Draft chapter fromCHRONOGENESIS IN LIFE AND MIND Tatsuya Sato and Jaan Valsiner In preparation, 2009 Introduction. Time in life and life in time Life in time Everyone agrees that happy or pleasure time passes faster than distressful time. When we could sleep deeply, we would feel the time as if it were a moment. We fall asleep instantly—and eight hours later when waking up-- it seems to us as if just a short time has passed. On the other hand, the insomniac, the person who is struggling with habitual sleeplessness, suffers a long time every night for transition to sleep. Time sometimes “flies”-- and at other times “drags”—as any of us would feel. Piaget called this form of time perception "lived time." Is lived time wrong? If so-- wrong for what? In order to make it into a contrast, we call non-lived time such as "objective" time as "clock time". Consider the Japanese saying michikusa. Michikusa literally means "grass by the side of the road", but in the vernacular it refers to dilly-dallying, as a horse would dilly-dally by stopping to eat the grass. Every school-child is fond of Michikusa, but each mother of the child is not. While the mother worries about- where is my child?—the child lives in one’s all-involving personal time (dureé). The child takes the time to enjoy the moment-- and is “late” for school or home. The mother—or the teacher—lives in controldominated "clock time" world. They define what “being late” means (“you are late for 8.00 am class today!”). And the child answers—“Yes, but I saw a beautiful rainbow on my way to school”. For the latter there exists no “being late”… just “being”. The “just being” is actually eternal becoming—creation of novelty. James Mark Baldwin (1906) called it persistent imitation—imitation of what we see in ways that go beyond what we see. We create new ways of looking at the world, we behave in new ways, and we seek out experiences that we find meaningful— as solid bases for “where we are” as well as situations for new adventures. Mizuki and Minami (in press) show how school children prefer to walk narrow and devious back street—rather than walk on the sidewalk of a main street. Children prefer back street because they can see flowers, meet with insects and animals and enjoy michikusa 1 Yet that would require that the social institutions stop using “measured time” as a social organizing feature. the story is wider—we are all enjoying michikusa on our way in our lives—we enjoy being within our time.So distress might be corresponding to convergence of time. Creating time harmony? There can be hopes that "Lived time" and "Clock time" can be synthesized into one—and there would be Universal Harmony of Time. It is within each biological. Some children even do homework of studying nature in the street. wide open to play at the street and so on. Imagine you should do push-ups 500 times. Before the WW2.relax) to extension in "L’évolution créatrice". It’s another kind of pervasive time experience. people 2 . Wars happen in time—and peace is made in time. Newly wed couples have “honeymoons”-. You feel it’s never ending. You can experience the pervasiveness of time when watching the blue sky. When bombing of Japanese cities started. and social event—inseparable from all the growing systems. You should decide to get up or not. “times of economic depression”. an accident. And all our social worlds are expecting us to be “on time” for one or another objective.“high time” (German—“Hochzeit”). Bergson (1907) correlate détente (i. The living in time entails social cohesion—there are “times of prosperity”. feeling relaxed might be corresponding to extension of space feeling .e . This is suffering experience for almost all people. You start and can’t count anymore. Examples of michikusa are many: a sword battle with parasols. Can that happen? Henri Bergson said that time is persistent—it is in all we do. But this is because these reasons of pleasure of michikusa that child irritates mother and teacher. Even as the street is narrow. a robbery. this system was not easily deconstructed. psychological. Rupture occurs. And options are occurred. almost all Japanese people believed that Japan is a strong country that grants them living in peace and prosperity. an attack. You are in pervasive and irreversible time. Pervasive but irreversible time is experienced during listening to harmonious music.with friends. Though these pleasure and distress experience are both pervasive. Or imagine you sprawl on the ground and look up to sky.actually. Or maybe the adults’ irritation with children is a michikusa experience for them—who no longer feel the immediate pleasure of encountering a new insect in the street. This may be corresponding to suffering of cureless patients. When the situation seemed to become worse during the war. you experience pervasive and irreversible time. Then it starts raining! You wonder if you would get up or not. Happy ordinary living of families without concerns was ruptured when a sudden event occurs —an earthquake. Then from out of your eyeshot a crowd is floating. playing with cats. You cannot go back before starting pushups. It means the Universe is expanding. It takes light 78 years (of our Earth’s time) from Mizar to arrive onto our retinae at this moment of looking at the star. If we take the expansion process backward. and the defeat. the Universe must have begun its expansion in anytime in anywhere. Although some people foresaw the defeat of Japan. and become extinct—with time irreversibly – yet nonreflectively—involved. the star Mizar/Alcor shown by arrow in Figure 1 is a double star—a visible combination of two stars. Mizar is 78 light years from us. In 1927. Astronomers call this event the Big Bang. develop. Time without life The cosmic time is not experienced by anybody. In fact it would be mindboggling for ordinary humans to consider time as a measure of cosmic distances. Stars and galaxies emerge. What is an instant perception of a star for us is a result of moving celestial bodies where time is equally important—yet there is no subjective perceiver of time moments. Figure 1. The double star Mizar/Alcor in the constellation Ursa Major For example. Edwin Hubble first observed that light from distant galaxies is red shifted and that galaxies are moving farther and farther away from us. And Astronomers estimate that it took approximately 15 billion years to grow to 3 . Alcor—81.prayed to so that it would stop. To add to that contrast—the light from Alcor takes 3 more years yet arrives on our retinae at the same moment as we look at them. The rupture made their time feelings to change. almost all people could not connect this with the possibility of being bombarded. From here follows the mental tendency to separate time from the processes within which it operates—so we can talk of “saving time” (in general… but try to “same” the “time of my experiencing the rainbow today”) For the Kabyle peasants in Algeria. In contrast. Such moments entails their creation of the time-to-be (and does)—chronogenesis (see chapter X). melting the snow tells farmers the timing a rice crop. Water and sand are also used for the index of homogeneous continuing time. Human beings were used as estimation instruments—only to reveal that they cannot be all the very same. This led the Dutch physiologist F. In 1817. Japanese farmers need time perspective and it doesn’t depend on the calendar. In Japan. the life of human isn’t dominated by clock-time. p. Big Bang theory –expanding universe theory. When we operate in terms of any “length” of time. The waxing and waning of the moon and the lengths of shadow of sunlight are used for creating the calendar and/or clock. 1963.present size for our universe. This perspective outlines the abstraction of time as a dimension (similar to space) from the flow of activities. Time became a measurable commodity—rather than the organizing framework for unfolding of events. 55). Back to Earth: how we construct representations of time The association of astronomy and time reminds psychologists of the “start” of individual psychology story. “The French act as if they would never die” (Bourdieu. The theory regards the bang was when time started. Donders. It goes back to the 19 th century Britain and the efforts to use humans as “measurement instruments” of astronomical facts. Bessel had interest in the difference of measurement and proposed the equation for compensation. C. we regard time as viewpoint of space. Farmers never start planting just same day on calendar (for example May first every year). time is different.never retrace before the bang. The events that were started by the Big Bang must create or invent time as a form of organizational bricolage. But once it started—how does it continue? It is unfeasible to think that time was created by the Big Bang at an instant—before it there was no time. One astronomer was fired because of his measurement of stars wasn’t precise. the immediate —non-abstracted— experience of being entails the unity of both space and time in the ongoing life event. What was not “precise” in his case was the estimation of the time moment of the planet’s crossing of a standardized location line. The farmers have wisdom to know good timing (Figure 2) for planting— 4 . Looking at the European colonizers. an old Kabyle once said. (1818–1889) to develop the idea of additive response time. Any measurement of time is a derivate from such events— as it depends on paying attention to astronomic and/or physical phenomena. and after it—the time miraculously emerged as a given dimension within which the cosmos exists ever since. However. Oscillations of physical processes are used for precisely tuning the clock. Planting depends on the climate. indicative (the “snow rabbit” and its implications in Figure 2). Farmers also call this rabbit "TANEMAKI USAGI" (seed-planting rabbit). 2006a. Figure 2. Time is irreversible—both in its role in all processes of emergence (symmetry-breaking —Prigogine’s irreversible thermodynamics). The snow that remains on the mountain of right photo takes on the form of a "snow rabbit". Sato et al. Valsiner & Sato. We ourselves reached the understanding for a systematic treatise on time while developing the idea of Historically Structured Sampling (Sato et al. and in our personal-cultural construction of it. time units measurements). or abstract formal (Rudolph. So this book is written over a period of time—hopefully to trigger in its readers moments of positive ruptures (Zittoun. after detecting the rabbit. 2006. existential (“lifetime” as seen through social representations—Yamada & Kato. The snow-scape of Mt. The goals of this book We feel it is time to establish the centrality of chrono-genesis in understanding of human cultural lives. so farmer call this shape of rabbit “YUKI USAGI” (Snow rabbit). they start the planting. 2007. 2006). In other word. The latter constructions are cultural means—semiotic devices—in organizing our lives. 2006b). After replacing the time-free notions of sampling —“random” and others—by the idea that research participants’ life trajectories need to be the basis for data derivation in psychology—we confronted the need to make sense of time. Whenever rice farmers recognized snow rabbit. Chronogenesis is the cultural invention of time in all of its forms—repetitive (clock.generalizing from their seasonal experience. 2006) that lead to new understandings. 2006). the rice cropping starts. 5 . because it represents the climate for favorable for planting and informs the proper temperature for the start of spring rice cropping.AZUMA KOFUJI in Fukushima Prefecture in Japan Can you find the rabbit on the right photo? Mountain at winter on the left photo is fully covered by snow. uni-bremen. Stephenson.de/~kr538/kantnat. The stability of Kant For example. Our story of chronogenesis builds on the tension between these tow traditions—which found their synthesis in Henri Bergson’s philosophy of time and James Mark Baldwin’s “genetic logic. Riga: Johann Friedrich Hartknoch. [X-XI] http://www1. science needs both mathematization and experimentation. Most of the 19 th/20th century science has been indebted to Immanuel Kant for its philosophical backing. die sich zu der. ohngefähr so verhalten würde. wie die Lehre von den Eigen. that “empirical psychology must always remain outside the rank of a natural science properly so-called” (4:471). History of Thought and Time In the history of occidental sciences. in his famous “impossibility claim”. 2002. 2005). welche die Mathematik der Körperlehre verschafft. man müßte denn allein das Gesetz der Stetigkeit in dem Abflusse der inneren Veränderungen desselben in Anschlag bringen wollen. Metaphysische Anfangsgründe der Naturwissenschaft [Vorrede]. The impossibility claim was made in the opening paragraphs of the Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science .” Yet there are numerous implications that follow from the move to chronogenesis—which we outline in the latter part of this book. Kant (1786) claimed that psychology can never become science. To give the original expression in German: Noch weiter aber. erstlich weil Mathematik auf die Phänomene des inneren Sinnes und ihre Gesetze nicht anwendbar ist. als selbst Chymie. Yet at the same time sciences have been guided by the Naturphilosophie traditions that use Goethe as its key figure (Richards. welches aber eine Erweiterung der Erkenntnis sein würde. there are two philosophical trajectories that have guided the development of knowledge.schaften der geraden Linie zur ganzen Geometrie. (Translated by Sturm. 1786. Kant here denied the possibility that mathematics can be applied to the 6 .Chapter 1. muß empirische Seelenlehre jederzeit von dem Range einer eigentlich so zu nennenden Naturwissenschaft entfernt bleiben. 2001) Of course here we see superimposition of our contemporary scientific term—psychology—onto the descriptive term Kant used – Seelenlehre (=”the study of the soul”).html In his position. statistics). All these bastions of science were free of time. “Psychologische Experimentallehre” was used when he referred that the possibility of experimentation was denied. Thus. If we think time as independent axis. but interestingly enough. we do not know (yet) what picture will appear on the next page of our Book of My Life—yet we try to create a picture. logic. 2006 and also see chapter X). 7 .” Mathematics for Kant was of course not limited to one sub-branch of arithmetic as it is in our contemporary psychology (i. From static to dynamic views on time: Henri Bergson Henri Bergson professed time is occupied by space when the word “measurement” is used. each event occurs as the pictures as we see them while flipping through a book. and all kinds of other—at that time static—ideal formal accounts of nature. but entailed geometry. Valsiner & Sato. 2006.“Empirische Seelenlehre” was reserved for empirical psychology. our lives are books yet-to-be written—our creating time makes the writing of the next page possible.because the psyche had only one dimension-. Time is not independent axis. We are moving towards the future while adapting the environment for our imagined needs—and through that —adapting to the constantly re-constructed environments. Instead. We became involved in time issues when we contemplated the creation of one’s life course. Countable time might be called as clock-time. TEM is based on the notion of time that is irreversible and unaccountable. Sato et al. 2007. Clock-time is emerged from the irreversible time when rapture occurred. Bergson paid attention the new technology of cinema.. Here motion is divided into discrete and static scene and the time of presenting each scene (like as flip book) is different from dure é of time. We invented TEM (Sato et al. Kant distinguished these two options-. Cinematographic mechanism is good example of modern time. “Empirische Seelenlehre” contra “Psychologische Experimentallehre”. Living with time.e. because it re-presents motion by presenting static photos. This is the premise of TEM. So here we regard time and event as interwoven.inner flow of the “soul. Kant denied the possibility that the study of human subjective worlds might become science-.that is time. From time-as-dimension to time-as-tool A new concept of “chrono-genesis” is needed—we develop it in this book. homo#eneo s and one$dimensional model of time% &rom different perspectives. which is being built up at each instant with its accumulated experience. R dolph (2006) and !amada and "ato (2006) were critical of a linear. 23) In a dynamic universe of chronogenetic kind. and set the basis for facing the challenges of the possible future demands. In sum-. elle empêche un état. We could not live over again a single moment. French versions inserted from Bergson. time cannot operate as an independently given. de se répéter jamais en profondeur ].in the case of creative adaptation. Looking at time at our time As Müller and Giesbrecht (2006) reviewed. for we should have to begin by effacing the memory of all [souvenir de tout] that had followed. the environment triggers the emergence of new forms—biological and symbolic alike (Valsiner. the organizational forms that emerge in adaptation go beyond the "fit with" the present state of the survival conditions. from forever repeating it in its very depth [En changeant. 1911a. Instead. 2004). p. both form late alternative conceptions of time% R dolph (2006) proposed a mathematical model of ps'cholo#ical time ((f ll time)) that is inhomo#eneo s and (one$dimensional onl' in a #lobal sense)% !amada and "ato (2006) s ##ested that m ltiple and coe*istin# views of time. changes without ceasing. 1907/1945. when it refrains from separating its present state from its former states (translation:p100). 8. It can be eventually abstracted as a static entity by the mind that attempts to create stability—yet it is merely a generalized illusion. That is why our duration is irreversible. 8 . Bergson's notion of becoming was expressed on the material of human personality in his characteristic ways: Our personality. By changing it prevents any state. Last not but least. Bergson’s notion of duration is that pure duration is the form which the succession of our conscious states assumes when our ego lets itself live. although superficially identical with another. p.Adaptation and Duration Bergson's notion of adaptation does not mean that environment "molds" or "shapes" the organism. (Bergson. fût-il identique à lui-même en surface. 560:a. 2006)% Development as symmetry rea!ing Though many developmental theories use chronological age as index of development. after it has happened9 (4aldwin. Meso.and Micro genesis seems to focus on the length of time. 5667)% 3ames Mar1 4aldwin)s 8#enetic lo#ic9 (4aldwin. /erbst.M) described temporal phenomena from a s b-ective perspective% . and which cannot be e*ha sted b' readin# bac1ward. 5606. But the difference of Macro. 9 . 560:b) was one of s ch s'stems to provide s with r les of tho #ht in case of emer#entistic phenomena% 4aldwin tried to phrase #eneral philosoph' of development in terms of lo#ic% .he G+.'cle Model (G+. with a perspective that is (free) from an individ alistic point of view.he ncertaint' of the apprehensive process is the birthplace for constr ction of meanin#s in the present. facin# the f t re with some ill sion of determinac' (>alsiner. This is the way to access the psyche in that era.even if the' are somewhat contradictor'% And also the' s ##ested that the Generative +ife .here are ver' few lo#ical s'stems that belon# to the cate#or' of lo#ics of emer#ence (e%#%. On the other hand. so that d'in# is represented as a meanin#f l transition in a reversible spiral of time (/ood.5606?p25)% Change and time are dependent on mutually. It seems to reflect the viewpoint of an observer. 2002)% 4aldwin)s foc s ma1es the irreversible time the core of his 8#enetic lo#ic9% 3ames Mar1 4aldwin tried to definite the #enesis from the ne#ative and positive post late% . He focused on touch sensation. So time flowing is the premise of psychology as long as psychology treat the change of something related to mind. on the basis of #enerali=ations from the past materials% .. especially a continuous tactile sensation. Macro-. Johan Nicholas Tetens (1777) focused on change or transformation of inner sense. Meso and Micro imply many things. Valsiner & Sato (2006) showed three levels of the process as bellow. age itself never causes any developmental change. "hat is genesis# 0e also need to disc ss the notion of #enesis% +et)s ta1e a 2 ic1 #lance of 3ames Mar1 4aldwin)s #enetic lo#ic% .he ne#ative post late is 8the lo#ic of #enesis is not e*pressed in convertible propositions9 and the positive one is 8that series of events onl' is tr l' #enetic which cannot be constr cted before it has happened.t was a schema$based lo#ic of apprehension< its main iss e was to formali=e the move from the present to a possible f t re (apprehendin# of the f t re)% .M is process oriented rather than #oal$ oriented.he f t re is bein# apprehended thro #h the present. For example. was an eminent figure. No two children (with the partial exception of identical twins) grow up in exactly the same way. Heterochrony originally described evolutionary changes in timing (Anokhin. Each timing of emergence is determined by the view of an adaptation to environment. Centrality of chronogenesis in human life ANOTHER ELABORATION FOR LIVING BEING THE IRREVERSIBILITY OF 10 . though Gesell recognize the trajectories of infant development. the level of grupo-genesis is absent. no social groups form. But it depends on the speed of development of the given forms. Chapter 3. However. Gesell (1940) made much of the notion of growth. Some functions of the developing organism emerge much earlier than needed. Gesell. Psychologists established the normative data of development of childhood by calculating the mean and standard deviations and showing the range of the 95 percentile. Heterochrony Heterochrony is defined as a developmental discrepancy in the timing of events.5% macro$#enetic level<histor' of a societ' or social #ro p. His interest of infant hygine made him consider the normative data rather than difference of trajectories. his precedence to depict the normative development pattern. the statistics were very important. the connotation of growth is more important. Growth of what is less important. genesis needs a particle for own sake. all individuals randomly relate to all others… perfect place for “random sampling”!!! Anyway. others—by the time they are needed. if there is totally individualist society. Each child has a tempo and a style of growth which are as characteristic of individuality as the lineaments of his countenance (Gesell. for instance. 1940. one of students of Hall. For hygiene policy. It is the aspect of heterochrony. 1964). leading to changes in size and shape. it is not each child's context but abstracted index that the administrators’ needs. Genetic psychology in history of psychology Genetic psychology has its own origin in the "child psychology". Duration or time-span may be suitable.p7). or instit tion 2% meso$#enetic level<h man individ al life co rse development (onto#en') @% micro$#enetic level$$ decision ma1in# in semioticall' over$determined ever'da' life sit ations% The “level” seems to depend on the length of time in the first place. There are laws of sequence and of maturation which account for the general similarities and basic trends of child development. STARTING FROM VAGUE EXPECTATIONS OF HOW LONG I MIGHT LIVE. the speed of travel or the distance and with a 1nown headin#. 2 years. etc. MY “thinking proces” . THAT CONSTRUCTION OF FUTURE TIME FRAME SETS THE STAGE FOR MY LIVING FROM THIS MOMENT TO THE NEXT… IN VALSINER’S TERMS THE CHRONOGENETIC CONSTRUCT<OF “the available future” IS A “PROMOTER SIGN” BUT THIS EXAMPLE OF MINE IS NAROW AS IT IS PHENOMENOLOGICAL.alc lations are one of the basic 1nowled#e and these are ver' sef l to drivers.n form la 5. SOCIETY IN THIS SENSE IS “ORGAN” OF A LARGER UNIT.ime E Bpeed Mathematics ma1es s easil' to do s ch an Fillo#icalF calc lation% 0hat does it mean dividin# distance b' timeG Hf co rse we can operate the n mbers% Bcales prod ct the n mber as the inde* of distance and watches prod ct the n mber as the inde* of time% Bo we can calc late and #et the n mber of speed% And ne*t.hapter A% The basis for chronogenesis: transformation of structures . 100 years more. YOU ARE AFTER A BIGGER PICTURE—OF CHRONOGENESIS-- Chrono-genesis is important feature of historical cultural psychology. determine an appro*imate position% (5)Bpeed C Distance D . TRAJECTORY AS IT HAS BEEN) TO THE POSIBLE FUTURE. WOULD BE NICE TO GO BACK TO HAECCKEL TO SHOW HOW HIS IDEAS HAVE BEEN UNJUSTLY RIDICULED What’s genesis. Both “Phylo” and “Onto” genesis focus on the unit of genesis. Organ is suitable for biology. and all persons who move from one place to another place% 4' sin# simple form la bellow we can predict the time of arrival. 20 years. CONSIDER: “I KNOW I WILL LIVE” 1 day.ime $ Distance . SO. aviators.ONE’S TIME IS BASED ON EXTRAPOLATION FROM PAST (KNOWN. speed is compo nd variable and it shows tat speed is never meas red b' directl'% 11 .ime (2). ORGAN = ORGANIZED SYSTEM. how and wh' co ld we m ltipl' speed and timeG . IS “ORGAN” OF MY SELF. sailors.ime C Distance D Bpeed (@)Distance C .he Bpeed $ . onnoll'.t ta1es @0 da's for the moon to chan#e its phases% Hn the other hand.he calc lated speed is vane from the viewpoint of lived time% . time is bein#% .ide Metamorphosis of a b tterfl' .ime meas red b' watch itself is vain in the first place% Bo here.ransformation reflects time<as the transformin# or#anism accomplishes one)s development thro #h time% .ransformation is not based on still photo ima#e$$ b t pervasive chan#in# of form% . 200@)% /ere we sho ld not re#ard that transformation occ rs alon# with the time% .entral to nderstandin# development is the notion of transformation (>alsiner and .he vicio s circle alwa's prod ct the tr th% .he direction of time is forward% .here is no p re time.he central relevance of transformation . time is treated as rather independent from each individ al% . ps'cholo#' and histor' tac1le the problem of concept ali=in# time% 0ithin developmental science. biolo#'. let s ima#ine nderstandin# speed and time on its own sa1e% . and what wo ld be happen if 'o saw in all three scenes over similarl' lon# time% . 56:7)% 4 t if time is inevitabl' with thin#s and process. it ta1es a few ho rs for the metamorphosis of a b tterfl'% . 'o wo ld be able to nderstand the whole process of each transformation% .ime is bein# before the birth of the livin#s% Iven after individ al death. if three phenomena were video$recorded.he notion of transformation shall pla' an important role% An' concept ali=ation of time is based on an abstraction that differentiates time from thin#s and processes that occ r in time (0ieland. disciplines as diverse as ph'sics.ime len#th of three transformations is different if observer ses cloc1% 4 t.&orm la (2) and (@) can be sef l theoreticall' beca se speed is defined as (5)% .t is the notion of transformation that ma1es it possible to nderstand life within time% As Müller and Giesbrecht (2006) pointed o t.f 'o saw three scenes in 50 min tes.f there is no transformation. how can we differentiateG .ma#ine if we watch three phenomena s ch as this% 0a* and wane of the moon . the notion of time is never needed% 12 . as there is no p re space% . Experimental logic. London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co. Thought and things: A study of the development and meaning of thought. the birth of twins is a predestined event which is to be re#arded as a l c1' omen% Bince twins are a special #ifts from God (.he doctor performin# an abortionG . M. 56JA)% 4 t the historicall' prior state of affairs in treatin# twin birth amon# the !or ba was that of obli#ator' infanticide of twins% . H. Baldwin. 9: 54-86. Progress in Brain Research. (1889) « Essai sur les données immédiates de la conscience (An Essay on 13 .happel. or genetic theory of thought. Bergson.he militar' #eneral sendin# 'o n# soldiers to a heroic battle from where nobod' ret rnsG An ins rance compan' who ins res the old a#e person b' some e*pected estimate of how man' more 'ears that person mi#ht liveG +ast<b t not least<the meanin# of lifetime can transcend the act al biolo#ical birth and death periods% . K. Knowledge and imagination. or genetic logic. (1908b). (1908a).oda'.he lon#$dead ancestors are 8alive9 in the rit al m'tholo#ies of the livin#% . J. M. 181-196. 15. 566:)% ./ere we show the e*ample of not onto#enetic aspect b t s'stem$#enetic (#ro p$#enetic) aspect% 4oth aspects are important for newborn bab')s s rvival% Relativit' of the lifetime At the first #lance<the meanin# of lifetime is simple<it ran#es from birth to death% !et if we start thin1in# abo t h man c lt ral worlds the 2 estion becomes f =='% 0h' consider lifetime startin# at birth<rather than from the moment the pre#nant woman feels the movement of the fet s. Vol. 2005? p5:J)% Amon# the !or ba (one of the ma-or ethnic #ro ps in Ki#eria) the practice of twin infanticide has been transformed into that of twin adoption% . 2. J.his was transformed thro #h some mar#inal members of the !orba societ'% References Anokhin. Baldwin.he recentl' dead spo se is ver' m ch 8alive9 for the partner who sta's alive and visits his #rave (3osephs. Psychological Review. Systemogenesis as a general regulator of brain development.hildren can be 1illed<for the reason of their connection with ver' m ch alive 8malevolent spirits9<or ever'thin# can be done to honor children who are alive and 1eep them safel' alive beca se of their connection with 8benevolent spirits9% Bocial practices<s ch as the !or ba movin# from twin infanticide to twin hono rin#) implies a period of ncertaint' within the c lt ral meanin# s'stems (>alsiner. P. or the father$to$ be delivers the m ch needed sperm into the va#inaG Does a still$born child have a lifetime<before birthG & rthermore<who determines the limits of the lifetimeG . 1964. T. J. Genève: Éditions Albert Skira. Kindermann & J. translated by F. Culture & Psychology. (Ed). P. 12. Sturm. In J. Mizoguchi.. E. Pitt-Rivers (Ed.J.: Erlbaum. H (1907/1945). N. Valsiner.). 12. (2004). U. 2002. and Giesbrecht (2006) Psychological Models of Time: Arrows. Mediterranean countrymen (p. symbols. (2006). Müller.) 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