hydropower status report2017 IHA CENTRAL OFFICE IHA CHINA OFFICE IHA SOUTH AMERICA OFFICE Chancery House A1216, China Institute of Water c/o Itaipu Binacional St Nicholas Way Resources and Hydropower Research Av. Tancredo Neves, 6.731 Sutton, London A1 Fuxing Road CEP 85856-970 Foz do Iguaçu SM1 1JB Beijing 100038 Paraná, Brazil United Kingdom China E:
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[email protected] Disclaimer Copyright With respect to any information available from this © 2017 International Hydropower Association Limited. publication, neither IHA, nor its employees or members The “International Hydropower Association” name make any warranty, express or implied, including and logo are the property of International warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular Hydropower Association Limited, a not-for-profit purpose, nor does IHA assume any legal liability or company limited by guarantee, incorporated in responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or England (No. 08656160), the operator of the usefulness of any information, product, or process International Hydropower Association. disclosed, nor does IHA represent that its use would Contact:
[email protected] www.hydropower.org not infringe upon privately owned rights. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted without the prior permission of the publisher. Printed using vegetable-based inks on FSC-certified paper. In memory of Lorna Charles, our friend and colleague. CONTENTS Methodology FOREWORD 05 Statistics are compiled by IHA using data from published sources, IHA members, EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 06 government representatives, industry sources and media monitoring. The data is REGIONAL TRENDS IN BRIEF 08 regularly tracked, stored and updated to account for new information as it is CLIMATE RESILIENCE GUIDELINES FOR HYDROPOWER 10 received. Data verification exercises are an ongoing process, leading to corrections as NEW REPORTING MECHANISM FOR HYDRO’S CARBON FOOTPRINT 12 and when needed. GREEN BONDS FOR HYDROPOWER FINANCING 14 IHA’s database houses data for all sizes of hydropower assets, in all locations and ELECTRICITY STORAGE: A CHANGING LANDSCAPE 16 of all types. Conversely, IHA is working to separate out HYDROPOWER DRIVING MULTIPURPOSE RESERVOIRS 18 hydropower generation derived by pumping, in spite of combined reporting LONG-DISTANCE TRANSMISSION ENABLING HYDROPOWER 20 from various sources. For hydropower generation, statistics OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE CHALLENGES FOR THE SECTOR 22 are a combination of official government reports and IHA estimates based on ADVANCEMENTS IN SEDIMENT MANAGEMENT BEST PRACTICES 24 averaged capacity factors. FUTURE TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT 26 REGIONAL OVERVIEWS 28 WHERE HAS NEW HYDROPOWER CAPACITY BEEN ADDED IN 2016? 30 GLOBAL HYDROPOWER TECHNICAL POTENTIAL, 32 GENERATION AND INSTALLED CAPACITY BY REGION HYDROPOWER AND TRANSMISSION INFRASTRUCTURE 34 NORTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA 36 SOUTH AMERICA 42 AFRICA 50 EUROPE 58 SOUTH AND CENTRAL ASIA 64 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC 70 ABOUT THE INTERNATIONAL HYDROPOWER ASSOCIATION 78 APPENDIX: WORLD HYDROPOWER INSTALLED 80 CAPACITY AND GENERATION 2016 International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report 03 EDITORIAL INFORMATION Researched, written and edited by the team at Awadh B Giri Claudio Seebach IHA central office CEO (hydropower), Hindustan Powerprojects Executive vice president, Generadoras de Pvt Ltd Chile Climate resilience section written in collaboration with the World Bank Lothar Groschke Torstein Dale Sjøtveit AF-ITECO AG Vice president, IHA Energy storage section written in collaboration with the International Bill Hamlin Song Dan Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) Manager, energy policy and resource options, International department, China Three Gorges Manitoba Hydro Corporation Long-distance transmission section written in collaboration with the Global Energy Atle Harby Peter Stettner Interconnection Development and Researcher, SINTEF Head of market strategy, Andritz Cooperation Organization (GEIDCO) Kaleem Khan Óli Sveinsson Sediment management section written in Station manager, Laraib Energy Limited Executive vice president of research and collaboration with George W Annandale, development, Landsvirkjun Waqar Ahmad Khan Golder Associates, and Gregory L Morris, GLM Chief executive officer, Star Hydro Power Engineering Limited Hubert Justin Konan Reviewers Central director for external relations, Ken Adams Compagnie Ivoirienne d’Electricité President, IHA David Rodrigues Krug Cássia Arndt Wutzke IHA South America Office Power market analyst, Itaipu Binacional Pierre Lundahl Kristel Arnold Principal consultant, Canadian Hydropower Energy policy officer, Manitoba Hydro Association Marlène Biessy Mike McWilliams Renewable energy business development Head of hydropower, Mott MacDonald manager, EDF Bernhard Miller Marie-Hélène Briand Head of production management, Uniper Global director, water power, Hatch Hugo Nunes Chen Liang Superintendent of regulation, Neoenergia IHA China Office Luciana Piccione Colatusso Chen Shiun Engineer, Itaipu Binacional General manager (research and development), Sarawak Energy Berhad Scott Powell Manager of public affairs, Manitoba Hydro Tammy Chu Managing director, Entura, Hydro Tasmania Ren Jinghuai China Society for Hydropower Engineering Colin Clark Chief technical officer, Brookfield Renewable Segomoco Scheppers Energy Group Senior General Manager, Eskom Uganda Tron Engebrethsen Jürgen Schuol Senior vice president, Statkraft Head of sustainability, Voith 04 International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report FOREWORD The 2017 Hydropower Status Report: an insight into recent hydropower development and sector trends around the world. It is my pleasure to introduce the 2017 implemented the necessary policy projects that are built to the highest Hydropower Status Report: our flagship frameworks, China now aims to reach a sustainability standards, and aligned with annual publication that shines a light on 40 GW total pumped storage capacity by the energy and water systems to which hydropower development activity around 2020 to balance the huge volume of solar they contribute. the world, and the most significant and wind power coming online. Progress We launch this report at the 2017 World current trends in the sector. is well under way, with 3.7 GW of pumped Hydropower Congress, hosted in Africa for storage commissioned in China in 2016 We publish this report following a year of the first time at the United Nations across three new projects. steady worldwide growth in hydropower Conference Centre in Addis Ababa. The development, with 31.5 GW new capacity In a world facing complex water and event is unique in providing a high-level installed. This figure includes 6.4 GW of energy challenges and rapid population platform for dialogue among all parties pumped storage – nearly double the growth, the multiple benefits that interested in hydropower, and I hope this previous year – while there is a further hydropower can offer are needed more analysis can provide a stimulating 20 GW of pumped storage under today than ever before. Furthermore, a backdrop for the discussions that will take construction globally. This is indicative of large proportion of the world’s untapped place in Addis, and continue in the weeks hydropower’s increasingly important role hydropower resources are located in and months to come. in providing flexible support to renewable regions where new development has the The statistics that underpin this report are energy systems, as countries around the greatest potential to positively affect driven by the International Hydropower world take steps to meet the carbon people’s lives. However, many barriers to Association’s global database of reduction goals of the Paris Agreement. progress in developing countries remain, hydropower stations and companies, a in particular at the preparation phase of A striking example of this trend can be product of our collaboration with projects where it is crucial to ensure they seen in China’s 13th five-year plan for regulators, ministries, power associations, are built in a sustainable way and in the energy development, launched last year and station owners and operators. right place. and covering the period to 2020. Having Furthermore, our international outreach, Project preparation is key to success, and it year-round media monitoring and annual could be done in a cost- and risk-efficient sector survey provide the basis for the way through innovative mechanisms. We in-depth topic analysis and country 31.5 GW are working with international financial institutions to initiate the establishment of support facilities, which could manage a profiles. The report has also benefited greatly from contributions and reviews provided by our community of members of new installed capacity in 2016 (including pumped storage) revolving fund to assist in the selection of and partners around the world. appropriate project types and locations We would like to thank everyone who according to the local or regional needs. 1,246 GW contributed to the production of the 2017 The initiative could help catalyse Hydropower Status Report, and I invite responsible development in the regions everyone reading to join the international global hydropower capacity where it is most needed by advancing network that is IHA. (including pumped storage) 4,102 GWh estimated worldwide generation by hydropower in 2016 Richard Taylor Chief executive International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report 05 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In 2016, hydropower development continued a steady growth trend, driven by a demand for reliable, clean and affordable power as countries seek to meet the carbon reduction goals set out in the Paris Agreement. Key trends and noteworthy developments DURING 2016 Initiatives are being established to project, where a hydropower turbine was manage the risk profile of hydropower added to the injection well, resulting in • Total hydropower generation for the With an ever-increasing focus on ensuring reduced operational costs and well safety. year is estimated at 4,102 TWh, the that projects are built in the right way and The role of pumped storage is serving greatest ever contribution from a in the right place, utilising all its multiple global energy storage requirements renewable source benefits, momentum is building for the Remaining the most practical form of establishment of a support facility for • An estimated 31.5 GW of electricity storage available on a large scale hydropower project preparation. Such a hydropower capacity was put and at a competitive cost, pumped-storage facility would optimise private sector into operation, including systems continue to grow, adding 6.4 GW engagement by managing a revolving pumped storage, bringing the in 2016. Pumped-storage technologies are fund to support the selection of the most world’s total installed capacity also evolving with our changing systems. appropriate project type and location to 1,246 GW In terms of quality of supply, an innovative according to the local or regional context. wind-hydro hybrid pumped-storage • 6.4 GW of pumped storage capacity This approach could help ensure projects system began construction at the German came online, nearly twice the are built to the highest environmental Naturspeicher project. Vessels at the base amount installed in 2015 standards and are compatible with the of the wind turbines act as upper reservoirs • China once again led the market for goals of the Paris Agreement, and would of a pumped-storage system. Wind turbine new development, adding 11.7 GW allow developers access to the growing heights are increased, harnessing stronger of new capacity, including 3.7 GW of green bond market, which nearly winds, and the pumped-storage pumped storage doubled in value in 2016, reaching a technology regulates frequency variations record USD 81 billion in issuances. from fluctuations in wind. Meanwhile, • Other countries leading in new pumped-storage projects are being deployments include Ecuador Renewables are working together to developed for small-grid systems in Hawaii (2 GW), Ethiopia (1.5 GW), South support grid stability and on the island of Gran Canaria. Africa (1.3 GW), Vietnam (1.1 GW), Innovative projects coupling renewable Peru (1 GW) and Switzerland (1 GW). technologies are providing firm, stable Ultra-high voltage transmission is power to the grid, while increasing connecting hydropower to markets efficiencies and creating net benefits. The concept of ‘global energy Floating photovoltaics on reservoirs are interconnection’ has emerged as one the under construction in all regions. Utilising latest trends towards developing major existing infrastructure, ‘floatovoltaics’ also interconnections to enable the massive have increased efficiencies due to more growth in renewable technologies to stable temperature regimes. meet global energy demand and increase reliability. Discussions are under way Also, floating PV panels on hydropower among major energy companies in China, reservoirs can help reduce water losses Japan, Russia and South Korea on the due to evaporation. Pilot projects began creation of an ‘Asian Super Grid’, in which in Brazil, while India announced plans for an ultra-high-voltage grid would 600 MW project on the Koyna reservoir. interconnect the region to transmit The USA began operations at the world’s electricity generated from an abundance first geothermal–hydropower hybrid of clean, renewable sources like hydro. 06 International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In other parts of the world, such as in Reporting mechanisms for hydro’s For example, the Barclays MSCI Green Canada, the predominantly hydro-based carbon footprint are advancing Bond Index lists a published protocol systems are increasing their already An international research initiative has assessment meeting ‘basic good practice’ strong interconnections with the developed a framework for calculating the in its eligibility criteria, while the Climate neighbouring grids of the US Midwest. net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of Bonds Initiative is working with multiple Utilities like Manitoba Hydro can utilise freshwater reservoirs. To accurately account stakeholders to develop its own eligibility their hydropower reservoirs to balance for hydropower’s carbon footprint, criteria. This evolution in protocol use has the output of major windfarm pre-impoundment emissions specific to indicated the need to develop developments to the south, while each reservoir will now be considered, as complementary derivatives to enable enabling bilateral trade opportunities for well as the multiple services provided by the practical application while protecting the export and providing import capability reservoir. As investors and lenders are strong quality control elements of the for reliability in low-water conditions. currently seeking to further refine guidelines tool. Two priorities are an environmental on eligibility criteria for hydropower, there is and social derivative, and International New priorities are emerging on smart an increasing obligation for the sector to Industry Good Practice Guidelines. modernisation and digitisation of assets report on its carbon footprint. Asset management is becoming more Financing institutions are placing challenging across the sector as a The new conceptual approach has led to greater emphasis on climate resilience growing number of assets are reaching the development of the G-res tool which Financing institutions are seeking to the end of their expected life. By 2050, it is will provide estimates of net GHG emissions address climate-related risk by ensuring estimated that roughly half of the entire from planned and existing reservoirs, projects are planned and operated to be fleet of existing hydropower equipment contributing a much more consistent resilient to climate change. Resilience and will have undergone modernisation. estimate of hydropower’s GHG footprint, adaptation measures must be while establishing hydropower projects on communicated clearly to investors. The The digitisation of hydropower plants, a level playing field with other renewable World Bank has launched a study to control systems and surrounding energy resources for access to premium develop guidelines for designing resilient networks is an emerging industry trend markets and green investments. projects, where possible enabling them to that promises to optimise asset take advantage of opportunities arising management and performance. For Tools for reporting on sustainability from climate change. These would ensure example, the digitisation of hydropower performance are diversifying projects are safe and reliable, and can systems is increasingly being The Hydropower Sustainability provide adaptation services to incentivise implemented to allow hydro to work Assessment Protocol has become broadly policy and investment. The World Bank together with other renewable resources recognised as the primary tool for recently convened sector experts to to provide increased flexibility and evaluating sustainability performance, outline a vision for these guidelines, where enhanced control for ancillary services having been implemented worldwide. it was agreed they should cover practical (frequency control, balancing services, The range in the tool’s application has risk assessment and mitigation, and be etc). Other digital innovations include grown, from full assessments through to recognised by investors and multilateral cybersecurity, plant and fleet optimisation, guided internal assessments that are organisations. One of the Climate Bonds outage management, condition playing a strong role in building internal Initiative’s eligibility criteria for financing monitoring equipment and energy capacity. New initiatives such as green hydro projects now requires consideration forecasting. Together, these innovations and climate bonds are increasingly of measure relating to climate resilience. are providing hydropower asset owners recognising the protocol. Guidelines are set to become increasingly with actionable insights from data to important in the sector. increase the value of hydropower assets. International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report 07 REGIONAL TRENDS IN BRIEF North and Central America South America Africa • 1,051 MW added in 2016. • 9,738 MW added in 2016, including • 3,413 MW added in 2016. 6,365 MW in Brazil. • Transmission projects under • Ethiopia commissioned the final eight development include a 1,000 MW line • Brazil completed the commissioning of turbines of the 1,870 MW Gibe III project. from the Canadian border to New York the 3,750 MW Jirau project on the • In South Africa, the 1,332 MW Ingula City, expected to be in service by 2021, Madeira River. pumped storage project came online. and an 833 MW line linking Manitoba • Ecuador’s 1,500 MW Coca Coda Sinclair and Minnesota. • The Cameroon Government confirmed plant went into full operation in EDF and IFC’s support for the 420 MW • Canada commissioned several projects, November 2016. Nachtigal hydro plant on the Sanaga while Romaine 3 (395 MW) in Quebec is • Peru commissioned the Cerro de River, due for completion in 2021. expected to come online in 2017. Águila (510 MW) and Chaglla (456 MW) • As part of the Eastern African Power • Costa Rica commissioned the 306 MW projects. Pool, Rwanda is scheduled to begin Reventazón hydropower plant, one of • Chile launched an online platform to importing 400 MW of power from the largest public infrastructure publish information from the study of Ethiopia and 30 MW from Kenya by the projects in Central America. hydro potential of several river basins. end of 2017. Read more on pages 36–41 Read more on pages 42–49 Read more on pages 50–57 08 International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report REGIONAL TRENDS IN BRIEF Europe South and Central Asia East Asia and Pacific • 1,810 MW added in 2016, including • 1,315 MW added in 2016. • 14,154 MW added in 2016, 83 per cent Switzerland’s 1,000 MW Linthal of which was in China, bringing the • The Indian Government began pumped storage project. country’s total installed hydropower discussions to extend the scope of capacity to an estimated 331,110 MW. • An estimated 2,500 MW of pumped renewable energy to include hydro storage capacity is planned or under stations with capacities over 25 MW. • China published its 13th five-year construction, mostly concentrated in plan on energy development, • In Tajikistan, construction is under way France and Spain. covering the period to 2020, with a at the 3,600 MW Rogun dam, set to be strong emphasis on developing • The European Union commissioned a one of the world’s tallest at 335 m. pumped storage. regional hydropower master-plan for • Russia commissioned the 30.6 MW the Western Balkans. • In Laos, the first phase of the Zaragizhskaya and 140 MW 1,272 MW Nam Ou cascade project, • The UK’s Swansea Bay Tidal Lagoon Zelenchukskaya hydropower plants. including dams 2, 5 and 6 totalling (320 MW) is advancing and could come • The World Bank has provided funds to 540 MW in capacity, was completed. online in 2021. repair the Mosul dam in Iraq, which is • The final two 400 MW turbines were Read more on pages 58–63 facing some potentially devastating commissioned at the 1,200 MW Lau structural problems. Châu plant in Vietnam. Read more on pages 64–69 • Japan is set to have its first commercial-scale tidal power plant in its waters in 2018. Read more on pages 70–77 In the last year we have seen markets for pumped storage continue to grow. Over 6 GW was installed in 2016, almost double the previous year, signifying its vital role in supporting and enabling renewable energy in future clean energy systems. International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report 09 CLIMATE RESILIENCE GUIDELINES FOR HYDROPOWER The International Hydropower Association (IHA) carried out a survey of more than 50 organisations involved in the hydropower sector to give feedback on perceptions of climate risk and resilience and to share their insight on the actions their companies are taking to address those risks. Almost all of the respondents (98 per cent) agreed that impacts of climate change are already being felt by their organisation or will be felt within the next 30 years, while 82 per cent pointed out that sector guidelines on this topic would be useful. Respondents also pointed out that climate change. While hydropower has can provide a framework for reporting climate change can bring opportunities a long tradition of dealing with climate on climate resilience. As an example of for their organisation. For example, in variability, project developers and the urgent need for these guidelines, watersheds fed largely by glacial melt, financial institutions currently lack one element of the eligibility criteria for climate change is expected to increase guidance on appropriate methods for the Climate Bonds Initiative for seasonal inflows, whereas in watersheds incorporating climate resilience financing hydropower projects will fed by glaciers that have already lost measures into project design and require a measure of climate resilience significant mass, flow rates may change appraisal, to ensure hydropower for candidate projects. in quantity and intensity. projects are resilient in the face of the Objectives uncertainty of future climate change Landsvirkjun, the National Power The objective of this initiative is to and natural disasters. Company of Iceland, has become a develop a tool that provides practical pioneer in adapting to climate change There is a need to communicate climate guidelines on the goals, objectives, by modifying not only the management resilience and adaptation measures to analyses and recommendations needed of its hydropower plants, but also the investors in a simple and clear manner. to achieve climate resilience in the design of its assets. Together with other The World Bank has identified this planning, design, construction and power companies, universities and need, and is working together with IHA operation of hydro projects. This will meteorological services across and other key stakeholders to develop a also include the assessment of Scandinavia, Landsvirkjun has produced set of guidelines that will ensure operational performance, rehabilitation data on river flows that incorporates projects are resilient and, where and upgrades of existing assets. The climate trends. Every five years the possible, designed to take best guidelines will provide a roadmap company will issue new revised flows advantage of any opportunities created connecting upstream analytical climate and use the data to adjust its reservoir by the direct impacts of climate change. change work and downstream management plans. Landsvirkjun also resilience engineering work. The World Bank and its key uses the long-term perspective provided stakeholders met in both 2016 and 2017 Building on the work the World Bank by climate modelling to design and to develop collaboratively the scope has done in developing the ‘decision adjust existing and proposed new and schedule of delivery for these tree framework’ for identifying and projects to take advantage of guidelines. A broad cross-section of managing climate risks, the guidelines anticipated increases in flow rates. international stakeholders, including will follow an iterative and sequential To address the risks to the hydropower representatives from the hydropower approach as described here: sector, associated with climate change, sector, project developers and • A first phase ‘project screening’ the World Bank has launched an international financial institutions, pre-feasibility study will be carried initiative to produce a set of climate reiterated the importance and urgency out, investigating if a proposed resilience guidelines which aim to of this work. They established a goal of project is climate sensitive, and ensure that both existing and future creating a set of guidelines that the leading to an obligation to provide hydropower projects are resilient to industry supports as a whole and that evidence proving the case. 10 International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report CLIMATE RESILIENCE GUIDELINES FOR HYDROPOWER • During the second phase, a feasibility evaluated to determine if it is robust take place at the ICOLD 2017 Annual study will be carried out measuring if and can cope with the potential Meeting in Prague in July. climate is a dominant factor for the changes in the system. IHA will play a coordination role by project. In this stage, non-climatic The path forward connecting the lead consultant with a factors will also be considered. Further consultation and testing with community of users from the • In the third phase a ‘climate stress Mott MacDonald, the lead consultant developing world, who can contribute analysis’ will examine plausible for the project led by the World Bank, is in testing the initial version of the climate risks and, where applicable, ongoing with a goal of producing an guidelines. In parallel, IHA will assist in more detailed hydrological and initial draft of the guidelines by May engagement with leading practitioners climate system modelling can be 2017, concurrent with a workshop at the and operators who have experience in undertaken. 2017 World Hydropower Congress in climate resilience design for their • In the final phase, ‘climate risk Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Thereafter, final projects, and will provide useful case management’, the project will be dissemination of the guidelines will stories for the initiative. The Búrfell hydropower plant in Iceland, owned and operated by Landsvirkjun, is being expanded to cope with expected increases in flow rates International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report 11 NEW REPORTING MECHANISM FOR HYDROPOWER’S CARBON FOOTPRINT Mitigating climate change is one of the most important goals for strategic sustainable development. The reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is the focus of a number of international targets and agreements such as the recently ratified Paris Agreement, which seeks significant emissions reductions in order to limit global average temperature increases to well below 2 °C. GHG emissions since the industrial multi-year UNESCO and IHA joint • emissions that are the result of revolution have largely been driven by research project, which began in 2008. nutrients and organic matter economic and population growth. As a released by human activity to the Until only recently, estimates of the GHG result, the atmospheric and ocean water bodies upstream of or within footprint of reservoirs have typically been temperatures have risen. Climate the reservoir itself. This is termed assessed by applying average numbers, change impacts, such as the increased ‘unrelated anthropogenic emissions’, which reflect a subset of empirical frequency and intensity of extreme and encompasses wastewater from measurements which are then weather events, can pose significant settlements, industry, agriculture or extrapolated to other reservoir types and irreversible adverse effects to fish farming. deemed comparable. These human and environmental health. In summary, this new approach indicates methodologies often considered all There is therefore a clear and pressing surface GHG emissions, and made no that on average, 75 per cent of carbon need to quantify the GHG footprint of distinction between pre-existing and new dioxide emissions observed on reservoir human activities. The footprint of hydro, emissions pathways to the atmosphere. surfaces should be considered natural, especially emissions due to the i.e. they would have occurred even if the The new conceptual approach takes a reservoir did not exist. On the other development of storage reservoirs, has net approach, and even goes further to hand, the majority of net GHG emissions long been questioned in both scientific look at the changing dynamic to the atmosphere are the result of an and policy spheres. biochemical structures and pathways increase in methane emissions, a gas There has, however, been a lack of that reservoir impoundment creates. with a much higher greenhouse effect scientific consensus on how to quantify The approach thus takes into account: than carbon dioxide. Methane emissions hydropower’s GHG footprint, and this are tightly linked to the environmental • the GHG footprint of the affected uncertainty has proven to be a characteristics of the reservoir. landscape prior to impoundment. significant obstacle for policy and This includes a new reservoir’s The development of the G-res tool decision makers, especially regarding the upstream catchment area, the builds upon this new conceptual potential financing of projects and the reservoir itself as well as the framework. In order to comprehensively designation of ‘sustainable’ or ‘climate- downstream area; estimate the GHG footprint of reservoir friendly’ labels to certain projects. • the specific and particular formation, the G-res tool also includes A consortium of researchers from environmental conditions of each an estimation of the emissions due to around the world is introducing new reservoir. Environmental conditions the construction of the reservoir, mainly conceptual thinking around the include the reservoir’s climate and from dam building. Thus, the net GHG assessment of the GHG footprint of geographic characteristics, as well as emission from reservoir formation can reservoirs. In essence, this new particular soil and water conditions be expressed as: approach seeks to account for only and quality; landscape changes that result in a net Net GHG emissions = • the temporal evolution of GHG [Post-impoundment GHG balance] change, either positive or negative, in emissions over the entire lifetime of – [Pre-impoundment GHG balance] GHG emissions. The approach has also the reservoir; – [Emissions from the reservoir due to led to the development of a new model and online tool that allows users to • emissions that would have occurred unrelated anthropogenic sources] estimate GHG emissions from reservoir elsewhere in the natural system + [GHG due to construction] formation. This is the outcome of the regardless of the presence of the reservoir; and 12 International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report NEW REPORTING MECHANISM FOR HYDROPOWER’S CARBON FOOTPRINT Greenhouse gas measurements being undertaken on a reservoir in Quebec, Canada Finally, the G-res tool allocates sustainable energy and sustainable The G-res tool seeks to address this by emissions to the various purposes of water systems is crucial. By recognising enabling the estimation of the global the reservoir. Many reservoirs serve the different services offered by GHG footprint of reservoirs and for multiple purposes, including water reservoir creation, the tool allows for hydropower. Its development coincides supply, irrigation, hydropower, flood improved GHG accounting of the with the revision of GHG reporting control, environmental management related human activities. criteria by the IPCC, which will be and pollution control. Reservoirs published in 2019. The G-res tool could have a significant facilitate other activities such as impact on the decision-making process In addition, new sustainability and navigation, fisheries and recreation, and around new freshwater reservoirs. Until environmental criteria are currently also provide surface areas for other recently, inland waters were considered being developed for the provision of forms of energy generation such as a negligible component of the global green bonds and other forms of climate floating solar PV. carbon cycle, but recent research has finance. Using the new conceptual Even in reservoirs that include identified that rivers and streams are approach, a more accurate GHG profile hydropower as a purpose, a reservoir hotspots in the carbon cycle for GHG of reservoir formation can be included. can provide baseload power or provide emissions. Inland waters have a GHG As a result, GHG reporting on existing grid support through peaking storage flux to the atmosphere similar in assets, or for decision-making on site or other ancillary services. The G-res magnitude to that absorbed by oceans selection for new projects, can put tool allocates GHG emissions to the or terrestrial land. Given the global hydropower projects on a level playing various uses of the reservoir. This importance of natural systems, it can be field with other renewable energy highlights why recognising the expected that man-made inland waters resources for access to premium importance of reservoirs for both will come under increased scrutiny. markets and ‘green’ investments. International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report 13 GREEN BONDS FOR HYDROPOWER FINANCING The Paris Agreement reached in December 2015 was hailed by many as a turning point in the fight against climate change. The agreement sets the target of limiting global warming to well below 2 ˚C compared to pre-industrial levels. The challenge now is to turn the rhetoric into operational reality. It will require the mobilisation and alignment of the world’s financial markets to drive the significant investment needed in low-carbon and climate-resilient infrastructure. This presents new and innovative large issuances from the likes of This poses a significant challenge for funding sources for hydropower project Hydro-Québec. This figure only gives hydropower’s future involvement in the financing; however, such opportunities part of the picture though, as it market, and highlights the importance will only be grasped with continued excludes bond issuances involving large of the sector being heavily engaged sector engagement shaping their hydropower plants (deemed as greater with those organisations seeking to development. than 20 MW) located in tropical zones. assess and develop criteria that certify This is due to concerns over methane its climate compatibility. In an effort to An emerging success story is the rapid emissions, which has brought into prevent ‘greenwashing’ as the market growth of green bonds. These are question their green credentials. develops, these standards will become fixed-income loans created to more harmonised and integrated into specifically finance projects that help Such concerns have unfortunately how green bond issuances are address and reduce environmental and/ contributed to a binary approach of structured and promoted. or climate risks. Over USD 80 billion of ‘small hydro is good, large hydro is bad’. labelled green bonds were issued in This, however, fails to recognise that In June 2016, the CBI launched the 2016, nearly doubling the previous year, hydropower projects, unlike most other Hydropower Technical Working Group but the market is still in its infancy. forms of energy sources, are unique, to begin the process of developing the with site-specific characteristics. It also criteria for the screening of climate- According to the investor-focused excludes the wider benefits that compatible hydropower. not-for-profit Climate Bonds Initiative multipurpose reservoirs provide, such (CBI), the green bond market will need to Developing criteria for hydropower as using their storage capabilities to reach USD 1 trillion of investment per Bringing together a host of experts contribute to even higher levels of year by 2020 to be compatible with the from NGOs, government and academia, mitigation through the provision of Paris Agreement. While initially led by the working group is taking a robust firming capacity for other forms of multilateral development banks and the science-based approach to developing renewable energy. Furthermore, corporate sector, Poland became the first the criteria. The working group is hydropower projects offer the ability to country to issue a green sovereign bond drawing on the substantial work that strengthen resilience and adaptation in late 2016, raising USD 750 million. This the Hydropower Sustainability services through appropriate water was followed by France in January 2017, Assessment Protocol has undertaken in management. raising USD 7.5 billion. Other countries developing international good practice including Sweden, Nigeria and Kenya are We are already seeing negative guidelines for the sector in promoting expected to quickly follow suit. outcomes play out, with a number of sustainable hydropower projects. green bond issuances excluding all Reliably estimating reservoir emissions Challenges for the hydropower sector large hydropower investment. Among allocated to hydropower is another As a mature renewable technology, these is Poland’s green sovereign bond, complex task, which is being guided by hydropower has already benefited from which excludes projects greater than the G-res tool. The tool was developed a third of the USD 130 billion energy- 20 MW, presenting these alongside coal, by UNESCO in conjunction with IHA and related unlabelled green bonds issued natural gas and palm oil. several research institutes worldwide. to date, as compiled by the CBI, led by 14 International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report GREEN BONDS FOR HYDROPOWER FINANCING The working group is looking to In addition, the CBI’s criteria will address The draft eligibility criteria are expected establish a simple and transparent climate resilience through a set of to be released in mid-2017 for public climate mitigation screening process measures to be incorporated into the consultation. The working group will that could first apply a power density development of hydropower projects. revisit the criteria following feedback threshold (W/m2 reservoir surface area) This is being informed by work the World from industry and other stakeholders. for prospective projects. If required, Bank is undertaking to develop The Climate Bond Standards Board will projects would then have to comply guidelines for designing resilient projects then review the criteria before they can with an emissions threshold (gCO2/ that are safe, reliable and can also be used by the market. kWh) using the G-res tool, which would provide adaptation services. Finally, by Hydropower has a significant role to take into account the multiple uses of incorporating aspects of the protocol, play in achieving the goals of the Paris many reservoirs. In certain the group is developing criteria to ensure Agreement. Supporting the growth of circumstances further site-specific that projects demonstrate a strong the green bonds market is an important testing could be undertaken when appreciation of key non-climate-related step towards aligning emission projects do not meet these criteria. environmental and social impacts. reduction targets with appropriate market signals and incentives. Climate finance was a key topic of discussion at COP22, the United Nations clmate change conference in Marrakech, Morocco, November 2016 International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report 15 ELECTRICITY STORAGE: A CHANGING LANDSCAPE The rapid growth of variable renewable energies (VRE) such as wind power and solar PV in recent years is increasing the need for rapid-response energy storage technologies. The landscape for grid-scale energy storage is evolving from being almost exclusively supplied by pumped-hydropower storage to include a number of new technologies. Of these, battery storage is evolving and growing at a rapid pace, even as pumped hydropower storage continues to supply over 95 per cent of energy storage requirements worldwide. It is widely recognised that the sub-hourly, hourly, daily and seasonal absorbing excess power at night and transition towards cleaner and more scales. Some capacity is kept in reserve feeding it back to the grid during peak sustainable energy systems will require in case a power station or transmission daytime hours. a significant increase in power system line unexpectedly goes offline. Thus, However, as growth in nuclear has flexibility. Flexibility in this context non-baseload stations require quick stagnated, and more and more variable refers to the ability of a power system responses, which is often provided by renewables are connected to power to maintain a reliable and continuous plants that are online but working grids, the shifts in supply and demand service when faced with potentially below their full potential. This allows for are becoming more dynamic in rapid changes in supply or demand. a quick response, but decreases the magnitude and time. Solar power Augmenting power system flexibility efficiency of the entire system, which available during daytime can vary can be achieved by a variety of options, inevitably increases the overall system subject to cloud cover and rainfall, while including: supply-side improvements, cost of operation. fluctuations in wind speeds throughout demand-side management, increased Increasing the proportion of VREs the day can create more supply-side transmission networks, increasing inherently reduces the flexibility of a fluctuations. While traditional pumped system efficiencies and the provision of power system. High penetration of VREs storage systems were used to ‘time- added energy storage. This article into an existing energy system will in shift’ electricity production to optimise focuses on energy storage and explores effect will introduce more variability on power production, i.e. charging the different but potentially the supply side, while also displacing (pumping) at night when excess complementary roles of emerging existing flexible technologies. Electricity low-cost electricity was available and utility-scale battery storage systems storage technologies act as both supply generating during the peak hours, (BSS) and more established pumped and demand in the system, adding storage systems may now be required hydropower storage systems (PHS). flexibility, and so have the potential to to cycle multiple times in a day, or In the traditionally fossil-fuel dominated increase the system’s overall efficiency remain offline for long periods, power systems, flexibility has been and reduce overall costs. depending on weather conditions. almost solely controlled by the supply Currently, PHS remains the primary Thus, the landscape for energy storage side. The existing fleet of power stations technology used to provide energy is changing with each added megawatt is operated to react to variations in storage services on the grid scale. PHS of solar and wind, allowing alternatives demand. Baseload power is typically first saw commercial use in the early to pumped storage to enter the market. supplied by run-of-river hydro, coal and 20th century and experienced a surge According to the Global Energy Storage nuclear, which are encouraged by virtue in new capacity beginning in the 1970s Database, traditional PHS-dominated of their technical and economic nature and 1980s as a reaction to energy storage systems have mainly been used to have continuous operation. Rapidly- security concerns, and to balance for time-shifting (arbitrage) of electric responding generation such as baseload power produced from nuclear energy (85.2 per cent), to take hydropower with storage capacity and and coal-fired power plants. At that advantage of pricing differentials gas- or oil-fired power plants are time, PHS allowed for the constant and between on-peak and off-peak periods. capable of meeting load variations at efficient baseload generation, typically As variable renewables reduce 16 International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report ELECTRICITY STORAGE: A CHANGING LANDSCAPE opportunities for arbitrage, new This means that BSS are well suited to storage technologies to 2030 later in technologies are fast emerging, offering managing power quality. In addition, 2017 exploring these issues in detail. an increased range of flexibility BSS do not have the same site-specific At the same time, the growing use of applications aimed at integrating requirements as PHS, allowing them, for electric vehicles represents a potential variable renewables into the system. example, to couple with variable additional source of flexibility with the renewable technologies at source and PHS systems are evolving to provide right market arrangements, as their mitigate fluctuations before power is additional operating flexibility to on-board batteries could be used by sent to the grid. balance fluctuations in the system. In the grid. Although not their primary traditional PHS, power regulation is Hybrid systems have been developed in role, the scale of their deployment only available when generating, many locations where PHS facilities are means they could become an however, variable-speed PHS systems operated jointly with VRE systems to importance source of flexibility. The are being implemented to increase balance the intermittency of the global electric vehicle fleet reached a plant efficiency and flexibility by variable generation source directly total size of 1.2 million vehicles allowing for power regulation in both though the operation of the PHS plant. (including both battery electric vehicles pumping and turbine mode. Ternary For grids with very weak and plug-in hybrid vehicles), with an systems, consisting of a motor- interconnections, or isolated grids, such estimated total battery capacity of generator and separate pump and as island systems, such fluctuations 20–40 GWh, and a total electricity turbine set, can allow for simultaneous could be much more damaging. This demand of 2.5 TWh in 2015. pumping and generating, which allows service is particularly suited to batteries There is little doubt that both pumped for even finer frequency control. given the need for rapid, quick charging hydropower storage and battery and discharging. Battery storage systems (BSS) are storage will play a fundamental role in currently one of the fastest-growing BSS are emerging as an increasingly future energy systems. As more battery electricity storage technologies, and are important large-scale storage option technologies are developed and now capable of providing both off-grid and have grown exponentially over the variable-speed PHS technology and grid-scale storage. The proportion past ten years. One of the key drivers of becomes more advanced and of total installed battery capacity at this growth has been its rapidly affordable, both forms of energy nearly 2 GW at the end of 2016 is still far decreasing costs and favourable policy storage can be utilised optimally to less than the total pumped storage settings, potentially mimicking the meet the ever-growing need for energy capacity, currently at around 150 GW. rapid growth seen in the solar PV storage. The changing characteristics of industry. According to the International power systems, brought about by From a technological perspective, Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), it is growing VREs, provides new batteries are a mature technology; estimated that prices will continue to opportunities for electricity storage however, significant cost barriers fall rapidly until 2030, with cost declines technologies, which by their own part continue to impede the full integration of 50 per cent or more to be expected can also play a significant role in of BSS into the power sector. BSS and for most battery technologies. Most of restructuring current energy systems. In PHS systems essentially operate in the the cost reductions are expected to be its Roadmap for a Renewable Energy same manner. BSS, however, have faster driven by rapidly growing economies of Future, IRENA estimates that 150 GW of response times, but typically cannot scale, and innovations that reduce costs battery storage and 325 GW PHS is sustain that power output for extended and further increase performance. required to double the share of periods of time. IRENA will release a report examining renewable power generation by 2030. the market and cost outlook for battery International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report 17 HYDROPOWER DRIVING MULTIPURPOSE RESERVOIRS Access to energy is crucial to achieving sustainable human development. Without it, most of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) such as food security, healthcare coverage and access to water and sanitation will not be fulfilled. The first target of the seventh SDG is to ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all. The second target focuses on the increase of renewable energy in the global energy mix. Climate change poses a challenge to one purpose, only about a quarter are conventional land-based solar PV, while achieving the SDGs, and therefore the aim multipurpose reservoirs. Approximately reducing evaporation from the reservoir of SDG #13 is to take urgent action to half of the dams have irrigation as one of surface. Additionally, this hybrid solution combat climate change and its impacts. their purposes. Only 9,756 dams (25 per can be achieved without competition for Its effects will exacerbate the increasing cent) have hydropower as one of their land acquisition. competition among water uses to provide purposes, and about 40 per cent of those Dams have contributed in an important food, water and energy to the rapidly are associated with multipurpose way to human development and their increasing population. The increased reservoirs. Since hydropower will benefits have been considerable. However, frequency and intensity of extreme continue to grow, it can be the driver to the negative social and ecological impacts weather events will affect the most increase the share of multipurpose have tarnished the positive effects, as it vulnerable countries, particularly those reservoirs and thus improve the nexus was pointed out by the World Commission with the least developed infrastructures. efficiency. on Dams in 2000. Optimising and sharing For this reason, it becomes urgent to In addition to the benefits for the multiple benefits will not be achieved cooperate and find integrated solutions hydropower, multipurpose reservoirs unless the decision-making process for managing water resources to mitigate offer storage capacity to manage floods, incorporates all stakeholders from the and adapt to climate change and achieve provide long-term energy storage during earliest planning stage and reflects a sustainable development. extended droughts, and supply water for comprehensive and sustainable approach Hydropower’s contribution irrigation and domestic uses. Reservoir that integrates the social, environmental Hydropower plants associated with a regulation can also provide better and economic dimensions. Through reservoir can be a powerful tool in environmental management by trapping cooperation, multipurpose reservoirs can helping to counter the impacts of climate excess fertiliser runoff from agricultural be a solution to competing uses over change and achieve SDG #13 and in turn lands, and pollution attenuation, water, land, and energy. play their part in achieving many of the particularly in dams where wetlands can Methods for allocating multiple uses SDGs, starting with SDG #7. It provides be developed. Around the reservoir, The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate affordable, reliable, flexible and commercial activities can prosper to Change (IPCC) Special Report on renewable energy. Besides providing firm enhance the livelihood of the local Renewable Energy in 2012 reported a power and reducing the fragility of the population such as trade from navigation, water consumption value of 209 m3/MWh electricity grid, hydropower’s role in fisheries and recreational activities. for hydropower due to evaporation. This renewable energy systems is becoming Innovative hybrid solutions, such as estimation has been shown to be skewed increasingly important, especially in floating photovoltaic solar panels, have by a small number of outliers, and the supporting wind and solar energy. been developed utilising the storage lack of allocation to multiple reservoir Multipurpose reservoirs reservoirs to increase the energy services. This revealed the need for Dams are at the core of the water and generation. Floating PV on the reservoir procedures that allocate water energy nexus. According to the surface is the most novel example of the consumption proportionately to the International Commission on Large Dams multiple services that a reservoir can multiple uses in the case of multipurpose World Register of Dams, of the 39,188 provide, by producing clean, renewable reservoirs. Certainly, hydropower is dams listed on their database with at least energy with a higher efficiency than dependent on water availability, which 18 International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report HYDROPOWER DRIVING MULTIPURPOSE RESERVOIRS The Victoria reservoir in Kandy, Sri Lanka, which provides 210 MW of installed power capacity and irrigation water for the surrounding land can in some cases result in competition Protocol, a tool that promotes and guides hydropower reservoirs. It is clear that over regional water uses. However, in this more sustainable hydropower projects. It appraisal of the benefits becomes context, hydropower reservoirs also offer covers a wide range of topics including necessary in order to optimise the a sustainable water supply when water is climate change along with environmental, reservoir operation in a more efficient scarce. Thus, in the research arena, some social and economic dimensions. and sustainable way. methodologies like water consumption The World Water Council together with The way forward is better guidance on by volume allocation and water stress EDF presented the SHARE Concept, a how to allocate water, land and energy indices have been proposed. framework based on the principles of among multiple stakeholders solving Following the World Commission on shared responsibilities, shared risks and competing uses. If built in the right place Dams recommendations, a multi- rights, and shared costs and benefits in and with the right equity share, such stakeholder forum developed the order to achieve the successful multipurpose reservoirs can contribute to Hydropower Sustainability Assessment implementation of multipurpose achieving the SDGs. International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report 19 LONG-DISTANCE TRANSMISSION ENABLING HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT Long-distance transmission infrastructure is fundamental to the delivery of hydropower generation to load centres while providing access to regional markets for the export of surplus electricity. Transmission interconnections to countries with abundant hydropower resources provide access to low-cost, renewable electricity supply, and for developing countries, linking resources to major energy users can help to facilitate much-needed investment in the development or expansion of hydropower. When properly planned, that investment can also benefit the local population by providing vital access to energy, driving local economic development and creating jobs. Regional interconnections can also Cooperation Organization (GEIDCO) China result in lower energy costs for trading sets out a roadmap in its white paper China has roughly 331 GW of partners, by providing access to clean, on global energy interconnection hydropower installed, with the renewable generation. In certain development strategy, divided into potential to develop an additional markets, it can be more advantageous three phases: 200 GW. However, this potential can to import excess hydropower than it is only be realised with the support of •• Domestic: Up to 2020, countries will to build local power plants. interconnections and UHV electricity focus on their own clean energy Interconnections also facilitate access to lines in operation. development and grid energy storage, balancing variable interconnection projects. The Asian Super Grid is a concept generation sources like wind power and •• Intracontinental: By 2030, large- contingent on UHV power transmission solar PV in neighbouring countries. scale energy bases and cross-border lines, over long distances, operating at In many countries, vast quantities of grid interconnections will be more than 1,000 kV AC / 800 kV DC, hydropower potential can be promoted within each continent. connecting China, South Korea, Russia economically developed to serve and Japan. Since 2009 China has built •• Intercontinental: By 2050, energy regional demand for clean, reliable, nearly 16,000 km of UHV power lines bases of the Arctic and equatorial low-cost electricity. However, and is aiming to increase the total regions and intercontinental development of these resources often length of its high-voltage transmission interconnection will be set up. Global relies on long-distance transmission lines to 1.01 million km by the end of energy interconnection will basically facilities, connecting the hydropower 2020. The State Grid Corporation of come into being. resource to major load centres. This can China, the largest electric utility be challenging, particularly where the Discussions are already under way company in the world, has stated that it load centre is located a significant among major energy companies in will invest roughly USD 88 billion into distance from the generation source. China, Japan, Russia and South Korea UHV transmission development around the creation of an ‘Asian Super between now and 2020. Global energy interconnections Grid’, in which a UHV grid would link The concept of ‘global energy electric grids across regions, countries Canada: Manitoba–Minnesota interconnection’ is one of the latest and continents to transmit electricity interconnection trends towards the development of generated with an abundance of clean, In Canada, the predominantly hydro- ultra-high-voltage (UHV), long-distance renewable sources like hydropower. based provinces of Manitoba, British interconnections, at regional and Columbia and Quebec are increasing intercontinental scales to enable the The following sections describe their already strong interconnections growth in renewable energy examples of long-distance UHV with the neighbouring grids of USA. technologies required to meet global transmission either in service today or Utilities like Manitoba Hydro can utilise energy demand. The Global Energy in planning that will form the backbone their hydropower reservoirs to balance Interconnection Development and of GEIDCO’s concept of a globally the output of major windfarm interconnected world. 20 International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report LONG DISTANCE TRANSMISSION ENABLING HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT developments to the south, while CASA-1000, a new electricity transmission A master-plan for the EAPP was derived enabling bilateral trade opportunities system to connect all four countries, using existing national power for export and providing import would help make the most efficient use development strategies. The original capability for reliability in low-water of the hydropower resources in the master-plan published in 2011 estimated conditions. Central Asian countries by enabling them that with a USD 4.5 billion investment in to transfer and sell their electricity interconnections, USD 25 billion in net To take advantage of future export and surplus during the summer months to the revenue could potentially be generated import opportunities, Manitoba Hydro deficient countries in South Asia. The through increased opportunities for and Minnesota Power are co-operating CASA-1000 project would also power trading, as compared to individual on building a new 500 kV complement the countries’ efforts to national development programmes. By interconnection between Canada and improve electricity access, integrate and optimising generation investments away the United States. The line is anticipated expand markets to increase trade, and from fossil fuels and towards to enter service in 2020, coincident with find sustainable solutions to water hydropower supply, the net benefit the in-service date of the new hydro resources management. increased to USD 32 billion. station at Keeyask (695 MW). Eastern African Power Pool (EAPP) Cross-border interconnections between The existing interconnections to the In East Africa, more than 200 million the countries of the EAPP reduces fuel USA have a capability of 2,000 MW. people are without electricity, costs, while improving the security of Building the new interconnection will accounting for around 80 per cent of its energy supply in the system, allowing increase that capacity to almost population. Ethiopia, Kenya and countries to optimise domestic energy 3,000 MW, giving Manitoba Hydro the Uganda are among the most populous sources and compensate for potential ability to concentrate the delivery of countries in the region, and have the seasonal variability or fuel shortages. surplus energy during the on-peak largest populations both with and hours rather than in the off-peak hours. To incentivise the development of without access to electricity. regional interconnections in East Africa, South and Central Asia: CASA-1000 East Africa, much like the rest of Africa, there are a number of issues that must Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan are two exhibits a diverse range of economic be addressed: countries in Central Asia endowed with and energy sector development. some of the world’s most abundant • Removing the up-front risk to Regional interconnections can enable hydropower resources with run-off from investment by ensuring that projects hydropower development in East Africa, the mountain ranges filling the rivers in are configured for optimal system and in order to meet the rapidly growing the summer. Both of these countries and national benefit, and that the electricity demand, African governments have a surplus of electricity during this selected projects have the best have collectively recognised the need summer season. strategic fit. for effective and integrated regional Nearby in South Asia, Afghanistan and planning and interconnections. • Fostering greater regional Pakistan suffer from chronic electricity cooperation between local and While bilateral agreements exist national governments. supply shortages while trying to keep between some neighbouring pace with a fast-growing demand for it. • Implementing better policy for jurisdictions in the EAPP, power Pakistan cannot meet its citizens’ incentivising regional development, exchange over existing regional electricity needs, especially during the cross-border energy sharing and interconnections has not been summer months, leading to frequent reduced regulatory risk. optimised, and often marred by failed power outages, with a significant contractual obligations due to local impact on the economy. Meanwhile, system deficits. millions of people still live without electricity altogether. International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report 21 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE CHALLENGES FOR THE HYDROPOWER SECTOR Conventional hydropower plants are among the lowest-cost electricity energy resources, due to their long life and relatively low operating and maintenance costs. Nonetheless, the operation and maintenance (O&M) of hydropower facilities is becoming increasingly complex in many regions of the world. The civil infrastructure of hydropower with a fleet of aging assets reaching the Challenges for hydropower O&M in Africa facilities can last for a century or more, end of their useable life, compounded At a recent workshop hosted by World whereas mechanical and electrical by an aging workforce to complete this Bank Group and SECO (Swiss State components may require replacement work on time and on budget. Secretariat for Economic Affairs) in in less than 40 years, depending on the Common strategies employed in Martigny, Switzerland, stakeholders operating role of the hydropower plant. developed countries include from a broad cross-section of the Baseload plants with minimal daily load implementing remote operation at older hydropower community gathered to variation can operate over a longer time facilities, installing real-time asset discuss O&M challenges, with a specific frame than plants operated to meet monitoring systems, maintaining key focus on developing a better peak load requirements and frequency spare components on-site to reduce understanding of the main O&M control operations, where significant outage time and other solutions to challenges in several countries in Africa start-stop operations may be required. minimize O&M costs. Asset managers are including Cameroon, Uganda, Rwanda The operation and maintenance of increasingly turning to digitisation for and São Tomé. hydropower facilities is particularly implementing sophisticated risk-based A number of common O&M issues were challenging when the owners of aging decision-making tools to optimise their observed consistently across all of these facilities are faced with strategic asset near-term and long-term O&M asset African countries. In all cases, there was replacement and/or refurbishment management plans for maintaining, a preponderance of insufficient training decisions. For example, in North overhauling or replacing the most critical on best practices in O&M and a lack of America, a significant proportion of the components of their fleet. knowledge-sharing across the existing fleet of hydropower In less developed areas of the world hydropower sector. In most of these mechanical and electrical equipment is including many countries in Africa, African utilities, there was no formal reaching its life expectancy. For this South Asia and South America, a unique maintenance optimisation programme reason, project owners are often facing set of challenges for operating and in place to prioritise maintenance difficult economic decisions between maintaining hydropower assets exist. around available budgets and staff overhaul and replacement. Often, developing nations face resources, to target the most critical In developed countries with significant institutional challenges such as a lack of components requiring maintenance, hydropower assets such as Canada, the training to operate and maintain often resulting in extended forced United States, Norway and Iceland, facilities, lack of dam safety outages and lost revenue. basic O&M practices such as regular enforcement and compliance, limited Many African countries are dealing with inspections for cavitation damage on access to spare parts and lack of inadequate financial resources to turbine blades, stator and rotor financial support. procure spare parts for critical windings, bearings and excitation Beyond these challenges, other regional components requiring replacement, systems, are based on well-established issues can add an additional level of often lacking the appropriate tools to guidelines and are generally carried complexity to their O&M challenges, put forward a business case for out under a scheduled work including climate extremes (droughts mitigating these preventable forced programme. The key challenge facing and floods) and sedimentation outages by purchasing spare parts to project owners and operators is problems which can compromise keep on site. Insufficient financial developing an optimised asset conventional O&M practices. support is also a barrier to countries management strategy that targets having the capacity to undertake any safety and maximises unit availability; major rehabilitation or refurbishment. 22 International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE CHALLENGES FOR THE HYDROPOWER SECTOR Another common theme among resulted in separate power dispatching developing long-term O&M plans, to African utilities is a loss of production between Ruzizi I and Ruzizi II. optimise efficient management of revenue associated with sub-optimal water supply, minimise erosion and In many countries in Africa, there is an operating strategies, resulting in lost reduce sediment problems. absence of a regulatory framework to revenue from inefficient unit operation • Implementing a long-term strategy monitor safety of hydro infrastructure and spilled energy, ultimately for O&M is essential, including (where and in particular a lack of enforcement impacting funds available for ongoing possible) the inclusion of long-term around dam safety guidelines. maintenance. For example, in a case O&M contracts, and a well-planned study of the Sanaga River complex in In order for African countries to O&M programme to motivate staff Cameroon, operational issues such as progress in terms of building the and methodologies in place to inconsistent, poorly defined operating capacity and knowledge to implement invoke capacity building. rules and a lack of basin management successful O&M practices into their • Better communication between the strategies have resulted in increasing respective hydropower facilities, good asset owner and stakeholders sedimentation of the reservoir. practice guidelines need to be responsible for corporate social developed with the assistance of In specific cases, political interference responsibility and emergency hydropower operators from developed and cross-border disputes have severely preparedness is necessary to countries, to ensure that the following restricted the utility’s capability to carry understand the financial and O&M practices can be adopted: out optimal O&M practices. In Rwanda, economic attractiveness of a good the different legal status of two existing • Hydropower stations should be O&M programme. hydropower plants (Ruzizi I and Ruzizi II) operated within the context of the • A policy that addresses the need for and the recent creation of a new management of the entire watershed standardisation of equipment is also authority for water management of the (considering both upstream and needed. Kivu Lake and the Ruzizi River have downstream impacts) when The Ruzizi I hydropower plant on the Ruzizi River, bordering Rwanda and DR Congo International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report 23 ADVANCEMENTS IN SEDIMENT MANAGEMENT BEST PRACTICES Hydro dams have traditionally been designed around the life-of-reservoir concept, providing storage to offset 50 to 100 years of sedimentation. However, original designs often fail to address what happens to the reservoir after losing capacity due to sediment deposition. While decommissioning is an option, it is not only costly but most owners want to sustain benefits from their existing infrastructure. Sustainable sediment management, process, it can be accelerated as much as Revegetation is typically the most according to the World Bank definition, a hundredfold by human activities that important and sustainable element of “seeks to maintain long-term reservoir disturb the soil, such as deforestation, watershed management. For example, capacity, retarding the rate of storage loss agriculture, mining and urban the Water and Land Resource Centre’s and eventually bringing sediment inflow development. Climate change is generally watershed management strategies in and discharge into balance while expected to increase sediment yield due Ethiopia, including gully rehabilitation maximising usable storage capacity, to greater frequency of extreme events and vegetated graded soil bunds, have hydropower production, or other benefits”. responsible for most erosion and been successful in reducing surface sediment transport. In glaciated runoff and soil loss. Sediment issues catchments, the retreat of ice uncovers In the hydropower sector, sedimentation This not only reduces reservoir siltation, highly erodible sediments at elevations can result in loss of power supply but also delivers additional benefits, such too high to be stabilised by vegetation. reliability, intake obstruction and the as reduced flooding. Sediment inflow can entrainment of coarse sediment which Sediment management strategies also be reduced by constructing abrades hydro-mechanical equipment. The application of different sediment upstream dams, but this will only be For ecosystems in the downstream river, management strategies is driven by a effective for as long as upstream dam construction dramatically reduces wide range of factors, including: reservoirs have capacity remaining to the flow of sediment over the period that hydrology, land use, vegetative cover, and store sediment. the reservoir accumulates sediment. the variation in sediment yield over time Sediment routing and space within the catchment; reservoir However, managing a reservoir to achieve Techniques that sustain sediment in size, geometry, operating rules and types a sediment balance often implies motion, minimising deposition within the of beneficial use; configuration of outlets reloading the downstream river with reservoir, are classified as ‘routing’. Routing at the dam; environmental constraints sediment, following many decades of strategies are considered environmentally and downstream users that may be sediment-starved clear water releases. This friendly because they seek to maintain the impacted by sediment release; and can lead to a variety of sediment natural rate and timing of sediment financial considerations. management issues and impacts transport along the river. downstream. However, without proper Available sediment management These techniques include reservoir sediment management, once the reservoir strategies can be classified into four main drawdown during periods of high has lost its capacity, the sediment inflow groups: reducing sediment inflow; sediment flow (e.g. monsoon), in order to and outflow will again come into balance, routing sediment through or around the pass sediment-laden flows through the inevitably reloading the channel below reservoir; sediment removal; and reservoir at high velocity and minimise the dam with sediment. strategies to adapt to sedimentation. deposition. It can also involve bypassing From this perspective, sediment Reducing sediment inflow sediment-laden flood events around the management may be seen as an attempt Sediment inflow can be reduced through storage pool, either by placing the to reestablish natural sediment flows along watershed management, which reduces storage pool off-channel or using a the river, while preserving storage capacity. erosion. There is typically a wide range in bypass tunnel. soil erodibility within watersheds, and the Sediment sources For example, Alpine reservoirs, like Solis in most effective management will normally Sediment deposited into reservoirs is Switzerland, receive much of their focus on those areas producing the most derived from upstream erosion of soil and sediment load during short-duration sediment per unit of land area, and where river banks. While erosion is a natural flood events. The Electric Power management can be most effective. 24 International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report ADVANCEMENTS IN SEDIMENT MANAGEMENT BEST PRACTICES Company of Zurich (EWZ), which operates Adaptive strategies enables dam owners and their consultants the Solis dam, constructed a 170 m3/s There are also many adaptive strategies to better understand the dynamics of sediment bypass tunnel to redirect that do not directly handle sediment but sediment generation and transport in their sediment-laden flood flows around the that help adapt to the sediment. In specific case, and use this to identify and storage pool to minimise sediment hydropower reservoirs, intake implement the most appropriate sediment accumulation. modification and use of abrasion- management strategies. resistant turbine runner coatings to Sediment removal Case study guidance combat increasing abrasion are two Dredging and flushing are the most IHA is assisting the project Analysis of the examples being employed with common approaches to removing Impact of Sedimentation on Dams and increasing frequency. reservoir sediment deposits. Dredging is Reservoirs: Case Studies, funded by the technically feasible in any reservoir, Sediment management in hydrologically World Bank. This study will contribute to although it can be very costly and is large storage reservoirs, especially identifying and documenting case therefore often not financially feasible. reservoirs with a storage volume greater studies that demonstrate a variety of Flushing, on the other hand, is primarily than mean annual inflow (capacity: inflow sediment management practices across applicable to smaller and relatively ratio >1), present a particular problem. different geographies and narrow reservoirs, where the narrow These sites typically trap virtually all methodologies. channel scoured out by flushing inflowing water and sediment, leaving The project seeks to gather information constitutes a significant part of the little excess water for sediment release. on ‘things that worked’ as well as ‘things reservoir volume. In these cases, strategies may focus on that didn’t work’. Because each strategy As a first approximation, the bottom width reduction of sediment inflow, has its limitations, it is particularly of a flushing channel will be similar to the optimisation of the operating rule to important to understand the situations in width of the pre-impoundment river maximise the benefit from available which specific strategies were considered channel. In the high-rainfall mountain area storage volume, or heightening the dam either successful or unsuccessful, so that of Costa Rica, the 100 MW Cachí reservoir to increase storage, thus extending the entire dam and hydropower is subjected to empty flushing most years, reservoir life. Density current venting is a community can better understand their scouring and releasing sediment through routing technique that may be respective strengths and limitations, and a low-level outlet, thereby preserving successfully applied in large reservoirs employ them with ever greater levels of capacity and maintaining the power intake where conditions allow. Also, as large confidence and predictability. free of sediment. reservoirs lose capacity through Because multiple strategies are often sedimentation, they eventually become At the 150 MW Patrind hydropower used, an individual site may have ‘small’ reservoirs, at which point project in Pakistan, sediment routing and experienced different degrees of success management techniques appropriate for removal strategies have been designed to with each of the strategies implemented. hydrologically smaller reservoirs may operate in a complementary manner. These case studies will be featured at become viable. Coarser particles will be redirected www.hydropower.org. through a sediment bypass tunnel during In summary, there are a wide range of flood events to minimise accumulation, strategies that can be used, either alone or and flushing through low-level outlets in combination, to transition from will be used to remove the remaining non-sustainable to sustainable use of dams sediment that becomes trapped and reservoirs. A common need at all sites upstream of the dam. is for adequate monitoring data, which International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report 25 FUTURE TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT The Hydropower Sustainability Assessment Protocol has become broadly recognised as the primary tool for evaluating sustainability performance, having been implemented worldwide. IHA and partners have begun work to develop tools to support more widespread use of the protocol by developing templates for more specific environmental and social performance assessment of a project, and guidelines on international good practice. The protocol provides a methodology The option of developing and endorsing days. for a sustainability assessment of a lower-cost option for an official The draft template and options around hydropower projects across more than assessment was discussed at meetings it will be discussed by the protocol’s 20 sustainability topics, encompassing of the protocol’s multi-stakeholder multi-stakeholder governing body. environmental, social, technical, governing body in December 2016 and Further templates may then be financial and economic aspects. It rests February 2017. IHA was asked to develop developed for the implementation and on a multi-stakeholder-agreed the proposals further. operation stage tools of the protocol. definition of basic good practice and In addition, although the protocol The new templates would then be proven best practice for each of the provides a definition of sustainable available for discussion at the biannual topics, and provides accompanying hydropower, and includes some meeting of the Hydropower definitions and guidance (in the guidelines, it is presented as a Sustainability Assessment Council, ‘assessment guidance’ sections in each methodology for assessment and which meets alongside the World topic, and in other parts of the protocol, scoring, and the guidance it contains is Hydropower Congress in Addis Ababa such as its glossary). for completing an assessment. There is in May 2017. Since its launch at the World no widely recognised document International industry good practice Hydropower Congress in Iguaçu, Brazil, providing a guideline on international guidelines in 2011, the protocol has been applied industry good practice. IHA’s The templates would be complemented across developed and developing Sustainability Guidelines, launched in by a guideline document on basic good regions of the world, and is increasingly February 2004, have been considerably practice. (This in turn would be used in a variety of ways, for capacity- superseded by the protocol and global complemented by a series of case building purposes in developing industry practice. studies of proven best practice as part of countries, and as an internal reference The use of guidelines on good practice is the ‘better hydro’ initiative, which IHA is guideline. widespread in other industries: for developing with World Bank financing.) Stakeholders recognise demands for example, World Bank environmental, The guideline will be based on the focused assessment health and safety (EHS) guidelines for a definitions of basic good practice in the However, feedback from a number of wide range of sectors refer to ‘good protocol, the accompanying definitions sources indicates that the cost of a full international industry practice’ (GIIP). The of terms and guidance, additional official assessment using the protocol World Bank Group has not published an guidance developed for capacity- may be inhibiting its uptake. There are EHS sector guideline for hydropower. building purposes by IHA in recent years, demands from sources such as the Tools to drive further uptake and the practice observed through Climate Bonds Initiative (CBI) for a more IHA is now developing an initial numerous protocol assessments to date. focused, lower-cost assessment. As template for an assessment using the such, a tool to assess the environmental It would build on the experience preparation stage tool of the protocol. and social sustainability of hydropower developed by accredited assessors in It will focus on basic good practice, and offers the opportunity to harness bonds official protocol assessments to date, environmental and social topics only. finance for the underpinning of and make this experience publicly The intent is that such an assessment sustainability standards in the industry. available. The intention is that the could be completed within 20 to 30 26 International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report FUTURE TOOLS FOR SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT guideline would become internationally recognised across the industry and its Objectives of a tool focused on environmental and social performance stakeholders as the key statement of • To provide report templates for the assessment of a hydropower project good practice in hydropower. using selected protocol criteria, focused on basic good practice only. The guideline would be a document of • To allow more expedient lower-cost assessment, using consistent templates. 30 to 40 pages, structured in chapters that correspond to the topics of the • To maintain consistency in the quality and content of assessments. protocol. Each chapter would jointly • To focus on topics, and criteria within them, of most relevance to address the preparation, environmental and social risks. implementation and operation stages, but would refer to the stages clearly • To maintain the distinct value of a full official assessment using all topics. within each topic section. Objectives of developing international industry good practice guidelines It would be written in a concise style, to minimise the extent to which they may • To develop a document providing a hydropower international industry be open to interpretation. This will also good practice guideline, as a ‘normative’ statement of good practice. ensure it can be easily understood by • To propose the guidelines at the World Hydropower Congress in Addis non-English speakers, and translated Ababa in May 2017. reliably. • To establish the guidelines as a widely recognised manual of international good practice. The site of the Kabeli A hydropower project in Nepal, which undertook a protocol assessment in September 2014 International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report 27 REGIONAL OVERVIEWS Maps Where has new hydropower capacity been added in 2016? 30 Global hydropower technical potential, generation and installed capacity by region 32 Hydropower and transmission infrastructure 34 Analysis North and Central 36 South42 Africa50 America America Canada40 Brazil46 Angola54 Costa Rica 41 Chile47 Côte d’Ivoire 55 Ecuador48 Ethiopia56 Tanzania57 Europe58 South and 64 East Asia 70 Central Asia and Pacific Germany62 Pakistan68 Australia74 Norway63 Russia69 China75 Malaysia76 28 International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report 29 WHERE HAS NEW HYDROPOWER CAPACITY BEEN ADDED IN 2016? 21 14 Key 26 1 Country rank 20 99 MW and below 16 100 MW to 999 MW 24 3 1,000 MW to 10,000 MW 7 2 Over 10,000 MW 18 NEW INSTALLED CAPACITY BY COUNTRY* Rank Country Capacity added (MW) Rank Country Capacity added (MW) Rank Country Capacity added (MW) 1 China 11,740 9 Laos 650 17 Norway 254 2 Brazil 6,365 10 Malaysia 622 18 Chile 239 3 Ecuador 1,987 11 India 481 19 Russia 171 4 Ethiopia 1,502 12 Angola 400 20 Guatemala 163 5 South 1,332 13 Portugal 391 21 Canada 122 Africa 14 United 379 22 Zambia 120 6 Vietnam 1,095 States 23 Nepal 115 7 Peru 1,040 15 Turkey 363 24 Colombia 106 8 Switzerland 1,022 16 Costa Rica 323 30 International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report WHERE HAS NEW HYDROPOWER CAPACITY BEEN ADDED IN 2016? 17 19 36 30 35 31 8 13 25 15 42 39 29 1 27 23 9 11 38 6 32 4 37 34 33 40 28 10 22 12 41 5 Rank Country Capacity added (MW) Rank Country Capacity added (MW) Rank Country Capacity added (MW) 25 Albania 81 31 Kazakhstan 22 37 Sri Lanka 5 26 Mexico 64 32 Liberia 22 38 Sierra 5 27 Pakistan 56 Leone 33 DR Congo 14 39 Italy 4 28 Indonesia 47 34 Cameroon 10 40 Rwanda 4 29 Afghanistan 42 35 France 8 30 Belarus 40 41 Zimbabwe 4 36 United 7 Kingdom 42 Azerbaijan 2 *including pumped storage International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report 31 GLOBAL HYDROPOWER TECHNICAL POTENTIAL, GENERATION AND INSTALLED CAPACITY BY REGION 702 201 Installed capacity in GW Estimated generation in 2016, in TWh per year Maximum generation (assuming full use of potential) 709 164 32 International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report GLOBAL HYDROPOWER TECHNICAL POTENTIAL, GENERATION AND INSTALLED CAPACITY BY REGION 223 595 166 493 457 34 1,497 106 International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report 33 HYDROPOWER AND TRANSMISSION INFRASTRUCTURE 34 International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report HYDROPOWER AND TRANSMISSION INFRASTRUCTURE International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report 35 NORTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA REGION MAP 2 1 3 12 13 8 6 15 11 14 16 7 18 9 10 17 Key 4 1 Country rank 5 199 MW and below 200 MW to 1,999 MW 2,000 MW to 10,000 MW Over 10,000 MW 36 International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report TOP SIX COUNTRIES BY INSTALLED HYDROPOWER CAPACITY (MW)* OTHERS: 2,019 | TOTAL: 200,922 1 2 3 4 5 6 UNITED CANADA MEXICO COSTA PANAMA GUATEMALA STATES 79,323 12,092 RICA 1,726 1,154 102,485 2,123 NORTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA CAPACITY BY COUNTRY Rank Country Installed hydropower capacity (MW)* 1 United States 102,485 2 Canada 79,323 3 Mexico 12,092 4 Costa Rica 2,123 5 Panama 1,726 6 Guatemala 1,154 7 Honduras 558 8 Dominican Republic 543 9 El Salvador 472 10 Nicaragua 123 11 Puerto Rico 100 12 Cuba 64 13 Haiti 61 14 Belize 53 15 Jamaica 23 16 Guadeloupe 10 17 Saint Vincent and the 7 Grenadines 18 Dominica 6 * includes pumped storage International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report 37 NORTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA OVERVIEW Hydropower remains a critical energy The electricity grids and markets of the project will be situated in the country’s resource for North and Central American USA and Canada are already well agricultural region, the Central Plateau. countries, as well as in the Caribbean integrated, and Canada is a net exporter The project is expected to provide more islands. The United States and Canada of electricity to the USA, currently physical infrastructure necessary for continue to be among the world’s leading exporting nearly 60 TWh per annum. further economic and social development countries in terms of installed hydropower Several new cross-border transmission across the island. capacity, with 102.5 GW and 79.3 GW interconnections are in the approval In Jamaica, the Maggotty hydropower respectively (including pumped storage) process to increase the export of plant, which is the largest on the island at the end of 2016. Hydropower currently Canadian hydropower into the USA. and is critical to the country’s grid, contributes around 6 per cent to total Transmission projects currently under recently upgraded the automation electricity generation in the United States, development include the Champlain system to a newer digital control while the figure in Canada is 64 per cent. Hudson Power Express, a 1,000 MW line platform. Viewed as the most cost- from the Canadian border to New York In Canada, several projects came online in effective option, upgrading the City, which is expected to be complete by 2016, including Big Silver Creek (40.6 MW) automation system will extend the life of 2017, and the Great Northern and Jimmie Creek (62 MW), among the plant by reducing downtime, Transmission Line, an 833 MW line linking others. Romaine 3 (395 MW) is expected improving operations and reducing Manitoba and Minnesota. to begin operations in 2017, with several required maintenance, while other projects also in the pipeline. Mexico currently has approximately simultaneously achieving unit-to-unit 12,092 MW of installed hydropower integration with the other running units. The US Department of Energy announced capacity. The economically feasible its flagship programme for advancing The main investor of the 65.8 MW El hydropower potential of the country is hydropower development under the Chaparral hydropower project in El estimated to be approximately 27,000 banner of a report called Hydropower Salvador, CEL (Executive Hydroelectric MW. There is also an increasing potential Vision: A New Chapter for America’s 1st Commission of Lempa River), will progress future role of IPPs in hydropower Renewable Electricity Source. The report with construction of the plant with the development since reforms to the energy outlines plans to increase hydropower support of Costa Rican service provider ICE market in 2015 lifted restrictions of private capacity in the US from its current 102 GW (Costa Rican Electricity Institute). With both ownership of hydropower stations. of combined generating and storage El Salvador and Costa Rica members of the Chicoasen 2 (240 MW), which is expected capacity to nearly 150 GW by 2050, with Central American Electrical to produce 591 GWh of electricity more than 50 per cent of this growth Interconnection System (SIEPAC), annually, is due to come online in 2019. realised by 2030. The target comprises 13 collaboration in the El Chaparral project is GW of new hydropower generation In Haiti, the Artibonite 4C (32 MW) further progress towards integration of the capacity from upgrades to existing plants, hydropower plant was initiated by the region’s electricity system. adding power at existing dams and Brazilian Government, which funded the In Dominica, hydropower stations and canals, and the addition of 36 GW of new preliminary studies. Construction of the the Clarke’s River System, which were pumped-storage capacity. project will be executed by the Chinese severely damaged during Tropical Storm construction firm Sinohydro, and the 38 International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report NORTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA: OVERVIEW Erika, have been mainly all restored by the end of 2016. After significant damage, infrastructural repairs were time- HYDROPOWER TARGETS consuming, and temporary support systems were established in order to Country Target maintain hydro generation on the island. In Cuba, the Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development (KFAED) will Canada Reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 30 per cent below provide USD 30 million in financing for 2005 levels by 2030 the construction of 34 small hydropower Honduras Increase exploitation of hydropower resources from 5 per projects. The projects, which will be cent of technical potential to 25 per cent by 2034 constructed on existing infrastructure, as well as the construction of 75 km of transmission line, will aim to stimulate agricultural production in rural parts of the island. Access to electricity through small hydropower projects will continue to grow throughout Cuba as the island will also benefit from an International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) collaboration with the Abu Dhabi Fund for Development (ADFD). In Guatemala, a number of new hydropower projects came online including La Libertad (9.6 MW) and El Recreo 2 (24.3 MW). The Renace Hydroelectric Complex on the Cahabón River is still under construction. Once in full operation, it will be the largest hydro facility in the country with a total installed capacity of approximately 300 MW. International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report 39 NORTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA CANADA Canada ranks fourth in the world for In Labrador, Nalcor is constructing Other projects completed in 2016 hydropower development, with over Muskrat Falls, an 824 MW hydroelectric include the Big Silver Creek (40.6 MW) 79 GW of installed capacity, including generating facility on the lower and Jimmie Creek (62 MW) run-of-river pumped storage. Total annual Churchill River, which upon completion projects in British Columbia. The generation from all hydropower in 2019 will be the second-largest Jimmie Creek project lies adjacent to facilities in Canada reached an hydroelectric facility in the province. the existing east Toba (123 MW) and estimated 380 TWh in 2016, with only Montrose Creek (123 MW) facilities, Major rehabilitation and China and Brazil exceeding this figure. and takes advantage of existing modernisation of aging hydropower Hydropower currently accounts for 62 transmission lines in place. assets continues in Canada. In British per cent of the country’s power mix. Columbia, the 70-year-old John Hart Major transmission interconnections During 2016, work progressed on four generating station is being linking Canada’s vast hydropower major Canadian hydropower projects modernised, and upon completion in resources with the US are a vital part of under development. Ongoing projects 2021, the original 126 MW six-unit the energy trade relationships that are in the construction phase will powerhouse will be replaced by a new between the two countries. Manitoba add over 3,000 MW of installed capacity. 132 MW three-unit powerhouse. Hydro and Hydro-Québec are currently Hydro-Québec continues with a two of the largest exporters of BC Hydro is continuing to develop Site programme of life-extension projects hydroelectricity, and are continuing to C on the Peace River in northern British on a number of older generating expand their interconnections. Columbia. The project is entering the stations, including Beauharnois (1,903 Manitoba Hydro is planning a new 500 third year of construction, and upon MW), Manic 5 (1,596 MW) and Rapide-2 kV Interconnection between Manitoba completion will see six 183 MW units go (67 MW) and Rapide-7 (67 MW). and Minnesota that will increase into production for a total installed export capacity and enhance reliability capacity of 1,100 MW by 2024. Manitoba Canada commissioned a number of by doubling the utility’s ability to Hydro is constructing the Keeyask smaller projects in 2016, including the import electricity from the United generating station on the Nelson River 18.9 MW Gitchi Animki hydropower States. Two new interconnections in northern Manitoba, which began complex in northern Ontario. The between Quebec and the United construction in 2015 and will add 695 project, which includes two separate States are also planned. The first MW of new capacity by 2021. Following generation sites at 10 MW and 8.9 MW, involves the construction of a 320 kV the completion of the Romaine-2 was developed as a joint venture with direct-current transmission line, power plant (640 MW) in 2014 and the Pic Mobert First Nation, on whose connecting Des Cantons substation in Romaine-1 (270 MW) in 2015, Hydro- land the project lies. The partnership Val-Joli to Franklin substation in Québec is completing, Romaine-3 (395 between the Pic Mobert First Nation southern New Hampshire. The second MW), which is expected to be in service and Regional Power Inc., includes is a 320 kV DC underground line in 2017, while the fourth component, 50–50 ownership of the project, and between the Hertel substation and the Romaine-4 (245 MW) is scheduled for training and employment border with the state of New York. completion by 2020. opportunities for local residents. POPULATION GDP INSTALLED HYDROPOWER 35,851,774 USD 1,551 BN HYDROPOWER GENERATION CAPACITY 379,627 GWh 79,323 MW INCL. 177 MW PUMPED STORAGE 40 International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report NORTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA COSTA RICA At the end of 2016, Costa Rica reached a largest public infrastructure projects in the As well as the abundance of natural total installed hydropower capacity of 2.12 region in the modern era. Furthermore, resources enabling increased production GW. The country dominated the headlines due to its environmental features, such as of renewable energy, Costa Rica also holds for the second consecutive year, achieving migration corridors for jaguars and many strong commitment to environmentalism, 100 per cent renewable electricity other species, the project is a model of and is one of the world’s leaders in nature production for a total of 271 days. good practice for other future conservation. The extent of nature hydroelectric power plants. conservation in Costa Rica has spurred This high percentage of steady renewable policymakers to pledge to become the energy penetration throughout the The proposed El Diquís hydroelectric world’s first carbon-neutral economy by country was facilitated by the critical role project (631 MW), which has the potential 2021. The country also declared certain of baseload energy from hydropower to be the biggest hydropower facility in rivers to be “pristine” and have enacted a generation. Representing roughly 75 per Central America, is currently suffering law to keep them as such. Costa Rica sets a cent of the total electricity profile, significant delays under the domestic prime example of how to successfully hydropower is the largest source of supreme court and UN legal framework. harness vast amounts of hydropower to energy in the country and can be utilised With regards to regional integration of provide electricity for the entire country to support the increased penetration of affordable, reliable electricity, the Central and potentially the extended region in the more variable renewable energy sources American Electrical Interconnection future, while equally protecting a diverse both within the country and region. System (SIEPAC) is an ongoing initiative and rich natural environment. The country has set a target to reach 100 involving Costa Rica, El Salvador, Overall, the level of access to electricity in per cent renewables power share by 2030, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica is the highest in Central which will not be possible without hydro. Panama. When completed, the SIEPAC line America and currently stands at 99.5 per will consist of 15 substations and 28 access Costa Rica has a notable geographic cent. Meanwhile, the consumption of bays across 1,800 km. As Costa Rica has advantage in that its concentration per fossil fuels has increased, caused by a the largest installed capacity and is the capita of rivers, dams and volcanoes allow significant growth in the number of motor largest producer in the region, the for high levels of renewable energy vehicles. Costa Rica’s largest challenge will planned transmission segment length in production. This abundance of natural be to decrease emissions in this sector in Costa Rica dominates at 489 km. With resources and favourable rainfall levels are order to achieve the national carbon such a substantial percentage of Costa beneficial for great amounts of neutrality goal. The country currently Rican electricity generated from hydropower generation. plans to increase the use of electric and hydropower, the energy source will have a hybrid vehicles, which will be powered by 2016 saw new stations come online, such significantly positive and extensive impact renewable energy. as Bijagua (17 MW) in Upala, Alajuela on the entire region. Energy systems in province. The Reventazón facility central America will have the opportunity (305.5 MW) also came online in 2016. This to support increasing levels of intermittent USD 1.4 billion project is the largest renewable energy sources due to the hydropower project in Central America ancillary and grid balancing services after the Panama Canal, and one of the provided by hydropower. POPULATION GDP INSTALLED HYDROPOWER 4,807,850 USD 54 BN HYDROPOWER GENERATION CAPACITY 7,253 GWh 2,123 MW International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report 41 SOUTH AMERICA REGION MAP 2 13 11 12 3 8 7 1 10 5 Key 9 1 Country rank 4 199 MW and below 6 200 MW to 1,999 MW 2,000 MW to 10,000 MW Over 10,000 MW 42 International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report TOP SIX COUNTRIES BY INSTALLED HYDROPOWER CAPACITY (MW)* OTHERS: 12,021 | TOTAL: 164,071 1 2 3 4 5 6 BRAZIL VENEZUELA COLOMBIA ARGENTINA PARAGUAY CHILE 98,015 15,393 11,606 11,170 8,810 7,055 SOUTH AMERICA CAPACITY BY COUNTRY Rank Country Installed hydropower capacity (MW)* 1 Brazil 98,015 2 Venezuela 15,393 3 Colombia 11,606 4 Argentina 11,170 5 Paraguay 8,810 6 Chile 7,055 7 Peru 5,271 8 Ecuador 4,409 9 Uruguay 1,538 10 Bolivia 494 11 Suriname 189 12 French Guiana 119 13 Guyana 1 *includes pumped storage International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report 43 SOUTH AMERICA OVERVIEW South America was strongly affected by construct and operate the 352 MW 56 MW, including Renovandes H1 (20 the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Porvenir II after six years of feasibility MW) and the Potrero (20 MW). in 2016, with less precipitation in the studies and environmental impact In Bolivia, the state-owned Empresa north in Colombia and Venezuela, where assessments. Isagen has four projects Nacional de Electricidad (ENDE) reservoirs could not be filled to optimal totalling 2,841 MW undergoing manages the generation, distribution storage capacity, and increased feasibility studies, and EPM is building and transmission of energy in the precipitation in the south in the Peruvian the 2,400 MW Ituango hydroelectric country, and supports the change in the Amazon, Ecuador and Bolivia. project, expected to enter into energy mix towards more renewable operation in 2018. With more than 9.7 GW of new energy sources and the extension of the hydropower installed in 2016, South The Venezuelan hydropower sector is national electric interconnected system. America has incremented more than facing a lack of adaptation measures to In 2015, hydropower only represented triple the capacity commissioned in deal with the effects of climate change 30 per cent of Bolivia’s electricity mix: 2015. Approximately 65 per cent of the to weather patterns. The Guri reservoir the country aims to increase this to 70 new capacity corresponds to projects in regulates the flow that supplies the per cent by 2025. north-west Brazil, while Peru and cascade hydropower complex in the Currently, Bolivia has three hydropower Ecuador brought a significant number Caroní river that represents 70 per cent project under construction: Miguillas of projects into operation. of the national power supply. This is (203 MW), San Jose (124 MW) and one of the largest hydropower Hydropower is key to South America’s Misicuni (120 MW); and over 20 projects generating complexes in the world, development, and thus it is at the core undergoing feasibility studies, such as formed by the 10,235 MW Simón of the national energy strategies of Rositas (400 MW), Carrizal (347 MW) and Bolívar, the 2,160 MW Francisco de countries like Bolivia, Ecuador, Margarita (150 MW). The National Miranda (Caruachi), the 3,150 MW Paraguay, Chile and Brazil. Electric Plan – 2025 also envisions large Antonio José Sucre (Macagua), and the projects such as the 990 MW Cachuela Colombia reached a total capacity of 2,160 MW Manuel Carlos Piar (Tocoma) Esperanza and the 1,680 MW Bala 11,606 MW, which represents 70 per hydropower station, which is currently stations in the Beni River, and the Río cent of the national electricity grid, under construction. Grande hydroelectric complex with a after the commissioning of the 820 MW Peru’s growing electricity demand due total capacity of 2,882 MW. Hidrosogamoso hydroelectric project, to the new mining projects is driving an and the 10 MW Bajo Tuluá in 2015 and Uruguay has already developed all its increase of installed power capacity. In 20 MW Tunjita stations in 2016. viable hydropower potential, which 2016, the 456 MW Chaglla plant by during the last decade has represented The ENSO effects and the suspension at Odebrecht, and the 510 MW run-of-the- 50–80 per cent of the energy mix. This the beginning of 2016 of the 400 MW El river Cerro del Águila plant by IC Power, variation is due to the annual volume Quimbo project due to non-compliance started commercial operations, as well variation strongly associated to the with the environmental oxygen level for as smaller hydropower plants such as precipitation regime. The National Magdalena River increased the risk of a Chancay (19 MW), the Rucuy (20 MW) Water Plan, published in August 2016, power outage. To address this risk, in and the Carpapata III (13 MW). envisions a potential 10 per cent April 2016 the government introduced a In 2016, the ministry of energy and hydropower generation increase by six-week programme to encourage mining of Peru finalised a detailed upgrading existing plants and households to save energy. With this study to determine the wind and developing multipurpose plants. In measure, Colombia saved 1,200 GWh – hydropower potential to foster the order to increase resilience and diversify about a 6 per cent saving daily. In private investments in the energy the energy mix, Uruguay is fostering the addition, the 560 MW Guatapé power sector. Among the future projects, development of wind power. Since plant began its operation also in April Tractebel has been awarded a contract 2006, the wind farms for large-scale after the fire that shut it down in to upgrade Peru’s largest generating generation have 1,227 MW of installed February 2016. asset, the 1,000 MW Mantaro capacity, increasing to 95 per cent the Colombia plans to further develop its hydropower plant. Smaller-scale electricity provided from clean energy. hydropower potential and expand projects include the construction of six In 2016, Yacyretá, shared between transmission lines. The company Celsia hydropower plants in the Áncash Argentina and Paraguay, exceeded received the environmental license to region with a total installed capacity of 44 International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report SOUTH AMERICA: OVERVIEW 21,000 GWh annual generation, and upgrading works to produce 5 per cent more electricity by 2023 have begun. HYDROPOWER TARGETS After the filling, the Punta Negra station started test operation in May 2016. Country Target After a government decision to downsize the planned Néstor Kirchner and Jorge Cepernic hydropower Brazil Increase installed hydro capacity to 116,700 MW by 2019 projects in Patagonia from a cumulative capacity of 1,740 MW to 1290 MW, the Ecuador 86 per cent of electricity demand to be covered by projects have stalled while they hydropower by 2020 undergo additional environmental impact assessments. The decision to Venezuela 613 MW renewable energy to be provided to isolated and reduce the capacities was due to cost rural communities by 2019, including through hydropower considerations and savings up to USD 1.3 billion. These projects are framed in the China–Argentina cooperation agreement, and also include the 75 MW El Tambolar in San Juan River, and the multipurpose 637 MW Chihuido I in the Neuquén River. Argentina is fostering the development of hydropower projects in the Mendoza province, with El Baqueano (190 MW), Cordon del Plata (1,100 MW), Los Blancos (464 MW) and Portezuelo del Viento (216 MW) undergoing feasibility studies. International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report 45 SOUTH AMERICA BRAZIL Brazil has the largest hydro resources in Jirau is part of a hydroelectric complex on Small hydropower plants, defined in South America, with an estimated the Madeira River. The Santo Antônio Brazil as lower than 30 MW, comprised technical potential of 3,040 TWh/yr. run-of-river plant is located downstream 203 MW added capacity in 2016. However, less than a third, about 818 of the Jirau plant with a total capacity of Hydropower provides services to TWh/yr, is considered economically 3,568 MW. The third project, support the intermittency of increasing exploitable, of which Brazil has already Guayaramerín, will be located on the wind and solar power installations in exploited over half. On top of that, plants border between Brazil and Bolivia, and Brazil. The state-owned Energy Research with a capacity of less than 30 MW are the fourth, Cachuela Esperanza, will be Company identified new potential estimated to have an economically located further upstream in Bolivia. The hydroelectric projects that could add exploitable capacity of 11.2 TWh/yr. complex is framed on the Initiative for the 50.7 GW of energy storage to the Integration of the Regional Infrastructure During 2016, 9,526 MW was added to the national interconnected system to of South America (IIRSA), an initiative to national electricity grid, the highest value reduce the fragility of the grid to climatic build an infrastructure network by South in the historical records since 1998. The variations. In addition, Brazil is American national governments, to hydropower sector represents 55 per investigating new technology to satisfy both increasing energy demands cent of this total. However, the recent increase the resilience of the energy and navigational interests. recession experienced by Brazil’s system, and has invested in floating solar economy caused a slowdown in During 2016, other highlights of pilot projects at the Balbina and electricity demand growth. The demand hydroelectric generation are the increase Sobradinho reservoirs. in 2015 and 2016 remained practically of commercial operation from the In 2016, ANEEL granted new operating unchanged compared to that of 2014, existing plants: 652 MW entered into licences for 29 existing hydropower mainly driven by the fall in industry operation in Santo Antônio, 1,092 MW in plants with a total installed capacity of consumption. In 2017, Brazil expects to Teles Pires, and 518.8 MW in Maranhão III. 6,000 MW. China Three Gorges increase installed hydropower capacity Belo Monte, the second largest Corporation’s Brazilian subsidiary, CTG by about 4,000 MW. hydropower development in Brazil, Brasil, successfully bid for the highest lot In December 2016, the 3,750 MW Jirau activated its first turbines in April 2016 formed by Jupiá and Ilha Solteira in the hydropower project, located on the and by December 2016, Belo Monte river Paraná (1,551 MW and 3,444 MW Madeira River in the state of Rondônia, already had 1,989 MW in commercial respectively) for about USD 746 million. close to the border with Bolivia, was operation. Located on the Xingu River in CTG paid USD 2.81 billion to the Brazilian inaugurated. The plant is operated by the state of Pará, it represents the largest Government for that concession right. At Energia Sustentável do Brasil, where 100-per-cent national development, the end of the year, CTG Brasil Engie is the largest shareholder. The with a total installed capacity of 11,233 completed the acquisition of Duke project is certified by the Clean MW, with 24 turbines divided into two Energy assets in Brazil with 2,274 MW, Development Mechanism of the United powerhouses. increasing its installed capacity in the Nations for the commercialisation of country to 8.27 GW. carbon credits. POPULATION GDP INSTALLED HYDROPOWER 207,847,528 USD 1,775 BN HYDROPOWER GENERATION CAPACITY 410,237 GWh 98,015 MW INCL. 30 MW PUMPED STORAGE 46 International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report SOUTH AMERICA CHILE Chile has been one of Latin American’s Maule and Bío Bío regions, where the isolated renewable energy projects, an fastest-growing economies over the past plants export production to Santiago. interconnection between the SING and decade. As it continues to grow, it is The National Energy Strategy (ENE) has SIC lines will be finalised in 2017, expected that Chile’s energy demand will targets for 45-48 per cent of electricity providing a larger market for the high increase from roughly 75 TWh today, to generation to be sourced from concentration of solar energy in the over 100 TWh by 2020. The country will hydropower by 2024. The strategy also north to the most populated central have to add over 8 GW of new generation estimates that Chile’s hydro energy regions around Santiago. capacity by 2020 in order to meet the potential could easily exceed 12.5 GW. The Chilean Government has expected expansion in demand. Chile also aims to promote the implemented the 100 Mini Hydro Plan in Chile has struggled to exploit its sustainable development of hydropower order to develop 100 additional small- abundant supply of natural resources or including through new environmental scale hydropower plants each with a encourage adequate development of the legislation and land-use planning in river total installed capacity of under 20 MW power sector in order to satisfy the rate of basins. In 2016, the ministry of energy by 2018. The projects will be economic growth. This is predominantly launched an online platform, predominantly distributed between due to the lack of connection between “Hidroelectricidad Sustentable”, to Metropolitana and Aysén in order to the power system grids and lack of critical publish information from the study of meet energy demand in areas outside of investments. As a result, the country is hydropower potential of several river the country’s main transmission facing high energy prices as well as an basins in central-southern Chile. Overall, networks. As mini-hydro developers absence of energy supply and security. in order to further encourage the must often build their own transmission deployment of renewable energy lines, lack of sufficient transmission The country has an abundance of natural sources in Chile, substantial investments infrastructure remains a significant resources ideal for harnessing renewable are required in the transmission system. challenge in Chile. energy sources, including vast deserts for solar power, forests and rivers in the Chile’s electricity transmission system is New projects commissioned in 2016 south for biomass and hydropower, and divided into four sections. The SING include the 60 MW El Paso run-of-river winds across the country for potential (Sistema Interconectado del Norte facility in the Colchagua province, which wind generation. The country also has Grande) is the northern grid, and will provide electricity to the central SIC 6,400 km of coastline where tidal and accounts for roughly 20 per cent of grid. Another notable project in wave power could potentially be national generation. The SIC (Sistema planning is the 300 MW Espejo de harnessed. In 2014, the Chilean Interconectado Central) is the central Tarapacá pumped storage plant. The Government facilitated the region’s grid, which accounts for 68.5 hybrid project proposes to combine establishment of MERIC (Chile’s Marine per cent of national generation and hydropower and solar power. The Energy Research and Innovation Centre) serves 93 per cent of Chile’s population. pumped storage system will use the for further research and development of The remaining two systems in southern Pacific Ocean as a lower reservoir, and marine projects off the Chilean coast. Chile – the Aysén grid and the the natural depressions in the overlying Magallanes grid – contribute 0.3 and 0.8 plateaus as an upper storage reservoir. There is currently a total of 7,055 MW of per cent respectively. In efforts to The project is still in the process of installed hydropower capacity in Chile. connect the grids together, and with reaching financial close. The majority is concentrated in the POPULATION GDP INSTALLED HYDROPOWER 17,948,141 USD 241 BN HYDROPOWER GENERATION CAPACITY 20,799 GWh 7,055 MW International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report 47 SOUTH AMERICA ECUADOR A decade ago, Ecuador was highly government estimates this will save not suffer any damage and continues to dependent on fossil fuel production for millions of USD by not importing fossil supply power to the national grid. The power generation, with thermopower fuels to operate thermopower plants, and USD 2.25 billion project was 70 per cent plants accounting for about half of energy will also reduce CO2 emissions. financed by the Chinese Exim Bank and production. Fossil fuels also represented built by the Sinohydro Corporation. It is Within the framework to eradicate almost the half of the exportations from the largest hydroelectric project in poverty, promote sustainable the country. About 40 per cent of the Ecuador, and the largest built by China development and equitable redistribution population had a subsistence livelihood, overseas, meeting 30 per cent of total of resources, Ecuador now leads in and rural and indigenous populations domestic electricity demand with a promoting energy security in the region. faced a lack of access to electricity. In mean annual generation of 8,734 GWh. 2006, hydropower represented 44 per The grid has also been strengthened by The Sopladora hydropower project, the cent of energy production with 1,640 MW more than 2,000 km of transmission lines third largest in Ecuador, was completed installed capacity. and an increase of transformative in August 2016. At a cost of USD 755 capacity by 74 per cent in one decade. In Ecuador took the decision to exploit its million, the project was 85 per cent order to connect the new hydropower hydropower potential, estimated at financed by the Chinese Exim Bank and plants to the national electricity grid, more than 20,000 MW, to reduce the built by a Chinese consortium. The 600 km of high-voltage 500 kV country’s reliance on fossil fuel and station is part of the Hydropaute cascade transmission lines are under foster economy growth. Hydropower is scheme in the Paute River, located in the construction. They connect four crucial in the government’s strategy to south-east. Sopladora relies on the water substations: one in the north-east, close change the energy mix, increase energy discharged by the upstream 1,075 MW to the 1,500 MW hydropower plant Coca security and reduce energy cost. hydroelectric plant Molino. Three Francis Codo Sinclair; two in the centre close to turbines with a power of 487 MW will Framed in the National Plan for Good Quito and Tisaleo; and one in the supply an average annual generation of Living 2009–2013, the most important south-west in Guayaquil, increasing the 2,770 GWh to the national grid, meeting milestone was the decision to begin the supply reliability to the country’s major about 13 per cent of energy demand. simultaneous construction of eight demand centres. Power generation, hydropower projects that will increase distribution and commercialisation are Five other hydropower projects from the the total capacity by 2,832 MW. Ecuador managed by the state-owned company government’s strategic plan are in an aims to have one of the cleanest energy CELEC (Electric Corporation of Ecuador). advanced stage of construction. They are mixes in the world by generating 90 per spread across the country, and CELEC Ecuador’s most emblematic hydropower cent of its energy from hydropower once plans to start their operation in 2017. project, the 1,500 MW Coca Coda Sinclair all the plants are in full operation in 2017. These include Minas San Francisco (275 plant, went into full operation in MW), Toachi-Pilatón (254 MW), With these eight hydroelectric projects, November 2016. The first four Pelton Delsitanisagua (180 MW), Quijos (50 MW), Ecuador will be able to satisfy the national units started to generate electricity in and Mazar-Dudas (21 MW). domestic energy demand and export April just three days before the 7.8 surplus energy to Colombia and Peru. The magnitude earthquake. The plant did POPULATION GDP INSTALLED HYDROPOWER 16,144,363 USD 100 BN HYDROPOWER GENERATION CAPACITY 15,590 GWh 4,409 MW 48 International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report The 1,500 MW Coca Codo Sinclair hydropower plant, Ecuador International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report 49 AFRICA REGION MAP 31 9 21 3 29 25 6 37 18 41 32 8 1 35 16 10 38 39 14 26 22 15 12 40 23 4 28 36 Key 17 1 Country rank 11 19 199 MW and below 41 5 200 MW to 1,999 MW 7 13 24 2,000 MW to 9,999 MW 20 27 33 33 Over 10,000 MW 30 2 50 International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report TOP SIX COUNTRIES BY INSTALLED HYDROPOWER CAPACITY (MW)* OTHERS: 16,036 | TOTAL: 33,624 1 2 3 4 5 6 ETHIOPIA S. AFRICA EGYPT DR CONGO ZAMBIA SUDAN 4,054 3,583 2,800 2,509 2,392 2,250 AFRICA COUNTRY RANKINGS Rank Country Installed hydropower Rank Country Installed hydropower capacity (MW)* capacity (MW)* 1 Ethiopia 4,054 31 Tunisia 66 2 South Africa 3,583 32 Togo 65 3 Egypt 2,800 33 Mauritius 60 4 DR Congo 2,509 33 Swaziland 60 5 Zambia 2,392 35 Sierra Leone 59 6 Sudan 2,250 36 Burundi 54 7 Mozambique 2,187 37 Burkina Faso 32 8 Nigeria 2,040 38 Central African Republic 25 9 Morocco 1,770 39 Liberia 22 10 Ghana 1,584 40 São Tomé and Príncipe 4 11 Angola 1,267 41 Benin 1 12 Kenya 818 41 Comoros 1 13 Zimbabwe 769 *includes pumped storage 14 Cameroon 751 15 Uganda 706 16 Côte d’Ivoire 604 17 Tanzania 562 18 Guinea 368 19 Malawi 364 20 Namibia 341 21 Algeria 228 22 Congo 209 23 Gabon 170 24 Madagascar 164 25 Mali 157 26 Equatorial Guinea 127 27 Réunion 121 28 Rwanda 103 29 Mauritania 97 30 Lesotho 80 International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report 51 AFRICA OVERVIEW A lack of power infrastructure, especially Cameroon looks to be on track, with Generation began in early 2016 at in sub-Saharan Africa, is hindering the Sinohydro expected to commission the Zambia’s 120 MW Itezhi-Tezhi region’s economic and social 211 MW Memve’ele project in summer hydropower project on the Kafue River. development. Over 30 African countries 2017. The China International Water and The project installed two 60 MW are currently experiencing power Electric Corporation began impounding turbines at the existing dam, which shortages, resulting in outages and water at the 30 MW Lom Pangar project regulates water for the 900 MW Kafue over-reliance on expensive and often in 2015, attracting new fishing Gorge power stations some 200 km environmentally unfriendly temporary settlements in 2016. Commissioning of downstream. The project is supplying solutions. There are encouraging signs electromechanical equipment is Zambia’s capital Lusaka through a newly though, with greater involvement from scheduled for 2018. constructed 280 km transmission line. the private sector through various policies The line also connects the power station Morocco approved its first three and programmes injecting substantial to the Southern African Power Pool, hydropower projects by an independent capital into local power industries. reducing electricity prices and the power producer in late 2016. This follows region’s reliance on fossil fuels. The While the traditional approach has been a 2015 policy to promote private sector project was the first public–private to increase generation capacity, engagement in developing renewable partnership in the Zambian power countries are tending to cooperate more energies. Tillouguit Aval (30 MW) and sector, between Zesco, the Zambian to improve energy access. Greater Tillouguit Amont (8 MW) are located on power utility, and India’s Tata Power. regional integration through the Ahancal River, while Boutferda (18 transmission interconnectors and shared MW) is on the Laabid River in the Middle Three hydropower projects were power pools is enabling countries to Atlas mountain range. completed in Sierra Leone in 2016, maximise the benefits of abundant, yet totalling 5 MW. Bankasoca (2.2 MW), Zimbabwe completed the third and final unevenly distributed, natural resources. Charlotte (2.2 MW) and Makali (0.64 MW) hydro project along the Pungwe River in Greater transmission can help alleviate were delivered in cooperation with the 2016. The 3.75 MW Pungwe C project was temporary shortfalls in production and Chinese Hunan Construction commissioned in March 2016, harnessing further monetise surpluses. Engineering Group as part of the the power of the Chiteme river, a government’s push to boost The African region added over 3 GW of tributary of the Pungwe river. The two decentralised power production to new hydropower capacity in 2016, other projects, Pungwe A (2.7 MW) and improve energy access in rural including commissioning the 1,332 MW Pungwe B (15 MW), were commissioned communities. While the projects have Ingula pumped storage project in South in 2010 and 2015 respectively. been completed, considerable work Africa. Ethiopia completed the The Tokwe Mukorsi dam in Masvingo remains to be done to improve the commissioning of the final eight turbines was completed after 15 years of work, transmission and distribution system. of its transformative Gibe III project. and construction began on the 15 MW Liberia reached an important milestone In 2016, Cameroon commissioned the hydropower station. The station will with the reconstruction of the 88 MW final two 5 MW turbines at the Mekin bring further benefits to the dam, which Mount Coffee hydropower project after project, which began producing now has the capacity to irrigate 26,000 the first 22 MW turbine was commissioned electricity in 2015. The country reached hectares of land as well as delivering in late 2016. The project was originally further important milestones in 2016. other economic advantages. Other commissioned in 1973 but was destroyed The government was able to confirm projects in the pipeline include the 30 during the civil war in the 1990s. EDF and IFC’s cooperation and financial MW Gairezi project, for which an EPC commitment on the 420 MW Nachtigal contract was signed in 2016, and the The Rwanda Mountain Tea company hydropower plant on the Sanaga River, proposed 2,400 MW Batoka Gorge, completed its second hydropower which upon completion in 2021 should shared with Zambia. Both are currently station in as many years, finalising work increase Cameroon’s total installed seeking funding. The first stage of the on the 4 MW Giciye II project on the capacity by more than 30 per cent. This extension of the Kariba hydropower Giciye River. This project falls within the will help relieve chronic power shortages station should add a further 150 MW to government’s policy to increase private and meet the country’s goal of 3,000 the southern power station by the end sector engagement in renewable energy MW total installed capacity by 2020, up of 2017, while a further 150 MW is development. The Rwandan from the current 1,400 MW, over half of expected in 2018. Government supported the project by which is hydropower. constructing access roads and building 52 International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report AFRICA: OVERVIEW transmission lines to connect the power Uganda, a member of the EAPP, is Eastern Africa suffered from a drought station to the grid. Giciye II was able to currently looking to double power in 2016 which reduced hydropower take advantage of the infrastructure generation by harnessing its generation in the region. Ugandan built around its 4 MW sister Giciye I plant, hydropower resources. The Isimba hydropower reservoirs were able to and there are plans for a third Power Station (183 MW) is expected to adjust to this shortfall by obtaining hydropower station. As part of the East be complete in 2018, while the 600 MW permission to release some 10 per cent African Power Pool (EAPP), Rwanda is Karuma project is scheduled for 2019. more water for power generation, scheduled to begin importing 400 MW This would increase the country’s total reducing the need to replace power of power from Ethiopia and 30 MW from installed hydropower capacity to greater deficits with expensive diesel-fired Kenya by the end of 2017. than 1,500 MW. generation. DR Congo announced that the first of Uganda plans to export a portion of this three 50 MW turbines would begin hydropower to the other countries of the generation at the 150 MW Zongo 2 EAPP, which is currently constructing project in summer 2017. Meanwhile, work over 2,000 km of transmission lines and was completed on the Mwadingusha cross-border interconnections. These are project, the first of three hydro plants expected to be completed in various undergoing upgrading and stages between 2018 and 2020. modernisation. It will supply an additional 11 MW to the national grid, bringing total installed capacity to 71 MW. Modernisation work will now begin on the Koni (36 MW) and Nzilo 1 (100 MW) HYDROPOWER TARGETS projects. The 9.3 MW Kakobola project in Kwilu province was also commissioned Country Target after three years of construction. Construction has resumed on Gabon’s FE2-Mitzic (36 MW) and Empress Angola 9,000 MW total installed capacity by 2025 Ngounié Falls (84 MW) projects. This is Ethiopia 22,000 MW total installed capacity by 2030 part of the country’s target to increase its national power installed capacity Kenya Hydropower to represent 5 per cent of total installed from 374 MW to 1,200 MW by 2020, with capacity by 2031 the goal of achieving universal access to Morocco 2,000 MW increase in hydropower installed capacity by 2020 electricity. China Gezhouba Group has stepped in to take over construction Mozambique 5,400 MW total installed capacity by 2025 work after the previous development Nigeria 2,000 MW increase in small-scale hydropower installed company’s contract was terminated. capacity by 2025 The 128 MW Sambangalou project currently under construction in Senegal is set to be connected to the recently completed 402 MW Kaleta project in Guinea. This follows an agreement between members of the Gambia River Basin Organisation (OMVG). The 1,677 km of transmission lines will improve the quality of electricity supply for OMVG countries and create a more stable and reliable shared power system. International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report 53 AFRICA ANGOLA A country blessed with many rivers, in the country is expected to reach close to Further hydropower projects along the Angola’s hydropower potential is among 4,000 MW, representing roughly 70 per cent Keve River in central Angola have also been the highest in Africa, estimated at of the total installed power capacity. identified by the government, and include 18,200 MW. This, coupled with increasing Capunda (330 MW), Dala (440 MW) and In late 2016, the Industrial and Commercial demand for electricity following years of Cafula (520 MW). Bank of China signed an agreement with strong economic growth and urbanisation, the Angolan Government to grant a loan to Finally, the 65 MW Lomaum hydropower has placed hydropower development as a finance the construction of the Caculo plant in Cubal, located in Benguela central element of the Angolan Cabaça hydropower project. Located in the province, reopened in 2016 after lying idle Government’s long-term vision for its Middle Kwanza, the project is expected to since 1984 due to being heavily damaged in power sector. The government’s stated aim take over six years to build and will the country’s civil war that ended in 2002. is to substantially grow its hydropower contribute to the power supply security of generation capacity from its current levels the domestic market, and that of of around 1,200 MW to 9,000 MW by 2025. neighbouring countries that form the Angola’s hydropower development has Southern African Power Pool (SAPP). been mainly located on the Kwanza River, On the Cunene River, in the south of the the country’s largest river, and includes the country near the Namibian border, decades Capanda plant (520 MW) and the after the initial studies were conducted, the Cambambe plant, which in 2016 increased proposed Baynes hydropower project its capacity from 260 MW to 610 MW (600 MW) may commence construction in following the completion of two of the four 2017. A joint Angolan and Namibian 175 MW turbines being constructed at a initiative, the project would be supported by second power station. Once fully a proposed new power transmission line completed, the Cambambe plant will have being coordinated by the SAPP, which would an installed capacity of 960 MW. further improve the region’s connectivity. The Kwanza River is also home to several Other hydropower plants located on the other hydropower projects either under Cunene River include Matala (40 MW), construction or in the planning stages, which in 2016 underwent a rehabilitation to including Laúca (2,070 MW) and Caculo ensure its structural safety and to increase Cabaça (2,170 MW). The Laúca project, its production capacity, Gove (62 MW), which commenced construction in 2012, is Mabubas (27 MW), Biopio (14 MW) and expected to begin operations in 2017 and is Calueque (20 MW). Projects in the pipeline the largest civil engineering project being include Jamba ia Oma (65 MW) and Jamba undertaken in Angola. Once Laúca is fully ia Mina (180 MW). operational, installed hydropower capacity POPULATION GDP INSTALLED HYDROPOWER 25,021,974 USD 103 BN HYDROPOWER GENERATION CAPACITY 4,954 GWh 1,267 MW 54 International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report AFRICA CÔTE D’IVOIRE Hydropower currently accounts for sector that has encouraged investor (275 MW), which is located upstream approximately 32 per cent of total confidence. In order to sustain around the natural falls of the Sassandra installed capacity in Côte d’Ivoire, and is investments, the energy ministry has River, and has been predominantly responsible for 16 per cent of total approved higher tariffs, enabling flat supported by Chinese funding. The electricity generated in the country. The costs for poorer domestic users while project is expected to come online in country still has a vast amount of raising prices up to 10 per cent for the 2017, a year earlier than anticipated. untapped resources, specifically largest industrial users. Singrobo (44 MW), which is being concerning hydropower and solar primarily funded by the African Finance Developing sustainable energy through generation. A study by Électricité de Corporation (AFC), is due to come online renewable and other new sources is one France in 1980 put the theoretical in 2020. The Gribo Popoli (112 MW) of the focus areas of the government’s potential of hydropower at 46 TWh/year, project is due to come online in 2021. 2011–30 Strategic Development Plan. with an economically exploitable The government has set targets to reach Regionally, Côte d’Ivoire considers itself potential of approximately 12.4 TWh. 34 per cent of renewable energy by 2020 as one of the most significant players in Côte d’Ivoire’s growing economy is and to increase energy efficiency in the pan-regional West African Power putting the power supply network industry by 25 per cent by 2030. Pool, with further plans for under pressure, and the government is interconnections to Liberia, Sierra Leone In its strategic plan for the development targeting an increase in overall and Guinea currently under of the electricity sector by 2030, the Côte generating capacity from 2,000 MW to consideration. Electricity in Côte d’Ivoire d’Ivoire Government identified 66 4,000 MW by 2020. This growth is is currently exported to Benin, Burkina projects that will require significant expected to be reached by using a mix Faso, Ghana, Liberia, Mali and Togo. private-sector investment, including of gas-fired generation and hydroelectric through public–private partnerships power, and the expansion will be mostly with independent power producers. driven by the private sector. Overall, the country aims to expand As part of the enhancing private sector generation capacity and modernise the engagement, foreign investment has nationwide transmission and been a feature of the Ivorian electricity distribution of electricity. market for a quarter of a century. This Côte d’Ivoire’s largest hydropower dates back to the privatisation that facilities include projects such as the created the Compagnie Ivoirienne Buyo Dam (165 MW), Kossou Dam (174 d’Electricité (CIE), the power supplier and MW) and Taabo Dam (210 MW), and distributor at the heart of the sector. several others. There are also plans to Eranove, the company that now owns a build additional dams in Louaga (283 majority stake in CIE, also owns Ciprel, MW), Boutoubré (156 MW) and Tiboto one of the country’s independent power (220 MW). The country is currently producers. Overall, Côte d’Ivoire has constructing its biggest hydropower developed and maintained a vigorous facility – the Soubré hydropower dam regulatory framework for the power POPULATION GDP INSTALLED HYDROPOWER 22,701,556 USD 32 BN HYDROPOWER GENERATION CAPACITY 1,799 GWh 604 MW International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report 55 AFRICA ETHIOPIA For the past decade, Ethiopia’s economy Ethiopia has some of the richest water Downstream from Gibe III, this is the has been one of the fastest-growing in resources in Africa, distributed across fourth plant in the Omo River cascade the world, averaging an 11 per cent eight major basins with an exploitable scheme, which envisions a fifth dam increase in GDP each year. Record GDP hydropower potential of 45,000 MW. further downstream. Other hydropower growth, coupled with a population Over half of this potential is located in projects in the bidding phase are Tams growth rate of 2.3 per cent, has led to a the Abbay and Omo river basins, where (1,700 MW), Chemoga Yeda (280 MW), staggering 14 per cent increase in the nearly-completed 6,000 MW Grand and the Geba complex (385 MW). energy demand. The country is making Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) and PowerChina Huadong Engineering significant efforts to satisfy demand, the recently-completed 1,870 MW Gibe Corporation completed the maintain growth and supply a III project, are located. rehabilitation – at a cost of population where currently only 25 per Gibe III, the tallest roller-compacted USD 14 million – of Ethiopia’s oldest cent have power connectivity. concrete (RCC) dam in the world, with hydropower plant, the 6.6 MW Aba Ethiopia is fast becoming a centre of 246 m dam height and 630 m crest Samuel, which dates back to 1941. industry and new infrastructure, with length, was inaugurated in December The GTP-II also envisions exploiting the aspiration to achieve middle- 2016. The USD 1.8 billion construction alternative sources such as wind, solar, income status by 2025. Since 2011, was financed 40 per cent by the geothermal and biogas resources. The Ethiopia has implemented the Climate- Ethiopian Government, and 60 per cent exploitable capacity from other sources Resilient Green Economy (CRGE) by the China Exim Bank. While all is estimated at 1.3 million MW (wind) and strategy, which substitutes turbines have been installed and 7,000 MW (geothermal). The 1,000 MW conventional development by means of commissioned, not all are yet online, as Corbetti geothermal power project, with harnessing clean energy sources like reservoir filling is still in progress. a cost of USD 4 billion, is expected to be hydropower, wind, geothermal, solar GERD’s construction is progressing commissioned in 2018. Currently, the and biomass, and implementing according to the timeframe, with more 300 MW Aysha, 100 MW Debreberhan energy-efficient technologies in the than half already complete. Sudan, Egypt and 150 MW Itaya wind farms are under transport and industrial sectors. and Ethiopia agreed a new declaration development, with others like the With its 2010 Growth and Transformation for cooperation in March 2016 that alters 100 MW Assela under study. Plan I (GTP-I), Ethiopia aimed to the 1929 treaty, where Egypt had a veto Ethiopia is also rapidly expanding its quadruple installed capacity by over any upstream projects in the Nile transmission and distribution network in prioritising large hydro developments River. In addition to GERD’s construction, order to light up the country. Existing and achieving total power installed the 254 MW Genale Dawa hydropower cross-border interconnections include capacity of 10,000 MW by 2015. The plant is near completion. 100 MW to Sudan and 50 MW to Djibouti, government published the GTP-II for Salini Impregilo, the constructor of Gibe while the 1,000 km Eastern Electricity 2016–20, with the objective of reaching III and GERD, signed a USD 2.8 billion Highway Project (500 kV) will be capable total installed capacity over 17,208 MW. contract with EEP in March 2016 to build of exporting 2,000 MW to Kenya upon Hydropower is set to make up about 90 the 2,160 MW Koysha hydro project. The completion in 2018. The country has per cent of the power supply. project is financed between EEP and the ambitions of becoming the ‘energy hub’ Italian Export Credit Agency. within the Eastern Africa Power Pool. POPULATION GDP INSTALLED HYDROPOWER 103,205,224 USD 62 BN HYDROPOWER GENERATION CAPACITY 9,674 GWh 3,813 MW 56 International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report AFRICA TANZANIA Tanzania has abundant energy sources, operations at the public utility Agriculture is the basis of the Tanzanian most of which remain unexploited. Hydro (TANESCO) and meet increasing demand economy, representing almost 30 per has traditionally played a significant role: through low-cost solutions. cent of the national GDP. It is therefore with an installed capacity of 562 MW, it critical that the country has sufficient In recent years, the ministry for energy accounts for roughly one-third of total infrastructure for irrigation in order to and minerals has established a installed power capacity. With a hydro support agricultural industry during framework for developing small power potential of 4.7 GW, the country plans periods of drought. Hydropower projects using the country’s abundant further development, but views weak facilities could be used to store water renewable energy resources. This aims transmission infrastructure as a significant specifically so that it can be released to accelerate access to electricity and short-term barrier. during periods of drought. promote the development and Only 41 per cent of the population has operation of small power projects Recent notable hydropower projects in access to electricity. Low population among local and foreign private Tanzania include Rusumo Falls (80 MW), density and expensive transmission investors. Eligible projects are those with which was agreed by energy ministers of costs have led to the government a capacity ranging from 100 kW to Burundi, Rwanda and Tanzania in 2014. adopting targeted policies to develop 10 MW, which use a renewable energy In 2016, contracts were awarded for the off-grid schemes in order to increase the source, and which intend to supply electromechanical equipment and dam current levels of rural electricity access. commercial electricity to the national facilities, with operation scheduled to grid or isolated grid in the country. begin in 2019. Supported by the World In 2016, the Tanzania Rural Electrification Bank and the African Development Expansion Project was approved by the One of the first projects implemented Bank, the project is located on the World Bank, with USD 200 million in under this initiative, the Tulila Kagera River along the Rwanda– funding from the International hydroelectric plant on the Ruvuma River Tanzania border, and will share its output Development Association. The in southern Tanzania has since 2015 with, and connect the grids of, Rwanda, programme will scale up the supply of been delivering 5 MW (with provision to Tanzania and Burundi. renewable energy in rural areas while expand to 7.5 MW) of renewable strengthening sector institutional electricity to a TANESCO-operated The Kikonge project, currently in the capacity. Overall, the Tanzanian power mini-grid, which supplies the remote planning process, will store water to be system master-plan aims to achieve 75 per Ruvuma region. The region was released during periods of drought. The cent access by 2035, compared to 41 per previously dependent on diesel- project comprises a dam across the cent today. This will require a seven-fold generated power. The project, Ruhuhu River, forming a reservoir of increase on the current rate of installed developed by the African Benedictine 6 billion m3, capable of generating capacity in order to satisfy demand. Sisters convent, reliably produces and 300 MW. The pre-feasability study is sells excess electricity to the state- partially funded by the African The Tanzanian Government’s Big Results owned energy supplier. This in turn Development Bank. A high-voltage Now (BRN) initiative seeks to phase out generates long-term income for the transmission line, an irrigation scheme high-cost emergency power plants, convent’s charitable work, including a and an agro-business development are increase total generation capacity from kindergarten, schools with roughly 1,400 also planned as part of the project. 1,300 MW to 2,780 MW, reform schoolchildren and an orphanage. POPULATION GDP INSTALLED HYDROPOWER 53,470,420 USD 46 BN HYDROPOWER GENERATION CAPACITY 1,916 GWh 562 MW International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report 57 EUROPE REGION MAP 35 23 40 1 14 6 44 43 25 31 34 12 37 41 8 20 27 21 18 29 36 9 2 7 38 5 10 26 22 16 17 39 19 3 42 15 11 4 33 32 28 30 24 13 Key 1 Country rank 199 MW and below 200 MW to 1,999 MW 1,999 MW to 10,000 MW Over 10,000 MW 58 International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report TOP SIX COUNTRIES BY INSTALLED HYDROPOWER CAPACITY (MW)* OTHERS: 90,663 | TOTAL: 223,008 1 2 3 4 5 6 NORWAY FRANCE ITALY SPAIN SWITZERLAND SWEDEN 31,626 25,405 21,884 20,354 16,657 16,419 EUROPE CAPACITY BY COUNTRY Rank Country Installed hydropower Rank Country Installed hydropower capacity (MW)* capacity (MW) 1 Norway 31,626 31 Lithuania 876 2 France 25,405 32 Macedonia 674 3 Italy 21,884 33 Montenegro 658 4 Spain 20,354 34 Ireland 529 5 Switzerland 16,657 35 Greenland 90 6 Sweden 16,419 36 Moldova 76 7 Austria 13,177 37 Belarus 73 8 Germany 11,258 38 Hungary 56 9 Ukraine 6,785 39 Andorra 45 10 Romania 6,705 40 Faroe Islands 39 11 Portugal 6,293 41 Netherlands 37 12 United Kingdom 4,450 42 Kosovo 36 13 Greece 3,396 43 Denmark 9 14 Finland 3,198 44 Estonia 8 15 Bulgaria 3,129 16 Serbia 2,835 * includes pumped storage 17 Georgia 2,727 18 Slovakia 2,522 19 Bosnia and Herzegovina 2,504 20 Poland 2,351 21 Czech Republic 2,212 22 Croatia 2,141 23 Iceland 1,986 24 Albania 1,608 25 Latvia 1,576 26 Slovenia 1,479 27 Belgium 1,427 28 Armenia 1,249 29 Luxembourg 1,134 30 Azerbaijan 1,118 International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report 59 EUROPE OVERVIEW As European countries aim to transition to a Europe in particular there are highly Another driver for hydropower more secure, affordable and decarbonised developed hydropower markets, for development in the Western Balkans is the energy system, adopting climate and example in the Caucasus region. These are services reservoir storage can offer to assist energy targets for 2020, 2030 and 2050, open to investment for modernisation and the region to adapt to climate change, for hydropower is poised to play a central role. expansion of existing assets to secure example in providing solutions for flood more efficient and sustainable operations. protection and freshwater for irrigation and In 2016, the total installed hydropower In northern and western Europe, the municipal use. Flooding accounts for a capacity in Europe amounted to 223 GW. industry is moving towards modernisation major share of natural disasters in the Several countries have already put forth and expansion of existing assets, in an region, often with catastrophic trans- even more ambitious targets for the effort to secure more efficient and boundary effects on lives, properties and following decades, including further sustainable operations in the region. economic productivity in the region – penetration of variable renewable sources Latvian state utility Latvenergo, for emphasising the requirement for improved such as wind and solar power. As a example, is presently engaged in a USD coordination throughout the region. consequence, the power system will face 214.5 million upgrade programme of its more generation-driven fluctuations. In Portugal, the Frades variable-speed hydropower facilities. These fluctuations will have to be dealt pumped-storage plant (760 MW) will bring with through flexible generation, storage The Western Balkans still represent a the total installed capacity of the Venda options and interconnectors. significant portion of untapped European Nova complex up to 1,058 MW, and will be hydropower potential. Efforts are being used to support frequency stabilisation in Renewable energy represented 29.6 per made to strengthen regional cooperation the local grid. The Foz Tua station (263 cent of the European energy mix in 2016, between the European Union and Albania, MW), located on the Tua river in the of which 10.7 per cent came from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, northern region, will come online in 2017. hydropower. It is the most flexible and Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia. In In 2016, Iberdrola Generación awarded the consistent of the renewable energy 2016 the European Union commissioned a electro-mechanical equipment and sources, offering baseload capability, regional hydropower master-plan for the penstocks for the new PSPP Gouvães to storage capability and grid stabilisation by Western Balkans, which will aim to define Andritz Hydro (4 x 220 MW reversible meeting peak and unexpected demand. how to develop the region’s hydropower pump turbines and motor generators). Flexible hydropower can play a major role potential in a way that balances energy Gouvães, part of the Alto Támega in European energy objectives by enabling generation, flood protection and hydropower scheme, is expected to be the increased penetration of intermittent ecological concerns. online in the early 2020s. renewables into the power grid. Efforts are being made to work towards a Plans for the Swansea Bay Tidal Lagoon Furthermore, storage hydropower, regional market for electricity, which will (320 MW) are powering through in the UK, including pumped storage, offers a range also facilitate renewable energy and if approved by the government, the of ancillary services, which can further production. By expanding and connecting project is expected to come online in 2021. enable the increased penetration of the market, new interconnections could It has been estimated that the tidal lagoons fluctuating renewable energy sources improve energy security, increase could supply more than 10 per cent of the across the region. In addition, investment efficiency and reduce costs. nation’s electricity. Major delivery partners in new pumped-storage technologies such include GE and Andritz Hydro. Several as variable speed pump-turbines as well as In 2016, a EUR 12 million EU grant was small-scale run-of-river projects came ternary systems is growing. However, the announced, which will support the online in 2016 in Scotland, including Cia Aig high penetration of variable renewables is construction of the first electricity (3 MW), Leacann (1 MW) and Lochy (2 MW). also significantly affecting peak pricing, interconnector between Albania and making pumped storage systems less Macedonia, and grid efficiency The Reisseck II pumped-storage project in profitable. Certain mature markets will improvements to the infrastructure of Austria was commissioned in summer require market reforms to adequately MEPSO, the national electricity transmission 2016. The project, which has been under compensate pumped storage services. system operator. The project is part of the construction since 2010, is part of an European Commission’s initiative to extended group of power stations; Malta In 2016 an estimated 2,500 MW of pumped establish an east–west electricity and Reisseck in the Reisseck/Kreuzeck storage capacity was planned or under transmission corridor between Bulgaria, mountain range has an expected peak construction, mostly concentrated in Macedonia, Albania, Montenegro and Italy. generating capacity of 430 MW. France and Spain up until 2020. In eastern 60 International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report EUROPE: OVERVIEW In Switzerland, the 1,000 MW Linthal pumped-storage plant was connected to the grid in 2016. The project is an addition HYDROPOWER TARGETS to the existing 450 MW Linth–Limmern project, and consists of four variable-speed Country Target generating units enabling increased levels of flexible generation from hydropower in Armenia 397 MW small-scale hydro installed capacity added by 2025 comparison to solar and wind. Romania Increasing share of electricity from renewable sources to 38 per France has already realised 95 per cent of cent by 2020, including through hydropower development its hydroelectricity potential, but work is Serbia Increasing share of electricity from renewable sources to 27 per ongoing to increase capacity at existing cent by 2020, including through hydropower development plants and develop small hydro projects. EDF began construction in 2016 on a new Switzerland 37,400 GWh/year by 2035 generator at the Coche-en-Savoie pumped-storage plant, expected to increase installed capacity by 20 per cent. A project under way at the Bathie power station will add an additional 50 MW, while modernisation work at Romanche-Gavet should add an extra 93 MW when a single plant replaces six small stations. In Albania, the 73 MW Banja hydro plant was commissioned in 2016, and is expected to generate roughly 255 GWh. Situated near the capital, Tirana, the facility is part of the 265 MW Devoll project – which, overall, is expected to increase the country’s power generation capacity by 17 per cent. The Santa Vittoria d’Alba hydropower plant in Italy was also commissioned after some initial setbacks. The 4.1 MW plant is situated on the Tanaro River in the Piedmont Region of north-west Italy. The 100 MW expansion of the Búrfell hydropower project began in 2016 in Iceland, with commissioning expected in May 2018. The new underground powerhouse will be located about 2 km from the existing 288 MW Búrfell power station, using the same reservoir but a separate intake structure and tailrace canal. The expansion project uses water that mostly bypasses the existing station during summer months. International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report 61 EUROPE GERMANY With the highest annual electricity demand efficiency of existing plants and to strong potential to play a significant role in and generation, Germany has the largest minimise ecological impacts. The historical the German energy transition. power system in Europe. Furthermore, its influence of German hydropower Nevertheless, improved prediction of wind energy system is interconnected with ten technology is far-reaching, as a substantial power and implementation of intelligent countries with a total transfer capacity of share of hydropower plants worldwide are energy management systems may reduce more than 20 GW. German and European based on technology and expertise from the need for further large-scale pumped- energy systems are heavily intertwined, Germany; from project development, to storage plants, ensuring relatively low and the sheer size of the German power the delivery of components and complete feed-in tariffs. system has undoubtable influence on its systems right through to business A notable innovative project under European neighbours. management and maintenance. development is the Naturstromspeicher Under the German Energiewende (energy Currently, several new hydropower projects project, a hybrid wind and pumped-storage transition), the country aims to generate 35 totalling approximately 2,770 MW are under plant consisting of a 13.6 MW wind farm and per cent of electricity from renewables by development, and were expected to come a 16 MW pumped-storage system, where 2020, and 80 per cent by 2050. In order to online by 2020. However, due to current the bases of the wind turbines act as the integrate the increasing amount of variable market and policy conditions, some upper reservoirs. The hybrid system is renewable energy from wind and solar, the projects have been postponed or cancelled, designed to guarantee a firm power output country is now looking towards increasing such as Waldeck II (extension of 300 MW) and balance short-term fluctuations. capacity in north–south transmission lines and Atdorf (1,398 MW). Nevertheless, Geographically, Germany lies close to as well as an intensified electricity trade notable needs in modernisations and large countries with large hydropower storage with other EU countries and with better overhauls may be performed in the next facilities. With interconnections to these demand-side and energy storage years in several other stations. countries, such as Norway and Sweden to management, interlinked with battery The use of pumped storage plants in the north, and Switzerland and Austria in storage and pumped-storage hydropower. Germany and in neighbouring countries, the Alpine region to the south, this external Hydropower installations (including such as Vianden (1,296 MW) in hydropower supply provides balancing pumped storage) account for a share of Luxembourg and COO I and II (1,164 MW) in opportunities and additional flexibility to around 6 per cent of installed capacity in Belgium, already support the German the German power system, particularly by Germany at roughly 11,300 MW (including energy transition by storing excess facilitating the increased penetration of 1,244 MW of shared storage hydropower electricity from variable renewables other renewable and highly volatile energy with Austria), and with approximately sources, while providing back-up electricity sources such as solar and wind. 22,000 GWh for about 3 per cent of the net for Germany. Pumped-storage hydropower electricity generation. provides peak load capability, storage capability, grid stabilisation and further Germany has a highly developed and ancillary services to a power system. It also saturated hydropower market. Investment remains the only form of electricity storage is primarily focused on refurbishment and that is available on a large scale and at a modernisation to increase the lifespan and competitive cost, therefore providing POPULATION GDP INSTALLED HYDROPOWER 81,299,878 USD 3,363 BN HYDROPOWER GENERATION CAPACITY 21,500 GWh 11,258 INCL. 6,806 MW PUMPED STORAGE 62 International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report EUROPE NORWAY A country well known for its high mountain projects. Some of these projects can polar circle: Smilberg (33 MW) and plateaus, abundant natural lakes and steep involve including new catchment areas or Storavatn (36 MW) are scheduled for valleys and fjords, Norway’s topography increasing the size of the reservoirs and commissioning in 2019. lends itself perfectly to hydropower turbines to accommodate increased The Norwegian power system benefits development. Indeed, hydro provided the inflow. One such modernisation and from an integrated, open electricity basis for the nation’s industrialisation in the extension project is the Nedre Rossaga market (Nord Pool) shared with the late 19th century, and remains the station, which was completed in 2016. In neighbouring countries Sweden, backbone of its power system. addition to modernising the existing Denmark, Finland, Estonia, Lithuania and turbines, a new power station with an Hydropower regularly accounts for more Latvia. The Nordic system is also additional turbine unit was installed, than 95 per cent of total Norwegian power interconnected with a number of other increasing total installed capacity from 250 production, with the small remainder made countries via high-voltage direct current MW to 300 MW. This is part of Statkraft’s up by thermal and, only recently, wind. At (DC) transmission lines. DC connections USD 1.95 billion investment for upgrades the end of 2016, Norway’s inland waters exist from Sweden to Germany and of its domestic hydropower assets. powered over 31 GW installed capacity, Poland, as well as a recently completed producing 144 TWh of clean power. It The introduction of renewable energy interconnector to Lithuania. Norway also marks the highest annual hydropower certificates in 2003, and the merging in has a DC line to the Netherlands and generation ever recorded in Norway, which 2012 of the Norwegian and Swedish Russia, while Finland is connected to has been attributed in large part to very certificate markets, has resulted in a boom Estonia and Russia. The Norwegian TSO high rainfall throughout the year. of smaller-scale (in this case 10 MW or less) Statnett has been granted licence to build hydropower projects throughout Norway. interconnectors to Germany and the UK, Despite hosting a mature and established Investors were able to quickly identify each of 1,400 MW to be commissioned in hydropower sector, Norway plans to opportunities after the Norwegian Water 2018 (Germany) and 2020 (UK). continue to develop its hydropower Resource and Energy Directorate resources in the near future. The current This extent of interconnectors provides published country-wide mapping for average age of hydropower and dam ample export opportunities for Norwegian potential sites in 2004. Over 350 small- infrastructure in the country is around 46 hydropower. In 2016, taking advantage of scale hydropower projects have been years; this is triggering refurbishments and record-breaking hydropower production, commissioned since 2003, and the upgrades through the country, as well as Norway’s net power exports reached 16.5 number is expected to grow up until 2020, environmental improvements. The terms TWh, roughly 10 per cent of total domestic when the certificate scheme ends. of operation in about 430 hydropower production. In addition, Norway and the licences may be revised before 2022, Norway commissioned 35 new UK recently announced plans to build the increasing the standards for hydropower stations in 2016, totalling 154 world’s longest submarine high-voltage environmental impacts. MW. Notable projects include the 27 MW cable for the export of Norwegian Govddesaga station, which was hydropower to the United Kingdom, and As a result of climate change, the country commissioned in the summer of 2016. there are plans to export Norwegian is currently experiencing an increase in There are also two notable projects hydropower to Germany as well. average inflow feeding its river systems, currently under construction within the adding a further incentive for extension POPULATION GDP INSTALLED HYDROPOWER 5,195,921 USD 387 BN HYDROPOWER GENERATION CAPACITY 144,005 GWh 31,626 MW INCL. 1,392 MW PUMPED STORAGE International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report 63 SOUTH AND CENTRAL ASIA REGION MAP 2 9 7 10 3 20 6 13 17 8 4 15 19 18 5 14 12 16 Key 1 1 Country rank 199 MW and below 200 MW to 1,999 MW 11 2,000 MW to 9,999 MW Over 10,000 MW 64 International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report TOP SIX COUNTRIES BY INSTALLED HYDROPOWER CAPACITY (MW)* OTHERS: 16,390 | TOTAL: 166,402 1 2 3 4 5 6 INDIA RUSSIA TURKEY IRAN PAKISTAN TAJIKISTAN 51,975 48,086 26,249 11,196 7,320 5,190 SOUTH AND CENTRAL ASIA CAPACITY BY COUNTRY Rank Country Installed hydropower capacity (MW)* 1 India 51,975 2 Russia 48,086 3 Turkey 26,249 4 Iran 11,196 5 Pakistan 7,320 6 Tajikistan 5,190 7 Kyrgyzstan 3,091 8 Iraq 2,753 9 Kazakhstan 2,282 10 Uzbekistan 1,731 11 Sri Lanka 1,629 12 Bhutan 1,615 13 Syria 1,505 14 Nepal 867 15 Afghanistan 442 16 Bangladesh 230 17 Lebanon 221 18 Jordan 12 19 Israel 7 20 Turkmenistan 1 *includes pumped storage International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report 65 SOUTH AND CENTRAL ASIA OVERVIEW Hydropower capacity continues to capacity of 600 MW. An initial feasibility generating capacity of 867 MW, with an grow in South and Central Asia. The study showed positive signs for the additional 240 MW expected to come region added a total of 1,315 MW in future development of tidal lagoon online in 2017 – a record for the country. 2016, and announced a number of power in the Gulf of Khambhat. Meanwhile, SJVN Limited signed a policy and infrastructure changes that project development agreement with Construction is under way in Tajikistan could accelerate development. the Nepalese Government for the of the 3,600 MW Rogun dam, set to be implementation of the 900 MW Arun III The Indian Government began one of the world’s tallest at 335 m. The hydroelectric project. discussions in 2016 to extend the scope dam will connect to the CASA-1000 of renewable energy to include transmission line, which should reach Bangladesh and Nepal have signed an hydropower stations with capacities 1,222 km when constructed, and deliver agreement to develop two pumped greater than 25 MW. At present, only power to many of South Asia’s storage projects in Nepal: the 1,110 MW hydropower plants of up to 25 MW are electricity-deprived countries. Once Sunkoshi II and the 536 MW Sunkoshi III. classified as renewable. completed, the power plant will Electricity produced at these two plants become the largest in Central Asia. It is will be exported to Bangladesh via India The change would help meet the being constructed upstream of the through the Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, country’s renewable energy target of Nurek dam, and its 13.3 km2 reservoir Nepal (BBIN) initiative economic 175 GW by 2022. In addition, it would will help reduce the quantity of corridor. In addition, Bangladesh, India enable hydropower projects to attract sediment entering the Nurek reservoir. and Bhutan have signed a memorandum more capital, and free up existing of understanding to construct the projects to sell power (distribution In Afghanistan, work was completed on 1,125 MW Dorjilung plant in Bhutan. companies must purchase a certain the 42 MW Salma dam on the Hari River quantity of renewables). (renamed Afghan-India Friendship Economic slowdown over the past Dam). The reservoir will provide couple of years in Russia has had a India commissioned several hydropower and irrigation services, negative impact on hydropower hydropower projects in 2016, with total supplying 75,000 ha of land. development in the region. Despite capacity of 703 MW. These include: the this, RusHydro commissioned the 30.6 final 40 MW unit of four installed at the Pakistan added a total of 56.2 MW new MW Zaragizhskaya and 140 MW Teesta Low Dam; 36 MW Chanju 1, a hydropower to the grid in 2016, in the Zelenchukskaya hydropower plants in run-of-river project in the northern form of three greenfield projects. The 2016. There is also some major Himachal Pradesh state; the first 30 MW country has also seen significant hydropower development expected to unit of four at the Pulichintala investment in hydropower projects be completed by 2019. hydroelectric project; and 8 MW recently, with the Asian Development Pathankayam, a small run-of-river Bank announcing plans to add up to In Kyrgyzstan, difficulties receiving project in Kerala. The Lower Jurala 1,000 micro hydropower plants at financial obligations from Russian project, meanwhile, added 160 MW (the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The China Three companies led to a multibillion-dollar final four turbines), bringing its total Gorges Corporation is set to develop the plan to construct five plants being capacity to 240 MW. 1,124 MW Kohala hydropower project as revoked by the Kyrgyz parliament. part of the China Pakistan Economic However, the Asian Development Bank The National Hydroelectric Power Corridor (CPEC) venture. Construction approved financial support for the third Corporation (NHPC) in India revealed also began in 2016 on the 870 MW Suki and final phase of the upgrade and plans to rehabilitate and upgrade the Kinari and the 84 MW Matiltan projects, rehabilitation project at the 1,200 MW 180 MW Baira Siul hydropower plant. while modernisation is under way at the Toktogul hydropower plant on the NHPC is also in the process of 1,000 MW Mangla project. Naryn River. developing a unique project, combining floating PV with pumped The private sector added 115 MW of Turkey announced the commissioning of hydropower storage. This will be hydropower capacity in Nepal in 2016. 101 hydroelectric projects in early 2016, located at the Koyna hydroelectric This includes the 25 MW Upper Madi with total capacity of 2,194 MW and an project in the Satara district of and the 50 MW Upper Marsyandgi A. By annual generation of 7.4 billion kWh. Maharashtra, and will have a total the end of the year, Nepal had a total 66 International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report SOUTH AND CENTRAL ASIA: OVERVIEW In Iran, the China Gezhouba Group Co. Ltd. has finished construction of a dam at the 450 MW Rudbar Lorestan HYDROPOWER TARGETS hydropower plant. The first of two 225 MW units at the project are expected to Country Target enter into service in March 2017. Kazakhstan 170 MW new capacity by 2020 The World Bank has provided funds to repair the Mosul dam in Iraq, which is Kyrgyzstan 178 MW new capacity by 2025 facing some potentially devastating Russia 159 MW new small hydropower capacity by 2019 structural problems. Turkey 36 GW total capacity by 2023 Dubai meanwhile is progressing with plans to build a 250 MW pumped Uzbekistan 938 MW new capacity by 2030; 2,091 MW by 2050 storage hydropower project in Hatta, at the Al Hattawi Dam. The project will utilise one of the existing reservoirs at the site. Hydro turbines powered by solar energy will pump water from the lower to the upper reservoir. The reservoir at the 1,200 MW Toktogul hydro project on the Naryn River (Kyrgyzstan), which is currently undergoing rehabilitation and upgrade International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report 67 SOUTH AND CENTRAL ASIA PAKISTAN Straddling the Indus Valley, Pakistan is of hydropower in the total electricity enhance the economic connectivity endowed with considerable water generation to increase to more than 40 between both countries. resources. According to Pakistan’s Water per cent by 2030. The run-of-river Patrind hydropower and Power Development Authority There is a great emphasis of the present project is another being led by the private (WAPDA), there is 60,000 MW of government on the development of sector, a Korean consortium including Star hydropower potential in the country, of hitherto untapped hydropower potential, Hydro Power, K-water and Daewoo which only 7,320 MW has been and to fulfil this ambition, the Engineering & Construction Company. developed. Pakistan’s untapped government has relied heavily on foreign Scheduled for completion in 2017, the hydropower potential largely lies in the investment from private investors, foreign project has also received loans from the mountainous north along the Indus River governments and multilateral Islamic Development Bank, International in the provinces of Gilgit-Baltistan and development banks. Finance Corporation, Asian Development Khyber Pakhtunkhwa as well as the Bank and the Export-Import Bank of Korea. Jhelum River in the provinces of Punjab A number of hydropower plants were and Azad Jammu and Kashmir. completed or commissioned in 2016 The regulatory regime for private sector including Ranolia (17 MW), Daral Khwar investors includes substantial incentives Pakistan is currently amid an energy crisis. (37 MW) and Machai (2.6 MW), all located such as generous return on equity, tax Some 51 million Pakistanis lack access to in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. concessions and hydrological risk cover. electricity, while a further 90 million suffer Several micro hydropower projects were from unreliable power supply and Current public sector projects under also installed as part of an initiative led by load-shedding on a daily basis, which is construction and overseen by WAPDA the government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, having a serious impact on the economy. include Golen Gol (106 MW), Neelum- with the support of the Asian Jhelum (969 MW), Dasu (4,320 MW) and An over-reliance on imported fuels for Development Bank, to install some 1,000 the extension of the Tarbela plant. thermal generation subject to price micro plants. Expected to have a total fluctuations is at the core of the energy installed capacity of 100 MW, these micro The construction on the fourth extension crisis, and the government remains under projects are designed to support rural, of the 3,478 MW Tarbela hydropower plant significant pressure to address an annual off-grid communities by providing located on the Indus River continues, with average power deficit of 4,000 MW. affordable and reliable electricity. completion likely in 2017. The Tarbela Dam Hydropower once underpinned the is the largest earth-filled dam in the world, Numerous projects are currently under country’s power sector, accounting for 45 and the fourth extension to the planning and construction in the private per cent of power generation in 1991, but hydropower plant will lift its installed sector, overseen by the Private Power & this share has dropped to around 28 per capacity to 4,888 MW. The World Bank Infrastructure Board, including Karot cent, as short-term planning preferred and the Asian Infrastructure Investment (720 MW), Suki (870 MW) and Kohala thermal power plants. Bank have also announced USD 720 (1,124 MW). These projects are part of the million in co-financing to help fund the However, hydropower is poised for a China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) fifth extension to the plant, which will add resurgence and will play a significant role – a collection of infrastructure projects a further 1,140 MW in capacity. in addressing this power deficit, with supported by the Chinese Government to some studies estimating the proportion strengthen Pakistan’s economy and POPULATION GDP INSTALLED HYDROPOWER 188,924,874 USD 271 BN HYDROPOWER GENERATION CAPACITY 34,419 GWh 7,320 MW 68 International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report SOUTH AND CENTRAL ASIA RUSSIA Russia ranks second in the world in The federal hydropower generation HPP (142.5 MW) in the Magadan region; undeveloped hydropower resources, with company, RusHydro, owns the majority and Nizhne-Bureyskaya HPP (320 MW) in economic potential reaching 852 TWh, part of the hydropower plants in Russia, the Amur region. and only 20 per cent of it currently with 38.9 GW of installed capacity (81 per Eurasian Development Bank (EDB), the utilised. With 80 per cent of population cent of the country’s total). International Investment Bank (IIB) and and industry located in the central and On 23 December 2016, PJSC RusHydro Nord Hydro – Belyi Porog have signed a southern regions of European Russia, successfully commissioned the 140 MW trilateral cooperation agreement to most unexploited potential hydropower Zelenchukskaya hydropower plant on the construct two small hydropower plants, sites are located far from major load Kuban River in the Karachay-Cherkess Beloporozhskaya HPP 1 and centres. Hydropower accounts for 99 per Republic in the North Caucasus region, Beloporozhskaya HPP 2, with a total cent of renewable energy share, with which combines run-of-river hydropower capacity of 50 MW, in the Republic of other renewables undeveloped. and pumped storage. In its construction Karelia near to the Finnish border. The Draft Energy Strategy for the period the project utilised new technical until 2035 expects further increases in solutions; it has two reversible units with power demand, particularly in regions capacity in pumping mode up to 160 MW. undergoing high economic development Average annual output from the facility such as the Russian Far East, Siberia, will be 162 GWh. Russian North and the Caspian, creating On 29 December 2016, the 30.6 MW new opportunities for hydropower Zaragizhskaya hydropower plant was development in these areas. launched in the Kabardino-Balkaria Overall, Russian electricity demand is region. It is the third plant on the Cherek expected to increase by nearly 2 per cent River, and will generate 114 million kWh of per year. The Strategy for Development of electricity. The total capacity of the Renewable Energy (published in 2009) cascade is 156 MW, and it will provide 40 considers the accelerated development per cent of regional electricity needs. of renewable energy sources as an RusHydro also plans to construct a important factor of the economic small-scale hydropower plant (10 MW) in modernisation of the country. Currently, the village of Upper Balkaria. Russia recognises only hydropower up to By the end of 2019 RusHydro plans to 25 MW as a renewable energy source, and complete the construction of further according to the Draft Energy Strategy its projects: Zaramagskaya HPP-1 (342 MW) production will increase for up to 30 per in the North Ossetia-Alania Republic; the cent by 2035. third hydro-unit of Ust-Srednekanskaya POPULATION GDP INSTALLED HYDROPOWER 144,096,812 USD 1,331 BN HYDROPOWER GENERATION CAPACITY 178,306 GWh 48,086 MW INCL. 1,385 MW PUMPED STORAGE International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report 69 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC REGION MAP 9 2 1 5 11 14 12 10 15 3 13 6 Key 1 Country rank 8 16 199 MW and below 200 MW to 1,999 MW 17 19 2,000 MW to 9,999 MW 18 20 10,000 MW to 100,000 MW 4 Over 100,000 MW 7 70 International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report TOP SIX COUNTRIES BY INSTALLED HYDROPOWER CAPACITY (MW)* OTHERS: 38,801 | TOTAL: 457,476 1 2 3 4 5 6 CHINA JAPAN VIETNAM AUSTRALIA S. KOREA MALAYSIA 331,110 49,905 16,306 8,790 6,471 6,094 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC CAPACITY BY COUNTRY Rank Country Installed hydropower capacity (MW)* 1 China 331,110 2 Japan 49,905 3 Vietnam 16,306 4 Australia 8,790 5 South Korea 6,471 6 Malaysia 6,094 7 New Zealand 5,346 8 Indonesia 5,305 9 North Korea 5,000 10 Laos 4,818 11 Chinese Taipei 4,683 12 Thailand 4,510 13 Philippines 4,235 14 Myanmar 3,140 15 Cambodia 1,267 16 Papua New Guinea 234 17 Fiji 125 18 New Caledonia 78 19 French Polynesia 47 20 Samoa 12 * includes pumped storage International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report 71 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC OVERVIEW Led by China, the East Asia and Pacific In Myanmar, following a model adopted help to reduce power prices and deliver region continues to have the largest in Laos, the International Finance greater energy security for a country share of global installed hydropower of Corporation established the heavily dependent on diesel-powered all six regions. China alone accounts for Hydropower Developers’ Working Group generation. Further decisions on almost one-third of global hydropower to provide hydropower companies and concessional finance for the project are capacity, and added approximately stakeholders a forum to discuss and expected from the Green Climate Fund, 11.74 GW of new capacity in 2016, address the challenges the sector faces. World Bank, Asian Development Bank including 3.74 GW of pumped storage, With over 60 per cent of the population and Economic Development taking its total installed capacity to not having access to electricity, Cooperation Fund of Korea by mid-2017. 331 GW, including 26.7 GW of pumped hydropower is central to achieving the Finally, in Papua New Guinea, the storage. Excluding China, an estimated government’s aim of universal access to proposed 50 MW Edevu hydropower 1.6 GW was added in the region in 2016. electricity by 2030. project located in the Kairuku-Hiri The Mekong region continues to witness Elsewhere in East Asia, the 47 MW District was launched in February 2017. a flurry of activity. In Laos, both the Wampu hydropower plant located on Led by a public–private partnership 69 MW Nam San 3A plant and the 36 MW the Biang River in North Sumatra, between PNG Power Limited and a Lamphun plant were commissioned in Indonesia was completed in 2016 after Chinese company, PNG Hydro, the 2016, and the first phase of the 1,272 MW four years of construction. Both project should be completed in 2020. Nam Ou cascade project, including dams Wampu and the 55 MW run-of-river 2, 5 and 6 totalling 540 MW in capacity, Semangka project on the southern tip was completed. The project is Power of Sumatra (which is scheduled for China’s first investment in a foreign completion in 2017) have been joint country, and is a key part of the Chinese financed and developed by a South TARGETS Government’s ‘One Belt, One Road’ Korean consortium. initiative, designed to develop closer In the Philippines, two run-of-river plants Country Target connections and new economic corridors. in Manolo Fortich with a combined The second and final phase of the project, capacity of 69 MW are expected to be consisting of Nam Ou 1, 3, 4 and 7, is commissioned by the end of 2017, and China 40 GW total installed expected to be completed in 2020. the 25 MW Lake Mainit project, located pumped storage The Laotian Government has also in the north-east of Mindanao, remains capacity by 2020 indicated that construction on the under development. Japan 9.6 per cent of total proposed 912 MW run-of-river Pak Beng Japan is set to have its first commercial- power generation to project may commence in 2017. Located scale tidal power plant in its waters in come from hydro by on the upper Mekong, the project is 2018, after the Japanese ministry of the 2030 proceeding according to the 1995 environment selected an international Mekong Agreement, which involves Philippines 5,394 MW new installed consortium to build the 2 MW turbine in close consultation with the capacity by 2030 2016. To be situated in the Naru Strait off governments of Cambodia, Thailand Nagasaki, the project will look to develop and Vietnam under the auspices of the local skills and expertise in the industry, Mekong River Commission. and will help determine whether further A further 1,095 MW of hydropower tidal power developments will be carried capacity was added in Vietnam in 2016. out across the country. The final two 400 MW turbines were Meanwhile in the Pacific, the proposed commissioned at the 1,200 MW Lai Châu 20 MW Tina River project located 30 km plant, which will supply around 4.6 TWh east of the Solomon Island capital, of electricity to the national grid every Honiara, was awarded USD 15 million in year. The second 265 MW turbine at the concessional loans by the International 520 MW Huoi Quang plant and the 30 Renewable Energy Agency and the Abu MW Cốc San run-of-river scheme, both Dhabi Fund for Development in January located in the north-west of the country, 2017. The project would significantly were also commissioned. 72 International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report Floating solar PV at the Thac Ba hydropower plant, Vietnam International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report 73 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC AUSTRALIA Australia has over 120 operating first such project in the world to be intends to achieve it. A review of Australia’s hydroelectric power stations, with an combined with a 50 MW solar farm which climate change policies is set to take place in installed capacity of nearly 8,800 MW. will have the potential to power the storage 2017 but the government has already Despite declining generation in previous plant’s water pumps. indicated that it would not support any form years due to low rainfall in key catchments, of carbon tax or emissions trading scheme. With an optimal capacity of 250 MW of rapid hydropower generation rebounded strongly and flexible power, the plant would be able to Australia’s renewable energy target of in 2016, contributing to over half of the help manage the growth and increasing sourcing 33,000 GWh of electricity from renewable electricity generated and up to 9 penetration of intermittent forms of large-scale renewable sources in 2020 per cent of the total electricity generated in renewable energy. Kidston would add to (equivalent to about 23.5 per cent of the the National Electricity Market (NEM). Australia’s three main pumped storage plants, expected electricity generated) remains the The country’s hydropower resources are and given there are roughly 50,000 disused key driver of the country’s transition to a largely concentrated in the states of mines across the country, this off-river low-carbon electricity sector. In addition, a Tasmania, which is heavily reliant on hydro solution could be employed elsewhere. number of state governments have separate for its electricity generation, New South renewable energy targets in place In Tasmania, months of below-average rainfall Wales (NSW) and Victoria. The Snowy complemented by a suite of initiatives. from September 2015 and into the early Mountains Hydro-Electric Scheme, which months of 2016 causing record low water Finally, in 2016 the Snowy Mountains spans both NSW and Victoria, is Australia’s levels in hydro dams were compounded by Hydro-Electric Scheme, the largest and most largest hydropower scheme, consisting of 16 an extended outage in the Basslink cable complex engineering project ever undertaken major dams and nine power stations with a connecting the state to the NEM. In response in Australia, was honoured with its inclusion combined capacity of 4,100 MW. to the severe pressure placed on the state’s on the National Heritage List. Constructed As the driest inhabited continent on earth, hydro storages, Hydro Tasmania deployed between 1949 and 1974, and built by more water availability is a key constraint on future several measures including re-commissioning than 100,000 people from over 30 countries, growth for hydroelectricity in Australia, with a gas-fired power station to protect the state’s the Snowy Mountains scheme joins other the majority of suitable sites having already energy supply. Australian icons on the list such as the Sydney been developed. Growth in the sector is Opera House and the Great Barrier Reef. Its Hydro Tasmania’s storages recovered expected to be limited to small-scale inclusion recognises the scheme’s significant strongly from May onwards though, as heavy hydroelectric projects and upgrading and contribution to the country’s development rain causing flooding for some catchments refurbishing existing infrastructure but following World War II. meant the state ended 2016 recording its pumped storage may prove to be an second wettest on record in what was a year increasingly important component of of rare and extreme weather events. Australia’s electricity market. On the national front, while the Australian The proposed Kidston pumped storage Government has ratified the Paris project in North Queensland is one such Agreement, having set a 2030 target of example and its developers are hoping to reducing emissions by 26 to 28 per cent secure its financing arrangements in 2017. below 2005 levels, it remains unclear how it Using two disused mine pits, it would be the POPULATION GDP INSTALLED HYDROPOWER 23,781,169 USD 1,339 BN HYDROPOWER GENERATION CAPACITY 17,068 GWh 8,790 MW INCL. 1,340 MW PUMPED STORAGE 74 International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC CHINA China has firmly established itself at the The plan emphasises better and integrated development of hydropower, to forefront of global hydropower planning of China’s energy system in order strengthen international cooperation, and development. In 2016, the country to make it more efficient and reliable. A to advance the alleviation of poverty. increased its total installed hydropower major east-to-west transmission expansion In December 2016, China’s ministry of capacity by over 11.74 GW to 330 GW, is a key feature of a strategy to bring water resources adopted ‘guidelines on representing more than a quarter of the hydropower from inland resource centres promoting the development of small world’s total. to load centres on the coast. hydropower plants’. The document While new development of domestic The country largely met the ambitious outlines plans to develop and grow the hydropower has slowed down as most goals set out in its previous five-year plan, small hydropower industry in China by major sites have been identified and which covered the 2011–15 period; 2030 with a respect to environmental explored, China still commissioned more however, pumped storage capacity has protection, focusing on technology new capacity in 2016 than any other not been developed at such a rapid rate as improvements and best practices for plant country. With the increasing development conventional hydropower. construction, operation and management. of variable renewables such as wind and With the required policy frameworks now The document calls for standards to solar, a strong emphasis is being placed on in place, the new plan focuses on improve small hydropower management, increasing pumped storage capacity in increasing pumped storage capacity, with a system of incentives promoting small order to improve stability in the grid. its total volume representing just 1.5 per hydropower installations, and establish a The most notable of China’s hydropower cent of China’s installed electricity capacity number of small hydropower projects by fleet under construction is the Wudongde at the beginning of 2016. In order to 2020. China commissioned several new project on the Jinsha River in the south- address this shortage, the country aims to run-of-river hydropower plants in 2016, west, which will provide 10.2 GW installed reach 40 GW total pumped storage including: Tongzilin (600 MW), Lizhou (345 capacity when complete (12 x 850 MW capacity by 2020. MW), Huangfeng (225 MW) and Qireha tal turbines). The project began construction (210 MW). Implementation is well under way. In 2016, in 2014, with the first generator scheduled China commissioned three pumped to be commissioned in 2018; it is expected storage projects totalling 3.66 GW – Xianju to be completed in 2020, and will be the (1,500 MW), Hongping (1,200 MW) and sixth-largest hydropower project in the Qingyuan (960 MW). In addition, the first world in terms of installed capacity. batch of units at the 1,500 MW Liyang China’s 13th five-year plan on energy project came online in August 2016, and development, covering the period to 2020, the project in on schedule for completion was officially published in early January in April 2017. Furthermore, over 30 GW of 2017. It outlines a strategy to minimise pumped storage capacity is under reliance on coal, and achieve a minimum development in China at the end of 2016. share of 15 per cent non-fossil energy: The new five-year plan also set outs specific targets include an additional 60 commitments to emphasise ecological GW of hydropower. and environmental protection in the POPULATION GDP INSTALLED HYDROPOWER 1,371,000,000 USD 11,008 BN HYDROPOWER GENERATION CAPACITY 1,180,700 GWh 331,110 MW INCL. 26,720 MW PUMPED STORAGE International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report 75 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC MALAYSIA Hydropower is poised to play an In recent years, the 2,400 MW Bakun especially in rural areas. Their increasingly important role in meeting plant developed by Sarawak Hidro was development has been incentivised by a Malaysia’s energy and climate goals. The opened in 2011, becoming Malaysia’s feed-in tariff (FiT) scheme adopted in share of hydropower in the country’s largest hydropower plant, and this was 2011, which allows small generators to electricity generation is around 11 per followed in 2015 by Sarawak Energy’s sell electricity to the national utility cent, but with less than 20 per cent of 944 MW Murum plant beginning full through the grid. the technically feasible generation operations. Sarawak Energy also As of January 2017, installed capacity of potential utilised to date, there is received state government approval for small hydropower under the FiT scheme significant expansion already in the its 1,285 MW Baleh project in 2016, and is 30 MW, with plants in progress planning stages or under development. there are several other hydro projects in representing over 200 MW, the largest the pipeline which could represent a Most of Malaysia’s electricity generation share of all renewables. further 4 GW of new capacity. capacity is natural gas-fired and coal, but As well as contributing to a more the government is seeking to achieve a It is forecasted that 60 per cent of balanced energy mix, hydropower more balanced portfolio of electricity Sarawak’s power generation is to be development is fundamental to the generation over the coming years to sourced from hydropower by 2020, up Malaysian Government’s efforts to meet its growing demand and reduce its from 35 per cent in 2012. Electricity reduce its greenhouse gas emissions dependency on fossil fuels. This has exports to the Indonesian province of intensity of GDP by 45 per cent by 2030 benefited Malaysia’s hydropower sector, West Kalimantan already under way, and relative to 2005 levels. The government which has in the past largely been further plans are also in place to export is confident of reaching the target, concentrated in Peninsular Malaysia, but to both Brunei and Sabah by 2025. claiming it had already recorded a 33 per due to its high rainfall and geography, Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TSB), the cent reduction by the end of 2015. the state of Sarawak on the island of country’s largest utility company, also Borneo is expected to experience the The government’s target will be further recently completed the construction of lion’s share of new developments. supported by the purchasing of up to two plants in Peninsular Malaysia – the 100 MW of hydroelectricity from Laos, In 2009, the Malaysian Government 250 MW Hulu Terengganu project and via Thailand, following the signing of a established the Sarawak Corridor of the 382 MW Ulu Jelai project in the state memorandum of understanding in 2016. Renewable Energy (SCORE) programme, of Pahang, coming online in 2015 and It’s expected to take place by 2018 and it designed to take advantage of the 2016 respectively. There is a further could be increased further in the future. state’s vast natural resources and to 1,700 MW of hydropower projects either diversify its economy by providing at a planning or feasibility stage in reliable, low-cost electricity to its Peninsular Malaysia. growing manufacturing base. SCORE is Small-scale hydropower projects, which looking to capitalise on the 51 potential Malaysian regulations classify as hydropower sites that the government run-of-river schemes up to 30 MW in has identified which could provide an installed capacity, are also contributing estimated 20 GW of capacity. to the country’s electricity supply, POPULATION GDP INSTALLED HYDROPOWER 30,331,007 USD 296 BN HYDROPOWER GENERATION CAPACITY 17,926 GWh 6,094 MW 76 International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report The 2,400 MW Bakun hydropower project in Sarawak, opened in 2011 International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report 77 ABOUT THE INTERNATIONAL HYDROPOWER ASSOCIATION Who we are The International Hydropower Association (IHA) is a non-profit organisation that works with a vibrant network of members and partners active in more than 100 countries. Our mission is to advance sustainable hydropower by building and sharing knowledge on its role in renewable energy systems, responsible freshwater management and climate change solutions. 78 International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report ABOUT THE INTERNATIONAL HYDROPOWER ASSOCIATION 1 Advancing policies and strategies 3 Creating a platform for knowledge With universal access to energy a cornerstone of We provide unbiased and authoritative the Sustainable Development Goals, information on a range of issues affecting the hydropower has a vital role to play in providing sector, as well as the most up-to-date clean and reliable energy across the world. We statistics. We are working closely with our provide a strong, credible voice for hydropower extensive network to build a global database, at national, regional and international forums, which already contains information on over building close partnerships with leading 11,000 of the world’s hydropower stations. organisations in the fields of water and energy. We are also improving standards through the By collaborating with our partners at strategic implementation of the Hydropower events such as COP and the International Sustainability Assessment Protocol, a tool Renewable Energy Conference, as well as that measures the sustainability of projects representing the sector on the working group of across a range of social, environmental, the Climate Bonds Initiative, we strive to ensure technical and economic considerations. that hydropower’s vital contribution is realised. 4 Delivering value for members 2 Building a vibrant community We are constantly working to improve our In May 2017 in Addis Ababa, we host the sixth benefits for both corporate and individual World Hydropower Congress. Now established members, and to encourage more direct as the reference event for the sector’s decision- involvement in our work and mission. makers and experts, the congress brings Our members benefit from participating in together delegates from countries of all the knowledge networks. This initiative aims to world’s regions to discuss the future of foster discussion and build knowledge on sustainable hydropower. They comprise specialised hydro topics. The networks representatives from governments, financial provide members with a means of accessing institutions, non-governmental organisations, global expertise on particular subjects. research institutes and private sector companies. We also conduct an annual issues survey Hosting the congress in Africa helps our with the aim to take the pulse of the sector, members to connect in one of the world’s most identify where new development is important regions for future hydropower happening and ensure that our work development. In 2019, the next World programme reflects the issues currently Hydropower Congress will be hosted in France. facing the global hydropower community. “By bringing our clients to the World Hydropower Congress, they gain a clear understanding of what are considered to be the international best practices in sustainable hydropower development” – Rikard Liden, senior hydropower specialist, World Bank Group International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report 79 WORLD HYDROPOWER INSTALLED CAPACITY AND GENERATION 2016 AFRICA SOUTH AND CENTRAL ASIA Country Total installed Pumped Generation Country Total installed Pumped Generation capacity including storage (MW) (TWh) capacity including storage (MW) (TWh) pumped storage (MW) pumped storage (MW) Algeria 228 - 0.26 Afghanistan 442 - 1.16 Angola 1,267 - 4.95 Bahrain - - - Benin 1 - - Bangladesh 230 - 1.01 Botswana - - - Bhutan 1,615 - 7.01 Burkina Faso 32 - 0.10 India 51,975 4,786 120.51 Burundi 54 - 0.14 Iran 11,196 1,040 18.20 Cameroon 751 - 4.50 Iraq 2,753 240 4.65 Cape Verde - - - Israel 7 - 0.02 Central African Republic 25 - 0.20 Jordan 12 - 0.06 Chad - - - Kazakhstan 2,282 - 6.94 Comoros 1 - - Kuwait - - - Congo 209 - 0.96 Kyrgyzstan 3,091 - 13.32 Côte d’Ivoire 604 - 1.80 Lebanon 221 - 0.94 Democratic Republic Nepal 867 - 2.80 2,509 - 8.31 of the Congo Oman - - - Djibouti - - - Pakistan 7,320 - 34.42 Egypt 2,800 - 13.10 Qatar - - - Equatorial Guinea 127 - 0.12 Russia 48,086 1,385 178.31 Eritrea - - - Saudi Arabia - - - Ethiopia 3,813 - 9.67 Sri Lanka 1,629 - 4.51 Gabon 170 - 0.80 Syria 1,505 - 2.71 Gambia - - - Tajikistan 5,190 - 18.74 Ghana 1,584 - 8.33 Turkey 26,249 - 67.03 Guinea 368 - 1.36 Turkmenistan 1 - - Guinea-Bissau - - - United Arab Emirates - - - Kenya 818 - 3.50 Uzbekistan 1,731 - 10.59 Lesotho 80 - 0.55 TOTAL 166,402 7,541 493 Liberia 22 - - Libya - - - Madagascar 164 - 0.86 Malawi 364 - 1.43 Maldives Mali - 157 - - - 0.79 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC Mauritania 97 - 0.38 Mauritius 60 - 0.09 American Samoa - - - Morocco 1,770 464 2.60 Australia 8,790 1,340 17.07 Mozambique 2,187 - 10.50 Brunei - - - Namibia 341 - 1.52 Cambodia 1,267 - 2.22 Niger - - - China 331,110 26,720 1,180.70 Nigeria 2,040 - 5.66 Chinese Taipei 4,683 2,602 4.19 Réunion 121 - 0.45 Cook Islands - - - Rwanda 103 - 0.28 Fiji 125 - 0.52 São Tomé and Príncipe 4 - 0.01 French Polynesia 47 - 0.29 Senegal - - - Indonesia 5,305 - 17.86 Seychelles - - - Japan 49,905 27,637 92.00 Sierra Leone 59 - 0.14 Kiribati - - - Somalia - - - Laos 4,818 - 22.57 South Africa 3,583 2,912 0.95 Malaysia 6,094 - 17.93 South Sudan - - - Marshall Islands - - - Sudan 2,250 - 6.31 Micronesia, Federated States Of - - - Swaziland 60 - 0.26 Mongolia - - - Tanzania 562 - 1.92 Myanmar 3,140 - 9.79 Togo 65 - 0.09 Nauru - - - Tunisia 66 - 0.07 New Caledonia 78 - 0.34 Uganda 706 - 1.90 New Zealand 5,346 - 25.14 Western Sahara - - - Niue - - - Yemen - - - North Korea 5,000 - 12.04 Zambia 2,392 - 7.09 Papua New Guinea 234 - 0.61 Zimbabwe 769 - 5.45 Philippines 4,235 685 9.34 TOTAL 33,624 3,376 106 Samoa 12 - 0.04 Singapore - - - Solomon Islands - - - South Korea 6,471 4,700 3.00 Thailand 4,510 1,000 7.47 Timor-leste - - - Tonga - - - Tuvalu - - - Vanuatu - - - Vietnam 16,306 - 71.14 TOTAL 457,473 64,684 1,497 80 International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report EUROPE NORTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA Country Total installed Pumped Generation Country Total installed Pumped Generation capacity including storage (MW) (TWh) capacity including storage (MW) (TWh) pumped storage (MW) pumped storage (MW) Albania 1,608 - 5.64 Antigua and Barbuda - - - Andorra 45 - 0.10 Bahamas - - - Armenia 1,249 - 2.39 Barbados - - - Austria 13,177 5,200 38.60 Belize 53 - 0.26 Azerbaijan 1,118 - 2.40 Bermuda - - - Belarus 73 - 0.11 Canada 79,323 177 379.63 Belgium 1,427 1,307 0.14 Costa Rica 2,123 - 7.25 Bosnia and Herzegovina 2,504 420 5.54 Cuba 64 - 0.12 Bulgaria 3,129 864 4.52 Dominica 6 - 0.03 Croatia 2,141 293 6.13 Dominican Republic 543 - 1.95 Cyprus - - - El Salvador 472 - 1.83 Czech Republic 2,212 1,147 3.17 Grenada - - - Denmark 9 - 0.02 Guadeloupe 10 - - Estonia 8 - 0.03 Guatemala 1,154 - 5.09 Faroe Islands 39 - 0.11 Haiti 61 - 0.19 Finland 3,198 - 16.09 Honduras 558 - 2.79 France 25,405 6,985 64.52 Jamaica 23 - 0.13 Georgia 2,727 - 8.05 Mexico 12,092 - 29.14 Germany 11,258 6,806 21.50 Nicaragua 123 - 0.47 Gibraltar - - - Panama 1,726 - 6.26 Greece 3,396 699 4.86 Puerto Rico 100 - 0.11 Greenland 90 - 0.23 Saint Kitts and Nevis - - - Hungary 56 - 0.23 Saint Lucia - - - Iceland 1,986 - 12.18 Saint Vincent and 7 - 0.03 Ireland 529 292 1.14 the Grenadines Italy 21,884 7,555 42.80 Trinidad and Tobago - - - Kosovo 36 - 0.11 United States 102,485 22,441 266.39 Latvia 1,576 - 2.33 TOTAL 200,922 22,618 702 Liechtenstein - - - Lithuania 876 760 0.35 Luxembourg 1,134 1,100 0.09 Macedonia 674 - 2.52 Malta - - - Moldova Montenegro 76 658 - - 0.40 1.80 SOUTH AMERICA Netherlands 37 - 0.10 Norway 31,626 1,392 144.01 Argentina 11,170 974 38.86 Poland 2,351 1,782 1.98 Bolivia 494 - 1.72 Portugal 6,293 1,563 15.30 Brazil 98,015 30 410.24 Romania 6,705 92 18.08 Chile 7,055 - 20.80 San Marino - - - Colombia 11,606 - 46.79 Serbia 2,835 614 10.14 Ecuador 4,409 - 15.59 Slovakia 2,522 916 4.63 French Guiana 119 - 0.48 Slovenia 1,479 180 4.67 Guyana 1 - - Spain 20,354 3,329 39.50 Paraguay 8,810 - 62.36 Sweden 16,419 99 61.24 Peru 5,271 - 23.34 Switzerland 16,657 2,817 31.19 Suriname 189 - 1.22 Ukraine 6,785 1,315 12.20 Uruguay 1,538 - 7.55 United Kingdom 4,450 2,744 4.53 Venezuela 15,393 - 80.00 TOTAL 223,008 50,467 595 TOTAL 164,071 1,004 709 WORLD TOTAL Region Total installed Pumped Generation capacity including storage (MW) (TWh) pumped storage (MW) Africa 33,624 3,376 106 East Asia and Pacific 457,473 64,684 1,497 Europe 223,008 50,467 595 North and Central America 200,922 22,618 702 South America 164,071 1,004 709 South and Central Asia 166,402 7,541 493 TOTAL 1,245,500 149,690 4,102 International Hydropower Association | 2017 Hydropower Status Report 81 The International Hydropower Association (IHA) is a non-profit organisation that works with a vibrant network of members and partners active in more than 100 countries. Our mission is to advance sustainable hydropower by building and sharing knowledge on its role in renewable energy systems, responsible freshwater management and climate change solutions.