2012SUMMER R E S E A RC H PROGRAM SUMMER POSTER SYMPOSIUM Thursday, July 26, 2012 1:00 p.m. - 5:00 p.m. Campus Center (CE) 450 420 University Boulevard Indianapolis, IN 46202 Multidisciplinary Undergraduate Research Institute ABSTRACT BOOKLET Program Description: MURI facilitates the creation and support of multidisciplinary research teams consisting of undergraduate students, graduate students, post-docs, senior staff, and faculty. The primary purpose of these teams is to provide undergraduates a unique opportunity to work with mentors on real-world problems to gain research skills that can be applied to their college coursework and future careers. MURI teams are funded to work during the academic year or the summer. During the academic year, students must commit to 120 hours of work with their research team. The summer MURI is a nine-week, full-time program with students expected to devote 75% of their time to conducting research under the supervision of their mentor and 25% of their time to professional-development, social, and cultural activities. MURI is funded through a partnership between the Center for Research and Learning and the School of Engineering and Technology. Program Leader: Elizabeth Rubens, M.Ed. MURI SCHOLAR ABSTRACTS Poster # 101 Poster # 90 Afolabi A. Adeboye Sameer S. Alshehri Mentored by: Nina Mahootcheian Asi and Youngsik Kim HARVESTING THE ELECTRICAL ENERGY FROM SODIUM CONCENTRATION GRADIENTS FOR SMALL MEDICAL AND CONSUMER ELECTRONICS Afolabi A. Adeboye1, Upeksha Mahanama2 (Nina Mahootcheian Asl3, and Youngsik Kim3), Purdue School of Engineering and Technology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202 The expanding field of implanted medical devices has given rise to the quest for independent power sources for these devices. As a result, researchers have conducted extensive studies on harnessing energy from the human body. Due to numerous sodium activities known in the human biological systems, a simulated research study was conducted to test the voltage output of varied sodium concentration gradients. A battery was designed using a high concentration of sodium chloride on the anode side, a low concentration of sodium chloride on the cathode side, and a solid sodium separator. Carbon was used as a catalyst to increase the flow of electrons during the discharging process. The concentrations used for testing were 0.01 Molar(M), 0.05M, 0.1M, 0.5M and 1M. The 0.01M and 0.5M sodium solutions resulted in an open circuit voltage of 0.32 volts(V). Additional testing will be required using varying applications of current. Furthermore, investigations are being carried out by the research group to find a feasible location in the body with sodium gradients from which energy can be harnessed to power implanted medical devices and consumer electronics. Department of Engineering and Technology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202 2 Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202 3 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202 1 This study was sponsored by Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis Multidisciplinary Undergraduate Research Institute (MURI) and departmentally funded (Mechanical Engineering). 1 Mentored by: Afshin Izadian & David Goodman A NEW INVERTER DESIGN AND PARAMETER SIZING PROCEDURE Sameer S. Alshehri (Afshin Izadian and David Goodman), Purdue School of Engineering and Technology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202 Abstract is unavailable due to a pending patent. Poster # 16 Gabriel Bambo Mentored by: Richard L. Gregory, L. Jack Windsor, & Fengyu Song PORPHYROMONAS GINGIVALIS PEPTIDE BINDING TO HUMAN GINGIVAL FIBROBLASTS AND SECOND MESSENGER SIGNALING Gabriel Bambo (Richard L. Gregory, L. Jack Windsor, and Fengyu Song) Department of Oral Biology, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN 46202 Porphyromonas gingivalis, a gram negative anaerobe bacterium is a primary causative pathogen involved in the initiation and progression of a severe form of periodontal disease especially among adult smokers. This pathogenic disease causes destruction of surrounding hard and soft oral tissues. Nicotine is a major component of tobacco and is known as a major risk factor for gingivitis and periodontitis. The main objective of this research is to identify the signaling pathways involved which are activated by P. gingivalis proteins and the number and intensity of P. gingivalis proteins that CENTER FOR RESEARCH AND LEARNING - 2012 SRP POSTER SYMPOSIUM bind to and alter human gingival fibroblasts (HGF). Growth of P. gingivalis was measured by cultivation in broth containing brain heart infusion, yeast extract and vitamin K/hemin, with various nicotine concentrations. Biofilm absorbance was measured at 490 nm. It was hypothesized from the data that P. gingivalis grows well in concentrations under 1 mg/ ml and is increased at 0.125 mg/ml of nicotine. However, this bacterium can bind to and affect oral tissues in diverse ways. Studies have shown that when tobacco-treated P. gingivalis was incubated with HGF, there was release of several proinflammatory cytokines. The cascade of signaling pathways for these cytokines are presently understudied. Researchers have been able to correlate these inflammatory reactions with mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) pathways consisting of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ENKs) and c-jun NH(2)-terminal protein kinases (JNKs) which are activated in response to various extracellular stimuli. These pathways are believed to be stress inducers playing a major role in cell growth and are also involved in inflammation, proliferation and apoptosis. The long term goal of this research is to develop possible treatments to reduce the effect of smoking on periodontal disease. This study was funded by the Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis Multidisciplinary Undergraduate Research Institute (MURI). Poster # 84 Kyung-Hoon Bang Mentored by: Manikanda Rajagopal & Afshin Izadian DESIGN OF A SAFE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM FOR A WAVE ROTOR IGNITER EXPERIMENT Kyung-Hoon Bang, Kenneth Lee, and Golnaz Mortazavi (Manikanda Rajagopal and Afshin Izadian), Departments of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Purdue School of Engineering and Technology, Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202 The Combustion and Propulsion Research Laboratory (CPRL) has been conducting combustion experiments using a single-channel wave rotor rig. The objective of the study was to observe and analyze the combustion process inside a rotating and enclosed chamber using different hydrocarbon fuels such as methane, propane, and ethylene. During testing, the experimental setup uses pressurized and flammable gasses, electrical motors, a spark ignition system, and components which rotate at high speeds. Major steps taken in order to improve the overall system performance included: automation of the spark ignition system, the ability to operate all systems from a single control location, and the installation of safety features which included a brake and an emergency stop system. Firstly, the existing electrical systems were diagnosed and repaired from previously incurred damage. The ignition system components were examined, replaced, reconfigured, and tested for safe, consistent, and reliable operation. The drive motor and motor controller system were configured to allow a high speed shaft rotation of 3,500 RPM. Previous experiments were limited to speeds below 1,000 RPM due to ignition system design flaws. Students also researched and tested various methods in order to accurately monitor the shaft’s angular position at high speeds. Students experimented with various angular position sensors and methods of real time data analysis using computer software. As a result, all system components are operational and safe while being able to attain a much higher speed of rotation than previously possible. By enhancing the overall system, precise data can be more easily obtained in a safer environment during future experimentation. This study was funded by the Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis Multidisciplinary Undergraduate Research Institute (MURI) and the Rolls-Royce Corporation. Poster # 12 Kevin Caruana Mentored by: Richard L. Gregory, Jack Windsor, and Fengyu Song PORPHYROMONAS GINGIVALIS PEPTIDE BONDING TO HUMAN GINGIVAL FIBROBLASTS AND SECOND MESSANGER SIGNALING Kevin Caruana (Richard L. Gregory, Jack Windsor, and Fengyu Song, Department of Oral Biology), Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN 46202 Smoking has long been understood to increase the risk 2 MURI SCHOLAR ABSTRACTS and occurrence of periodontal disease, a disease of the oral cavity which interacts with human gingival fibroblasts to rot alveolar bone. This disease is caused in large part by Porphyromonas gingivalis, a rod shaped gram negative bacteria common in the oral flora. The pathways of its attack upon human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) and its interaction with tobacco chemicals are largely unknown at this time. A better understanding of the pathways and proteins involved would allow for more effective treatments and prevention of periodontal disease. The objective of this research is to identify the influence of tobacco related chemicals upon human gingival fibroblast cell signaling pathways particularly regarding the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP). The latter two chemicals are invoked in the inflammation response and tissue destruction seen in periodontal disease. This will be accomplished by growing large cultures of Porphyromonas gingivalis in concentrations of 2, 1, and .5 mg/ml nicotine and .25 mg/ml cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) and subsequently harvesting the proteins from them. This study will focus primarily on the proteins released into the cultures’ supernatant. These proteins will be incubated with previously cultured HGFs with and without specific inhibitors for the suspected ERK and JNK pathways. These cultures will be collected at different time intervals and assays will be run to ascertain differences in cytokine and MMP presence along with the effect of the selective pathway inhibition. Results indicate that a range of low concentrations of nicotine and CSC promote Porphyromonas gingivalis growth and protein production in the supernatant and cells. Study funded by the Indianapolis University-Purdue University Indianapolis career learning program, Multidisciplinary Undergraduate Research Institute (MURI). Seong Shen Cheah2, Wen Chao Lee1, Jason Salim2 (Nina Mahootcheian Asl1 and Youngsik Kim1, 3), Purdue School of Engineering and Technology, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202 The evolvement of Lithium-ion battery industries has begun to carry the industries to step in a new revolution. Consequently, high demand in high energy density batteries in many electronic and electrical appliances, especially energy storage industries been emerged. This new type of batteries has been in extensive research, such as lithium-ion battery. Lithium-ion battery with sulfides as the electrode is a newly developed battery which gives relatively large capacity in cathode. A study has been carried out to improve the electrochemical performance by changing the chemical composition, crystal structure, and particles’ size and morphology of sulfides cathode. In this paper, Sodium Vanadium Sulfide (NaVS2) is being used as cathode in coin cell. NaVS2 is done by mixing sulfur with other composition such as sodium and vanadium with heat treatment. Sulfur is not a stable in the air as it might cause dangerous explosion and toxic gas when expose to heat. Therefore, all sulfide material coin cells have to be done in air-free chamber in room temperature. In a coin cell, lithium as anode is separated with NaVS2 cathode by a separator. NaVS2 cathode is then treated with different temperature ranging from room temperature to 800 °C. Each temperature is then tested and compared with each other. The temperature with best voltage and capacity is then selected. Results from heat treatment shows that 600°C give the highest energy density and capacity compared with other temperature. This phase transformation accompanied by the Li-(de)intercalation was reversible with number of cycles. Further research will be conduct to improve the cycle life of the lithium-ion battery. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202 2 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202 3 Richard G. Lugar Center of Renewable Energy, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202 1 Poster # 103 Seong Shen Cheah Mentored by: Nina Mahootcheian Asl & Youngsik Kim SYNTHESIS AND ELECTROCHEMICAL STUDY OF SULFIDES AS THE LARGE CAPACITY CATHODES FOR USE IN LI-ION BATTERIES 3 This study was sponsored by the Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis Multidisciplinary Undergraduate Research Institute (MURI) and departmentally funded (Department of Mechanical Engineering). CENTER FOR RESEARCH AND LEARNING - 2012 SRP POSTER SYMPOSIUM Department of Biomedical Engineering, 723 W. Michigan St., SL220, Indianapolis, IN 46202 2 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 723 W., Michigan St., SL160, Indianapolis, IN 46202 1 Poster # 96 Jimmy G. Corcoran This study was supported by the Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis Multidisciplinary Undergraduate Research Institute (MURI). Mentored by: Paul Salama & Ken Yoshida Poster # 86 MEASUREMENT OF THE LIMB SEGMENT MECHANICS OF THE LEG USING A ROBOTIC ENDPOINT EFFECTOR Jimmy G. Corcoran1, Daniel L. French1, Eric R. Wolf1, and Muller Soliman1 (Paul Salama2 and Ken Yoshida1), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue School of Engineering and Technology, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202 The largest challenge faced by spinal cord injury patients is the task of movement. Through the use of advanced neuroprosthetic electrodes, it is now possible to intercept signals from natural sensors in the limb. In order to artificially control paralyzed limbs, we must know where the limb is located. With access to a subset of the natural sensory feedback, we ask if there is enough information to predict the location of the entire limb. The main goal for our research is to develop a quantitative means to observe the mechanics of the leg together with the nerve activity. A 5-degree of freedom assembly robot was adapted to hold the rabbit’s leg by the foot and move it through its range of motion. It is theoretically possible to predict leg position and internal mechanics if the leg is restricted to the sagittal plane. We report on research to verify this on a physical model of the leg. Goniometers were placed at the hip and knee joints of our rabbit leg model, and the leg was moved to 7 different positions. Tests were conducted with and without rubber bands, which mimicked muscles. Without “muscles” case was used to validate joint angle and limb position predictions. With “muscles” case was used to validate static joint torque and force predictions. Rubber bands were pre-tensioned to give different static joint loads. The positions, joint angles, static joint torques and forces were measured. Preliminary results with the goniometers averaged %RMS error values of 0.12% and 0.17% for the hip and knee respectively. These results show that the leg precisely returns to the same position when manipulating the end point, which is essential for synchronizing the mechanical data with the intraneural activity. Cory DiGregory Mentored by: Afshin Izadian & David Goodman COMBINED ADAPTIVE CONTROLLER FOR A BUCK BOOST CIRCUIT Cory DiGregory (Afshin Izadian and David Goodman), Department of Engineering Technology, Indiana UniversityPurdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202 Abstract is unavailable due to a pending patent. Poster # 96 Daniel L. French Mentored by: Paul Salama & Ken Yoshida MEASUREMENT OF THE LIMB SEGMENT MECHANICS OF THE LEG USING A ROBOTIC ENDPOINT EFFECTOR Jimmy G. Corcoran1, Daniel L. French1, Eric R. Wolf1, and Muller Soliman1 (Paul Salama2 and Ken Yoshida1), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue School of Engineering and Technology, Indianapolis, IN 46202 The largest challenge faced by spinal cord injury patients is the task of movement. Through the use of advanced neuroprosthetic electrodes, it is now possible to intercept signals from natural sensors in the limb. In order to artificially control paralyzed limbs, we must know where the limb is 4 MURI SCHOLAR ABSTRACTS located. With access to a subset of the natural sensory feedback, we ask if there is enough information to predict the location of the entire limb. The main goal for our research is to develop a quantitative means to observe the mechanics of the leg together with the nerve activity. A 5-degree of freedom assembly robot was adapted to hold the rabbit’s leg by the foot and move it through its range of motion. It is theoretically possible to predict leg position and internal mechanics if the leg is restricted to the sagittal plane. We report on research to verify this on a physical model of the leg. Goniometers were placed at the hip and knee joints of our rabbit leg model, and the leg was moved to 7 different positions. Tests were conducted with and without rubber bands, which mimicked muscles. Without “muscles” case was used to validate joint angle and limb position predictions. With “muscles” case was used to validate static joint torque and force predictions. Rubber bands were pre-tensioned to give different static joint loads. The positions, joint angles, static joint torques and forces were measured. Preliminary results with the goniometers averaged %RMS error values of 0.12% and 0.17% for the hip and knee respectively. These results show that the leg precisely returns to the same position when manipulating the end point, which is essential for synchronizing the mechanical data with the intraneural activity. Department of Biomedical Engineering, 723 W. Michigan St., SL220, Indianapolis, IN 46202 2 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 723 W. Michigan St., SL160, Indianapolis, IN 46202 1 This study was supported by the Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis Multidisciplinary Undergraduate Research Institute (MURI). Poster # 10 Vinayak Gupta Mentored by: Richard L. Gregory, Fengyu Song, and L. Jack Windsor EFFECT OF PORPHYROMONAS GINGIVALIS TREATED WITH NICOTINE AND CIGARETE SMOKE CONDENSATE ON HUMAN GINGIVAL FIBROBLAST CELLS Vinayak Gupta (Richard L. Gregory, Fengyu Song, and L. Jack Windsor), Department of Oral Biology, Indiana Univer- 5 sity School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN 46202 Tobacco and cigarette smoke increase the risk of periodontal disease, one of the most widespread diseases. P.gingivalis, a gram negative anaerobic bacterium, is a main causative agent of periodontal disease. Previous studies have suggested that high concentrations of nicotine show an inhibitory effect of P.gingivalis planktonic growth, however research has not been conducted on P.gingivalis proliferative ability under biofilm growth. It also lack of information on the active signaling pathways that human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) use to respond to the P.gingivalis treated by tobacco or cigarette products. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to understand the effects of the proteins from P.gingivalis biofilm treated with tobacco or cigarette smoke on HGF cells. The long-term goal of this project is to determine compounds that block the active sites of binding. P.gingivalis was grown in a Brain Heart Insusion(BBL) broth supplemented with 5% vitamin K & hemin serum at 37oC. Biofilm mass was analyzed using crystal violet technique and samples were read in a spectrophotometer under 490nm wavelength. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay was conducted on the HGFs to determine the cytotoxicity of P.gingivalis treated with tobacco or smoke condensate. Initially, results of the nicotine treated P.gingivalis biofilm reaffirmed previous studies as it demonstrated decrease in biofilm mass in 8mg/ml of nicotine. However, it also suggested that there is an increase in biofilm mass in lower concentrations of nicotine (8µg/ml and .01µg/ml). Lower CSC concentrations had an anti-proliferative effect while higher concentrations (4mg/ml) showed significant increases. Tobbacco and smoke condensate altered HGFs response to P.gingivalis. This study was funded by the Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis Multidisciplinary Undergraduate Research Institute (MURI). Poster # 97 Tung Ho Mentored by: Mangilal Agarwal, Sudhir Shrestha, & Kody Varahramyan LAYER-BY-LAYER NANOASSEMBLY OF THIN FILM SOLAR CELLS USING CIGS NANOPARTICLES CENTER FOR RESEARCH AND LEARNING - 2012 SRP POSTER SYMPOSIUM Tung Ho and Seret Gebreslassie (Mangilal Agarwal , Sudhir Shrestha2, and Kody Varahramyan2), Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute (INDI), Indiana UniversityPurdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202 1 2 Thin film solar cells, also known as thin film photovoltaic cells, made from copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) have great potentials of providing low cost and high efficiency photovoltaic devices that are viable for commercial solar energy production. The primary objective of this research is to synthesize CIGS nanoparticles and fabricate solar cells using the nanoparticles through layer-by-layer (LbL) nanoassembly. LBL is a method of self-assembly of nanofilms by the alternate deposition of oppositely charged polymers, molecules, or nanoparticles. The CIGS nanoparticles were synthesized through multi-step heating of CuCl, InCl3, Se, and GaCl3 in Oleylamine. The particles were purified by alternate suspension and precipitation in chloroform and ethanol. The size of particles was 118 nm. The nanoparticles were analyzed by UV-VIS-NIR spectroscopy to confirm the absorbance properties. Nanoparticles were dispersed in Poly(sodium-4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) that resulted in -50 mV zeta-potential, which was used in LbL deposition along with polyethyenimine (PEI, +11 mV). Solar cells are fabricated using LbL deposited CIGS film along with cadmium sulfide (CdS) and zinc oxide (ZnO) films on molybdenum coated substrate. The fabricated devices will be tested using semiconductor characterization instrument. Department of Chemistry, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202 2 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Indiana UniversityPurdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202 1 This study was sponsored by the Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis Multidisciplinary Undergraduate Research Institute (MURI) and Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute (INDI). Poster # 88 Gregg A. Jones Mentored by: Afshin Izadian & David Goodman A NEW POWER INVERTER CIRCUIT ANALYSIS, MODELING, AND OPERATION Gregg A. Jones (Afshin Izadian and David Goodman), Department of Engineering Technology, Indiana UniversityPurdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202 Abstract is unavailable due to a pending patent. Poster # 92 Selom Kugbe Mentored by: Jake Chen, Xiaogang Wu, & Sara Ibrahim PATHWAY MODELING APPROACH FOR PANCREATIC CANCER DRUG DISCOVERY Selom Kugbe1, Pragat Wagle2 and Bilal Jawed3 (Jake Chen4, Xiaogang Wu4, Sara Ibrahim2, 4), Department of Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Informatics, Indianapolis, IN 46202 Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a complex disease with complicated interactions at the protein level which renders the traditional “one disease, one target, one drug” methodology ineffective. Ideal drugs for complex diseases should be able to activate under-expressed genes and inhibit over-expressed genes to a level matching that of normal, healthy individuals. In this project, we built a comprehensive pathway with directionality information (activation or inhibition) based on the computational connectivity maps platform (CMaps). A list of PC-specific proteins was retrieved using the CMaps webserver, which was then used as an input query in the Human Pathway Database (HPD) and the PAGED database to retrieve PC associated pathways. Relevant proteins were used to create three types of pathways: a protein-protein interaction pathway, a gene expression pathway, and a hybrid between proteins and gene expression. From there, we retrieved PC-associated drugs through various databases (CMaps and MetaDrug) and identified the protein targets of each drug using PubChem and DrugBank. Targets of CMap specific PC drugs were determined by manually curating abstracts for specific drug-protein relations. A comprehensive drug-drug interaction network based on chemical structure, shared target, side effects and drug ontology was created using Cytoscape. Finally, an algorithm that considered linear paths as well as loops was created to rank proteins. Our 6 MURI SCHOLAR ABSTRACTS research will potentially enable us to analyze the therapeutic effects of Pancreatic Cancer-specific drugs and rank them using their overall drug-protein “connectivity map” profile. Further studies have the potential of changing future process of PC drug development and could highlight the importance of the CMaps platform. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue School of Engineering and Technology, IUPUI, Indianapolis, IN 46202 2 Department of Biology, Purdue School of Science, Indiana UniversityPurdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202 3 North Central High School, Indianapolis, IN 46240 4 Indiana University Center for Systems Biology and Personalized Medicine, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202 1 We would like to thank the IUPUI Multidisciplinary Undergraduate Research Institute (MURI) and the Indiana University Center for Systems Biology and Personalized Medicine (CSBPM) for financial support. Poster # 100 lamina to turbulence for different parameters. In conclusion, the LBM provides an efficient method of research in fluid dynamics with the currently available computational methods and database technology. This research was able to predict and control density disparity and corner eddies providing diverse benefits to medical applications. In the second study, we post-process the data sets from LBM computation for turbulent rectangular jets using Matlab. We generated 3D plot and animations for sophisticated 3D jet structure. The 3D image generated will provide better understanding of turbulent jet flow and help to predict the jet mixing features. The database model will be used to retrieve the data sets from the database and will also provide an erudite structure to store the data sets for any future use. Lastly, turbulence research plays an important part in the advancement of engineering and human capability to learn and cooperate with nature. This study would not have been possible without the support of the Indiana University Purdue University - Center for Research (CRL) and its Multidisciplinary Undergraduate Research Institute (MURI). Samirkumar Kukadia Mentored by: Nan Chen, Debaian Deep, & Whitey Yu VISUALIZING AND EXPERIENCING TURBULENCE FROM NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS Samirkumar Kukadia and Everton Lima (Nan Chen, Debajan Deep, and Whitey Yu) Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202 Turbulence is still a very unexplored phenomenon in nature, and there are many scientific applications that depend on its explanation. In this research, we conducted two studies to numerically visualize and experience turbulence. One study is to numerically solve fluid dynamics in syringes using the lattice-Boltzmann method (LBM). The other study is to postprocess the data sets from LBM computation for turbulent rectangular jets. The LBM is a successful substitute to solve Navier-Stokes (NS) equation on mesoscopic level. One of the important advantages of LBM is the ease with which it deals with irregular geometry or the moving boundary. In the first study, we validate a developed LBM code for a syringe with a moving boundary through comparisons with open data. It successfully solves the syringe case using the LBM obtaining the same results as NS, and empirical methods. The model is also able to predict the flow regimes from 7 Poster # 20 Branden Lanier Mentored by: L. Jack Windsor & Richard Gregory INTERACTIONS OF HUMAN GINGIVAL FIBROBLASTS WITH TOBACCO TREATED PORPHYROMONAS GINGIVALIS Branden Lanier (L. Jack Windsor and Richard Gregory), Department of Oral Biology, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN 46202 Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) and tobacco are risk factors for periodontal disease. The objective of this study was to determine the ideal concentration of nicotine to promote biofilm growth and determine the effects that proteins harvested from tobacco treated P. gingivalis biofilm have on human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). The study was conducted to examine the effects that cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) and nicotine treated P. gingivalis biofilm has on cell cytotoxicity and the expression of cytokines and growth factors from HGFs. The P. gingivalis was grown at 37°C and then the planktonic cells, biofilm cells and supernatant were separated. P. gingivalis biofilm cells were then washed, CENTER FOR RESEARCH AND LEARNING - 2012 SRP POSTER SYMPOSIUM homogenized, precipitated, and purified. The concentration of protein in the solvent was determined by protein assay using the Bradford method. The lowest non-toxic levels of the proteins will be used to treat the HGFs for 72 hours and then cytotoxicity was determined by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays. The molecular weight of the proteins will be determined by gel electrophoresis. The cytokine/growth factor expression will be determined by antibody protein arrays. The protein assays showed that the tobacco products generally increased the protein amounts in the biofilm as compared to untreated bacteria. An ideal concentration of nicotine was determined that promoted biofilm growth. The results should show an increase in cytotoxicity with increasing protein concentrations, along with increased pro-inflammatory cytokine/growth factors expression by the HGFs treated with tobacco treated P. gingivalis compared to P. gingivalis that was not treated with tobacco products. A better understanding of the detrimental effects that tobacco has on the underlining causes of periodontal disease can advance the quest of controlling the disease. This study was funded by the Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis Multidisciplinary Undergraduate Research Institute (MURI). Poster # 84 Kenneth Lee Mentored by: Manikanda Rajagopal & Afshin Izadian DESIGN OF A SAFE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM FOR A WAVE ROTOR IGNITER EXPERIMENT Kyung-Hoon Bang, Kenneth Lee, and Golnaz Mortazavi (Manikanda Rajagopal and Afshin Izadian), Departments of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Purdue School of Engineering and Technology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202 The Combustion and Propulsion Research Laboratory (CPRL) has been conducting combustion experiments using a single-channel wave rotor rig. The objective of the study was to observe and analyze the combustion process inside a rotating and enclosed chamber using different hydrocarbon fuels such as methane, propane, and ethylene. During testing, the experimental setup uses pressurized and flammable gasses, electrical motors, a spark ignition system, and components which rotate at high speeds. Major steps taken in order to improve the overall system performance included: automation of the spark ignition system, the ability to operate all systems from a single control location, and the installation of safety features which included a brake and an emergency stop system. Firstly, the existing electrical systems were diagnosed and repaired from previously incurred damage. The ignition system components were examined, replaced, reconfigured, and tested for safe, consistent, and reliable operation. The drive motor and motor controller system were configured to allow a high speed shaft rotation of 3,500 RPM. Previous experiments were limited to speeds below 1,000 RPM due to ignition system design flaws. Students also researched and tested various methods in order to accurately monitor the shaft’s angular position at high speeds. Students experimented with various angular position sensors and methods of real time data analysis using computer software. As a result, all system components are operational and safe while being able to attain a much higher speed of rotation than previously possible. By enhancing the overall system, precise data can be more easily obtained in a safer environment during future experimentation. This study was funded by the Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis Multidisciplinary Undergraduate Research Institute (MURI) and the Rolls-Royce Corporation. Poster # 103 Wen Chao Lee Mentored by: Nina Mahootcheian Asl & Youngsik Kim SYNTHESIS AND ELECTROCHEMICAL STUDY OF SULFIDES AS THE LARGE CAPACITY CATHODES FOR USE IN LI-ION BATTERIES Wen Chao Lee1, Jason Salim2, and Seong Shen Cheah2 (Nina Mahootcheian Asl1 and Youngsik Kim1, 3), Purdue School of Engineering and Technology, Indiana University- Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202 The evolvement of Lithium-ion battery industries has begun to carry the industries to step in a new revolution. Consequently, high demand in high energy density batteries in many electronic and electrical appliances, especially energy storage industries been emerged. This new type of batteries 8 MURI SCHOLAR ABSTRACTS has been in extensive research, such as lithium-ion battery. Lithium-ion battery with sulfides as the electrode is a newly developed battery which gives relatively large capacity in cathode. A study has been carried out to improve the electrochemical performance by changing the chemical composition, crystal structure, and particles’ size and morphology of sulfides cathode. In this paper, Sodium Vanadium Sulfide (NaVS2) is being used as cathode in coin cell. NaVS2 is done by mixing sulfur with other composition such as sodium and vanadium with heat treatment. Sulfur is not a stable in the air as it might cause dangerous explosion and toxic gas when expose to heat. Therefore, all sulfide material coin cells have to be done in air-free chamber in room temperature. In a coin cell, lithium as anode is separated with NaVS2 cathode by a separator. NaVS2 cathode is then treated with different temperature ranging from room temperature to 800 °C. Each temperature is then tested and compared with each other. The temperature with best voltage and capacity is then selected. Results from heat treatment shows that 600°C give the highest energy density and capacity compared with other temperature. This phase transformation accompanied by the Li-(de)intercalation was reversible with number of cycles. Further research will be conduct to improve the cycle life of the lithium-ion battery. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202 2 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202 3 Richard G. Lugar Center of Renewable Energy, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202 1 This study was sponsored by the Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis Multidisciplinary Undergraduate Research Institute (MURI) and departmentally funded (Department of Mechanical Engineering). Poster # 16 Ashley Lewis Mentored by: Richard L. Gregory, L. Jack Windsor, & Fengyu Song PORPHYROMONAS GINGIVALIS PEPTIDE BINDING TO HUMAN GINGIVAL FIBROBLASTS AND SECOND MESSENGER SIGNALING 9 Ashley Lewis (Richard L. Gregory, L. Jack Windsor, and Fengyu Song), Department of Oral Biology, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN 46202 Little is known about the direct effects of tobacco on the gram negative anaerobic bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis or its subsequent ability to affect human gingival fibroblast cells (HGFs) to cause periodontal disease and dental bone loss. The main objective of this research is to determine whether or not exposure to nicotine promotes the expression of bacterial virulence proteins that increase the pathogenic potential of P. gingivalis, and if so, which concentrations of nicotine provide optimal P. gingivalis biofilm growth. This study examines the effects of nicotine-treated bacterial cells on second messenger signaling pathways in HGFs with respect to their release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases. P. gingivalis biofilm formation and protein synthesis was measured through protein assay techniques for biofilm, planktonic cells, and culture supernatant. Proteins were extracted from these samples using ammonium sulfate precipitation methods. The effects of nicotine on these aspects of P. gingivalis were compared as they were grown in three different solutions including CSC (cigarette smoke condensate), nicotine (chewing tobacco), and BHI-YE media (Bacteria Heart Infusion-Yeast Extract) with vitamin K-hemin that serves as a measure of controlled growth of P. gingivalis without the presence of tobacco product. Results show that a range of low concentrations of nicotine and CSC promote biofilm growth in comparison to the control group. HGFs are grown in bovine growth serum, sub-cultured by trypsinization, seeded with P. gingivalis planktonic proteins, and analyzed by ELIZAs and electrophoresis methods in order to detect the presence of planktonic cell proteins on the surface of HGFs that would promote the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and MMPs. This study correlates with previous research focused on the effects of virulence factors from different types of tobacco-treated bacteria as well as other different human cell types, similarly studied in relation to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and MMPs. This study was funded by the Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis Multidisciplinary Undergraduate Research Institute (MURI). CENTER FOR RESEARCH AND LEARNING - 2012 SRP POSTER SYMPOSIUM Poster # 98 Thawngzapum Lian Mentored by: Paul Salama & Ken Yoshida and speed of this time consuming manual step. The environment will eventually be capable of loading and synchronizing mechanical data which will be acquired from the other team of the project. We aim to use this environment to elucidate algorithms that will ultimately automate the process and enable advanced neuroprosthetics to achieve their potential. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 723 W., Michigan St., SL160, Indianapolis, IN 46202 2 Department of Biomedical Engineering, 723 W. Michigan St., SL220, Indianapolis, IN 46202 3 Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S. Martin Jischke Dr., West Lafayette, IN 47907 1 GRAPHICAL NEURAL SIGNAL PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS FRAMEWORK FOR ELECTRONEUROGRAMS DETECTED BY INTRAFASCICULAR ELECTRODES Thawngzapum Lian1 and Shaoyu Qiao3 (Paul Salama1 and Ken Yoshida2). Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue School of Engineering and Technology, Indiana UniversityPurdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202 Standing, walking and running are complex motor tasks that require the precise coordinated actuation of the joints linking the foot, lower leg and upper leg. This control task is normally accomplished by neural circuitry in the spinal cord using information from natural sensors in the limb. It is a complex control task that the body demonstrates every time we walk. Through the use of advanced neuroprosthetic electrodes, it is now possible to intercept signals from some of these natural sensors. Given that we have access to a subset of the natural sensory feedback and know the position of the limb, we ask if the location of the entire limb can be predicted. Before interpretation of the information contained in the recording, the raw recording must be processed reduce noise and the activity from different single nerve fibers extracted. To facilitate this step, an analysis framework was developed using Matlab®. The graphical user interface (GUI) based analysis package imports raw neural recordings, graphically allows the user to extract segments, denoises the recording, identifies instances of single fiber action potentials (SFAP), and shape separates the SFAP. It currently implements denoising using the stationary wavelet transform (SWT) and inverse SWT (iSWT), detection and sort spike using the absolute value thresholding, narrow-band absolute value thresholding and multi-resolution nonlinear energy operator (MNEO), and can be extended to include other methods. The use of the GUI environment expedites visualization of the various signal processing steps, enables supervised semi-automatic Unit detection and separation of raw electroneurograms (ENG) and improves the accuracy This project was supported by the Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis Multidisciplinary Undergraduate Research Institute (MURI) Poster # 102 Everton Lima Mentored by: Nan Chen, Debajan Deep, & Whitney Yu VISUALIZING AND EXPERIENCING TURBULENCE FROM NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS Everton Lima and Samirkumar Kukadia (Nan Chen, Debajan Deep, Whitney Yu) Department Of Mechanical Engineering, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202. Turbulence is still a very unexplored phenomenon in nature, and there are many scientific applications that depend on its explanation. In this research, we conduct two studies to numerically visualize and experience turbulence. One is to solve fluid dynamics in syringes using the lattice-Boltzmann method (LBM). The other is to post-process the data sets from LBM computation for turbulent rectangular jets. The LBM is a successful alternative to Navier-Stokes (NS) equations for fluid dynamics on mesoscopic level. One of the important advantages of LBM is the ease to deals with irregular geometry or moving boundary. In the first study, we validate a developed LBM code for a syringe with a moving boundary through comparisons with open data. Results from LBM are in good agreement with those from NS-based or empirical computation methods. The model is able to predict the flow regimes from lamina to 10 MURI SCHOLAR ABSTRACTS turbulence for different parameters. This research was able to predict and control density disparity and corner eddies providing diverse benefits to medical applications. In the second study, we post-process the data sets from LBM computation for turbulent rectangular jets using Matlab. We generated 3D plot and animations for sophisticated 3D jet structure. The 3D image generated will provide better understanding of turbulent jet flow and help to predict the jet mixing features. The database model will be used to retrieve the data sets from the database and will also provide an erudite structure to store the data sets for any future use. Lastly, turbulence research plays an important part in the advancement of engineering and human capability to learn and cooperate with nature. of electrons during the discharging process. The concentrations used for testing were 0.01 Molar(M), 0.05M, 0.1M, 0.5M and 1M. The 0.01M and 0.5M sodium solutions resulted in an open circuit voltage of 0.32 volts(V). Additional testing will be required using varying applications of current. Furthermore, investigations are being carried out by the research group to find a feasible location in the body with sodium gradients from which energy can be harnessed to power implanted medical devices and consumer electronics. This study would not have been possible without the support of the Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis Center for Research and Learning (CRL) and its Multidisciplinary Undergraduate Research Institute (MURI). This study was sponsored by Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis Multidisciplinary Undergraduate Research Institute (MURI) and departmentally funded (Mechanical Engineering) Poster # 101 Upeksha Mahanama Mentored by: Nina Mahootcheian Asl & Youngsik Kim HARVESTING THE ELECTRICAL ENERGY FROM SODIUM CONCENTRATION GRADIENTS FOR SMALL MEDICAL AND CONSUMER ELECTRONICS Upeksha Mahanama1 and Afolabi A. Adeboye2 (Nina Mahootcheian Asl3, and Youngsik Kim3), Purdue School of Engineering and Technology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202 The expanding field of implanted medical devices has given rise to the quest for independent power sources for these devices. As a result, researchers have conducted extensive studies on harnessing energy from the human body. Due to numerous sodium activities known in the human biological systems, a simulated research study was conducted to test the voltage output of varied sodium concentration gradients. A battery was designed using a high concentration of sodium chloride on the anode side, a low concentration of sodium chloride on the cathode side, and a solid sodium separator. Carbon was used as a catalyst to increase the flow 11 Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202 2 Department of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202 3 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202 1 Poster # 84 Golnaz Mortazavi Mentored by: Manikanda Rajagopal & Afshin Izadian DESIGN OF A SAFE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM FOR A WAVE ROTOR IGNITER EXPERIMENT Kyung-Hoon Bang, Kenneth Lee, and Golnaz Mortazavi (Manikanda Rajagopal and Afshin Izadian), Departments of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Purdue School of Engineering and Technology, Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202 The Combustion and Propulsion Research Laboratory (CPRL) has been conducting combustion experiments using a single-channel wave rotor rig. The objective of the study was to observe and analyze the combustion process inside a rotating and enclosed chamber using different hydrocarbon fuels such as methane, propane, and ethylene. During testing, the experimental setup uses pressurized and flammable gasses, electrical motors, a spark ignition system, and components which rotate at high speeds. Major steps taken in order to improve the overall system performance included: automation of the spark ignition system, the ability to operate all systems from a single control location, and the installation of safety features which included a brake and an emergency CENTER FOR RESEARCH AND LEARNING - 2012 SRP POSTER SYMPOSIUM stop system. Firstly, the existing electrical systems were diagnosed and repaired from previously incurred damage. The ignition system components were examined, replaced, reconfigured, and tested for safe, consistent, and reliable operation. The drive motor and motor controller system were configured to allow a high speed shaft rotation of 3,500 RPM. Previous experiments were limited to speeds below 1,000 RPM due to ignition system design flaws. Students also researched and tested various methods in order to accurately monitor the shaft’s angular position at high speeds. Students experimented with various angular position sensors and methods of real time data analysis using computer software. As a result, all system components are operational and safe while being able to attain a much higher speed of rotation than previously possible. By enhancing the overall system, precise data can be more easily obtained in a safer environment during future experimentation. This study was funded by the Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis Multidisciplinary Undergraduate Research Institute (MURI) and the Rolls-Royce Corporation. Poster # 129 Thanh M. Nguyen Mentored by: Jake Yue Chen & Xiaogang Wu SIGNAL FLOW NETWORK APPORACH TO EVALUATE CANCER DRUGS Thanh M. Nguyen, Sara Ibrahim, Selom Kugbe, Bilai Jawed and Pragrat Wagle (Jake Yue Chen and Xiaogang Wu), Indiana University School of Informatics, Indiana UniversityPurdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202 (*) Recent research in cancer suggests that the idea of “one gene, one drug, one disease” has become ineffective in predicting optimal drugs for treatment [1]. Therefore, it is recommended that the protein-protein, drug-protein and drug-drug interactions should be a framework for cancer drug prediction and invention. Chen et all have built the Connectivity Maps (C-Maps) web server [2], which provides information on these interactions above. His group also proposed a computational framework based on C-Maps, pathway modeling, and information theory to evaluate drug effect on breast cancer treatment [3]. However, the method fails to address cycle issues in the protein on the pathway level. In this study, we suggest a computational framework based on C-Maps, information theory and the idea of ‘signal flow’ network. In the ‘signal flow’ network, each drug plays as a ‘signal source’ and proteins are ‘stations’: the stations receive the signal: either inhibition or stimulation, perform actions based requested by the signal, and transmit the signal to other stations. In this framework, due to cycles in the network, at some stations, the signal could be oscillating between inhibition and stimulation. Therefore, some techniques based on information theory to handle oscillation are suggested. We use C-Maps breast cancer data for experiment. After that, the framework is verified by adding noise into the single-drug network. We are using the framework on evaluating relevant drugs for pancreatic cancer treatment. The result shows that our framework successes is successful in evaluating breast cancer drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and in evaluating drugs withdrawn from treatment. Observing the results when noise is added, we conclude that our framework is sensitive with the protein network structure. [1] J. D. Durrant, R. E. Amaro, L. Xie, M. D. Urbaniak, M. A. Ferguson, A. Haapalaien, Z. Chen, A. M. Di Guilmi, F. Wunder, P. E. Bourne and J. A. McCammon. A multidimensional strategy to detect polyphramacological targets in the absence of structural and sequence homology. PLoS computational biology, Vol. 6, p.e 1006468, Jan 2010. [2] J. Li, X. Zhu and J. Chen. Building disease-specific drug-protein connectivity maps from molecular interaction networks and PubMed abstracts, 2009 [3] H. Huang, X. Wu, S. Ibrahim, M, McKenzie and J. Chen. Predicting Drug Efficacy Based on the Integrated Breast Cancer Pathway Model. Genomic Signal Processing and Statistics (GENSIPS), 2011 IEEE International Workshop on Digital Object Identifier, 2011 Poster # 103 Jason Salim Mentored by: Nina Mahootcheian Asl & Youngsik Kim SYNTHESIS AND ELECTROCHEMICAL STUDY OF SULFIDES AS THE LARGE CAPACITY CATHODES FOR USE IN LI-ION BATTERIES Wen Chao Lee1, Jason Salim2, Seong Shen Cheah2 (Nina Mahootcheian Asl1 and Youngsik Kim1, 3), Purdue School of Engineering and Technology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202 12 MURI SCHOLAR ABSTRACTS The evolvement of Lithium-ion battery industries has begun to carry the industries to step in a new revolution. Consequently, high demand in high energy density batteries in many electronic and electrical appliances, especially energy storage industries been emerged. This new type of batteries has been in extensive research, such as lithium-ion battery. Lithium-ion battery with sulfides as the electrode is a newly developed battery which gives relatively large capacity in cathode. A study has been carried out to improve the electrochemical performance by changing the chemical composition, crystal structure, and particles’ size and morphology of sulfides cathode. In this paper, Sodium Vanadium Sulfide (NaVS2) is being used as cathode in coin cell. NaVS2 is done by mixing sulfur with other composition such as sodium and vanadium with heat treatment. Sulfur is not a stable in the air as it might cause dangerous explosion and toxic gas when expose to heat. Therefore, all sulfide material coin cells have to be done in air-free chamber in room temperature. In a coin cell, lithium as anode is separated with NaVS2 cathode by a separator. NaVS2 cathode is then treated with different temperature ranging from room temperature to 800 °C. Each temperature is then tested and compared with each other. The temperature with best voltage and capacity is then selected. Results from heat treatment shows that 600°C give the highest energy density and capacity compared with other temperature. This phase transformation accompanied by the Li-(de)intercalation was reversible with number of cycles. Further research will be conduct to improve the cycle life of the lithium-ion battery. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202 2 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202 3 Richard G. Lugar Center of Renewable Energy, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202 1 This study was sponsored by the Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis Multidisciplinary Undergraduate Research Institute (MURI) and departmentally funded (Department of Mechanical Engineering). Poster # 95 Cansu Sener Mentored by: Mangilal Agarwal, Sudhir Shrestha, & Kody Varahramyan FABRICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF VARIOUS LAYERS OF THIN FILM CIGS SOLAR CELLS Robert Vittoe1 and Cansu Sener 2 (Mangilal Agarwal2, Sudhir Shrestha2, and Kody Varahramyan2), Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute (INDI), Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202 Flexible thin film solar cells are considered the new generation in solar cell technology. Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS) solar cells have been highly regarded for cost-competitive energy production. Fabrication of CIGS solar cells was accomplished by using cost-effective methods, such as spraying and chemical bath deposition. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) was used to study the surface characteristics of the different of films. The AFM operates in one of three modes: contact, tapping or non-contact. The tapping mode gave the clearest images of our samples. The Keithley 4200 Semiconductor Characterization Instrument and Micromanipulator Probing Station were used to measure the performance and characteristics of the CIGS solar cells. To determine the thickness of the films a scratch was made in each film using the micromanipulator needles and then imaged with the AFM. The CIGS layer was deposited with spray deposition. The average thickness of the Cadmium Sulfide (CdS) film deposited with chemical bath deposition was determined to be about 400 nm. The surface was observed to be rough which requires further improvement. The initial solar cell devices measured with the Keithley instrument showed a short circuit current (Isc) of 5x10-8 A and an open circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.2 V. Improvement of the solar cell devices is in progress and the results will be presented in the future. CIGS solar cells do have the potential to be a cost efficient alternative to silicon based solar cells. The ability to fabricate the CIGS solar cells on a flexible substrate will also broaden the range of practical applications possible for solar cell devices. Department of Physics, Purdue School of Science, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202 2 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue School of En1 13 CENTER FOR RESEARCH AND LEARNING - 2012 SRP POSTER SYMPOSIUM gineering and Technology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202 This study was sponsored by the Indiana University‐Purdue University Indianapolis Multidisciplinary Undergraduate Research Institute (MURI) and supported by Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute (INDI). Poster # 95 Robert Vittoe Mentored by: Mangilal Agarwal, Sudhir Shrestha, & Kody Varahramyan FABRICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF VARIOUS LAYERS OF THIN FILM CIGS SOLAR CELLS Robert Vittoe1 and Cansu Sener 2 (Mangilal Agarwal2, Sudhir Shrestha2, and Kody Varahramyan2). Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute (INDI), Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, IN 46202 Flexible thin film solar cells are considered the new generation in solar cell technology. Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS) solar cells have been highly regarded for cost-competitive energy production. Fabrication of CIGS solar cells was accomplished by using cost-effective methods, such as spraying and chemical bath deposition. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) was used to study the surface characteristics of the different of films. The AFM operates in one of three modes; contact, tapping or non-contact. The tapping mode gave the clearest images of our samples. The Keithley 4200 Semiconductor Characterization Instrument and Micromanipulator Probing Station were used to measure the performance and characteristics of the CIGS solar cells. To determine the thickness of the films a scratch was made in each film using the micromanipulator needles and then imaged with the AFM. The CIGS layer was deposited with spray deposition. The average thickness of the Cadmium Sulfide (CdS) film deposited with chemical bath deposition was determined to be about 400 nm. The surface was observed to be rough which requires further improvement. The initial solar cell devices measured with the Keithley instrument showed a short circuit current (Isc) of 5x10-8 A and an open circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.2 V. Improvement of the solar cell devices is in progress and the results will be presented in the future. CIGS solar cells do have the potential to be a cost efficient alternative to silicon based solar cells. The ability to fabricate the CIGS solar cells on a flexible substrate will also broaden the range of practical applications possible for solar cell devices. Department of Physics, Purdue School of Science, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, IN 46202 2 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue School of Engineering and Technology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, IN 46202 1 This study was sponsored by the Indiana University‐Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) Multidisciplinary Undergraduate Research Institute (MURI) and supported by Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute (INDI). Poster # 92 Pragat Wagle Mentored by: Jake Chen, Xiaogang Wu, & Sara Ibrahim PATHWAY MODELING APPROACH FOR PANCREATIC CANCER DRUG DISCOVERY Selom Kugbe1, Pragat Wagle2 and Bilal Jawed3 (Jake Chen4, Xiaogang Wu4, Sara Ibrahim2, 4), Department of Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Informatics, Indianapolis, IN 46202 Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a complex disease with complicated interactions at the protein level which renders the traditional “one disease, one target, one drug” methodology ineffective. Ideal drugs for complex diseases should be able to activate under-expressed genes and inhibit over-expressed genes to a level matching that of normal, healthy individuals. In this project, we built a comprehensive pathway with directionality information (activation or inhibition) based on the computational connectivity maps platform (CMaps). A list of PC-specific proteins was retrieved using the CMaps webserver, which was then used as an input query in the Human Pathway Database (HPD) and the PAGED database to retrieve PC associated pathways. Relevant proteins were used to create three types of pathways: a protein-protein interaction pathway, a gene expression pathway, and a hybrid between proteins and gene expression. From there, we retrieved PC-associated drugs through various databases (CMaps and MetaDrug) and identified the protein targets of each drug using PubChem and DrugBank. Targets of CMaps specific PC drugs were determined by manually curating ab- 14 MURI SCHOLAR ABSTRACTS stracts for specific drug-protein relations. A comprehensive drug-drug interaction network based on chemical structure, shared target, side effects and drug ontology was created using Cytoscape. Finally, an algorithm that considered linear paths as well as loops was created to rank proteins. Our research will potentially enable us to analyze the therapeutic effects of Pancreatic Cancer-specific drugs and rank them using their overall drug-protein “connectivity map” profile. Further studies have the potential of changing future process of PC drug development and could highlight the importance of the CMaps platform. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue School of Engineering and Technology, IUPUI, Indianapolis, IN 46202 2 Department of Biology, Purdue School of Science, IUPUI, Indianapolis, IN 46202 3 North Central High School, Indianapolis, IN 46240 4 Indiana University Center for Systems Biology and Personalized Medicine, IUPUI, Indianapolis, IN 46202 1 We would like to thank the IUPUI Multidisciplinary Undergraduate Research Institute (MURI) and the Indiana University Center for Systems Biology and Personalized Medicine (CSBPM) for financial support. freedom assembly robot was adapted to hold the rabbit’s leg by the foot and move it through its range of motion. It is theoretically possible to predict leg position and internal mechanics if the leg is restricted to the sagittal plane. We report on research to verify this on a physical model of the leg. Goniometers were placed at the hip and knee joints of our rabbit leg model, and the leg was moved to 7 different positions. Tests were conducted with and without rubber bands, which mimicked muscles. Without “muscles” case was used to validate joint angle and limb position predictions. With “muscles” case was used to validate static joint torque and force predictions. Rubber bands were pre-tensioned to give different static joint loads. The positions, joint angles, static joint torques and forces were measured. Preliminary results with the goniometers averaged %RMS error values of 0.12% and 0.17% for the hip and knee respectively. These results show that the leg precisely returns to the same position when manipulating the end point, which is essential for synchronizing the mechanical data with the intraneural activity. Department of Biomedical Engineering, 723 W. Michigan St., SL220, Indianapolis, IN 46202 2 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 723 W., Michigan St., SL160, Indianapolis, IN 46202 1 Poster # 96 Eric R. Wolf Mentored by: Paul Salama & Ken Yoshida MEASUREMENT OF THE LIMB SEGMENT MECHANICS OF THE LEG USING A ROBOTIC ENDPOINT EFFECTOR Eric R. Wolf1, Daniel L. French1, and Jimmy G. Corcoran1, and Muller Soliman1 (Paul Salama2 and Ken Yoshida1), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue School of Engineering and Technology, Indianapolis, IN 46202 The largest challenge faced by spinal cord injury patients is the task of movement. Through the use of advanced neuroprosthetic electrodes, it is now possible to intercept signals from natural sensors in the limb. In order to artificially control paralyzed limbs, we must know where the limb is located. With access to a subset of the natural sensory feedback, we ask if there is enough information to predict the location of the entire limb. The main goal for our research is to develop a quantitative means to observe the mechanics of the leg together with the nerve activity. A 5-degree of 15 This study was supported by the Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis Multidisciplinary Undergraduate Research Institute (MURI).