . 5.6.7 . . 5.6.8 Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] Calculation of static pressure loss . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 Canopies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.11 Ceiling sprinklers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.1(c) Ceilings and roofs, distance of sprinklers below 5.4.3 Check valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.6 Chutes — enclosed, through floors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.6 Classification — occupancies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 sprinklered buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.1.3 sprinkler systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 Clear space below sprinklers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4.8 Cold storage warehouse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.10 Columns, location of sprinklers . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4.5 Commercial type cooking equipment . . . . . . 5.6.19 Communications with non-sprinklered areas 3.1.1, 3.1.3 Composite wet and dry alarm valve . . . . . . . . 8.7.3 Computer rooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.21 Concealed spaces ceiling materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.3 floor spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.2 machinery pits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.5 roof spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.1 spacing and piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6 under ground floors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.4 Control of water supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 Eaves (see Roof overhang) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.12 Electrical alarm pressure switches . . . . . . . . 8.10.5 Electric switchgear, protection . . . . . . . . . 3.1.3(c) Elevated reservoir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9.2 Elevators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.7 Escalators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.10 Escutcheon plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.10 Exhausters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.7.5 Explosion hazard, precautions against damage to piping, valves and similar . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4 Exposed structural steelwork . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4.1.1 Exterior docks and platforms . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.13 External sprinklers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.2.2 False alarms, prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.10.2 Film and television production studios . . . . . . . . 5.8 Fire brigade booster connection . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4.3 Fire brigade, transmission of alarm signals . . . . . 3.2 Fixtures, storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7.6, 5.7.7 Flammable liquid hazard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.18 Floor, spaces between . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.2 Flow alarm switches, water . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.10.4 Flow loss tables . . . . . . . . Tables 12.9.1.1, 12.9.1.2 Flush sprinklers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.1(c) Frying ranges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.19 Fully hydraulically calculated systems and light hazard and ordinary hazard 9.4.2.4, 10.4.2.4 Fully hydraulically calculated high hazard system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4.2.4 COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 152 Galleries, protection under . . . . . . . . . Gauges, pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gearing boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Girders, location of sprinklers . . . . . . . Grading of water supplies . . . . . . . . . . Grain silos and bins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gravity tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gridded system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ground floors, concealed spaces under . Guards for sprinklers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7.2 . . . 8.12 . . 5.6.7 . . 5.4.6 . . 4.3.1 . . 5.6.9 . . 4.9.3 12.5.1(c) . . . 5.6.4 5.6.6, 6.9 . . . . . . . ceilings and roofs . . . . . . . columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . girders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . roof trusses . . . . . . . . . . . . walls and partitions . . . . . . Location, main stop valve . . . . Location plate, main stop valve Local alarm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Local water motor alarms . . . . Looped systems . . . . . . . . . . . Low level drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4.3 . . . 5.4.5 . . . 5.4.6 . . . 5.4.7 . . . 5.4.2 . . . 8.2.2 . . . . . 8.4 . . . . . 3.3 3.3, 8.10.3 . 12.5.1(b) . . . . . . 7.5 . . 5.6.5 . . 8.2.2 . 2.3.1.2 6.2.2(a) 3.1.3(g) . . . . 4.5 . . . . 4.7 . 11.2.2 . . 9.2.2 . 10.2.2 . . . . 3.4 . . 6.2.3 Hazardous processes, precautions against damage to piping and similar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4 Heating panels, protection under . . . . . . . . . . 5.7.2 High hazard occupancies examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.4 high piled storage risk with intermediate protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1.3.4 High hazard systems design data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 high piled storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1.3 minimum capacity, water supply . . . . . . . . . . 4.7 pipe sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4.2.1 pressure and flow requirements . . . . . . . . 11.2.1 process risks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1.2 spacing and area of coverage . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3 supplementary protection, storage racks . 11.1.3.4 High piled storage risks examples of categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.4.2 intermediate sprinklers in racks . . . . . . . 11.1.3.4 High temperature rating sprinklers, high piled storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5(b), 11.4.1.3 High velocity sprayers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.2(b) Hoists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.6 Hoods over papermaking machines . . . . . . . . 5.7.5 Hovels, kilns and ovens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.3(e) Hydraulically calculated high hazard systems 11.4.2.4 Hydraulic calculations, distribution piping . 9.4.2.3, 10.4.2.3, 11.4.2.3 Hydraulic test pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 Identification, alarm valves and gongs Inoperative systems, precautions . . . . Installation control valves . . . . . . . . . Intermediate sprinklers in racks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.7.4 AS 1851.3 . . . . . . 8.1 . . 11.1.3.4 Machinery pits, protection . . . . . . . . . . . . Main stop valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Maximum number of sprinklers . . . . . . . . . Medium velocity sprayers . . . . . . . . . . . . . Metal melt pans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Method of calculating static pressure loss . Minimum capacity, water supplies . . . . . . . high hazard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . light hazard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ordinary hazard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Monitoring, system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Multiple controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Non-return valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.6 Non-sprinklered areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.3 Number of sprinklers per set of valves 4.7, 9.6, 10.6 Obstructions below sprinklers . . . . . . Occupancy, classification . . . . . . . . . Oil and flammable liquid hazards . . . Oil mill dust trunks . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ordinary hazard occupancies examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ordinary hazard systems design data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . minimum capacity water supply . . pipe sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pressure and flow requirements . . . spacing and area of coverage . . . . Orifice plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Orifice sizes, sprinklers . . . . . . . . . . Ovens, hovels and kilns . . . . . . . . . . Overhead platforms, protection under Overhead platforms and walkways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7 . . . 2.2 5.6.18 . 5.6.8 . . . . . . 2.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.1 . . . 10.2.2 . . . 10.4.2 . . . 10.2.1 . . . . . 10.3 7.8, App. B . . . . . . . 6.3 . . . 3.1.3(e) . . . . . 5.7.2 . . . . . 5.8.1 Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] Joists and beams, location of sprinklers . . . . . 5.4.4 Kilns, ovens and hovels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.3(e) Lift shafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Light fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Light hazard occupancies examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Light hazard systems components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . design data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . minimum capacity, water supply . . pipe sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pressure and flow requirements . . . spacing and area of coverage . . . . Location of sprinklers, general . . . . . Location of sprinklers with respect to beams, joists and similar . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.6 . . . . . . 5.4.4 . . . . . . 2.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.4 . . . 9.1 . 9.2.2 9.4.2.1 . 9.2.1 . . . 9.3 . 5.4.1 . . . . . . 5.4.4 Paint lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.16 Papermaking machines wet ends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.3(f) protection under hoods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7.5 Performance requirements, pumps . . . . . . . . 4.11.4 Pipe sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.7 hazard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4.2.1 fully calculated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4.2.4 light hazard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.4.2.1 ordinary hazard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.4.2.1 Pipe and pipefitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1 Piping concealed spaces . 5.6, 9.4.2.5, 10.4.2.5, 11.4.2.7 drainage, slope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5 equivalent length, fittings . . . . . . . . . . . 12.10.1 friction loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.10 COPYRIGHT 153 AS 2118.1 — 1995 orifice plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.8 protection in unsprinklered areas . . . . . . . . . . 7.3 special precautions, explosion . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4 test pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 Potteries, ovens, hovels and kilns . . . . . . . 3.1.3(e) Pre-action systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1.7 valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.9 Pressure and flow requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 high hazard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2.1 light hazard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2.1 ordinary hazard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.2.1 Pressure gauges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.12 Pressure considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6 Pressure loss in pipes and fittings . . . . . . . . . 12.10 Pressure-reducing valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.8 Pressure tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.13 Prevention of false alarms, fluctuating supplies 8.10.2 Production lines, underside protection . . . . . . 5.6.5 Provender mill dust trunks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.8 Proving test, water supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.14 Proximity, non-sprinklered buildings . . . . . . . 3.1.2 Pumps, automatic . 4.11, 4.12, 9.2.3, 10.2.3, 11.2.3 suction pipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.11.3, 4.11.4 suction tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8 supply from town main . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.10.2 Pump suction pipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.11.3 Pump suction tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8 calculation, effective capacity . . . . . . . . . . 4.8.2 minimum capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8.1 Recycling pre-action system . . . . . . . . . Regulatory authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Remote test valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Replacement sprinklers, stock . . . . . . . . Reservoirs, elevated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retarding devices, alarm valves . . . . . . Ring mains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Roof overhangs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Roof spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Roofs and ceilings, distance of sprinklers Roof trusses, location of sprinklers . . . . Rope or strap races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] . 2.3.1.8 . . 1.4.4 8.10.11 . . . . 6.7 . . 4.9.2 8.10.2(a) 4.1 Note 3 . . . 5.6.12 . . . . 5.6.1 below 5.4.3 . . . . 5.4.7 . . . . 5.6.7 . . . . . . . . . . . Salt baths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.3(g) Salt or brackish water . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 Note 2 Scope of Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1 Separate array . . . . . . . . 10.4.2.2, Table 10.4.2.3(B) Service shafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.6 Sidewall sprinklers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.1(d) spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1, 5.5 Silos and bins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.3(d) Sloping ceilings or roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4.3 Spacing of sprinklers . . . . . . . . 5.1, 9.3, 10.3, 11.3 maximum coverage . . . . . . . 9.3.1, 10.3.1, 11.3.1 maximum spacing . . . . . . . . 9.3.2, 10.3.2, 11.3.2 high hazard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3.2 light hazard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3.2 ordinary hazard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.3.2 staggered spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 standard spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1 minimum distances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 Spray booths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.17 Sprayers, medium and high velocity . . . . . . . 6.2.2 Spray sprinklers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.1(b) Sprinkler guards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.9 Sprinkler piping, support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.9 Sprinkler systems alternate wet and dry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1.3 classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 dry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1.4 grading of water supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3.1 maximum number of sprinklers alternate wet and dry . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1.3 dry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1.4 pre-action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1.7 tail end . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1.5 wet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1.2 pre-action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1.7 wet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1.2 wet or alternate wet and dry, incorporating tail-end dry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1.5 Sprinklered buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 Sprinklered buildings, permitted exceptions . . 3.1.3 Sprinklers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1 anti-corrosion treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.8 ceiling (flush) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.1(c) colour coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6 conventional . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.1(a) clear space below . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4.8 dry pendent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.1(e) dry upright . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.1(f) orifice sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3 sidewall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.1(d) spray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.1(b) stock of replacements .7, 9.4.1.2, 10.4.1.2, 11.4.1.2 6 temperature ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5 Staggered spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 Stagings, protection under . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7.2 Standard spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1 Static pressure loss, calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 Stock, replacement sprinklers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.7 Stop valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2 Storage racks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7.6 Storage, high piled, sprinklers in racks . . . 11.1.3.4 Storage fixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7.7 Stoves, drying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.16 Subsidiary stop valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2.4 Suction pipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.11.3 Suction tanks (see Pump suction tanks) Supply from town main . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.10 Supply from town main, pump . . . . . . . . . . 4.10.2 Support of sprinkler piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.9 Suspended ceilings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7.4 Systems components . . . . . . . . . . . 9.4, 10.4, 11.4 System drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.5, 10.5, 11.5 System monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 Tables, work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tail-end anti-freezing solution systems Tank, gravity (see Gravity tank) Tank, pressure (see Pressure tank) Television and film production studios . Temperature colour code, sprinklers . . Temperature ratings, sprinklers . . . . . . Terminal main system . . . . . . . . . . . . Terminal range systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7.7 Note . . . . 2.3.1.6 . . . . . . . . . . . 5.8 . . . . . . 6.6 . . . . . . 6.5 . 12.5.1(a) 12.5.1(c)(i) COPYRIGHT AS 2118.1 — 1995 154 Test pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 Testing, water supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.14 Theatres and music halls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.9 Town mains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.10 Transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.18 Transmission of alarm signals to fire brigade . . 3.2, 8.1(d), 8.10.4 Unheated areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1.2 Unsprinklered areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.3 Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 8 alarm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.7 alarm, dry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.7.2 alarm, wet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.7.1 back pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.6 composite alarm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.7.3 control assemblies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.1 deluge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.9.1 identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2.1 identification of alarm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.7.4 main stop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2.2 main stop, location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2.2 non-return . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.6 pre-action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.9.2 pressure-reducing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.8 prevention of false alarm . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.10.2 special precautions, exposure to explosion . . . 7.4 stop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2 stop, controlling water supply . . . . . . . . . . 8.2.3 subsidiary stop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2.4 Vortex inhibitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8.3 Walkways, protection under . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7.2 Walls and partitions, location of sprinklers . . . 5.4.2, 9.3.3, 10.3.3, 11.3.3 Water flow alarm switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.10.4 Water motor alarms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.10.3 Water shields (baffle plates) . . . . . . . 5.6.6, 11.1.3.4 Water supplies general . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1, 9.2, 10.2, 11.2 acceptable sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 combined sprinklers and hydrants . . . . . . . 4.4.1 connections, other services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 control of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 elevated reservoir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9.2 fire brigade booster connection . . . . . . . . . 4.4.3 grade I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3.4 grades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 gravity tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9.3 minimum capacities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.7 pressure tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.13 proving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.14 pump, automatic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.11 ring mains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 Note 3 salt or brackish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 Note 2 town mains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.10 Wet pipe alarm valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.7.1 Wet pipe systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1.2 number of sprinklers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1.2 Worktables, protection under . . . . . . . . 5.7.7 Note Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] COPYRIGHT 155 AS 2118.1 — 1995 RECORD OF AMENDMENTS Amdt No. Date Clauses, etc., altered Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] COPYRIGHT Accessed by TRANQUANG on 09 Oct 2006 [OBSOLESCENT] This page has been left blank intentionally.