PART I: CONTENT UPDATESOCIOLOGY AND CULTURE I. Sociology A. Definition and History Sociology – is the scientific study of human societies and social behavior. • Scientific study: As in other scientific studies, sociological investigations proceed systemically. Like other scientists, sociologists investigation begin their work by proposing questions of importance to them, and then designing a research project that will enable them to ascertain the answers to their major research questions. • As a social science, sociology is a discipline that is organized methodical, and its endeavors are undertaken for the purpose of enhancing knowledge. •Human societies: Sociologists examine humans, in particular, groups of humans, in an effort to understand nature, meaning and significance of human group relationships. HUMAN SOCITIES AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR Human Societies: •Sociologist is only interested in understanding things relevant to the human experience. They do not examine nonhuman animal species. •A distinction between studying individuals and studying groups or the interaction patterns of many groups: Individuals are not the focus of sociology except when they are in a social context; groups are the focus of sociology. Social Behavior: Sociologists examine the things that people do that affect others around them or the things that people do after they have given thought to how others might respond to their acts, especially when the people are aggregated into groups. Sociology seeks to understand how groups work, how groups influence one another, and how groups influence the things that individual do. THE SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE Sociology – the scientific study of human societies and social behavior. Perspective – to look through, see clearly, point of view, the capacity to view things in their true relations or relative importance, mental view. Sociological perspective: •Sociological perspective enables you to gain a new vision of social life. •Stresses the social contexts in which people live. It examines how these contexts influence people’s lives. •Fundamental question that centers the sociological perspective is, “How groups influence people, especially how people are influenced by their society?” Sociologists look at social location to find out why people do what they do. Society – a group of people who share a culture and a territory. Social location – the corners in life that people occupy because of where they are located in a society (jobs, income, education, gender, age, etc.). AUGUST COMTE AND POSITIVISM: Founder of Sociology (1798-1857) France Comte was interested in what holds society together. To answer this question properly, he asserted that it is necessary to apply scientific method to social life. Applying scientific method would uncover the laws that underlie society. Therefore he coined the term “positivism.” Positivism – applying the scientific method to the social world. Comte called this new science “sociology (the scientific study of society.” -Comte stressed that this new science not only would discover social principles but also would apply them to social reform. Sociologist would reform the entire society, making it a better place to live. -He asserted we must observe and classify human activities in order to uncover society’s fundamental laws. -Religion of humanity/Great Priest of Humanity Herbert Spencer and Social Darwinism Second Founder of Sociology (1820 – 1903) England -Spencer disagreed with Comte on the purpose of sociology. He believed sociology should not guide social reform. He asserted that no one should intervene in the evolution of society. -Spencer thought that societies evolve from lower to higher forms (barbarian to civilize). -As generations pass, the most capable and intelligent (fittest) members of the society survive, while the less capable die out (and over time, societies improve). -Society progress forward and helping the lower classes interferes in this natural process. -The fittest members will produce a more advanced society -Spencer coined this principle as “survival of the fittest.” -Did not actually conduct studies, he just developed ideas about society. Karl Marx and Class Conflict 1818-1883 Germany Major theoretical contribution was the concept of class conflict. He proposed that there is a conflict in industrial societies among two groups, the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. Marx suggested that society is a composite of antithetical (oppositional) forces that generate social change by their constant tensions and struggles with one another. Class conflict – is the struggle between the owners (bourgeoisie) and the workers (proletariat). Bourgeoisie – the controlling class of capitalists, those who own the means to produce wealth- capital, land, factories, and machines. Emile Durkheim and Social Integration -Primary goal: to get sociology recognized as a separate academic discipline. -Received the first academic appointment in sociology. -Second goal: demonstrate how social forces affect people’s behavior, to do this he conducted rigorous research. Research: Suicide rates – High incidence of suicide among Protestants, males, & the unmarried Low incidence of suicide among Catholics, Jews, females & the married -Concluded suicide is not simply a matter of individuals here and there deciding to take their lives for personal reasons. Instead, social factors underlie suicide. People with weaker social ties are more likely to commit suicide -Durkheim identified social integration – the degree to which people are tied to their social group -Central idea – human behavior is impacted by social forces (external) Max Weber and the Protestant Ethic 1864 – 1920 Germany Max Weber disagreed with Marx’s claim that economics is the central force in social change. Rather, religion is the central force to social change. Research: compared the extent of capitalism in Roman Catholic and Protestant countries. Capitalism is more likely to flourish in Protestant countries. Concluded: religion was the central factor of capitalism. -Theorized Roman Catholic belief system encouraged Roman Catholics to hold onto traditional ways of life, while the Protestant belief system encouraged its members to embrace change. Roman Catholics – church members went to heaven Protestants – looked for outside “signs” that they were in God’s will. Financial prosperity became a major sign of God’s approval. Protestants lived frugal lives, saving their money and investing to make more money. According to Weber, this brought about the birth of “capitalism.” Protestant ethic - self-denying approach to life to gain God’s approval through financial success. Spirit of capitalism – investing capital in order to make more money. B. Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM -Study how people use symbols to establish meaning, develop their views of the world, and communicate with one another. -Symbols define for us what relationships are. It allow relationships to exist, we couldn’t coordinate our actions with those of other people. -Analyze how our behaviors depend on the ways we define ourselves and others. -With symbols there are expectations FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS (Functionalism/Structural Functionalism) -Central idea: society is a whole unit; it is made up of interrelated parts that work together. -The notion that society is an organism that has parts that must function together is the focal point. -When all parts of society fulfill their functions, society is in a “normal” state. -If the parts do not fulfill their functions, society is in an abnormal or pathological state. -To understand society, look at both structure (how the parts of a society fit together to make the whole) and function (what each part does, how it contributes to society). CONFLICT THEORY -Society is composed of groups that engage in fierce competition for scarce resources. (Struggle for power). -key to human history is class struggle -In every society, some small groups control the means of production and exploits those who are not in control. -In industrialized societies the struggle is between the bourgeoisie (the small group of capitalists who own the means to produce wealth) and the proletariat (the mass of workers who are exploited by the bourgeoisie C. Sociological Research - a scientific method in investigating social phenomena Basic goal- obtain understanding of the observable social world Two kinds of researches: Basic Research – concerned with the development of empirically based theory Applied research – concerned with valuation and action Levels of analysis in asking and answering question o Individual level analysis- looks for the role played by the individual o Group level analysis – looks at the influence of group upon social behavior o Structural level analysis – examine social settings and its influences on social behavior Research Process A. Defining the problem Social world is made up board and complex phenomena, therefore the scope and breadth of the problem should be delimited and the phenomena to be focused on should be defined. Sociological inquiry is guided by the following: o Concept- refers to all cases of a particular class of objects, events, persons, relationships, processes and ideas o Hypothesis- a proposition or assumption stating what is to be resolved. It states relationships between two or more social phenomena. o Theory- statement of the logical relationships between facts o Fact- an observational experience that can be repeated and verified B. Gathering of the data Methodological design, techniques and tools to be used o Experimental Method- involves experimental group and controlled group o Sample survey – involves a sample which represents a universe or a particular population o Case study- intense examination of a specific group over a long period of time o Techniques- may be qualitative or quantitative Observation- may be participatory or non-participatory Interviewing- done by the use of questionnaire which may be structured or non structured or directed interview. o Participant Observation- where researcher-observer becomes involves in the activities of the group that is being studied. C. Analysis of Data- involves testing of hypothesis or answering questions or assumptions with facts that have been gathered. D. Verification- further checking and verification of findings Society and culture A. Society- a system of interacting individuals and interrelated groups sharing a common culture and territory a group of people living together in a social system of long established relationships, recognizing and following a certain way of life o o II. 1. Two types of society: non industrial and industrial 2. Social Structure- the patterned and recurrent social relationship among persons in organized collectives a. Form of Social Structure 1) Primary group structures; families, friendship groups and work groups 2) Purposely organized structures: voluntary organizations and association 3) Territorial structures: city, community, neighborhood 4) Latent structures: sex or racial categories 3. Social groups and social organizations a. Social Groups 1) Primary group and secondary group Primary group- family and friendship group are considered the building blocks of the larger society Secondary groups – groups where interactions among members are impersonal, business like. Focus of the group is on development of skills and specialized know how. 2) Gemeinschaft and Gessellschaft ( Ferdinand Townies) Gemeinschaft - a community of intimate private and exclusive living and familism. Maybe likened to our tribal group, fishing villages, agricultural villages. Gessellschaft - large secondary group where there is division \of labor, specialization, functional interdependence. 3) In-group and out-group- based on sense of belonging. These are not actual groups but a kind of relationship that exist in mind. The use of “we” (in group) and “they” (out-group) defines this grouping. 4) Informal ad formal – Based on form of organization Informal group- arises spontaneously out of interaction Formal group – also called social organization Formal organizations are necessary in industrialized complex societies. Goals of formal organizations are for: 1.) Profit 2.) The spiritual needs of people 3.) Education 4.) Workers benefit 5.) Service to the poor 4. Socialization- process through which a person acquires the skills and behavior necessary for social living. a. Elements of socialization 1.) child’s culture 2.) biological inheritance 3.) child’s interaction b. Family – most important socializing agent c. School- transmitter of culture d. Language – an important tool in socialization e. Social order- means by which people fill their expected role Status – the position a person occupies in society by virtie of age, birth, marriage, occupation or achievement - ascribed status- position assigned to the individual - achieved status- acquired through competition 5. Agencies of Socialization a. Family b. Peer group c. Church d. School e. Mass Media f. Workplace 6. Social interaction - refers to the various actions and interactions of individuals in a social situation. 7. Social Processes a. Cooperation – people work together for a common good 1.) Assimilation- blending/ fusing two culture 2.) Acculturation- adaptation of culture upon contact 3.) Amalgation- brought about by intermarriage Through culture man can overcome his handicaps 4. between institutional goals and means b. Differential Association Theory. Western or Occidental Culture a. People of different societies evolve in solving life problems. IV. Cultural relativity and Ethnocentrism 1) Cultural relativity.a structural framework where humans live 1.when no contradiction exist between people’s beliefs and their behavior. Social Stratification – exist when there is a hierarchy of position with differences ion wealth. Indonesian. Theories on the Causes of Deviance a. Material culture (Product of technology ) 1) Artifact: simple tools to computer 2. Diversity and Variability 1) Cultural variability – cultures differ because of great variety of solutions. 2.refers to all those attitudes and behaviors originating in the social environment that have the effects or directing or restricting the attitude and behavior of an individual or groups 4.commonly known as customs. basic Feature Filipino Society and Culture a.b. Structural of Inequality: bases of Conflict A. b. Characteristics of Culture a.evaluates other culture on basis of familiar and commonly shared ways of thinking and acting C. norms and values that human acquires through social learning 1. angels saints.) Values – abstract standards that persist overtime and serve as guides to what is right and proper for people in society 3. Culture is a group product c. Asian or Oriental culture Malayan as the indigenous core with strains of Aeta. Culture is learned b.manifested in Filipino political orientation 2. Subculture theory. Lower World . Issues in Understanding Culture a. Culture is adaptive e. Actor who exhibit the behavior d. traditions and conventions of society b) Mores. III. 2) Cultural integration. b. . Upper World . Kinship group.the total range of what has been learned or perceived a true. Deviance and Social control 1. Spanish. Importance of culture in Human Development a.formalized forms norms enacted by people who are vested by political and legal authorities designated by the government 2.a system of social relations based on blood. Culture is varied 3.) Social Norms –rules or expectation that define what is acceptable or require in a social situation a) Folkways. Social situation b. This is the basic element of Filipino social structure 3.) Knowledge.specific direction of a person’s motivation and action depends upon frequency and intensity of interaction with others d. Arab and Chinese culture b. Development of the Filipino culture a. Filipino View of the World a.various elements of culture are examined n terms of its relationship to other elements a part of the total symbolic system of the culture 2) Ethnocentrism. Components of Deviant Behavior: a. power and prestige ad when there is intergenerational transmission of advantage or disadvantage stemming from one’s location in the hierarchy. supernatural. Universe.are the people who diverges from group norms while Deviates are those who display divergent behavior but are not identified a norms violates 2. Filipino Society and Culture 1. Non-material culture 1. Culture is transmitted from generation to generation d.dwelling place of man and environment spirit (with supernatural powers) Filipinos have personalistic view of the universe. Audience of definers of the act 3. Hindu. and magic knowledge. History of human evolution is a history of culture b. Anomie theory. Through development of culture. Components of Culture a.strongly manifested in our religious end cultural orientation b. Act or unit of action c.the process by which those who violate group norms are identified as norm violators Deviants.the greater motivation to violate norm will result in different patterns of deviance depending upon the availability of illegitimate opportunities in the neighborhood c. This could be natural. Deviance. Labeling Theory. American. Competition and Conflict B.special folkways which are important to the welfare of the people and their cherished values c) Laws.groups with fewer opportunities to achieve success or goals wile have greater motivation to violate norms and higher rates of deviance. marriage or affinity and ritual or compadre connection. Social control. man sets aside certain laws of nature to confirm to his bidding c.assumes that most people commit deviant acts at one time or another. Culture – shared beliefs.gods. egalitarian or matricentric b.refers to the social aspects of sex or to socially defined expectation.where there is a clearly ordered hierarchy of position or officers. Racial and Cultural Minorities 1. Gives its members status 6. Ksashtriya c. Performs economic. roles feelings or concepts associated with sex. Ethnic minorities. b.removal by the dominant group of an undesired population from the area they occupied. Based on membership: nuclear or extended 2. Based on descent: patrilineal. Family – basic social unit which is the source of intimate social relationship ad the most effective agent of transmitting culture a. agricultural or industrial 4. gives people peace of mind 2. b. Family structure 1. gives people anchorage . Sex and gender : source of differentiation Sex – refers to biological differences or characteristics that distinguished laes and females Gender.men and women’s roles depend on cultural context 3.an emotional attitude that is unfavorable b. Social class system.cluster of norms associated with important social activities.made up religiously sanctioned and hierarchically ranked groupings in which membership is fixed at birth and is permanent. subsistence or mechanized 5. Institutions: the Bases of Order A. operation is based upon a system of general rules.it is a deliberately constructed social unit with explicit coordinate activities designed to contribute toward the attainment of a stated goal. Economic is the actual organization and utilization of natural and human resources by given society at a given time in accordance with their cultural patterns. adjustments have to be made in value orientation and social structure 3. underdeveloped or developed 6. Based on authority: patriarchal . 2.destruction of one group by another. Caste system. matrilineal or bilateral 3. Regulates sexual behavior and is the unit of reproduction 2. Religious institutions a.the co-existence of different ethnic group based on mutual respect for cultural differences.1. Agency for socializing the child 4. Expulsion. Mechanism for social control 5. For biological maintenance 3. Classification of economic system 3. Vaishyas d. Cultural tradition. positions are filed ob the basis of expertise. b. Means to minimize ethnic problem 1. Factors that define gender roles a. Institutions. Sudras Untouchable is considered outcast 2. All religions involve a set of symbols which arouses feelings of reverence of awe and are linked to rituals or ceremonies such as church services. Social mobility is allowed in this system. C. Biological.women become pregnant and give birth. d. Gender Inequality 1. division f labor and organization of work d. Nature of formal organization. Function of Family 1. Based on residence: patrolocal. capitalistic or communistic c. avuncolocal. Brahmas b. language and cultural patterns that are different from the dominant group 2. Functions of religion 1. allays fears and anxieties 3. religious and political functions 2. Components of Economy: property. Genocide. bilocal or neolocal 4. 3. Underdeveloped countries are resistant to economic development. prejudice. matrilocal. technology. Accommodation – acceptance of both the minority and dominant groups of their relative positions in society 2. This is found in India where the rank order are: a. matriarchal . Problems encountered by minority groups a. V. Rise of women’s movements brought about a change in the role that women play in modern society D. Economic Institution a. educational. a defined sphere of competence: activities are recorded. and relationship among people within a bureaucratic organization is impersonal. B.groups defined by national origin. Social Change and the future of gender Roles a.composed of economic groups that are based upon similarities in occupation. Examples: Bureaucracy. The Philippines is in transition from agricultural to industrial but as transition takes place. Religion is a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to scared things. men impregnate. 1. income and wealth. Recreational. Cultural pluralism. segregation – setting apart or separating members of minority group from members of the dominant group in social interactions c. authority – the legitimate exercise of power b. Urban Lifestyles 1. To transmit culture 2. Social Functions of Education 1. territorial distribution and social characteristics such as occupation and marital status. Birthrates and death rates (mortality) are components of population’s change. 1. maintains and regulates the value system of society 8. d. 4. Political Institutions a. Political participation involves acts of individuals and groups seeking to influence the political system. Folk Catholicism is a special feature of the religious pattern in the Philippines. Complex interaction pattern – city dwellers have the potential for initiating an enormous number of social relationships. The Filipino has intermarried with Westerners. Political power is a means by which decisions are made and social reward.ability to affect the political process in the making of decision 2. Studio politics by sociologist focuses on the context f political decisions. democracy c. The Filipino is Western in his ways rather than oriental d. mortality. 2. Metropolitan area. Kinship group is the Basic feature of the Filipino Society and Culture. provides guidance 5. fertility PART II: ANALYZING TEST ITEMS Direction: Analyze carefully each item. Such socialization occurs through the transmission of political attitudes. d. Developments in Modern Society A. 2. family.size and diversity of city fosters unconventional behavior patterns C. VI. City is characterized by lack of cultural cohesiveness. 2. When your father gets the help of his BOSS to recommend you for employment in a bank .analysis of a population by size or number of people. Increase in societal complexity has caused an increase in bureaucratic regulations of schools. Cities are large dense permanently settled territories whose population engages primarily in non-agricultural pursuits 2. Religious pluralism exists in the Philippines with Catholicism as the dominant religion. to prepare individuals for position in society 3. Impact of industrialization and modernization necessitated reforms in the church to adapt to the changing conditions of the modern world 4. performs welfare and recreational functions 7. Schools are complex social organizations with student and teacher subcultures. Challenges to education center on the most fundamental beliefs and values of society. colonialism 3. The Filipino has both the Oriental and Western Cultural orientation b. Political socialization is the process by which members of a society become acquainted with the political system and develop political attitudes. Educational Institutions a. school and church are fundamental agencies of socialization. Choose the letter of the best answer in each item and try to justify your choice. The Filipino indigenous core is Malayan 2. norms and values within the culture. Indigenous practices of old folks and their beliefs in spirits and charms remain and have been interwoven into the Catholic practices. Issues arising from Population Problems a. growth of Urban Areas 1. The Filipino is a mixture of different cultures. In the Philippines there is separation of church and state. to serve as change agent in society b. c.4. Population and the future – the larger the size and the higher the rate of human populations. the greater are the demands for resources and the pressures placed on natural and social environments. 5. When your father seeks the help of your uncle to work for your immigration to USA b. Which social relationship based on ritual is illustrated in this situation? a. abortion b. Three types of political systems: 1. influence. Future of the city requires new set of economic and political relationships with the suburbs D. When your father calls up your Ninong Jose to facilitate your transfer as a teacher to your hometown c. serves as means of social control 6. Student subcultures often develop norms that are different from toed formally defined by the school. Population 1. totalitarianism. and migration 3. are allocated 1. d. Demographic Perspective Demography. When your father request the mayor whom he help during election o give you a job d.an urban area that extends far beyond the legal city limits B. Population growth is influence by 3 democratic processes: fertility. This means that a. Exposure to unconventional norms. integrates and promotes solidarity c. Social goals of the school are influenced by the philosophy and policies of government and these are built into the educational system as a whole c. Kinship refers to the system of social relationship based on blood marriage and ritual. d. ostracism b. Evolutionist theory c. relationship by marriage b. language b. The least effective means of social control among the following is: a. reference group c. first experience in love and affection b. controlled experiment 10. Capitalistic b. attending social gatherings c. participant observation d. son. Adopted child . Frankness of the American can be considered rude by Filipinos. Mother. action c. When an individual from the lowest class wears fashionable clothes c. Integrationist theory . relationship by contact 21. The practice of “pamamanhikan” especially in the rural areas is an illustrating of a Filipino a. Social relationship in Philippine setting is illustrated in the kinship patterns that Filipinos developed. Children. camaraderie that develops stable personal identity c. Child’s cultural and social environment b. it is very clear that Martha had developed her personality and character similar to that of the parents. values b. primary group d. Child’s experiences 20. A Filipino family is generally extended such that we usually find in such family the ff. A Filipinos status in society is based on income such that some Filipinos tend to be “social climbers” Social climbers are best identified in this situation. son and grandparent c. Father . Father. candidates do not observe proper decorum c. laws 8. law 15. a. father. Communistic d. Mother. This refers to: a. norms c. This description is best illustrated in one of the following. Children b. Family is the basic unit of society. Grandmother . When doing class activities segregate the ethnic group so they can do their own thing 6. candidates for the position do not advocate cleanliness for the community b. Importance is given to one’s status in society. Which among the following is not a non-material culture a. Father. This is experienced especially by minority or ethnic groups. Philippines politics has been described as “dirty”. relationship by blood c. daughter d. cultural lag b. Have an activity where ethnic group competes with the other groups in the class. Children c. Mother . This assessment of American behavior is attributed to a. In the Philippines. incentive or rewards for performance of goal behavior d. education 14. father.3. A typical social structure which describes a pattern through which relationships at work are ordered is termed a. becoming richer 9. cultural relativism c. getting older b. they are very careful about their behavior such that they are conscious of the means of controlling their behavior. Martha was born to parents who were both intellectually smart. At very young age of 2 she already exhibited interest in reading and she could count numbers 1 to 100. cultural universality 7. gossip d. Rhea is described as very much like her mother in behavior and attitudes. nod of the head d. and cousins 18. Social mobility is best illustrated in one’s a. cultural pluralism d.: a. father. When affluent people go to parties more often b. mores d. social survey c. The least used research method in Sociology is a. tapping of the shoulder b. a. folkways c. public opinion c. peer group b. son. Let the ethnic group and the other members of the class do an activity where they share ideas about their culture d. Child’s geographical environment d. candidates do not resort to white washing of controversial issues 16. tools 12. moving from one place to another d. mother. This development is accounted to a. candidates employ black propaganda tactics d. pensive look c. son. Let the ethnic group perform a dance or render a song depicting their culture so that the rest of the class would be aware that they are really different c. Technological c. This is said to be the result o the strong influence of the family as a a. Child’s biological inheritance c. relationship by ritual d. Filipinos are particular about their relations with other people in society. orientation into the culture of the group 17. mother. Which theory of society did Marx clearly adhere to? a. When a not so affluent person attends a class reunion held in a classy hotel 5. A nuclear family is that where the members consist of the following: a. language d. diffusion d. Which of the following indicates displeasure? a. helper d. mother . secondary group 11. Which activity can minimize prejudices or biases in class where a group coming from an ethnic group is enrolled? a. mother. The principal means through which culture is transmitted from generation to generation is a. She could also entertain visitors as well by performing either singing or dancing. value b. When an individual from the lowest class borrow money to buy dresses to attend parties in classy hotel. daughter and grandparent b. In the kinship pattern is included the compadrazgo system. The peer group as an agency for socialization provides the individual a. father. Father. Mother . Language is an important tool in transmitting messages. Natural Child 4. interview b. stern look 13. Problem in society is often brought about by prejudices or biases. b. Given these talents. Bureaucratic 19. The greater the knowledge of a person. Man is a social being. to control deviant behavior b. brother-in-aw c. impersonal social relationships 7. Man has the capacity to adopt to the ways of other people d. When society becomes more urbanized. discrimination c. This saying illustrates the principle of a. Such arrangement is appropriately termed: a. hierarchy of authority d. stepsister b. That age is a universal criterion for assigning expectation sets. Collection behavior d. Which among the following situations best illustrate the given statement . our western colonizer d. In the study of a political system. Man my choose to relate with other man c. celebration of Moriones festival 10. Which of the following is an example of an issue a sociologist would study? a. Reached the age of 50 3. bow and arrow of the Aetas c. In such complexity there is a need to efficiently make things work. stone tools of the Tasadays d. social environment b. Inherited talents from parents b. Man necessarily relates with other man b. How do police actions influence crowd behavior? 8. bureaucracy d. Material culture refers to the tangible and concrete objects produced by man. Among the Bontoc Igorot in the Philippines. ceremonial bench of the Fugue b. intimated ace to ace associations b. individual differences c. d. to improve society d. finished law as a working student d. This means therefore that a.b. What is the interaction between chemicals and behavior? d. In such a situation a hierarchical arrangement of authority. inherited real estate properties from parents c. “No two individuals are the same”. cultural relativity b. social structure c. When we say that “education is from womb to tomb” we cater to the idea that: a. Structural-Functional theory 22. our oriental forefathers c. That race defines the characteristics b. 1. Deviant behavior c. sex and age are concerned? a. Transmitter of culture c. culture 11. This action of a group is termed a. Pioneer of programs 2. rights and obligations are drawn. heredity d. inferiority d. Which among of the following is not a material culture? a. Which among the following is an individual’s consaguineal relation a. purposely organized social structure have the following characteristics except a. cultural ethnocentrism 25. training c. That all the biological traits 9. voting behavior d. anger b. That sex defines the role of a person c. social status b. Man is a social being. Agent of the state b. Student protest can be used to uncover features of change reflecting change-inducing movement. political theory b. problems become complicated. Which among the following is considered the “raw material” of personality development? a. Perpetuator of tradition d. the effect of political institution on other institution in society c. Conflict theory d. If the school is considered as agent of social and cultural change it should therefore function as a. Man should always be happy in the company of other people 15. the greater is his responsibility. social organization b. prejudice 5. Which political system is the best? b. half-brother d. sociologist would be most interested in a. our accepted religion b. When a person says that “rich people acquired their wealth through foul means” the person is expressing his a. Contemporary Filipino values had been shaped by a. godfather 12. He is therefore prone to socialization. goal direction c. education is ecstasy d. influences of oriental and occidental people we got in contact with 14. education is best left to the living 24. Which of the following best exemplifies achieved status a. a women reaches “her prime” at age 23. social differentiation d. Why the rate of abortion rising? c. functions of government 6. while at 30 she is getting old. Which of the following best describes the goals o sociological inquiry? a. personality d. It is in socialization where man best develop his: a. to help people who have problems 4. physical characteristics c. What does this description speak of in so far biological traits: race. education is acquired following the life-process of man b. social stratification PART III: ENHANCING TEST TAKING SKILLS Directions: Answer the following items to enhance your test taking skills. Industrialist movement 13. to increase our understanding of ourselves and our groups c. education is forever c. before 45 she is “old” and by 50 she is a mass of wrinkles from foot to forehead. idiosyncrasies 23. Revolutionary movement b. Identify the relevant philosophical principles in teaching-learning situations 2. when you consider undertaking as a challenge b. This is what we term collective behavior. 23. In fact. 21. extended Area: FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION Focus: Historical and Philosophical Foundations Major Competency: Apply historical and philosophical principles in teaching-learning situations. the queen Despite the westernization of Filipinos. when all of you in the audience laugh in a movie house because the scene is funny d. people lived in an environment in which DURING THE they struggled to survive against natural forces. 22. EDUCATION Before the invention of reading and writing. Marina was reminded by hid officemate about the schedule date of submission of reports but marina reacted by saying “I know my job. when one simply ignores the mispronunciation of a word said d. Recognition programs d. For a particular group’s culture to continue into the future. 20. Due to differences in belief and practices some may really notice the unusual practice of some sects. when you pick up pieces of paper because you are conscious about cleanliness c. a certain kind of behavior is manifested. opposing the decision of the group c. nuclear b. when you emphasize the mispronunciation word In the Philippines there are many religions practiced by Filipinos. pre-literate people developed skills that grew into cultural and educational PERIOD patterns. How would you deal with these people? a. 19. people had to transmit it. Which among the following is an example of a deviant behavior? a. when try to get the cooperation of others to vouch for your competence d. we will engage them in an argument c. it is an accomplishment on his part because he patiently waited for the position d. The teacher and pupil both assume great responsibility in the classroom c. she cried. A. Nena was observed to have made a habit of coming late.16. we will praise them Everyone has experienced being with a group. How did he attain such status? a. ANCIENT To survive. Specific Competencies 1. commemoration When is competition a constructive one? a. 18. when one who comes from the Visayas makes a wrong pronunciation of a word in English and you laugh at his mispronunciation b. Regular correspondence b.” You do not need to remind me even if I am just your subordinate b. when you really determined to really put down the position c. going along with the decision of the group b. it is an achieved status because he will succeed to the throne of England b. tradition b. An example of this behavior is: a. The teacher has greater responsibility than the pupil in the classroom b. matriarchal d. When she was reprimanded she merely said “sorry. learning language. when one corrects the mispronunciation of word said by another person c. belief c. HISTORICAL FOUNDATION OF EDUCATION Educational Thought Description A. Social gatherings Which situation is a clear indication of one’s expression of bias or prejudice? a. The pupil has a greater responsibility because he is the learner d. Almost of her officemate were happy for her c. when you do your job or plowing the field b. animals. Reunions c. when you mislead the orientation by making it appear you are a born loser What type of family is it where the mother is the head and the domineering personality a. bilateral c. Identify philosophies during the various educational periods 3. As long as one is with a group. obligation c. 24. The teacher shares the responsibility with the school principal when inside the classroom Prince Charles of England is being accorded great respect because he is the heir to the throne of England. Close family ties is usually manifested through: a. when the class went on a field trip you did not go with them d. Identify outstanding educational philosophers and their thoughts about education. SOCIETIES The earliest educational processes involved sharing information about gathering food and providing shelter. when you help a person cross the street In which situation below best illustrate Filipino personalism? a. 17. from adults to children. PRELITERATE or pass it on. we will simply ignore them d. 25. it is an ascribe status because he will succeed to the throne by virtue of birth/ inheritance c. making weapons and other tools. Identify traditional and contemporary philosophies 4. ill try to be punctual d. An example of this is our closefamily ties. we will tolerate them b. When Linda was informed that she has to be replaced in the prestigious position which she was occupying. when you create mischief’s very often causing frequent disorder in the classroom How would you regard observance of holy week? a. a. Even among Christians. and . several sects are in existence. many still retain our oriental heritage. it is a blessing for him because he was favored by his mother. the newly formed sects are very aggressive and their members very fanatical. Sylvia was given an award as outstanding employee. and other humans. most women did not attend school. called the Socratic Method. The education of women depended upon the customs of the particular Greek citystate. priests conducted most of the formal education. priests in temple schools taught not only religion but also the principles of writing. Plato believed in an unchanging world of perfect ideas or . logic. as well as science. Slaves and other noncitizens had either no formal education or very little. however. and goodness. Beginning in about 1200 BC Indian priests taught the principles of the Veda. or poleis. people learned to create and use symbols. Lao-zi (Lao-tzu). or story telling. The Sophists claimed that they could teach any subject or skill to anyone who wished to learn it. human beings created a written language and made the great cultural leap to literacy. The Sophists were more interested in preparing their students to argue persuasively and win arguments than in teaching principles of truth and morality. claimed that true knowledge existed within everyone and needed to be brought to consciousness. grammar. the chief political enemy of Athens. though it thrived particularly during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. epic poems attributed to Homer and written sometime in the 8th century BC. established a school in Athens called the Academy. consisted of asking probing questions that forced his students to think deeply about the meaning of life. They specialized in teaching grammar.EDUCATION FOR CONFORMITY B. Some girls. His educational method. Socrates Unlike the Sophists. and justice. beauty. in accord with the teachings of Confucius. Ancient Greece was divided into small and often competing city-states. such as Athens. Slaves and residents from other countries or city-states made up the rest of the population. informal education. The Athenians believed a free man should have a liberal education in order to perform his civic duties and for his own personal development. was a dictatorship that used education for military training and drill. When these symbols grew into pictographs and letters. parents. subjects that eventually formed the core of the liberal arts. such as Agamemnon. the sacred texts of Hinduism. but only about one-third of the people in Athens were free citizens. and Thebes. SPARTA Sparta. Socrates. Odysseus. Sophists In the 400s BC. and philosophy. Spartan girls received more schooling but it was almost exclusively athletic training to prepare them to be healthy mothers of future Spartan soldiers. who died in 399 BC. were heroes who served as models for the young Greeks. The legendary Greek warriors depicted in Homer’s work. preliterate people used an oral tradition. behavior. In Athens. created a cultural tradition that gave the Greeks a sense of group identity. mathematics. and religious rites or practices of a given culture. and architecture. Plato In 387 BC Plato. and priests taught children the skills and roles they would need as adults. elders. the Greek philosopher Socrates sought to discover and teach universal principles of truth. Only the sons of free citizens attended school. or signs to express their ideas. EDUCATION IN ANCIENT AFRICA AND ASIA EDUCATION FOR THE PRESEVATION OF SOCIAL STABILITY EDUCATION IN ANCIENT GREECE ECUCATION FOR THE DEVELOPMEN T OF INDIVIDUALITY acquiring the values. Formal education in China dates to about 2000 BC. These lessons eventually formed the moral codes that governed behavior. poetry. Historians have looked to ancient Greece as one of the origins of Western formal education. who had studied under Socrates. In their dramatic account of Greek struggles. truth. words. Since they lived before the invention of writing. and religion. By using language. The Iliad and the Odyssey. ATHENS Athens emphasized a humane and democratic society and education. a group of wandering teachers. In contrast to Athens. Through direct. Similarly in India. In ancient Egypt. were educated at home by tutors. from 770 to 256 BC The curriculum stressed philosophy. began to teach in Athens. where women had no legal or economic rights. which flourished from about 3000 BC to about 500 BC. C. and rhetoric. Sparta. and other philosophers. the Sophists. and Achilles. the sciences. Homer’s epics served important educational purposes. to pass on their culture and history from one generation to the next. Cicero believed orators should be educated in liberal arts subjects such as grammar. In secondary schools boys studied Latin and Greek grammar taught by Greek slaves. EDUCATION IN ANCIENT ROME ECUCATION FOR UTILITARIANIS M E. education. While the Greeks were developing their civilization in the areas surrounding the eastern Mediterranean Sea. the old Roman language used by the church in its ceremonies and teachings. The ancient Jews had great respect for the printed word and believed that God revealed truth to them in the Bible. Aristotle In 335 BC Plato’s student. should be unchanging. After primary and secondary school. Schools in monasteries and cathedrals offered secondary education. Education among the Jewish people also had a profound influence on Western learning. During the middle Ages. wealthy young men often attended schools of rhetoric or oratory that prepared them to be leaders in government and administration. and law. only a minority of Romans attended school. or the medieval period. a 1st century BC Roman senator. ethics. Quintilian. He also advised teachers to make their lessons suited to the student’s readiness and ability to learn new material. Plato’s Republic describes a model society. rhetoric. the Romans were gaining control of the Italian peninsula and areas of the western Mediterranean. were preoccupied with war. Merchant and craft guilds also maintained some schools that provided basic education and training in specific crafts. or republic.universal concepts. He urged teachers to motivate students by making learning interesting and attractive. known as rabbis. While girls from wealthy families occasionally learned to read and write at home. He also asserted that they should study ethics. Jewish religious leaders. geography. conquest. Most information on ancient Jewish goals and methods of education comes from the Bible and the Talmud. which lasted roughly from the 5th to the 15th century. history. Schooling was for those who had the money to pay tuition and the time to attend classes. MEDIEVAL EDUCATION EDUCATION FOR HUMANITARIA NISM . the workers. natural science. ethical practices. Convents had libraries and schools to help prepare nuns to follow the religious rules of their communities. The church provided some limited opportunities for the education of women in religious communities or convents. politics. combined Greek and Roman ideas on how to educate orators in his book De Oratore. one of the most notable works of Western philosophy. In Plato’s ideal educational system. called pedagogues. like truth. called aludus. He also concluded that educated people who used reason to make decisions would lead a life of moderation in which they avoided dangerous extremes. military science. Isocrates’s students studied rhetoric. places of worship and religious study. politics. founded his own school in Athens called the Lyceum. Warriors make up the republic’s second class of people. Knights received training in military tactics D. provides food and the other products for all the people of the republic. Believing that human beings are essentially rational. an influential Roman educator who lived in the 1st century AD. chapel. Aristotle thought people could discover natural laws that governed the universe and then follow these laws in their lives. on the other hand. and astronomy. Much of the teaching in these schools was directed at learning Latin. boys attended a primary school. particularly the Roman Catholic Church. mathematics. The Romans. law. Like Isocrates. Isocrates In the 4th century BC Greek orator Isocrates developed a method of education designed to prepare students to be competent orators who could serve as government officials. ANCIENT JEWISH EDUCATION F. and vocational skills. He asserted that since true knowledge is the same in every place at every time. wrote that education should be based on the stages of individual development from childhood to adulthood. Western society and education were heavily shaped by Christianity. The Greeks’ education focused on the study of philosophy. the most sacred document of Judaism. Quintilian devised specific lessons for each stage. Plato described his educational ideal in the Republic. The Church operated parish. They examined model orations and practiced public speaking. Cicero. The lowest class. Both boys and girls were introduced to religion by studying the Torah. advised parents to teach their children religious beliefs. As in Greece. Isocrates’s methods of education directly influenced such Roman educational theorists as Cicero and Quintilian. each class would receive a different kind of instruction to prepare for their various roles in society. ruled by highly intelligent philosopher-kings. Aristotle. a book of religious and civil law. and history. and monastery schools at the elementary level. and civil administration. logic. Rabbis taught in schools within synagogues. and medicine. G. As in the Greek and Roman eras. EDUCATION DURING THE RENAISSANCE EDUCATION FOR RICH. The serfs. Dutch humanist Desiderius Erasmus was particularly influential. and philosophy. or rebirth of learning. EDUCATION and the code of chivalry. as had been required at many of the medieval religious schools. Some girls from wealthy families attended schools of the royal court or received private lessons at home. they might have been lost forever if Arab scholars such as Avicenna and Averroës had not preserved them. were suited for females. if any. astronomy. Medieval universities offered degrees in the liberal arts and in professional studies such as theology. and Giovanni Boccaccio became especially important. and architecture. especially for the upper classes. law. especially rural peasants. represented by Aristotle. needlework. The work of Aquinas and other Scholastics took place in the medieval institutions of higher education. or nuns The vast majority of people were serfs who served as agricultural workers on the estates of feudal lords. The Renaissance was a particularly powerful force in Italy. which means servant or slave. Western educators learned new ways of thinking about mathematics. Educational opportunities for women improved slightly during the Renaissance. But school attendance did not increase greatly during the Renaissance. monks. From contact with Arab scholars in North Africa and Spain. In literature. and Ptolemy. and poetry. The curriculum studied by young women was still based on the belief that only certain subjects. He advised teachers to study such fields as archaeology. Scholars became more interested in the humanist features—that is. Petrarch. with Greek reason. and learning. represented by the Scriptures. medicine. in reference to the associations that students and teachers organized to discuss academic issues. most notably in art. FULL LIFE H. the Scholastics attempted to reconcile Christian theology with Greek philosophy. Galen. Schools were attended primarily by persons planning to enter religious life such as priests. and Scripture. a philosophical and educational movement that used both human reason and revelations from the Bible. history. These agricultural laborers were known as serfs and were legally bound to reside and labor on the land owned by their lord. Because many of these works had disappeared from Europe by the Middle Ages. natural science. and became the foundation of Western arithmetic. only a minority of people went to school during the medieval period. In the 10th and early 11th centuries. formal schooling. The word serf comes from the Latin word servus. The religious Reformation of the 16th century marked a decline in the authority of the . Bologna. mythology. who did not attend school. Aquinas described the teacher’s vocation as one that combines faith. Humanist educators found their models of literary style in the classics. Children of the nobility and upper classes attended humanist secondary schools. Upon encountering the works of Aristotle and other Greek philosophers from Arab scholars. the universities. were generally illiterate. The name university comes from the Latin word universitas. Salerno. Elementary schools educated middle-class children while lower-class children received little. Erasmus believed that understanding and conversing about the meaning of literature was more important than memorizing it. the works of such Italian writers as Dante Aleghieri. The invention of the printing press in the mid-15th century made books more widely available and increased literacy rates. music. love. Cambridge. The Arabic number system was especially important. Arab scholars also preserved and translated into Arabic the works of such influential Greek scholars as Aristotle. Arabic learning had a pronounced influence on Western education. Serfdom. For working-class girls. Scholasticism In the 11th century medieval scholars developed Scholasticism. liberally educated persons. The famous European universities of Paris. Humanist educators designed teaching methods to prepare well-rounded. education was still limited to training in household duties such as cooking and sewing. or associations. dancing. such as art. literature. Aquinas reconciled the authority of religious faith. Euclid. began in Europe in the 14th century and reached its height in the 15th century. Oxford. a 13th century Dominican theologian who taught at the University of Paris. The Renaissance. the secular or worldly rather than the religious aspects—of the Greek and Latin classics. and Padua grew out of the Scholastics-led intellectual revival of the 12th and 13th centuries. Scholasticism reached its high point in the Summa Theologiae of Saint Thomas Aquinas. labor system under which most European agricultural workers lived during the Middle Ages. arithmetic. He created a new educational philosophy called Pansophism. wrote the school code for the German region of Württemberg. In Some Thoughts Concerning Education (1697). German religious reformer Melanchthon. a book for teaching Latin in the student’s own language. To make learning interesting for children. Locke’s curriculum included conversational learning of foreign languages. Locke believed that individuals acquire knowledge most easily when they first consider simple ideas and then gradually combine them into more complex ones. study the catechism. the Latin grammar school in England. While the vernacular schools educated both boys and girls at the primary level. and religious citizens. Martin Luther. history. and arithmetic be gradual and cumulative. Vernacular schools provided primary instruction for the lower classes. Sweden. the government was responsible for supervising schools and licensing teachers. he wrote The Gate of Tongues Unlocked (1631). Each family should pray together. were leaders of the Reformation. and political affairs efficiently. which became a model for other regions of Germany and influenced education throughout Europe. especially French. read the Bible. He also wrote Orbis Sensualium Pictus (1658. also called the Age of Reason. and the various classical humanist and Latin grammar schools prepared upper-class males for higher education. was particularly influential. and the lycee in France were preparatory schools that taught young men the classical languages of Latin and Greek required entering universities. The gymnasium in Germany. Vernacular schools in England. He asserted that at birth the human mind is a blank slate. Comenius advised teachers to use children’s senses rather than memorization in instruction. productive. He believed that a sound education began in early childhood and insisted that the teaching of reading. Comenius escaped religious persecution by taking refuge in Poland. Locke recommended practical learning to prepare people to manage their social. and The Netherlands. We begin with simple ideas and then combine them into more complex ones. upper-class boys attended preparatory and secondary schools that continued to emphasize Latin and Greek. reformers extended literacy to the masses. he argued. Hungary. We acquire knowledge. EDUCATIONAL THEORY IN THE 17TH CENTURY J. such as John Calvin. As they argued with each other and with the Roman Catholics on religious matters. Czech education reformer Jan Komensky. designed to bring about worldwide understanding and peace. A bishop of the Moravian Church. During the Enlightenment. mathematics. for example. and Huldreich Zwingli. along with the church. Educators of the 17th century developed new ways of thinking about education. The work of English philosopher John Locke influenced education in Britain and North America. or Protestant. EDUCATION DURING THE ENLIGHTENME NT Catholic Church and contributed to the emergence of the middle classes in Europe. Since the family shaped children’s character. and practice a useful trade. Luther believed that government should assist schools in educating literate. and empty of ideas. and school. physical education. or tabula rasa. The Protestant reformers retained the dual-class school system that had developed in the Renaissance. Luther encouraged parents to teach their children reading and religion. According to this code. writing. known as Comenius.DURING THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION I. economic. In their ardent determination to instruct followers to read the Bible in their native language. used English to teach their pupils. Protestant religious reformers. They established vernacular primary schools that offered a basic curriculum of reading. rejected the authority of the Catholic pope and created reformed Christian. One of Luther’s colleagues. writing. . It was one of the first illustrated books written especially for children. churches. Protestant educators wrote catechisms—primary books that summarized their religious doctrine—in a question and answer format. The Age of Enlightenment in the 18th century produced important changes in education and educational theory. family. from the information about the objects in the world that our senses bring to us. Martin Luther believed the state. and religion for children in their own language. The Visible World in Pictures. their powers of critical thinking. educators believed people could improve their lives and society by using their reason. or universal knowledge. and games. Locke examined how people acquire ideas in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690). 1659) consisting of illustrations that labeled objects in both their Latin and vernacular names. Occupations consisted of materials children could use in building activities. Pestalozzi developed a so-called “object lesson” that involved exercises in learning form. Froebel’s gifts. (2) present the new lesson. and mountains. counted objects. geography. EDUCATION IN THE 19TH CENTURY The Enlightenment’s ideas had a significant impact on the American Revolution (1775-1783) and early educational policy in the United States. who had an unhappy childhood. He wanted to include history. Froebel studied at Pestalozzi’s institute in Yverdon. Immigrants from Germany brought the kindergarten concept to the United States. and the object lesson. Wisconsin. Swiss educator Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi. By playing with each other. Pestalozzi employed the following principles in teaching: (1) begin with the concrete object before introducing abstract concepts. He affirmed that schools should resemble secure and loving homes. For example. The songs and stories stimulated the imaginations of children and introduced them to folk heroes and cultural values. in 1855. and cylinders. Knowledge. and language. Froebel. and occupations. sand. he said. cumulatively. Herbart’s followers designed a five-step teaching method: (1) prepare the pupils to be ready for the new lesson. While agreeing with Pestalozzi’s emphasis on the natural world. a kindly school atmosphere. were designed to enable the child to understand the concept that the object represented. a form of preschool education that literally means “child’s garden” in German. (4) use examples to illustrate the lesson’s major points. Pestalozzi believed that thought began with sensation and that teaching should use the senses. writing. Pestalozzi established schools in Switzerland and Germany to educate children and train teachers. subtracting. games. In particular. German philosopher Johann Herbart emphasized moral education and designed a highly structured teaching technique. The foundations of modern education were established in the 19th century. Froebel felt that Pestalozzi’s method was not philosophical enough. adding. Based on his work. Margarethe Meyer Schurz opened a German-language kindergarten in Watertown. the first U. children learned to participate in a group. In 1837 Froebel opened a kindergarten in Blankenburg with a curriculum that featured songs. from 1808 to 1810. and arithmetic. dividing. Students progressed from these lessons to exercises in drawing. developed an educational method based on the natural world and the senses. cubes. where it became part of the American school system. and (4) always proceed gradually. and (5) test pupils to ensure they had learned the new lesson. cardboard. including such objects as spheres. the third president of the United States. and slowly. Thomas Jefferson. and literature in the school curriculum as well as reading. cities. American educator Henry Barnard. (3) begin with easy exercises before introducing complex ones. clay. Games developed children’s social and physical skills. and reading. inspired by the work of French philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau. Switzerland. Pupils determined and traced an object’s form. The Enlightenment principles that considered education as an instrument of social reform and improvement remain fundamental characteristics of American education policy. gifts. and named them. Holding that children should study the objects in their natural environment. number. American philosopher and scientist Benjamin Franklin emphasized the value of utilitarian and scientific education in American schools. stories. . Maintaining that education’s primary goal is moral development. K. stressed the importance of civic education to the citizens of a democratic nation. Barnard also worked for the establishment of free public high schools for students of all classes of American society. writing. Herbart claimed good character rested on knowledge while misconduct resulted from an inadequate education. Kindergarten German educator Friedrich Froebel created the earliest kindergarten. Froebel believed that every child’s inner self contained a spiritual essence—a spark of divine energy—that enabled a child to learn independently. introduced Pestalozzi’s ideas to the United States in the late 19th century. (2) begin with the immediate environment before dealing with what is distant and remote. urged teachers to think back to their own childhoods to find insights they could use in their teaching. Like Locke and Rousseau. should create an “apperceptive mass”—a network of ideas—in a person’s mind to which new ideas can be added. (3) associate the new lesson with ideas studied earlier.S. multiplying. and sticks could be used to build castles. Commissioner of Education. in which schools received funds based on their students’ performance on reading. catechism. writing. Argentina. as in earlier simpler societies. Spencer revised Darwin’s biological theory into social Darwinism. a body of ideas that applied the theory of evolution to society. Emphasizing education in practical skills. in 1860. and later a U. William Torrey Harris. Monitorial education concentrated on basic skills—reading. After a monitor had learned a unit—such as spelling words of two or three letters that began with the letter A—he would. In 1878 the United Kingdom passed laws that limited child labor in factories and made it possible for more children to attend school. . Spencer’s social Darwinism became very popular in the last half of the 19th century when industrialization was changing American and Western European societies. Missouri. Elizabeth Peabody established an English-language kindergarten and a training school for kindergarten teachers in Boston. superintendent of schools in St. National Systems of Education In the 19th century. In 1862 the United Kingdom established a school grant system. the economy. Germany. governments in the United Kingdom. he advocated a curriculum featuring lessons in five basic human activities: (1) those needed for self-preservation such as health. To make schooling available to working-class children. United Kingdom The Church of England and other churches often operated primary schools in the United Kingdom. The Education Act of 1870. and exercise. France. The United Kingdom then had two schools systems: board schools operated by the government and voluntary schools conducted by the churches and other private organizations. called the Forster Act. and arithmetic—that were broken down into small parts or units. The United States. authorized local government boards to establish public board schools. Spencer’s ideas on education were eagerly accepted in the United States. politics. and (5) those needed for leisure and recreation. and arithmetic tests. used student monitors to conduct lessons. Social Darwinism British sociologist Herbert Spencer strongly influenced education in the mid-19th century with social theories based on the theory of evolution developed by British naturalist Charles Darwin. the monitorial system was abandoned in British schools because it provided a very limited education. the “fittest” individuals of each generation survived because they were intelligent and adaptable.S. used Spencer’s list of activities in its recommendations for American education. Canada. made the kindergarten part of the American public school system. commissioner of education. Louis. In 1918 the Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education. writing. a report issued by the National Education Association. Uruguay. Massachusetts. Spencer believed that people in industrialized society needed scientific rather than classical education. Urging unlimited competition. (4) those needed to participate in society and politics. writing. where students paid a small fee to study the Bible. He opposed public schools. diet. Spencer maintained that in modern industrialized societies. (3) those needed for parenting. and other countries in North and South America also established national education systems based largely on European models. and knowledge of the sciences. teach this unit to a group of students. reading. developed by British educators Joseph Lancaster and Andrew Bell. (2) those needed to perform one’s occupation so that a person can earn a living. writing. Competition caused the brightest and strongest individuals to climb to the top of the society. He wanted private schools to compete against each other in trying to attract the brightest students and most capable teachers. claiming that they would create a monopoly for mediocrity by catering to students of low ability. In 1833 the British Parliament passed a law that gave some government funds to these schools. Spencer wanted government to restrict its activities to the bare minimum. who were more advanced in their studies. computation. Italy. called monitors. By the end of the 19th century. to raise children properly. under the master teacher’s supervision. Schools featuring monitorial education used older boys. and other European countries organized national systems of public education. and education. and arithmetic. Monitorial education. It offered the fledgling public education system the advantage of allowing schools to hire fewer teachers to instruct the large number of new students. called payment by results. to teach younger children. including the basic skills of reading. many schools with limited public and private funds used monitorial methods of instruction. At the beginning of the 20th century. It introduced children to such practical activities as setting the table. However. serving a meal. Montessori Montessori’s methods of early childhood education have become internationally popular. A revival of Montessori education in the United States began in the 1950s. She found that children enjoy mastering specific skills. The results of her work were so effective that she believed her teaching methods could be used to educate all children. for poor children from the San Lorenzo district of Rome. the Russian Orthodox Church conducted parish schools. and arithmetic. In 1907 Montessori established a children’s school. o sensory. weights. While the number of children attending school slowly increased. Bertrand Russell of England. buttons. Here she developed a specially prepared environment that featured materials and activities based on her observations of children. American educators established many Montessori schools after these lectures. but they declined in popularity in the 1930s as American educators stressed greater authority and control in the classroom. She also believed that children have a power to learn independently if provided a properly stimulating environment. tying and buttoning clothing. the tsar’s government provided only limited schooling to instill political loyalty and religious piety. Formal skills and subjects included reading. The Century of the Child. and practicing basic social manners.S. Montessori designed special teaching materials to develop these skills. and Maria Montessori of Italy. EDUCATION IN THE 20TH CENTURY Russia Russian tsar Alexander II initiated education reforms leading to the Education Statute of 1864. local government units. This law created zemstvos. Dewey The work of American philosopher and educator John Dewey was especially influential in the U. Dewey criticized educational methods that simply amused and entertained students or were overly vocational. He advocated education that would fulfill and enrich the current lives of students as . Fearing that too much education would make people discontented with their lives. washing dishes. In 1913 Montessori lectured in the United States on her educational method. the writings of Swedish feminist and educator Ellen Key influenced education around the world. states had passed compulsory school attendance laws. In 1852 Massachusetts passed the first laws calling for free public education. Nearly all schools operated on private funds exclusively. Trained in medicine. More boys attended school than girls since many peasant parents considered female education unnecessary. Repetitive exercises developed sensory and muscular coordination. United States of America Before the 19th century elementary and secondary education in the United States was organized on a local or regional level. Among the influential progressive educators were Hermann Lietz and Georg Michael Kerschensteiner of Germany. the Casa dei Bambini (Children’s House). writing. Key’s book Barnets århundrade (1900.L. Progressive education was a system of teaching that emphasized the needs and potentials of the child. including laces. beginning in the 1830s and 1840s.1909) was translated into many languages and inspired so-called progressive educators in various countries. American educators such as Henry Barnard and Horace Mann argued for the creation of a school system operated by individual states that would provide an equal education for all American children. rather than the needs of society or the principles of religion. Montessori worked with developmentally disabled children early in her career. Instructors provided the materials for the children and demonstrated the lessons but allowed each child to independently learn the particular skill or behavior. which operated primary schools. and other countries in the 20th century. and by 1918 all U. Montessori’s curriculum emphasized three major classes of activity: o practical. and can sustain concentration. and o formal skills and studies. coinciding with a growing emphasis on early childhood education. most of Russia’s population remained illiterate. prefer work to play. Peasants often refused to send their children to school so that they could work on the farms. and materials identifiable by their sound or smell. In addition to zemstvo schools.S. THE PHILIPPINE EDUCATION Education in the Philippines has undergone several stages of development from the pre-Spanish times to the present. Education was religion-oriented. and the Literary University of the Philippines were established. and controlled. Existence of schooling like reading and writing related to the study of Koran particularly in Maguindanao The pre-Spanish system of education underwent major changes during the Spanish colonization. particularly in Europe. and devoid of methods. The fundamental aims of education as set forth in the 1935 Constitution are: to develop moral character. Piaget wrote extensively on the development of thought and language patterns in children. 1898 by the Secretary of Interior. The Burgos Institute in Malolos. logic. education serves as focus of emphases/priorities of the leadership at certain periods/epochs in our national struggle as a race. A system of free and compulsory elementary education was established by the Malolos Constitution. He examined children’s conceptions of number.well as prepare them for the future. A highly centralized public school system was installed in 1901 by the Philippine Commission by virtue of Act No. or intellectual. Piaget asserted that human intelligence develops in stages. Commonwealth FEATURES As early as in pre-Magellanic times. unstructured. create their own cognitive. They were the Thomasites. Tagalog became the basis of the national language. SPANISH C. Piaget believed that children. An adequate secularized and free public school system during the first decade of American rule was established upon the recommendation of the Schurman Commission. suppressed. civic conscience. and vocational efficiency and to teach the duties of citizenship. which derived from the theories of Dewey. personal discipline. conceptions of reality. physical reality. PRE-SPANISH PERIOD B. space. the Military Academy of Malolos. Primary instruction was free and the teaching of Spanish was compulsory. and the establishment of a normal school for male teachers under the supervision of the Jesuits. The schools maintained by Spain for more than three centuries were closed for the time being but were reopened on August 29. by exploring their environment. Free primary instruction that trained the people for the duties of citizenship and avocation was enforced by the Taft Commission per instructions of President McKinley. education was informal.S. AGUINALDO’S REPUBLIC D. Access to education by the Filipinos was later liberalized through the enactment of the Educational Decree of 1863 which provided for the establishment of at least one primary school for boys and girls in each town under the responsibility of the municipal government. The implementation of this Act created a heavy shortage of teachers so the Philippine Commission authorized the Secretary of Public Instruction to bring to the Philippines 600 teachers from the U. Children were provided more vocational training and less academics (3 Rs) by their parents and in the houses of tribal tutors. In meeting the needs of the society. geometry. It was the major method of instruction for most of the 20th century in elementary schools of the United States and many other countries. The tribal tutors were replaced by the Spanish Missionaries. By continually interacting with their environment. Chaplains and non-commissioned officers were assigned to teach using English as the medium of instruction. each of which enhances a person’s understanding of the world in a new and more complex way. AMERICAN D. It was for the elite. they keep adding to and reshaping their conceptions of the world. stressed the educational development of the child in terms of individual needs and interests. Promulgated the so-called "Quezon Code of Ethics" which laid the foundation of the emerging philosophy of Philippine education. Piaget The work of Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget had a major impact on educational theory in the early 20th century. The defeat of Spain by American forces paved the way for Aguinaldo's Republic under a Revolutionary Government. and moral judgment. Education during that period was inadequate. 74.A. . especially in the early years of Spanish colonization. The activity program of education. PERIOD A. Required the teaching of the Filipino national language in the senior year of all high schools and in all years in the normal schools. Elementary education was nationalized and abolished matriculation fees The Magna Carta for Public School Teachers (R. Edsa Republic The Education Act of 1940 (C. encourage critical and creative thinking. and scientific. Compulsory enrolment of children in the public schools upon reaching seven years of age Service eligibility of teachers was made permanent The Board of National Education (BNE) was created. and promote vocational efficiency. develop moral character. No. and writings of Jose Rizal especially the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo was included in all levels. Return to the practice of only one class under one teacher in the primary and three teachers to two classes or five teachers to three classes in the intermediate. Health and 1942-1944 Commissioner Public Welfare Department of Education. foster love of humanity.A. The National College Entrance Examination (NCEE) was created. 1901 Organic Act Law of 1916 (Jones Law) Renamed by the Japanese Executive Commission. Health and 1944 Minister Public Welfare 1944 Department of Public Instruction Secretary Department of Public Instruction and Secretary Information 1946-1947 Department of Instruction Secretary 1945-1946 1947-1975 Department of Education Secretary Renamed by the Commonwealth Government Renamed by the Commonwealth Government E. June 11. Japanese F. E. No. The life. and vocational efficiency. reduction of the 7-year elementary course to 6 years b. Professional Board Examination for Teachers (PBET) Education Act of 1982 was formulated. Created the Presidential Commission to Study Philippine Education (PCSPE). 74 of the Philippine Commission. Issuance of P. 6-A (Educational Decree of 1972) The fundamental aims of education in the 1973 Constitution are: to foster love of country. 4670) was enacted Special Education Fund and local school boards were created. A daily flag ceremony was made compulsory in all schools including the singing of the National Anthem. Third Republic G. fixing the school entrance age at 7 years . teach the rights and duties of citizenship. 1942 Renamed by Japanese Sponsored Philippine Republic Renamed by Japanese Sponsored Philippine Republic 1916-1942 Department of Public Instruction Department of Education. c.O. introduction of double-single session Gives importance to the diffusion of elementary education and promotion of vocational education The Board of Textbooks was created. national support for elementary education d. New Society H. strengthen ethical and spiritual values. develop moral character and personal discipline. Rise of Barrio High Schools. Jan. 586) provided for the following: a. Tertiary honor students (summa cum laude. respect for human rights. broaden scientific and technological knowledge. 21. technological. appreciation of the role of national heroes in the historical development of the country. Fundamental aims of education: shall inculcate patriotism and nationalism. and cum laude) are granted civil service eligibility. Bilingual Education Program mandates the use of English and Filipino separately as media of instruction in schools. D. magna cum laude.A. Free public secondary education Government Assistance to Students and Teachers in Private Education Teaching of values in the New Elementary School Curriculum (NESC) Student Employment Law Creation of CHED Professionalization of Teaching Profession YEAR OFFICIAL NAME OF DECS 1863 Superior Commission Instruction of Primary 1901-1916 Department of Public Instruction OFFICIAL TITULAR HEAD LEGAL BASES Chairman Educational Decree of 1863 General Superintendent Secretary Act. compulsory attendance of primary children enrolled in Grade 1 e. 94 October 1947 (Reorganization Act of 1947) . self-discipline. teach the duties of citizenship. works. FIVE PHILOSOPHIES R – ealism I – dealism P – ragmatism E – xistentialism N – aturalism The Key Concepts REALISM Education develops one’s reasoning power IDEALISM Education develops the personality of the individual Knowledge and the development of the mind are important Educator THE REALIST EDUCATORS Education is a process of learning how to acquire knowledge and putting that knowledge to practical use. What is there to know? This involves the nature of reality and asks about the universe. August 2001 (Governance of Basic Education Act) B. No. June 2. 1397. and they are studied in psychology. How do we know? This concerns the processes and characteristics of knowledge – how men acquire knowledge and distinguish truth from falsehood and error (studied in logic and epistemology). No. to specific application within the pattern of deductive thinking. will result in the achievement of what may be considered the good life. 1972 P. 1978 Minister Education Act of 1982 Secretary E. 2. January 30. anthropology. 117. PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATION OF EDUCATION PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION is a system of a rationally supported assumptions and beliefs about education it uses traditional philosophical concepts and methods to show how children’s experiences. and his reasons for choosing one thing rather than another. THE IDEALIST EDUCATOR Shows great concern for the moral and spiritual values in the society Teaches self-control. Culture and 1994-2001 Sports 2001 Department of Education Present Secretary Minister Proc. social responsibility and regard for other persons. September 24. Instructions moves from general principles or ideals that are always known in advance to the teacher. Culture and 1984-1986 Sports Department of Education. 1994 Trifocalization of Education Management RA 9155. Education is the process that originates within itself. 1081. sociology.1975-1978 Department of Education and Culture 1978-1984 Ministry of Education and Culture Ministry of Education. creativity. 1987 Secretary Secretary RA 7722 and RA 7796. Each person’s mind must strive to realize itself. Four Basic Questions: 1. Believes that education is basic to life and that all education should have useful purpose Attempts to develop students in such a manner that they can understand and make adjustments to view the real world in an Education is for life . if organized in accordance with certain assumptions. Education is centered around the ideals Emphasizes the importance of rationality and the need for the cultivation of reason. and others. and religion 4. Realist gathers all the possible reliable data and measures students according to standard created. Education is seen by the idealist as the means to an end Learning process must be self-initiated to warrant the label idealist Stress the importance of self-activity because it gives the students the impetus for learning and development. 3. What is the nature of man and culture? This concerns the characteristics of human behavior and its settings. Who or what is most worth of? This raises issues about man’s preferences. This study of values or axiology is intrinsic to question in ethic. No. Culture and 1987-1994 Sports Department of Education. Stresses that fact that individual must become the rational masters of themselves since only then they will be able to control the environment.O.D. aesthetic. permitting each student to progress at his own speed Child is viewed as an important thing in the school Emphasizes the importance of having knowledge to solve problems that may arise in an ever changing world. testing and evaluation Facts are presented clearly in an objective and logical sequence Urges the students to master the facts that are presented to them Uses techniques such as visual-aids to bring the real world into the school environment Views education as an individual rather than group process Sets an environment that allows students to learn what they are interested to learning Permits great variety in its method The Socratic method of learning is used because it forces students to probe their minds The existentialist program offers many courses in the arts. Education is objective The educational process is in an orderly manner The curriculum is scientifically oriented Students are guided through a process of inductive reasoning leading to a unified concept of the physical world The realistic curriculum stresses science Mastery of the fundamental facts is accomplished by means of drill and memorization Mastery of knowledge is implemented by experimentations. PRAGMATIST EDUCATORS The key to all learning and the application of intelligence to new experiences make the educational process effective Problem-solving is necessary in the world of change EXISTENTIALISM Individuals discover the inner selves Education is an individual process is centered the The teacher acts as stimulator Recognizes the importance of individual differences. Education is child-centered Employs objective methods of teaching. and social sciences because their subjects reveal the nature of humankind . Formulates ideas through project method. on Teaches the students knowledge and skills that will enable them to take their place in the society Provides students with the necessary tools to enable them to adjust to their environment and solve the many problems that may arise Gives the students the opportunity to participate in the community affairs which will prove beneficial when they become functional members in the society The curriculum individual Education favors devising of performance for students in various activities. Students are taught how define problems.orderly and systematic fashion and relate to the problem of the outside world. the tools. humanities. and question and answer method. Program of students is evaluated by objective standardized tests. collect data. demonstrations. and observations Educators places great emphasis on research and scientific facts and principles as possible There should be standardization measurement technique in education of The student is a creative being who is guided by the teacher PRAGMATISM Individuals learn through experiences Education is for social efficiency Conceives the objectives and organizes the subject matter. and opportunity for the discovery. formulate and test hypothesis and arrive at conclusions that will enable them to find the solutions to those problems. lecture method. This is problemsolving method taught by John Dewey EXISTENTIALIST EDUCATORS Believes that individuals discover their inner selves and have an understanding of themselves The school supplies the environment. The teacher is placed in the moral and intellectual center of the classroom and demands that the students accept him and what he stands for. The teacher is a guide in the intellectual process EDUCATIONAL APPROACHES IN PHILOSOPHY Social Philosophy Approach PHILOSOPHY Authoritarianism – assumes that the inferences that shape an individual are determined by forces external to him. each child has distinct learning needs that require individual type of learning activities The method of instruction used is mainly inductive. It assumes that man’s basic or essential characteristic is his ability to reason. The teacher is more a resource than a guide or director 3. The child is influenced by his culture. the task of the teacher is to help the child rise above nature and more toward the eternal destiny that awaits him The pupil has the free will and can reject the truth and his teacher’s authority . and logical organization of subject matter and use them to create a rigid framework of instruction 2. Democracy – assumes that an individual is shaped by both external and internal forces Culture – Oriented Approach PHILOSOPHY Perrenialism Is largely a product of Aristotle’s rationalism and its treatment by Thomas Aquinas. judgments. It takes place according to privileges that are based upon the natural response of the learner to what he wishes to know when he wishes to know it 1. Laissez-Faire – assumes that the individual is shaped by internal forces. The teacher knows the facts. 1. The role of the teacher is to leave the child alone and be ready to help when called upon 2. Subject matter consists of materials connected to the learner’s immediate concerns 4. informal. and permits students to develop naturally at their own speed and according to their own needs and interests. Only through reason can man understand APPLIED TO EDUCATION 1. Students learns to be purposeful by working at his problem in an actual way 3. but he in turn learns to exert an influence upon it 2. The task of a teacher is to help each child understand what is problems are and the processes of thinking that defensible conclusions APPLIED TO EDUCATION In education. self discipline and physical well-being Students educate themselves Education involves self-activity Activities are offered for exploratory purposes and for the development of natural aesthetic and self-expressions The teacher has an understanding of the laws of nature Aware that the nature is responsible for differences therefore. Ideals must be learned by certain methods and one interpretation is usually preferred over the other 3. Education is to teach responsibility NATURALISM Education must satisfy the inborn needs of the individual Education is geared to the individual growth of each child The teacher serves as stimulator for the students Encourages the students to discover their own truth by prodding their moral and intellectual curiosities Aids the students in responsible decision-making Develops the inner-self of students NATURALIST EDUCATORS It is the role of education to satisfy the basic needs of man as there are fundamental force within the individual that seek satisfaction Believes that each child follows a logical pattern of growth and development and that education must be attuned to these natural patterns Activities are reflected according to the developing maturity level of the individual Education is not simply mental in nature Advocates the education of both mind and body Encourages the development of moral character. and other materials. desire to become Buddhalike and to live in harmony with the natural flow of the Universe. Hinduism Emphasizes a commitment to an ideal way of life called (Dharma). Chinese Philosophies. and the joys of being close to nature and being in harmony with the whole universe. The way to overcome this misery is through Eight Fold Path such as: Right understanding/Right speech. concern for humanity. All in life is suffering. b. and trust to one and only God Koran. brotherhood. not strain or strive for anything. Right conduct. Right vocation/Right concentration. Right mindfulness. Taosim -. its sacred book is the word of God . courage. be responsible for the consequences of his behavior This is what the teacher must learn and the school to teach: the skills of group discussions that will make it possible for men to talk over their differences until they end with discussion. 3. Right effort. Propriety. God is truth and the best way to seek the truth is by practicing non-violence (Ahinisa). virtues and propriety. civil service. a. Islam Emphasized a total commitment in faith. no scriptures. loyalty to elders. language. and universal love and justice The concept of a superior individual is one who lives in a life of rightness. God is to be realized by living in the world. faith on God. Believes that personal gratification is the root of sufferings in the world The teachings of Buddha centered on four noble truths: 1. there are some things the child must learn which tend the curriculum relatively static There is a core of essential and traditional subjects. this means that the child must be taught to be independent. faith. self-reliant thinker. religion. Zen Buddhism Has no savior/s. Advocates simplicity. a stream without end in which the law of karma operates Stressed non-attachment. a. Righteousness. frugality. Proposes to discipline the mind and seeks 4. Eastern Philosophies 1. Right thought. obedience. Indian Philosophies 2. characterized by honesty. Japanese Philosophy . This suffering can cease. must interact with society without necessarily surrendering to it and the moral individual will attempt to change others to conform to the moral path. Five Constant Virtues: Benevolence. purity and non-violence. Believes that religion should be practical. that in the universe is not particularly conceived with him Man can rely only upon his ability to think straight Reconstructionism It assumes that the school has the role to play as an agent of planned change He must be prepared to suffer the consequences that follow the dismissal of unchangeable and universal truths In education. God is an abstraction but a living presence. People are social beings. Holds that the universe is a Samsara. science and history. Simplicity is the key to knowledge as patience is to understanding Tranquility is the assurance of the good life Wu Wei: Do nothing that is unnatural or not spontaneous. Wisdom. 2. Confucianism Teaches moral life through devotion to the family. Muslim Philosophy a. mathematics. love of learning. pain and misery of dukkha. 4. paradise. and Sincerity Education should build moral.existence and how he is required to live Essentialism It is often called traditionalism or conservatism Assumes that the values of men are embedded in the universe. Buddhism b. Dharma can be achieved through Yoga Believes that one should be able to control and regulate his desires. certain literary classic. waiting to be discovered and understood Progressivism It assumes that the world changes. character than merely teaching skills or information Every person should strive for the continual development of self until excellence is achieved. In education. This suffering has a cause: Selfish craving and personal desire 3. learn to discipline himself. service. a. self-control. Let things come naturally. not to devote life to sensual pleasure or worldly success. 1998 . The soul is immortal g. 54. the Son. Belief in one God (Allah) b. son of God c. 70. Christ. The Holy Trinity includes the Father. God is the Creator of all things. 65. 1998 . 1998 . 40. Pilgrimage 5. The Human being is a sinner who requires redemption. There is life after death Life RELEVANT PHILOSOPHIES OF EDUCATION OPERATING IN PARTICULAR CLASSROOM SITUATIONS Philosophies of Education IDEALISM SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIONISM/ PROGRESSIVISM EXISTENTIALISM / SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIONSSM SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTJONISM PROGRESSIVISM EXISTENTIALISM PROGRESSIVISM RECONSTRUCTIONSM IDEALISM PERENNIALISM/ESSENTIALISM SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIONSM ESSENTIALISM Current Educational Classroom Practices DECS Order No. the highest receiving the most education. s. 106. s.Clarification on the changes in the Social Studies program • Sequencing in Social Studies are as follows: Old: Third and fourth year students to take up Ekonomiks and Kasaysayan ng Daigdig respectively New: Kasaysayan ng Daigdig for the third year and Ekonomiks for fourth year students DECS Order No. s. 57. i. works. Baptism is necessary for salvation. s. Jesus came down to earth to redeem mankind f. and the Spirit d. DECS Order No. with great care being taken to differentiate children suitable to the various castes. Enlightenment comes through an immediate and intuitive understanding of reality that awakens our Buddha nature (through rational thinking) No intermediaries between God and humans. 13 1998-Revised rules and regulations on the teaching of religion in public elementary and secondary schools DECS Order No. Christian Philosophy Believes in the: a. s.Revised system of rating and reporting of student performance for secondary schools DECS Order No. s. and writing.Revised guidelines on the selection of honor students in private and public secondary schools DECS Order No.Implementation of the Revitalized Homeroom Guidance Program (RHGP) Regional School of the Future (SOF) DECS Order No. 1. DECS Order No. Almsgiving e. so that they . pleasant drinks. 91. should be attuned to the things around us. food and sensual delights. He saw education as the key to creating and sustaining his Republic. Emphasizes silent meditation. the freedom of the mind Emphasizes a dependence on oneself rather than an outside source for answers and wisdom. s 1996 – Reiterating the implementation of RA 1425 mandating the inclusion of Rizal’s life. The Old Testament and the New Testament are the guides to ideal Christian h. s. Fasting d. EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHERS EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPER CONTRIBUTIONS PLATO Plato is the earliest important educational thinker. e.changes in the Technology and Home Economics (THE) program of the New Secondary Education Curriculum (NSEC) DECS Order Mo. Any person. 1995 – War On Waste DECS Order No. no matter how sinful. Each person will be tried on the last judgment when Allah will judge all souls. Prayer c. 1993 – Increasing the number of elementary school days and time allotment in the New Elementary School Curriculum (NESC) C. teaching and virtues as a course. s. Others who have not followed the will of Allah overt Five Pillars of Islam a. He advocated extreme methods: removing children from their mothers' care and raising them as wards of the state. b. s 1998 . 1995 – Promoting culture and arts in schools. 1998 . can bring a plea before God. an oasis of flowing waters. Jesus is the Messiah. aiming to awaken the mind in each person. 67. The Third Eye helps one see things in addition to what our two eyes show us. Believes in paradise. 1997 .Revised rules exemption of Scout^ from Citizen's Army Training (CAT) DECS Order No. 33. one should teach principles. which drove the child to learn and adapt to its surroundings. perennialism focuses first on personal development. music. and workers second if at all. This was an intrinsic. Since details of fact change constantly. not facts. Thus. from Socrates' emphasis on questioning his listeners to bring out their own ideas (though the comparison is perhaps incongruous since Socrates was dealing with adults). ARISTOTLE AQUINAS MILTON ROUSSEAU JOHN DEWEY could act as guardians of the city and care for the less able. natural process. one should teach first about humans. developed first by Thomas Aquinas in the thirteenth century in his work The Magistro (The Teacher). of which the primary behavioral manifestation was curiosity. and music and art. literature and history. and a wide range of sciences. not vocational topics. Since people are human. whose thoughts and ideas have been greatly influential in the United States and around the world. perhaps it’s most important. he was a leading representative of the progressive movement in U. Aristotle placed great emphasis on balancing the theoretical and practical aspects of subjects taught. ready to learn from their surroundings so as to grow into virtuous adults. 1952) was an American philosopher. This differed from Locke's tabula rasa in that it was an active process deriving from the child's nature. schooling during the first half of the 20th century. and far less liberal and principle-based. . though he paid his respects to Plato's philosophy. physical discipline. they often fail to do so. for example. He. One of education's primary missions for Aristotle. along with Charles Sanders Peirce and William James. Since people are people first. these cannot be the most important. 1674) was an English poet. writing and mathematics. habit and reason to be equally important forces to be cultivated in education. He also mentioned the importance of play. skills. (October 20. Perennialism was originally religious in nature. Rousseau (1712-78). physical education. Essentialist curricula thus tend to be much more vocational and fact-based. is recognized as one of the founders of the philosophical school of Pragmatism. Rousseau wrote in his book Emile that all children are perfectly designed organisms. rejected it as impractical due to the decayed state of society. psychologist. Plato's belief that talent was distributed non-genetically and thus must be found in children born to all classes moves us away from aristocracy. for example. where Plato held that people are born with skills appropriate to different castes (though he did not regard these skills as being inherited). Aristotle considered human nature. Education would be holistic. not machines or techniques. Subjects he explicitly mentions as being important included reading. John Milton (December 9. Although perennialism may seem similar to essentialism. this differs. 1608 – November 8. and educational reformer. prose polemicist. which he considered the highest form of endeavor. he considered repetition to be a key tool to develop good habits. They believe that the most important topics develop a person. but due to the malign influence of corrupt society. All who have meditated on the art of governing mankind have been convinced that the fate of empires depends on the education of youth. Rousseau also had a different theory of human development. was to produce good and virtuous citizens for the polis. Rousseau advocated an educational method which consisted of removing the child from society—for example. Therefore. 1859 – June 1.S. to a country home—and alternately conditioning him through changes to environment and setting traps and puzzles for him to solve or overcome. Perennialists believe that one should teach the things that one deems to be of everlasting importance to all people everywhere. The teacher was to lead the student systematically. and civil servant for the English Commonwealth. while essentialism focuses first on essential skills. one should teach liberal topics first. He is also known as the father of functional psychology. including facts. and Plato builds on this by insisting that those suitably gifted are to be trained by the state so that they may be qualified to assume the role of a ruling class. Rousseau held that there was one developmental process common to all humans. sensorial experimentation and refinement. and various levels of social interaction) o the importance of the "absorbent mind. rhythmic life (technical term: ether body). child-sized environment (microcosm) in which each can be competent to produce overall a self-running small children's world o creation of a scale of sensitive periods of development. B." the idea that we behave the way we do because this kind of behavior has had certain consequences in the past Maria Montessori (August 31.F. as one is intricately and intrinsically linked to the other. consciousness (technical term: astral body) and individuality (ego). she is best known for her philosophy and the Montessori method of education of children from birth to adolescence.Waldorf education is currently both one of the largest and one of the fastest growing educational movements in the world.S.and thus each child . Her educational method is in use today in a number of public as well as private schools throughout the world. feeling and artistic life (or heart). philosopher. Anthroposophy includes teachings about reincarnation and schools often try to foster awareness that each human being . 6-9. o self-correcting "auto-didactic" materials (some based on work of Jean Marc Gaspard Itard and Edouard Seguin) . The pedagogical methods direct instruction and precision teaching owe much to his ideas. freer social order to arise. Aside from a new pedagogy. Skinner's (1904-90) contributions to education philosophy is his text Walden Two wherein he details the failings of society and education. Regrettably. which provides a focus for class work that is appropriate and uniquely stimulating and motivating to the child (including sensitive periods for language development. child-sized furniture and creation of a small. and Steiner expected it to enable a new. known as anthroposophy. 3-6. One of B.S." the limitless motivation of the young child to achieve competence over his or her environment and to perfect his or her skills and understandings as they occur within each sensitive period. corresponding to sensitive periods of development (example: Birth-3. Behaviorist theories play largely in his proposed ideas of social engineering. Steiner's methods have not been an unadulterated success. free human beings that it would develop. charter) schools or even state-run (in the U. and divides education into three discrete developmental stages. encouraged to make maximal decisions o observation of the child in the environment as the basis for ongoing curriculum development (presentation of subsequent exercises for skill development and information accumulation) o small.F. and practical skills (or hands). among the premier contributions to educational thought by Montessori are: o children as natural learners o instruction of children in 3-year age groups.F. these stages predate but have close similarities to Piaget's stages of child development Waldorf education includes a respect for children's physical nature. 1870 – May 6. He emphasizes a balance of developing the intellect (or head).A.RUDOLF STEINER B. Waldorf Education is based on Steiner's philosophy. The education focuses on producing free individuals. and 9-12 year olds with an Erdkinder (German for "Children of the World") program for early teens o children as competent beings. humanitarian and devout Catholic.Skinner developed the theory of "operant conditioning. As both an independent educational model and a major influence upon other educators . through the creative. 1952) was an Italian physician.A.such as Maria Montessori . a philosopher and writer. Waldorf schools are also increasingly operating as state-funded (in the U. public) schools.carries a unique being into this earthly life. The phenomenon is characterized by the young child's capacity for repetition of activities within sensitive period categories (Example: exhaustive babbling as language practice leading to language competence). SKINNER MARIA MONTESSORI Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925). created a holistic educational impulse that has become known as Waldorf Education. educator. JEAN PIAGET PAULO FREIRE NEIL POSTMAN JEROME BRUNER FRANCIS BACON Jean Piaget [ʒɑ̃ pjaʒɛ] (August 9. 1997) was a Brazilian educator and is a highly influential theorist of education." The latter deals with the importance of goals or "gods" to students. The basic critique was not new — Rousseau's conception of the child as an active learner was already a step away from tabula rasa (which is basically the same as the "banking concept"). building on them until the student had grasped the full formal concept. natural scientist and developmental psychologist. updated the concept and placed it in context with current theories and practices of education. and thinkers like John Dewey and Alfred North Whitehead were strongly critical of the transmission of mere "facts" as the goal of education. The four development stages are described in Piaget's theory as o Sensorimotor stage: from birth to age 2 years (children experience the world through movement and senses and learn object permanence) o Preoperational stage: from ages 2 to 7 (acquisition of motor skills) o Concrete operational stage: from ages 7 to 11 (children begin to think logically about concrete events) o Formal operational stage: after age 11 (development of abstract reasoning) Paulo Freire (Recife. Francis Bacon (22 January 1561 – 9 April 1626) was an English philosopher. but also from modern Marxist and anticolonialist thinkers. The "teacher" (the two authors disdained the term and thought a new one should be used) would be limited in the number of declarative sentences he could utter per class. Paulo Freire contributed a philosophy of education that came not only from the more classical approaches stemming from Plato. which emphasized the need to provide native populations with an education which was simultaneously new and modern (rather than traditional) and anti-colonial (not simply an extension of the culture of the colonizer). Another important contributor to the inquiry method in education is Jerome Bruner. . Frantz Fanon's The Wretched of the Earth. Brazil May 2. and develop their understanding. as well as questions he personally knew the answer to. from where he/she can continue to provide the conditions for the learner to progress. Bruner developed the concept of discovery learning which promoted learning as a process of constructing new ideas based on current or past knowledge. however. his theory of cognitive development and for his epistemological view called "genetic epistemology". According to Ernst von Glasersfeld. Postman went on to write several more books on education. and Postman suggests several "gods" capable of replacing the current ones offered in schools. in many ways his Pedagogy of the Oppressed may be best read as an extension of. He created in 1955 the International Centre for Genetic Epistemology in Geneva and directed it until 1980. Economic Utility and Consumerism. in which the student was viewed as an empty account to be filled by the teacher. and for the teacher to understand. His books "The Process of Education" and "Toward a Theory of Instruction" are landmarks in conceptualizing learning and curriculum development. This may be opposed to methods based on answers and knowing rather than understanding. Brazil September 19. 1980) was a Swiss philosopher. He felt that interest in the material being learned was the best stimulis for learning rather than external motivation such as grades. the basis of which is to get the students themselves to ask and answer relevant questions. through close listening. He emphasized intuition as a neglected but essential feature of productive thinking. notably "Teaching as a Conserving Activity" and "The End of Education. Jean Piaget is "the great pioneer of the constructivist theory of knowing"[1]. Students are encouraged to discover facts and relationships and continually build on what they already know. what the student knows. The aim of this type of inquiry would be to provide the conditions for students to build progressively what they don't know on top of what they do. Neil Postman has been a strong contemporary voice in both methods and philosophy of education. Freire's work. 1896 – September 16. His 1969 book "Teaching as a Subversive Activity" (co-authored with Charles Weingartner) introduced the concept of a school driven by the inquiry method. 1921 – São Paulo. Freire is best-known for his attack on what he called the "banking" concept of education. well known for his work studying children. In fact. or reply to. This notion was an underpinning for his concept of the spiral curriculum which posited the idea that a curriculum should revisit basic ideas. laying the foundation for what is now called critical pedagogy. namely. He argued that any subject can be taught in some intellectually honest form to any child at any stage of development. 1592 – November 15. In the process. His system of education was based upon Francis Bacon's philosophy. a scabrous attack on the French monarchy. and one of the earliest champions of universal education. is known best for his headmasterships and pedagogic writings. and essayist. and founder of an international educational movement. educator. education for social regeneration. "Orbis Pictus Sensualium" or the World of Sensible Things Pictured John Locke. Locke maintained that people are born without innate ideas. He was a Unity of the Brethren/Moravian Protestant bishop. WOLFGANG RATKE John Comenius Amos John Locke Richard Mulcaster Francois Fenelon St. who dedicated more than forty years of his life to the education of the children of the poor. In 1685 La Salle founded what is generally considered the first normal school — that is. Essex). (August 29. Locke was the first philosopher to define the self through a continuity of "consciousness. 1704) was an English philosopher." He also postulated that the mind was a "blank slate" or "tabula rasa". 1531. Richard Mulcaster (c. wrote inspirational meditations on the ministry of teaching (along with catechisms. and became the catalyst and resource for many other religious congregations dedicated to education that were founded in the 18th and 19th centuries. from the particular to the general. 1632 – October 28. 1827) was a Swiss pedagogue and educational reformer. contrary to Cartesian or Christian philosophy. Pioneered the education of women. and founder of pedagogy as an academic discipline. Herbart’s pedagogy emphasized the connection between individual development and the resulting societal contribution. a concept eventually set forth in his book Didactica Magna. he standardized educational practices throughout France. 1651–January 7. the scientific method (Novum Organum). was a French Roman Catholic theologian. Initiated teaching in accordance with child's nature Principle of repetition to ensure mastery John Amos Comenius (March 28. Wrote "How Gertrude Teaches Her Children" Advocator of: object study with language. politeness texts. first published in 1699. etc. 1611. Rouen) was a French priest. Wolfgang Ratke (also Ratchius or Wolfgang Ratich) (18 October 1571–27 April 1635) was a German educationist. and other resources for teachers and students). figuring prominently in the later works of philosophers such as David Hume. that is. He was proclaimed as the Patron Saint of Teachers in 1950 by Pope Pius XII. 1841) was a German philosopher. John Baptiste de la Salle Johann Pestalozzi Heinrich Johann Herbart Friedrich statesman. Richard Mulcaster's writings remain important in the study of humanist education and the sixteenth century Developed teacher-training colleges François de Salignac de la Mothe-Fénelon. Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (January 12. In Platonic tradition. often called the Baconian method or simply. Cumberland – April 15. and he is widely regarded as one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers and contributors to liberal theory. (August 6. a school whose purpose is to train teachers — in Reims. 1670) was a Czech teacher. 1776 . 1746 – February 17. a religious refugee. 1715). scientist. Locke's theory of mind is often cited as the origin for modern conceptions of identity and "the self". This influence is reflected in the American Declaration of Independence. psychologist. Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Immanuel Kant. as well as the American revolutionaries. learning through observation & experiences. but is equally important to social contract theory. Locke is considered the first of the British Empiricists. and writer. Comenius became known as the teacher of nations. His ideas had enormous influence on the development of epistemology and political philosophy. Johann Friedrich Herbart (May 4. discipline based on love. He is also known as a proponent of the scientific revolution. educational reformer. He today is remembered mostly as one of the main advocates of quietism and as the author of The Adventures of Telemachus. poet and writer.August 11. many Scottish Enlightenment thinkers. the principle being that of proceeding from things to names. Herbart espoused that only by becoming productive citizens could people fulfill their true purpose: . and from the mother tongue to foreign languages. His works established and popularized an inductive methodology for scientific inquiry. His writings influenced Voltaire and Rousseau. Wrote the 1st picture book. Saint Jean-Baptiste de La Salle (John Baptist de La Salle) (born 30 April 1651 in Reims. died 7 April 1719 in Saint-Yon. and Equity or Recompense Friedrich Wilhelm August Froebel (April 21. Founded the Teresian Association in 1911 (committed to the transformation of the world through the gospel) Horace Mann (May 4. later made a cardinal.[ This term strongly suggests natural selection. if. he believed. C. It was not until he was appointed head (1837) of the newly created board of education of Massachusetts that he began the work which was soon to place him in the foremost rank of American educationists. after reading Charles Darwin's The Origin of Species. which had a wide circulation and are still considered as being "among the best expositions. Edward Lee Thorndike (August 31.August 9. He gave himself to human and social advancement of the poor and marginalized people. sociology. His work on animal behavior and the learning process led to the theory of connectionism and helped lay the scientific foundation for modern educational psychology. provide the framework for moral and intellectual development. dancing. the human mind. philosophy. gardening and playing with the Froebel Gifts. o The law of recency stated that the most recent response is likely to govern the recurrence. Columbia University. After he was ordained priest in Guadix in 1897. 1796 – August 2. of the practical benefits of a common school education both to the individual and to the state" (Hinsdale). and introducing numerous reforms. 1949) was an American psychologist who spent nearly his entire career at Teachers College. 1890) was an Anglican convert to Roman Catholicism. prominent classical liberal political theorist. or Fröbelgaben. and worked with a remarkable intensity. 1801 – August 11. carrying on an extensive correspondence. In 1840 he created the word kindergarten for the Play and Activity Institute he had founded in 1837 at Bad Blankenburg for young children. The Venerable John Henry Cardinal Newman. Defined education as complete living Pedro Poveda was born in Linares. he exercised his first apostolic ministry among the poor cave dwellers (Christian Humanism). indeed. 1874 . 1859) was an American education reformer and abolitionist.S. In early life he was a major figure in the Oxford Movement to bring the Church of England back to its Catholic roots. Friedrich Wilhelm August Froebel John Henry Newman Herbert Spencer Pedro Poveda Horace Mann Edward Thorndike Lee He believed that every child is born with a unique potential. which he did in Principles of Biology (1864). politics. Benevolence. Justice. rigorous education could. but that this potential remained unfulfilled until it was analysed and transformed by education in accordance with what he regarded as the accumulated values of civilization Only formalized. and human culture and societies. Authored "The Idea of a University" (must offer universal knowledge) Herbert Spencer (27 April 1820 – 8 December 1903) was an English philosopher. yet as Spencer extended evolution into realms of sociology and ethics he made use of Lamarckism rather than natural selection. his Individuality. biology. founded and edited The Common School Journal (1838). Activities in the first kindergarten included singing.O. He was also a member of the U. biological organisms. and sociological theorist. Thorndike specified three conditions that maximizes learning: o The law of effect stated that the likely recurrence of a response is generally governed by its consequence or effect generally in the form of reward or punishment. and in 1991 proclaimed 'Venerable'. He planned and inaugurated the Massachusetts normal school system in Lexington and Bridgewater. He designed the educational materials known as Froebel Gifts. House of Representatives. 1874. they are not the very best ones. including ethics. He organized a livelihood program for adults and established a school for children. Spain on December 3. He held this position. He is best known for coining the term survival of the fittest. (February 21. Perfection. holding teachers' conventions. and began preparing a series of Annual Reports. such as employee exams and testing. delivering numerous lectures and addresses. 1852) laid the foundation for modern education based on the recognition that children have unique needs and capabilities. which included geometric building blocks and pattern activity blocks. He also worked on solving industrial problems. religion. and psychology. The lifelong bachelor contributed to a wide range of subjects. 1782 – June 21. . The five key ideas which composed his concept of individual maturation were Inner Freedom. Spencer developed an all-embracing conception of evolution as the progressive development of the physical world. John Henry Newman c.. What is the philosophical basis for this? a. La Union . the teacher is the depositor of knowledge and the student is the depository (bank) whose adverse consequence is the development of the “culture of Silence”. Communication Arts d. How is the educational Process by w which the primitive children got indoctrinated into heir tribal cultural beliefs and traditions called? a. writing and arithmetic. All Filipinos particularly the out of school and youth adults have the right to education particularly those living in the far flung areas of the country where school resources maybe Education must fight intellectual indolence among students/eradicate moral turpitude. Status quo b. John Dewey d. Greeks b. S/He recognize that every student in his/her class is unique b. The function of our school is neither to fit the individual for the past which is dead and gone. becoming successively the first Filipino Superintendent of Schools (1915 to 1916). intellectual and moral. THE 4. Spartan d.the diploma is by no means conclusive evidence of one's ability until he has demonstrated by actual performance that he has fully done the tasks expected of him for the good of the country. In order to make Roman education truly utilitarian. nor to prepare him for a remote future which is problematical. Perennialism c. Assistant Director of Education (1917 to 1921).May 20. S/He groups his/her students according to their abilities and interests c. 1976 Manila) was a Filipino politician. Father of the statistical movement in education Camilo Osías (March 23. Natural sciences c. their minds. their hearts. the day-to-day lessons were: .educational crucible of discipline. Practical Education d. subject them to the. and from the Teachers College of Columbia University in New York City in 1910. and crowning their education with the fire of love for God and nation. Which subject in the elementary and likewise in the secondary schools are similar to the goal of Rome to train the students for citizenship? a. Existentialism Competency 4: Identify outstanding educational philosophers and their thoughts about education This modern educator criticizes contemporary education as the education of the oppressed and he even compares it to banking.. Essentialism d. disciplining their muscles. and their character. ".The law of exercise stated that stimulus-response associations are strengthened through repetition. Paolo Freire 1. Enculturation c. a lecturer at the University of the Philippines (1919 to 1921).. Pragmatism b. He returned to the Philippine Islands and taught school. Athenians 3. Domestic Education 2. Romans c. a member of the first Philippine mission to the United States (1919 to 1920). twice for a short time President of the Senate of the Philippines. Learning b. School has an important role in the development of dynamic nationalism and internationalism in relation to democracy in the education of the youth. In this practice. Human development d. He graduated from the Western Illinois State Teachers College at Macomb. Which of the following teacher behaviors would adhere to early Athenian concept of education? a. Illinois in 1908. The early Athenian education stressed the development of the complex dimensions of the human personality… physical." o Camilo Osías Dean Benitez Francisco Pedro T. The Philippines Elementary School Curriculum gives greater emphasis on the development of basic skills like reading. Social Studies c. Here he entered education politics. Which one us described? a. 1889 Balaoan. rather it is to train the individual so that he will be a member of the world as it is.. S/He recognizes that all his/her students have talents which can further developed Competency 3: Identify traditional and contemporary philosophies. The present military training requirements among students in the secondary and tertiary levels can be traced as a strong influence of the: a. Pedro Poveda b. President of the National University (1921-1936). MAPE/PEHMS b. Orata Salvador Araneta Rafael Palma PART II: ANALYZING TEST ITEMS Competency 1: Identify the relevant philosophies of education To educate Learners according to nature means to provide lessons/ learning activities in accord to the natural laws of a. teaching and learning Competency 2: Identify philosophies during the various educational periods. S/He prepares the same lesson and the same strategies to teach his/her students d. Dr. Recapitulation c. Which Eastern Philosophy has greatly contribute to this tradition? a. Mathematics c. the functional literacy program for the out-of-school youths and adults 6. This contemporary Filipino educator as a former Secretary of Education was instrumental to the development of a conceptual framework that serves as basis for the offering of values education in the Philippine school a year after the EDSA people power revolution. Perennialism b. Athenian Education b. Lourdes Quisumbing 12. s 1998 is explained by the principle of personhood or structure of the self. Social Reconstructionism 19. Learning in groups b. Social Reconstructionism PART III: ENHANCING TEST TAKING SKILLS . The Revitalized Homeroom Guidelines Program assists learner to interpret and reconstruct experience. Since its earliest conception. Perennialism c. practices at home under the guidance of their respective parents 5. What philosophy supports this? a. Sibika at Kultura d. Idealism b. The Philippine Government however humble its financial resource. The naturalist-oriented teachers believe that teaching needs to consider the past experiences/background of their students are related to the lessons. Philippine education has continually stressed the teaching of basic competencies such as language. Realism b. integrity and honest d. Edukasyong Panglalusugan 15. To the early Hebrews. Pragmatism b. a. Dr. Which program of the Philippine Government seems to be align to the Christian humanitarian principle for the human personality? a. The mathematics program c. Roman education d. The related philosophy is ___________. related and linked to the events happening in everyday life d. Idealism c. Athenian education b. existentialism c. the massive housing program to house the poor Filipino d. It recognizes that through education. The Study of the Philippine constitution b. Social reconstructionism 14. Greek education c. love for truth and wisdom b.s. Active learning d. Roman education d. gives top priority/budget to finance public education at all school levels. Which is under the philosophy of __________? a. Progressivism explains that improvement and reform in the human conditions are both possible and desirable. education through was to prepare the students to become moral individuals capable and willing to serve their country. To which learning theory does this belief synonymous to? a. Isidro Cariño b. Followers of Jesus Christ 9. Progressivism d. Which of the following values stressed the VALUES education Program which seems to be akin to the Christian concept of education for humanitarianism? a. Hence. Pragmatism d. Progressivism c. arithmetic. Dr. school becomes a laboratory for teaching reforms and experimental. living in harmony with nature 8. This orientation strengthens the goal of personal development to promote social development. Progressivism 16. What philosophy is related to it? a. 106. Health And P. Existentialism 17. Realism b. Existentialism c. That there are important things that every person must acquire from the school system and is the focus of: a. The type of education geared to the promotion of democratic ideal and way of life and the belief that all human person are endowed with freedom by God and society adheres to the belief of: a. Dr. DECS Order No. Progressivism d. Virtue as one component in the teaching of Rizal as a course focuses on the teaching of goal and beauty consistent with the goal and beauty in God. Essentialism c. social studies and the sciences. Religious in the classroom and in the school program prove the deep natural religiosity of the Filipinos. DECS Order No. The concept of student performance as contained in DECS order # 70. The Moral recovery Program d. Essentialism d. Taught in the students’ native dialect b. Who is she? a. etc. This utilization goal of education for social transformation was stressed by the newly. What philosophy supports this? a. a. Confucianism 11. Soriano c. Existentialism 13. the promotion of the basic human rights of the Filipinos c. Geronima Pecson d. The educational objective to indoctrinate Filipinos to accept the teaching of the catholic religion to foster faith in God is bed rocked on a philosophy called a. Progressivism d. Existentialism d. Which school subject is more oriented to the realization of this progressivist educational goal? a. Social Reconstructionism 18. Progressivism d. Greek education c.a. Which program being stressed in the Philippine educational system seem not reflect education for nationalism/patriotism? a.E. The values education Program b. Existentialism 20. individual differences/variability 10. Existentialism d. 71. Thus. citizenship training. Idealism b. Idealism b. 1996 entitled “ Establishment in Pilot Regional School of the Future (SOF)” introduces improvement and reform in education to respond to both human and social needs. Which leads to the creation of a new social order and a new society eventually. loyalty to God is parallel or equal to loyalty to one’s nation. b. Idealism b. social responsibility c. Taught interestingly through the play way method c. s 1998 entitled” Revised rules on the Exemption of Scouts from Citizen’s Army training (CAT)” gives training in character-building. Reserved Officers training Course (ROTC) 7. Liceria B. Realism c. the future citizens can contribute to the national development goals of the Philippines society. progressivism c. Francisco Benitez 16. Separate learning competencies have identified by the Department of education for the elementary and secondary levels of education in the country. Idealistic for the development of intellectual and moral individuals c. Education according to this educator. Hr believed that this form of education help to discipline their minds. Which of the following characteristics best described the delivery of the high school curriculum in this type of school? a. he worked for the development and propagation of national language to unify the Filipino people d. Classes were held in the existing central school in the barrio b. Practical education 3. Objective decision-making when faced with several alternatives 5. Which one is it? a. Orata. Trinidad Pardo de Tavera 14. Confucianism 17. Love thy neighbor as thy self b. The national Elementary Achievement Test (NEAT) and the National Secondary Achievement test (NSAT) would fit the evaluation requirements of education for_______. Pedro T. should place greater emphasis on the development of agriculture and other forms of vocational skills. Mathematics and Science 9. Which method of teaching during the primitive period made people learn what to think rather learn how to think? a. Quezon c. Orat b. Global competitiveness and internationalism as a goal of Philippine education is given much importance in the various curricular in higher education in our country. Franciscon Benitez d. we do it for God d. Dr. social responsibility d. Indoctrination c. Taoism b. free choosing and responsible individuals. Respect for human personality 4. this great statesman had already expressed the need to strengthen internationalization in relations to democracy in the education of the Filipino youth. Who is being referred to here? a. conscious imitation d. Pedro T. women and people of authority are giving emphasis to education as________? a. full life c. He initiated actions towards the inclusion of the Philippines for membership to the United Nations organization 11. Classes were held in existing schools when the regular classes were not in session 13. Which of the following notable achievements of our former President Manuel Quezon truly reflected his strong sense of nationalism? a. Teacher who teach their students the distinct Filipino values as respect for elders. One of the following quotations does not conform to the Christian doctrine of education for humanitarianism. Systematic problem-solving b. unconscious imitation b. Pedro T. Whatever good things we do out poor. Primitive education discouraged the critical and creative thinking capabilities of the individual in order to maintain complete submission to the established beliefs. called on the teacher to develop and prepare the Filipino youth to meet his/her own needs and wants as well as to contribute to the alleviation of the present as well as future problems and challenges of his community and nation. Harmony with nature c. Utilitarian education b. Salvador Laurel d. Who is this Filipino educator? a. Preparation for a rich. Camilo Osias b. a foremost professor initiated the concept of the Barrio High School in the Philippines education system. Makabayan c. Trial and error method 2. How is this type of education called? a. He advanced the idea of offering vocational education in the public school system b. helpless brothers. Manuel L. Rafael Palma b. Which thinking skills will make it difficult for students to adjust to the demands of the real world in which they live? a. Personal morality c. Processing information gathered to suit one’s needs c. heart and character through their muscles. Nationalistic process to prepare students for democratic citizenship d. this Filipino educator. traditions and customs of the tribe. Enculturation d. Psychological development b. Psychological process following growth and developmental patterns 10. Quezon c. Practical to prepare students to conserve nature and its resource b. Vocational education d. Orata d. Salvador Araneta c. Edukasyong Kagandahang Asal at Wastong Pag-uugali (EKAWP) is integrated in the New Elementary School Curriculum. a. Training for patriotic citizenship d. Who is this famous Filipino educator? a. Which subject in Philippine schools is most likely. Buddhism c. Critical and creative thinking b. Values Education c. adjustment to the needs and demands of daily living 8. 15. Manuel L. Preservation of cultural heritage b. She plans activities where . Repetition and memorization of information learned d. Hinduism d. Training for the disciplines d. Special books were used to implement the high school curriculum c. This is so since education is perceived to be: a. Which value would not greatly enhance education for humanitarianism? a. Not on bread alone is man to live but on every utterance that comes from the mouth of God. Also popularly called the Teacher of the Teachers. Which philosophy supports the teaching of (EKAWP) in the elementary school? a. He suggested that all subjects in the elementary level be taught in the national language c.1. Miss Soriano views her pupils as unique. Which subject in the current curriculum would greatly facilitate the goal of education as a scientifically determined process? a. Status quo b. Francisco Benitez 12. Hekasi b. Humanistic education 7. Organic education c. Technology and home economics d. Do unto others as you would like others do unto you c. Preservation of social stability 6. Every interested student qualified for training in this type of school d. At around the early 1950”s. to achieve the objectives of nationalistic education? a. It also emphasizes the use of project method as implied in DECS order No. Social Reconstructionism 22. Stanley. 1. It is transmitted / transferable. 57 s. 1995 entitled “War on Waste” helps students realize their role in the conservation of nation’s resources. Existentialism d.4 May be material (tangible) on non-material (Intangible) in form 2. formal and informal instruction. and shores). Parennialism d. method of thinking. apply basic principles in situations depicting moral dilemma 4. It is universal.the pupil can develop his unique personality. 2. DECS Order No. and cultural development of man. and key points about socio-anthro foundations of education and social philosophy. or the media. and products that are commonly shared by a number of people and transmitted to their. 91. including his customs. Societies all over the world have each a culture of their own.2 The sum total skills. Idealism d. tools. Balance rights and authority. Progressivism d. DECS Order No. folkways. and beliefs. Social Reconstructionism 19.6 Has the following characteristic. 54. and standards for deciding how to go about doing it (Goodenaugh). and logy which means science. (Dressler) 2. Essentialism d. Existentialism c. It is shared by a learned from the members of a group. existentialism d. Essentialism c. and aesthetic objects. mores. The related philosophy is __________________. s 1998. Changes in the THE take care of the cognitive needs of students. skills. a. Realism b.7 A “standards for deciding what is. Progressivism b. beliefs. Sociology . beliefs. moral. a. Essentialism c. Realism b. Establishment of SOF d. 1998 entitled “Clarification on the changes in the Social Studies programs” offers Economics on 3rd year instead of 4th year.3 A fabric of ideas. 2. It is adaptive. Existentialism c. a. His works and his achievements. principles. Realism b. arts. Realism b. Essentialism d. responsibility and accountability 6. Progressivism 21. It is dynamic. Realism b. knowledge’s. Social Reconstructionism 20. s 1993 contributes in the enculturation of basic literacy by providing the needed essential skills. Pregressivism c. It is learned and can be acquired through conditioning. What one learns can be transmitted to others through the use of language It is social. customs and institution into each member of society is born (Smith. 2. laws. morals. 13 s 1998 entitled “ Revised rules and regulations on the teaching of religion” is emphasizing the development of one’s spiritually and moral. Social reconstruction 23. Realism b.5 A complex whole which includes knowledge’s. Exemption of Scouts from CAT b. Which of the following school practices is not based on Social Reconstructionism? a. standards for deciding what to do about it. Essentialism d. This also helps instill discipline among them.1 The shared products of human learning. The related Philosophy is ____________. Existentialism c. Social Reconstructionism 25. Identify eastern philosophies that influence Philippine education 3. Manage conflicting situations to be able to bring out values that will enhance nationhood 5. 1. To recall the basic concepts. What theory underlies this nature of the pupil? a. Joining organization or clubs in school is requisite to granting of academic distinction under DECS Order No. What philosophy is related to this? a. This shows school community connection reflected in activities geared towards society’s needs. What philosophy addresses this concern? a. management of Change. Essentialism c. Math and Science in the Elementary level under the New Elementary School curriculum (NESC) as provided in DECS Order No 1. 65. intellectual.1 Derived from the Greek words anthorope which means man. Promoting culture and arts in Schools WHAT TO EXPECT PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION Area: FOUNDATION OF EDUCATION Focus: Sociological-Anthropological Foundations of Education (Including Social Philosophy. customs and other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society (Taylor) 2. PART I: CONTENT UPDATE SOCIO-ANTHROLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS (Relevant Terms & Concepts) Anthropology 1. social. idealism c. It selectively accommodates changes that come because of discovery. Perennialism 24. This is grounded on the principle of personhood which is under the Philosophy of___________. and borrowing by making appropriate adjustment. standards for deciding what can be.2 Science that studies the origin and development of man. Increase of time allotment in English. beliefs. What Philosophy is related to this? a. 2. s. The change hopefully will provide the needed social reform in alleviating the condition of poverty. DECS Order No. progressivism 18. What philosophy is related to it? a. s 1998 entitled “ Revised guidelines on the selection of honor students…. Apply ethical principles involving teaching as a profession and teachers’ relationships with various groups of people. Realism b. WOW c. invention. Eastern / Filipino Philosophies) LET Competencies: 1. imitation. standards for deciding how one feels about it. Culture 2.3 Includes the study of physical. DECS Order No. s 1998. It represents a particular society or group of individual. and a “esprit de corps” which make the individual under certain circumstances to sacrifice himself for the good of the group (Smith. attitudes. 9. sentiments. self-concept relation to others School (Education) An agency originated by the society for the basic function of teaching and learning and for the enculturation of its members A place where attitudes.2 A process where a member of a group leans and internalizes the norms and standards of the other member among whom she/he lives. customs and values are processed and refined Is an agent of .1 An organized group of population (Kessing) who interrelates and interacts with one another. or adaptation. and norms of the society through initiation and inculcation for the continued survival of the society and the maintenance of social order As agent of .2 Constantly interacts with others to satisfy most of his needs 4.3 Develops further as a person as he shares / interacts with others Society 5.2 Study of patterns of human behavior.develops problem-solving and critical thinking . non-government agencies and institution wherein an individual is a part of change Change 10.1 Basically a social being who cannot afford to live alone 4.1 Basically denotes a making or becoming distinctly different and implies either a radical transmutation of character or replacement with something else (New World) 10.3.1 Science of man and society 3. constituting a household and carrying a common culture whose functions include Providing needed socialization of children in terms of their roles and status Transmission of culture Providing opportunities for growth and development of personality. marriage. 1991) . who have some things in common. recruits its members by intergroup sexual reproduction. 5. shared experiences.2 May come in the form of competition. and Shoes).1 Refers to the patterned and recurrent from of social interaction (reciprocal action or effect) 8. cooperation.2 A social group that occupies territory. 3. accommodation. 5.accelerates adjustment to society has for its main goal to effect changes in the behavior or an individual person and through the person and through the person all the others with in the group.2 Is influenced by the economic status of an individual Social process 8.1 A process of adapting or conforming to the common needs and interest of a social groups 9. government.3 A group of organized individuals who think of themselves as a distinct group.Cultural transmission – intakes the student aware of their cultural heritage as well as the attitudes.2 Management of change involves the skillful ways of managing. assimilation or acculturation) Socialization 9. conducting and controlling things to accomplish a purpose 10. Stanley.Socialization – prepares students to become worthy members of society Is an agent of . eventually preparing the individual for a progressive rebuilding of the social order Church. behaviors. values. and aspirations Has these other functions . and has a shared comprehensive culture (Bectrand). aspirations and goals. conflict.Cultural and social change / modernization – serves as source of social and cultural innovative activities that promote the development of initiative and open-mindedness among the members of a society Integrates into cultural mainstream the various subcultures and identities through a common language. Status 6.3 Study of groups and societies and how they affect the people.teaches the basics .4 A unit of interacting personalities with an interdependence of roles and status existing between or among the members (Cole).1 refers to the position assigned by the person in a group or organization Social Stratification 7. a set of loyalties and sentiments.3 For change to be successfully initiated and managed.1 Refer to the classification of group members according to certain criteria which may differ according to the nature of group. Nature of Man 4. with common shared.provides training of minds . 7. 5. 3 important components have to be present (Fullan.3 Is carried out through the following agents of socialization Family – smallest social institution whose members are united by blood. ) c. institution for the perpetuation of the long – established social order 12.1 Schools need to provides the students with a curriculum that gives them insights into their social traditions.4 Schools are a necessity.2 Defined as a philosophical science dealing with the morality of human acts 3. dependent on perceived need. Cultural change – refers to alterations affecting new trait of trait complexes in the cultures content and structures. c. reasons. or of the entire society Sociology of Education Provides a study of the regular pattern of relationship between society and the educational process and the explanation for such relationships which contributes to the analysis and eventual to problems confronting the educational system.4 Reactions to change may be: a. Technological change – revisions that occur in man’s application of his technical knowledge and skills as he adapts to his environment. 10.3 Other related meanings The study of the truths or principles underlying all knowledge. Active – question but cooperates. in terms of the principles that underline structures and functions Ethics / Moral Philosophy 3. hence government should see to it that they function as expected and that it works towards improving the educational system and the lot of the people involved in this system 12. Social change – variations and modifications in the patterns of social organization of groups in a society.3 Schools need to have activities that reinforce role and status. scholarly inquiry 1.Relevance – includes the interaction of need. and the consequences of his actions Associative values towards which social process is directed social control in terms of laws. selection. expectation and values. Passive readiness – follow with question d. the purpose of his existence.2 A philosophic critique of social processes. customs. responsibility sense of justice . whether real or imagined Inquiries into the meaning of a person’s value experiences and moral questions raised by social order 2.1 Ethics and Morality are terms both derived from Greek words that mean “custom” or particular behavior 3.1 A normative science that Involves the ideal of justice Develops arguments that justify political and social institution.5 Applies to question involving Individual cases of conscience and obligation Moral ends and purposes Ethical motivation or intuition The meaning of life. b. materials.2 Schools together with the community.1 The oldest form of systematic.4 Come into being when men began to take interest in the values they hold 3.7 The government should regularly review the curriculum of basic education and higher learning institutions to make certain that the educational and societal goals are a achieved.2 Comes form the Greek word philosophos or one who loves wisdom 1. the government and TEI’s should have policies that are strictly enforced regarding the admission. equipment. Active resistance – verbal concentrate actions present (rallies. and what change offers as benefits Readiness – involves the capacity of the individual and the organization to deal with the change. or the interaction of individuals within the social groups and of social groups upon one another.3 Is concerned with questions of human moral judgments – that is judgment of right and wrong with respect to human actions 3.5 The community and the schools must work very closely to achieve the goals of the society in terms of having a maximum fir between what the schools produce and the manpower needed by the community 12. being. and retention of teacher candidates 12. time and benefits involved) Resources – all facilities.6 To ensure that quality outputs are produced by the schools. the practitioners’ understanding of the change or innovation. must teach the young the concepts of social order and social control for the survival of the society 12. etc. including values meanings and purpose of human life The study of the principles of a particular branch of knowledge A system of principles for guidance in practical affairs Social Philosophy 2. position papers. Passive resistance – no verbal resistance but no cooperates shown either b. rights.6 May come in the form of: a.5 Involves 3 stages: Unfreezing (readiness). change implementation (actual practice) and refreezing (becoming a habit) 10. which are necessary in the promotion of harmonious relationship among members of a group / society 12. and supplies necessary to initiate change should be available 10. Socio – Anthropological Implications to Education 12. SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY: Relevant terms and Concepts Philosophy 1. and reality. fairness. In the moral order. freely. immoral (not conforming) and amoral (neither good or bad) Morality 5. or on its motives. (St. et. It is the foundation of society “the whole happiness of man and even this sanity depends on this moral condition … the problems of society cannot be … solved except in terms of the moral life of individuals “ (Merton) 5. heroism has definitely value that pragmatism 7. ethics deals with the principles of right conduct as applied to men of all times Sociology describes the general structure and attitude of social groups.2 Possess a degree of excellence. 6. volition. some are of higher order.3. Al. Sanction is any motive.) 7. act.8 Emotive theory – claims that moral judgment do not state anything that is capable of being true or false but merely express emotions like oaths or exclamations. right to life.5 Egoism – an action is right only if it is in the interest of the agent (Hobbes) 6.4 are dynamic. 5. the fact the value system of a people creates a certain national character . become personal or social goals and thereafter beget the other values which in turn generate further goals 7. consideration. presupposes freedom to do an act or to omit it – that is. et. or on its motives. Stuart Mill) Self realization – holds that the ultimate end is the full development or perfection of the self (Aristotle) 6.1 Generally considered as something – a principle. not isolated.1 The concept of morality revolves around the problem of good and evil. it is the quality of human acts by which we call them right or wrong.7 Intuitionism – claims that one’s knowledge of right and wrong is immediate and self –evident 6.2 In a popular sense.5 Norms of Morality Standards that’s indicate the rightness or wrongness.3 Are interrelated.8 are in a sense contagious. and powers) 4. human actions are good when they agree with the standards or norms of morality 5. voluntarily (as controlled by this pwn will. some lasting genuine merit that rests on deeper intrinsic worth and more enduring qualities than mere preference by individual or in consonance with given cultures (Hall. morality means a way of thinking and acting in conformity with virtue of goodness. man’s free and deliberate acts are regulated by moral laws. that each group has its own morality relative to its wants and values.5 Are positive and negative.2 Non-consequentialism – claims that the morality of an action depends on its instrinsic nature.6 Situation Ethics – the morality of an action depends on the situation’s and not on the application of the law 6. oughtness..3 Divine Command Theory – the morality of an act depends on whether it is an accordance with the will of God. or. entity – that is intrinsically desirable (Hall. the goodness or evilness.6 Relation with other disciplines Anthropology investigates the origin of the human and the behavior of the primitive man.3 Morality is necessary for the preservation of human dignity and social life. function as do’s and as don’ts 7.) 7. good or evil. a bad act deserves punishment 5. he must do for its own sake and not because of rewards or punishment (kant) 6.7 Are first subjectively experiences before they are objectively analyzed and interpreted 7. in a strict sense.4 Moral obligation means duty. they reflect one another 7.6 May follow certain hierarchy or order.1 Consequentialism – maintains that the morality of an action is determine solely by its consequences Hedonism – views that only pleasure is good as an end Utilitarianism – believes that the greatest happiness of the greatest number is the test of right or wrong (Betham.9 Ethical relativism – holds the view that there is no one correct moral code for all times and peoples.7 Divisions of Ethics General ethics discusses the nature of human acts their relation to morality. prudence. justice propriety.2 May be moral (conforming to norms of morality. some lower e. property and marriages (social ethics): state and political authority (political ethics) and professional ethics Human Acts 4. Augustine) 6. and other standards of behavior expected from individual members of society. or on its being in accordance with some rules or principles and either not all or only partly on consequences 6. or on its motives.g. and that all moral ideas relative to a particular culture Values 7. quality. Al. or promise which impels one to follow a moral obligation: a good act is worthy of merit and reward. the value or disvalue of a thing Criteria of judgment about the kind of person one ought to b and the kind of actions she/he ought to perform Theories of Ethics 6. includes the ultimate end of man / human acts / morality of human acts / law and conscience / virtue in general Special ethics deals with the application of the general principles of morality to the particular actions of man as an individual and as a member of society includes rights and duties to God / oneself / others (individual ethics).4 Categorical Imperative Theory – holds that for one’s action to be morally right. ethics studies the social groups with reference to the moral social order 3.1 Actions that man performs knowingly. education. and the valuing of others which includes trust as a requirement for good citizenship Intelligence. the power that directs social order for the common welfare of the whole community.6 Just and responsible government Provides man with structures that guarantee his right to live a decent life and protect him from exploitation by his fellowmen and / or certain systems Provides every citizen sufficient opportunity for advancement.3 Dualistic view – recognizes the individual as independent but as he interacts with the others in a society.2 Freedom in a social context is defined in terms of rights. unattainable Values Clarification (values building) – involves having a clear set of values and realizing the values a person holds depend on such factors as environment. growth. Has authority. deliberate process by which a mature person arrives at a fairly well-articulated. or even ignorance. sees the need to become a part of a group and conform to its rules 13.5 Justice does not consider all men as equally deserving or equally blameworthy.3 Justice includes rendering to every man the exact measures of his due without regard to his personal worth or merits 12. disabilities. thoughtful ranking of his chosen values.1 a system of established values. Some Views about the Relation of the Individual to Society 13.2 Socialistic view – the individual is subordinate to the society 13.assumes that the society and the individual see common interest and that the development of the individual requires social consciousness and involvement.2 The administration of justice is the determination and enforcement of the rights of person according the low or equity Law stresses the strict rendition of what is due Equity emphasizes fairness 12. 13. There are certain restriction or constraints to being free such as laws. or goals existing and shared in a society or group 8.4 Organic view . each one needs the other realizing their own ends but it must be recognized that a moral bond must exist between them so that their ends may be fulfilled Freedom. group solidarity Justice 12.2 may include. fears. believes that the individual as an indestructible entity an society is merely as effect. lack of awareness. 11. and personality Value ranking – a conscious. public interest Bayanihan spirit vs. here interrelationship of values is explored within any given individual Value Conflict 11.1 Conflict and polarization occur when somebody imposes a value ranking on someone else. the legitimate power to command or bind the citizens of the state to the common good of he society.4 Justice governs the distribution of rewards and punishment as deserved by an individual 12. the love element including the valuing of self to develop self concept and potentials for growth. according to Huxley. but discriminates between them to obtain a just proportion and comparison 12. it is not doing something without restriction or reservations or interference and influence of others some sort. anxieties.1 Freedom in a political context is defined in terms of independence 14. This authority is the result of the social contact between the people and those to whom the people delegate this power. 14. the constant and perpetual disposition of society to render every man is due 12.Value System 8. customs or traditions. and past experiences . norms. one which promotes growth and progress of its people Encourages it people to be vigilant and involved to ensure that they control the government and that it function effectively for the common good. without which love becomes impotent and individual freedom. rights and responsibility 14.3 Freedom is not absolute. kanya-kanya mentality Close family ties vs.1 Individualistic view – holds that the society is made up of individuals who are independent of one another. such primary values are Individual freedom based in facts of human diversity and genetic uniqueness Charity and compassion based on the psychiatrically ascertained fact that love is as necessary as food for human growth.2 May be seen in these situations: Personal interest vs. and development Encourages every citizen to help build a just and responsible government.1 Defined as the habit or readiness to give others what is due them. norms. self-reliance Personalism vs. The highest possibility then of polarity in a group is when two groups of people have opposite value rankings. thus the precept “To whom much is given. Fosters a strong feeling of loyalty to the state and pride in their nationality. also means an immunity or privilege protected or enforced by law. for one must recognize and accept his duty to help develop and defend his nation as he has no conceived it (De La Costa) People’s consciousness of unity based on common ancestry. enforce laws.5 Right: means in ethics what is just.6 Rights responsibility are correlative. right means straight. an aspect of justice and embraces the duties of man towards his countrymen because he shares with the same homeland. hence.3 Leave benefits Maternity leave for married women employees 15 – day sick leave and 15 – day vacation leave for those teachers designated for continuous duty throughout the year 70 – day vacation pay and vacation service credit for teachers not required to render service throughout the year . right actions square with the standards of morality. is based on good judgment. which is a concept of a community Filipinos The sum of worthwhile (Filipino) values essential to the development of a sense of oneness and identify of interest with the community and a desire to contribute to common life and national wellbeing (O. she. A right is abused when it interferes with the rights of others All individual rights and freedom should be conceived in the light of social order and justice. liberty. the same government. as well as the rights and benefits due al teachers have been set forth and are embodied in such documents as the “Magna Carta for Public School Teachers” and the “Code of Ethics for Professional Teachers” Teachers’ Rights and benefits 2. If one wants more rights and freedom. values and principles of conduct. I moral obligation embraces one’s responsibilities toward himself.D Corpuz) An ideology and commitment: an ideology.4 The whole moral life revolves around the use of freedom: good use guarantees man the affirmation of his better self and the achievements of the purpose of the purpose of life: abuse of freedom is the origin of man’s guilty conduct 14. something that is owed or due to others (that is . education should be used as a prime means to develop nationalism Aims to achieve freedom from foreign oppressors to achieve political self determination Is a moral virtue. make decisions and exact obedience. in the case of the Philippines. what is justifiable. Natural rights: inherent in the nature of man and are thus above the thus above the law such as life. not abused. in contrast to wrong. a commitment. one cannot exercise responsibility effectively if she/he is not given freedom to do the job. He shall also have to accept more responsibility. culture and destiny. Rights are intended to be used. what ought to be. which means crooked or distorted. duties are properly directed to others Authority – refers to the right to give commands. and common interests PROFESSIONAL ETHICS FOR TEACHERS Appropriate ethical standards. which drive them to promote their collective interest over those of people of other countries Immoderate. hence. and what it ought to be. determine or judge Accountability – means to be answerable for. or without sense of nationhood contradicts order of reason and the demands of justice and charity 14.1 Security of tenure: “Stability in employment and security of tensure shall be assured the teachers as provided for under existing laws” and “No officer or employee in the Civil service shall be suspended or dismissed except for cause as provided by law 2. they in pairs. in ethics. homeland. entirely independent of any legal or moral authority beyond its own borders. the object of justice): In a broader sense. take-action.8 Nationalism Central to nationalism is the conception of sovereignty. something which is unbent. The reciprocation of rights and duties is the true foundation of social order Duties – refer to those that are due under justice to another individual or collective persons and to God.” Conversely. exaggerated. for one must know what a nation is what is can be.7 Sense of nationhood May be equated with love of country . much is required. or pursuit of happiness Political rights: privileges of participating in the affairs of government such as the right to vote Civil rights: enjoyed by citizens in their private capacity such as the privilege of acquiring property 14. reasonable.2 Injury benefits: “teachers shall be protected against the consequences of employment injuries in accordance with existing laws” 2. custom. it may be synonymous with “Pagka-Pilipino” or Filipinism. emphasizes liability for something or value either contractually or because of one’s position of authority Responsibility – refers to trust worthy performance of fixed duties and consequent awareness of the penalty for failure to do so. and relates to obligation and commitment 14.14. equitable. right to academic freedom – “freedom to investigate and discuss the problem of his science and to express his conclusion… without inference from political of ecclesiastical authority. and faithful service right to freely and without previous authorization establish and join organization of one’s own choosing. means or status Disability benefits right to permanent status after having rendered at least 10 years continuous.e.Study leave after seven years of service Medicare benefits to all teachers regardless of age.1 Schools should teach students how to respond to the moral problems of the society emphasizing an authentic concern for the human person. Socio-Philo Implication s to Education 8. development and works The correct answer is Option C because it gives a comprehensive definition of sociology. and promote obedience to the laws of the state o Be imbued with the spirit of professional loyalty. and all others. peers. government o Transmit to learners cultural and educational heritage of the country. and sympathy to one another. subject to limitation .3 Schools need to provide learning activities to develop in the students a strong sense of right and wrong 8. includes choice of methods. seek their cooperation for their children’s guidance and hear their complaints with sympathy understanding o Maintain good reputation with respect to financial matters o Maintain a dignified personality whether in school. cultivate love of country.”. and full cooperative with colleagues o Make an honest effort understand and support the policies of the school administration o Refrain from transacting any business in illegal manner o Show professional courtesy. course requirements Right to be paid in legal tender without any unlawful deductions Right to equitable safeguards in disciplinary cases: Right to be informed of the charges Right to full access of evidence Right to defend himself or be defended by a representative of his choice Right to appeal to designated authorities Rights emanating from being persons in authority Ethical principles culled from the “Code of Ethics for Professional Teachers” and the “Magna Carta for Public School Teachers “ The teacher shall: o Maintain the nobility and dignity of the teaching profession o Maintain continuing professional growth t improve efficiency. 8.. or elsewhere so as to serve as a model worthy of emulation by learners. Options A & D are anthropological definitions. 8. sex. inform them of their children’s progress. self-sacrifice for the common good. cultural and moral values. elevate national morality. efficient.4 Schools need community need to work together to develop in the students practical consciousness about happening in the society and to help them form constructive responses through collaborative efforts.5 Education in a democratic society must endeavor to heighten interest and participate in civic-oriented activities to help create a more equitable and just society. in the home. The definition two broad concepts i. promote national pride.6 Education should have enough provision other than curricular offerings for strengthening one’s sense Filipinism and nationhood. and exhibit cooperative responsibility to formulate change for the system at all levels o Be first and foremost concerned with the interest and welfare of the students and deal with students justly o Establish and maintain cordial relations with parents. mutual confidence and faith in one another. instill allegiance to the constitution and respect for all duly constituted authorities. or from the administrative officials .. Competency 4 . promote national morality. unless his methods are found … to be clearly incompetent or contrary to professional ethics. PART II: ANALYZING TEST ITEMS Competency 1 Which is the most accepted definition of sociology? Science of man and his achievement? Science of human behavior Science of man and society Science of man. competency and productivity. nationally and internationally o Maintain harmonious and pleasant personal and official relations with other professionals. 8. 8. man and society the former subsuming Option B. materials. helpfulness.2 Education should provide opportunities for maximum development and inculcation of ethical. You have some foreign visitors who will stay for a time in your community. What two actions will you take to manage conflicting situations and at the same time bring about values that enhance your sense of nationhood? Try hard to speak the way they do for better understanding. Bring them to places the country is well-known for. Serve them the same food that they eat in their country Show them desirable Filipino traits Conflict may arise when two different cultures meet and interact. In Option A, trying to speak the language of another culture does not promote one’s own language nor brings out a sense of nationhood to an individual . Likewise in Option C. Serving the person the food he eats in his own country does not do the country any good. So, the right answers are Option B & D. Both are positive indicators of love of country. Also, such actions signify the desire to contribute to national well-being by promoting the Philippines through visits to some scenic spots and show of desirable Filipino traits to them. Competency 5 Mrs. Arao gave her students a unit test and found out that three of them got failing marks in subtracting mixed fractions. What should she do to help them? a. Ask the bright students to coach them. b. Personally give them remedial lessons. c. Tell the parents to get them a personal tutor. d. Let the class know what happened to the three. Option A is not the right answer because bright students should not be obligated to teach their classmates. In Option C, teachers may suggest / advise but not order parents to hire a personal tutor for their Children. Option D may cause further embarrassment / humiliation to the concerned once done The correct answer is Option B because teachers are committed to do everything they can just to make the students learn. It implies teachers’ accountability if failure to do so. Competency 6 Which of the following shows an immoral act among public officials? a. Positive legislation b. Foster c. Protect underworld characters d. Promote social tranquility Options A, B & D are classified as moral acts. They all conform to norms of morality. Positive legislation is expected of a legislator; teachers for fostering learning and peacekeepers like the servicemen, policemen and the like for social tranquility. All are public officials. However, Option C which is protecting the underworld characters is least expected from a public official. Such action does not conform to the norms of morality. Therefore, Option C is the right answer. 1. The adoption of scientific techniques to control and manipulate environment such as modern methods for farming and fishing is called a. Social change b. Technological change c. Cultural change d. Discovery change 2. Heavily sanctioned folkway which no one dares to question because they embody moral laws are called a.beliefs b. customs c. progress d. evolution 3. What is that inevitable force in history, which takes place from time to time? a.Change b. development c. progress d. evolution 4. Nora Aunor became a legend in the show business because of her talent, determination and hard work. What role does this illustrate? a.achieved role b. ascribed role c. hereditary role d. temporary role 5. Pinning veil around the bride and the groom / exchange of rings, releasing of doves, etc. during wedding show that culture is a.symbolic b. continuous c. historical d. changeless 6. Aling Maria has taught her daughter how to prepare good and delicious desserts from local fruits and vegetables. What cultural transmission process is this? a.observation b. acculturation c. enculturation d. indoctrination 7. Mr. Francisco was teaching something on mores, folkways, customs and beliefs in his Social Studies class. What was his lesson about? a.material culture b. non-material culture c. tangible culture d. hereditary culture 8. It was the first day of school. Miss Dela Rosa prepared activities, which will make her Grade III sing, play, talk, learn and introduce themselves to the class. What process did the teacher emphasize? a.enculturation b. socialization c. indoctrination d. acculturation 9. Mildred, an accountant, who now lives with a married man was disowned by her family and friends. This punishment is a form of a.Isolation b. Deportation c. Ostracism d. Character assassination 10. When a certain culture is acceptable to one group and questionable to others, it shows that: a.culture is borrowed duct c. culture is varied b.culture is a shared product d. culture is relative 11. The teaching and learning of religion and values mostly make use of a.enculturation b. indoctrination c. culturation d. acculturation 12. Which of the following situations presents a value conflict? a.The teacher pressures the student to get higher grades. b.The teacher and his students have better class standing as their priorities. c. The teacher and the administrator follow a set of criteria in giving grades. d.The teacher has students whose parents want their children to obtain higher grades than what they are capable of getting. 13. Miss Santiago is a stickler for cleanliness and orderliness in the classroom. For this, she asks her students to a.Do the same even when they’re at home b.Remove their shoes in entering the classroom c. Formulate norms and remind them often to follow these norms. d.Bring cleaning materials and clean the room before, during, and after classes. 14. Which situation shows that a sense of nationhood is exemplified? a.When Miss Aguas asked her Grade II students in what country they wish to live, most of them chose Australia. b.The class was asked which brand of chocolate they would rather have, no one chose “chocnut” c. There is a class program. The girls volunteered to do a “balagtasan”, while. d.The boys opted to make a choral rendition of the theme song of the movie “Titanic 15. Which statement best indicates a balance between responsibility and authority? Miss Soriano has just provided a group activity to her class. While the class is at it, she says… a.You can talk as much as you want b.You are forbidden to talk with each other c. I’ll send you out of the room if you so much create noise. d.You can talk provided you finish the work on time and do not disturb the other group 16. Which of the following behaviors bespeaks of a professional teacher? a.Speaks ill of the Filipino ways c. Imparts his personal beliefs and ideology b.Advocates the theme of nationhood d. Seeks the cooperation of the parents for her own interest 17. Which situation shows a desirable relationship between teachers and other groups of people? a.Mrs. Magsino, a newly-assigned principal to barangay San Andres, calls on the barangay chairman b.The new teacher was requested to help the barangay council in a involving one of his students. He declined. c. Mr. Tiglao feels that the barangay council is against his plans; so, he does not consult the council even if there is a need for it. d.The principal does her own way of campaigning for cleanliness in and outside the school; she never gets involved with the same campaign of the barangay officials 18. If you were Mrs. Norman, which action would you take to show a balance between balance and accountability? a.Give them more free time during the camping period. b.See to it that the older boy scouts take charge of the safety of the group c. Let the boy scouts do the scheduled activities during the camping while he had a drinking spree with the other scout masters d.Prepare structure activities that allow independent work among the boy scout e.Groups and rate them according to the agreed criteria. 19-20. Which two characteristics of eastern philosophies might have influenced Philippine education? a.Focus on the individual b.The group is above self c. Knowledge comes about through meditation d.Man’s way of life must be characterized by harmony 21. Which situation shows that action is legal but not moral? Public official, entitled to specific privileges from the government a. Takes the most economical fare in going about his duties b. Does his job without getting favors from the client he serves c. Reverts back to the public coffers the 10% commission due him. d. Buys the latest and the most expensive car model for his department. PART III: ENHANCING TEST TAKING SKILLS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. An organized and systematized manner of learning where expectancies are controlled by the teacher is termed as: a.teaching b. education c. schooling d. motivation A social agency that makes a child learn to value himself and eventually others is a.home b. school c. . group d. society What will surely take place whenever society adapts modernization abruptly? a.There is peace b. There is harmony c. There is progress d. There is confusion When a person fails to adjust to the fast changing world, he is likely to suffer from a.culture shock b. severe headache c. culture change d. extreme loneliness What is enculturation? a.handing down of culture by a teacher b.handing down of culture without any question c. handling of culture from one generation to the next d.handling down of culture from one who knows to somebody who doesn’t know Which of the following functions cannot by the school? a.perpetuation of specie c. socialization among children b.changing cultural practices d. development of attitudes and skills Filipinism could be taken as having the same connotation as sense of a.Responsibility b. Professionalism c. nationhood d. philosophy The process of individual and group change caused by contact with various cultural system is a.acculturation b. enculturation c. culturation d. indoctrination All people have culture and therefore share a common humanity. This shows that a.culture is universal c. culture is a product of change b.culture is organized d. culture is the sum total of human experiences 10. Which of the sciences below is more connected with the study of social traditions? a.Theology b. Psychology c. sociology d. anthropology 11. Which of the following situations presents a value conflict? a.The parent expects her child to do what he tells him; the child obeys so. b.The parent wants to his child to be in Deans list; the child studies hard c. The child has many friends; the parent allows him to spend time with them during week-ends d.The parent’s priority is for her child to be an A student, the child’s 12. Why cant the school implement programs for social reconstruction? a.Most of the students are poor and passive c. Some teachers have no dedication to the profession b.Some teachers do not like teaching career d. Most teachers belong to Low Socio Economic Status (SES) 13. Which of the following best illustrates a sense of responsibility that a professional teacher is expected to have? a.Is humble c. Has pleasant disposition b.Makes good use of time d. Tutors own student for a free 14. When an individual or a group adapts the culture of others, practice them and becomes habitual, this is: a.culture lag b. culture change c. culture shock d. culture difference 15. The proper sequencing of grade labels according to chronological ages of learners is called a.Status b. Organization c. Agency d. institution 16. Divorce is legal in the United States is not acceptable in the Philippines. What does it show? a.Culture is illegal c. Culture is relative b.Culture is uniform d. culture is phenomenon 17. Which situation shows that there is a balance between responsibility and accountability? a.she gets over time pay for doing so b.additional credit in the performance assessment c. she wants to socialize with the parents and other teachers d.these are propitious time to meet with parents and discuss with them the progress of their children 18. A school which operates not only to cater to her students but for all the people where it is located can be called a.Public school b. Private school c. Societal school d. community school 19. Which situation shows a desirable relationship between teachers and other groups of people? a.Miss Sison issues report cards only if she remembers. b.Mr. Fajardo never entertains parent’s complains; he feels they are only a pest c. As a class adviser, Mr. Magalang has not had a single conference with the parents of his students d.Mrs. Vergara is glad that the parents of her Grade III class volunteer to her in certain class activities 20.21 Which two situations conform with ethical principles involving teaching as a profession? a. At age 53, Mr. Santos still keeps on finding ways to improve his craft as a teacher b. Mr. Delfino hopes to becomes an administrator in the near future. Right now he engages in power struggle with his colleagues c. Ms. Calma presently busy arranging a conference with the parents of her students to clear up misunderstanding about instructional program d. Miss Tala, a Grade 3 teacher, always comes to school early and prepares her boardwork and teaching materials before her students come to class. 22. Which statement can be considered features of our present educational system? a.Knowledge is power, c. Knowledge begins in the senses b.Knowledge does not change d. Knowledge can be known only by reason 23-24 Which two situations suggest that nationhood is enhanced? a.You had an opportunity to go to Canada while there, you thought it best to go TNT, b.You were asked to give a talk about the heroism of Ninoy Aquino to a group of youngsters. You decided to use Filipino c. While with a friend from California, you tried to impress him by talking to your old folks like they were your peers. d.After living in the City for years, you found yourself back in the barrio where you spent your childhood days. When asked if you could join in building a carabao shed for a neighbor, you gladly said yes. 25. Which is not anthropological view of education? a.Education is a social institution. c. Education is an agent of change and modernization b.Education is the process of teaching and learning d. Education is boundary breaking between social classes. 9. GENERAL EDUCATION: SOCIAL SCIENCE FOCUS: HUMAN RIGHTS, PEACE AND GLOBAL EDUCATION LET Competencies: 1. Comprehend basic concepts about right to life, human dignity, physical integrity, extent and limits of state authority, good name and honor of human person, etc. 2. Manifest knowledge of varied perspectives as a member society whose rights and duties affect him/her in the, family, in civil, professional and religious society and international relations. 3. Identify global trends and realities and analyze if they facilitate peaceful, just and sustainable world order 4. become familiar with key concepts, skills and values in peace and global education To address present critical issues, there is a need to revise our teacher education curriculum to make it truly integrated and holistic in content and approach. To do so, we need to identify 3 important areas of concerns: 2. Self-respect f. Conflict and Violence – Students should study the problems of violence c. Imagination Six Paths to Peace According to the Office of the President Adviser on Peace Process Path 1: Reforms to address the root course of the armed conflicts and social unrest. ecological. whether in oral or written tradition. PEACE EDUCATION Objectives of Peace Education 1. A.Promotes understanding of Human Rights concepts and values to enable learners to comprehend and transform conditions which give rise to human rights violation. Peace – students should investigate different concepts and examples of peace on a variety of levels from personal to global. social and psychological rehabilitation needs of formed rebels. Critical thinking f. Communication b. The Inca and Aztec codes of conduct and justice and Iroquois constitution were Native American source that existed well before the 18 th century.cultural. The first path calls for the vigorous implementation for various socio-economic and political reforms aimed at addressing the root causes of internal armed conflicts and social unrest. Ethical and Practical Rationale – Students should study the ethical and practical basis for the above-cited peaceful alternatives in order to provide added motivation for learning. and responsibilities. Most societies have had traditions similar to the “golden role” of “Do unto others as you would have them do unto you. Global concern i. economic. Positive Vision e. All societies. Respect for others g. HUMAN RIGHTS EDUCATION Human right is defined as the supreme. Skills a. The fourth path includes programs to address the legal status and security of former rebels. the Koran. Human Rights Education. Global Education.involves learning about those problems and issues which cut across national boundaries and about the interconnectedness of system. disarmament. The third path refers to the conduct of face. reintegration and rehabilitation. dignity. rights. Reflection e. B. Ecological concern 3. cooperation. social and cultural rights founded on internationally accepted human rights obligations to which the Philippines government is a state party. Peace Education. International human rights standards are a compilation of International laws and treaties defining a broad range of internationally accepted human . demobilized combatants. (Educator’s Human Rights Handbook. Cooperation b. Did the concept of Human right begin only in 1948? The concept of human rights did not start with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948. and the mobilization and facilitation of people’s participation in the peace progress.to. have had system of propriety and justice as well as ways of tending to the health and welfare of their members. Decision-making g. Path 3: Peace negotiations with rebel groups. and technological. The sixth path includes peace education and advocacy programs and the implementation of various confidencebuilding measures. as well as communitybased assistance programs to address to economic. justice and non-violent resolution of conflict. Group Building d. the Bible. Path 6: Creating a positive climate for peace. Knowledge a. Social Responsibility d. Openness/Tolerance c. What are international human rights standards? What is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights? One of the milestones in the history of the United Nation is the setting of universally recognized human rights standards to which all states can subscribe are and to which every human being can aspire.face negotiations to reach peaceful settlement with the various rebel groups. b. The fifth path to peace involves the strict implementation of laws and policy guidelines.” The Hindu Vedas. Attitudes/Values a.This area affirms personal and global responsibilities for the promotion of peace. Path 2: Consensus-building and empowerment for peace. Respect for human life/nonviolence h. and civilian victims or armed conflicts. Some Peaceful Alternatives disarmament non-violent conflict resolution development based on justice human rights respect human solidarity environmental care d. Path 5: Conflict management and protection of civilians caught in armed conflict. Conflict Resolution c. and the Analects of Confucius are five of the oldest written source which addresses questions of people’s duties. the Babylonian Code of Hammurabi. Path 4: Reconciliation. and the institution of programs to ensure the protection of non-combatants and reduce the impact of the armed conflict on the affected communities. The second path includes continuing consultations on national and local levels to build consensus for the peace and development agenda. It is concerned with issues on both areas of civil and political rights and economic. It also includes citizenship education. political. inherent and alienable right to life. commission on Human Rights). and self-development. How did the human eights standards evolve? International Human rights standards emerged at the end of the Second World War in response to the atrocities and massive violations of human rights witnessed during the conflict. Rights and Law Art. Art. religion. Art.rights such as civil. 1. migrant workers. Articles 28 to 30. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). 18 S Social Security Art. Art. 5 G Groups. economic. 3 M Marriage and Family Art. Art. man or woman. It has 30 articles spelling out basic civil political. Art. Rest and Leisure Art. 15 O Opinion and Expression Art. however. Art. morality and public order in a democratic society” Interdependence. Art. Art. Articles 3 to 21 present the civil and political rights to which all human beings are entitled. 29. Torture and Degrading Treatment and Punishment Art. and whoever the person is a king/queen or pauper. 19 P Privacy and Protection Art. that these rights may only be limited for the sole purpose of securing recognition and respect of the rights and freedoms of other and of meeting the requirements of morality. Art. social. thus. 18 C Culture Art. “recognize that everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which the human rights set forth in the declaration may be fully realized. the day which continues to be observed internationally as Human Rights Day. 30 Z ZZZZZ.that human rights as an irreducible element of one’s humanity can not be abrogated or violated unless determined by law and “ Solely for the purpose of securing due recognition and respect for the rights of other and of meeting the just requirements of the general welfare. 12 Q Question Art. 25 X Extra and Special Human Rights Protection Art. 13 U Union Art. economic. 16 N Name and Nationality Art. and socio-cultural.That every one should enjoy human rights without discrimination as to sex. 27 D Due Process Art. 28. 23. 20 H Holdings Art. 14 B Beliefs. refugees. 19. 17 I Intellectual Property Art. Art. or race. and cultural rights to which every person is equally entitled. is often used to assess their actions. language. 26 L Life and Liberty Art. This means that certain rights can not be sacrificed in favor of other rights because taken What are the specific rights in the UDHR? LETTER HUMAN RIGHTS ARTICLE A Asylum Art. whether in a rich or poor country. The United nations General Assembly adopted it on December 10. minorities. and other vulnerable groups have also been acknowledged. Articles 22 to 27 set forth the economic. 22 T Travel and Movement Art. Wherever a person is. 27 J Justice and Judicial Remedy Art. the international covenant on civil-political rights. The UDHR is the minimum and common standard of achievement for all peoples. 7 F Freedom from Slavery. Inviolability. Human dignity can not be taken in increment. 9. 21 R Religion Art. 8. Rights of women. public order and the general welfare in a democratic society. in a tribe. indigenous people. it has evolved as a standard of moral commitment for States.a person’s well being can not be enjoyed in place meal. 29. 30 Y Yearn and More Art. Association and Assembly Art. 11 E Equality in Dignity. Art. 4. 10 K Knowledge Art. and socio-cultural rights. and persons with disabilities. the international covenant on socio-economic and cultural rights and their optional protocols are the major human rights instruments comprising the international bill of rights. and that each person has duties to the community in which he or she lives”. political. 24 What are the different groups of rights? Civil and Political Rights Economic social and Cultural Rights . 21 W Work and Well Being Art. 28. What are the fundamental principles underlying the human rights standards? Universality. Thoughts and Conscience Art. old and young she can claim such rights. 23 V Vote and Participation Art. age. The UDHR being merely a declaration of principles does not legally bind states parties. 2. children. 1948. Is willing to act to make the world a more sustainable place Takes responsibility for their actions WHAT GLOBAL ISSUES IS RELEVANT TO GLOBAL EDUCATION? Children’s Rights The Convention on the rights of the child is a universally agreed set of non negotiable standards and obligation which spells out the basic human rights those children everywhere without discrimination. right to dignity. b. c. Examples are the right to vote. education and strategic and rapid responses. Political Rights – are those rights which enable us to participate in running the affairs of the government either directly or indirectly. Statutory rights.Classification of Rights: Rights can be classified according to the following: 1.are those rights that ensure the well being of the individual and foster the preservation. consequently. . technological) Study of Human values ( universal and diverse) Study persistent problems ( war and peace. Collective rights.are those rights which are provided by law. politically. may be abolished by the same body. socially culturally. Rest and Leisure GLOBAL EDUCATION Global Education Involves the: Study of systems ( economic. environmental issues) Study of global history( development of global systems and human values) We see a Global Citizen as someone who: Is aware of the wider world and has a sense of their own role as a world citizen. thereby ensuring them their well being happiness and financial security. Cultural Rights. Constitutional rights. political. Examples are: Constitutional rights of the accused. rights against involuntary servitude or liberty of abode. What is the Convention on the Rights of the child? The concept of children’s rights in CRC is premised on the understanding that society has an Obligation to satisfy the fundamental rights of children and to provide assistance for the development of the child’s personality. and right to self-development. right to information on matters of public concern and the right of initiative. According to Source: a. 2. Example: are the right to property.are those being accorded to individuals b. Examples are right to life. b. The CRC defines the child as a person below 18 years old. Respect and values diversity Has an understanding of how the world works economically. Participates in and contributes to the community at range of levels from local to global. . those that can be enjoyed only in company with others. 3. c. Civil rights. According to aspect of life a. ecological. and promotion of social justice. potentialities and abilities.Being K Knowledge X Extra Care L Life and Liberty Y Yearn for More M Media for Children Z ZZZZZZZ . . promulgated by the law making body and.are those of the society. human rights. education.are those rights which are conferred and protected by the constitution and when can be encounter or taken away by the law making body. technologically and environmentally. Individual rights. According to recipient a. The convention on the rights of the child provides an internationally agreed framework of minimum standards necessary for the well being of the child and to which every child is entitled. Disasters Reducing human suffering and economic losses caused by natural and technological disaster comes from preparedness and mitigation through policies. d. “ABC’s of Children’s Rights” A Adoptation N Name and Nationality B Best interests O Organization C Culture P Privacy and Protection D Development Q Questions E Equal Treatment R Rehabilitation F Family and Family Environment S Social Security G Games T Travel for Family Reunification H Health U Urgent Action during Crisis I Identify V Views and Voice J Juvenile Justice W Well . Education Investing in education systems helps build human capital and ensures that people can participate more fully in society Environment As the world’s population grows there is more and more pressure on the environment produce enough food and energy without consuming the resource faster that they can be replace. Natural Rights – are God-given rights which are acknowledgment by everybody to be morally good. enrichment and dynamic evolution of national culture based on the principle of unity in diversity in a climate of free artistic and intellectual expression.are those rights when the law will enforce at the private individuals for the purpose of securing to them the enjoyment of their means of happiness. Economic and social rights – Are those which the law confers by law upon the people to enable then to achieve social and economic development. and is disproportionately dependent on Development natural resource for their livelihoods.take encouragement from the genetically modified (GM) foods debate: the Iceland supermarket chain banned GM foods after investigations prompted by six letters from a church in Black bum. Governance Effective governance means competent management of a country’s resource in a way that is fair. with $ 9bn left over 2. water and sanitation. caused by lack of clean water and inadequate health care.2 billion people of the world’s population earn less than $1 a day. and within many countries there is a large gap between rich and poor Half the world’s population. We live in a diverse society. reuse and recycle as much as possible. Million children die each year from largely preventable diseases. not only in terms of personal needs and aspirations.refuse unnecessary packaging. but also regarding communications and trade. 3. The world we live in a unfair and unequal. food and economic development. .Food Security Providing for physical. nearby three billion people. Peace building The support structure and processes which strengthen and solidify peace in order to avoid a relapse Poverty The complex web that keeps people poor is being addressed through economic growth and Alleviation improving governance. 80% of the global population earns only 20% of global income. WHY IS GLOBAL EDUCATION AN IMPERATIVE? 1. HIV/AIDS The HIV/AIDS pandemic represent one of the greatest challenges facing developing countries. cosmetic and perfumed ($ 37 billion) would provide basic education. and Global citizenship gives children the tools to counter ignorance and intolerance within it. Refugees Forced to flee their homes because of persecution refugees are a significant group who need international protection as they a durable solution to their plight. and Global Citizenship promotes the challenging and changing of this. SOME WORLD FACTS Global income is more than $ 31 trillion a year. especially resource such as forests and fisheries. but a goal that requires the active participation of both men and women. social and economic access by all people at all times to sufficient. food and rates of immunization. Rural The majority of the world’s poor lives in rural areas. are essential to combat the prejudice and discrimination currently alive and kicking in our society. more than 5 million people are homeless and 37 million are jobless The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the poorest 48 nations (i. everywhere in the world. An estimated 250 million children aged 5 to 14 are working around the world. We live in an interdependent world and Global citizenship is about flexibility and adaptability as well as about a positive image of the future. Bank with an ethical investor. Rice Highlighting the importance of rice as a primary food and income source in many developing countries. We can: Speak up against injustice and discrimination. Health Improving the basic health and the quality services delivery and addressing the health effects if natural disaster and emergencies are the means of improving the health of people. Global citizenship acknowledges that we have power as individuals: each of us can change things. Ignorance and intolerance take many forms. the lives of many children are being saved. open. Reduce waste. Water Water is the source of life. Volunteering Many people give their time and skills without pay to make a contribution to assist others. and each of us has choices about how we behave. There are many similarities and links between people across the globe. Micro credit Small scale business development is an important means of helping individuals out of poverty. food-deficit countries that are unable to produce or import enough food to feed their people. lives on less than $US2 a day. Buy fair trade products Become activists. a quarter of the world’s countries) is less than the wealth of the world’s three richest people combined.vital for health. Human Rights The Universal Declaration of Human Rights sets forth the human rights and fundamental freedoms of all men and women in all nations. education and health. accountable and responsive to peoples needs. 4. basic health and nutrition to all those without those things. as well as skills of co-operation and negotiation. Close to 2 million children have been killed in armed conflicts during the past decade More than half the world’s population lives in low-income. Nearby 800 million people do not get enough food and more than 840 million adults are illiterate including 538 million women In developed countries more than 100 million people live below the poverty line. Through improved access to clean water. Infrastructure the development and maintenance of essential public services and systems is an important ingredient for sustained economic growth and poverty reduction. Women Improving the status of women is not just a women’s issue. Attitudes of empathy and respect for diversity. safe and nutritious food which meets their dietary needs and food which meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. The 1998 Human Development Repost from the UN stated that the amount people in Europe and North America spend a year on pet food. but 1.e. although this is probably a gross underestimate.3 million tones of rice a year and exports rice to over 70 countries In 2000. 3. tropical cyclone. The World Bank estimated in 2004 that there over 7000 microfinance institutions worldwide. killing at least 27. serving over 16 million poor people. just 6% lived in countries of high human development. Around the world 42 million people are living with HIV/AIDS. and cooperatives 2. the laws on land reform and its application. More than 90% of the world’s rice is grown and consumed in Asia. of whom: 61% come from Bangladesh. where people typically eat rice two or three times a day In 2003 the four major rice exporters were Thailand.bringing stocks to their lowest level in 30 years and allowing for only 59 days of consumption. Australia produces roughly 1. well beyond the reach of either government or international organizations. Floods affected more people across the globe (140 million per year on average) than all other natural or technological disasters put together Some 75% of the world’s population live in areas affected at least once by earthquake. India. Tuberculosis remains (along with AIDS) the leading infectious killer of adults.one of the United Nations Millennium Development Goalsand empowering poor people. Over 300 million volunteers across 100 countries. air. There are over 860 million people in the world. 39 million of them in developing countries. wars claimed over 5 million lives worldwide During the period 1990-2002 there were 56 major. it has begun to rise. according to the EFA Report 2002. at the same time. armed conflicts in 44 different locations in the world. many using the internet. three quarters of them are in sub-Saharan Africa. but 34 million are also found in the developed world. reaching $ 780 billion in 1999. and further 80 million tons. where the rate has almost reached one in ten adults. The total value of this support was estimated at $ 10 billion.1 billion people lived in rural areas. 8 million tones. is seen as an important tool for eradicating poverty and hunger. China. Comprehend the basic concept about economics. and Pakistan 66% are women There is a world wide shortage of school teachers and. PART I: CONTENT UPDATE . land reform. after a period of decline. Apply these fundamental precepts to the cooperative movement as viewed within the Philippines context. 470 UN volunteers from 70 countries alongside local people as polling officers in the 1999 East Timor election. participated in the campaign to ban antipersonnel landmines which led to the Mine ban Treaty signed by 122 states in Ottawa in December 1997.an extra 15-35 million more teachers will be required to achieve universal primary education by 2015. Ten million people volunteered to support the immunization of 550 million children as part of the Global Polio Eradication initiative in 2000. or more for some countries. Appreciate the fundamental precepts of taxation. Between 1993-2002 famine was by far the deadliest disaster. the world’s farmers will have to produce 40 percent more grain in 2020 then in 1999. An estimated 42 million people are living with HIV/AIDS with 95% of global infection in developing countries 2005 is the United National International Year of Micro credit.500 people killed in 2002. exacerbating poverty and disrupting development efforts World military expenditures peaked at over $ 1 trillion in 1989. causing up to 2 million deaths a year. To meet future demands. and microfinance more broadly.000 people (nearly half of all reported fatalities). Over 90% of wars now take place within states rather than between them. More than one third of all children are malnourish and 6 million children a year die of causes related to malnutrition Most of the world’s hungry people are found in the developing world. 4 million tones. 53% of the world’s 6. GENERAL EDUCATION: SOCIAL SCIENCE Focus: ECONOMICS AND OTHER RELATED LAWS LET Competencies: 1. flood or drought between 1980 and 2000. Vietnam. The global rate of ice melt has more than doubled since 1988 and could raise ser levels 27 centimeters by 2100. taxation. and that they Invest their income for the wellbeing of their families. a figure that is expected to drop to 40% by 2030. Most of this increase will have to come from yield increases on existing land. There is enough food in the world for all people to have sufficient. During the 1990s alone.5 billion The experience of microfinance institutions shows that women are a good credit risk. The combined turnover of these institutions was estimated at US $2. Over 30 million of the world’s 240 million irrigated hectares have been severely damaged by the building up of salt. and water. they benefit from the higher social status they achieve through being able to provide income Disaster affect the world’s poorest the hardest of the 24. 2.9 million tones. however it is unevenly distributed. Since 1980 almost one half of the worlds least developed countries have suffered from a k\major conflict. 500 children die each day from diseases linked to pullulated food.5. India 3 million tons and USA. Opportunity Cost can be defined as the next best alternative forgone. controlled economy. Opportunity cost can also be defined as the real cost of the good. (b) Businessman (as a producer who wants to maximize profits and minimize costs). Present consumption or Savings c. Revising for a test or Playing games 6. Non-Industrialized Agrarian societies 4) Mixed economy An economic system that has features of both market and command economies. cars. the opportunity cost of going for a lecture is a basketball game and vice versa. We will choose the wants that will satisfy us the most. Economy is based upon agriculture and hunting. Human wants are unlimited. and regulatory policies are examples of government involvement. labor. Some wants are more easily satisfied than others. Food is more important than toys. Chad Haiti Rwanda In reality there are no pure market economies. Wants are for both present and future consumption. Site A or Site B 7. centrally planned economy. For example. where free enterprise reigns.e. Related to choice is the concept of Opportunity Cost. Examples of opportunity costs for the government a. Monetary Problems or Financial Constraint b. As our wants are unlimited and innumerable while our resources for satisfying them are limited and scarce. etc. the government plays a major role in the economy. and to distribute them among different groups. 4. This is also known as planned economy. 5. Capitalist system. land. For example. WHAT IS ECONOMICS ALL ABOUT? 1. free enterprise^ price mechanism. Mixed economy or regulated market economy. 2. something which must be sacrificed in order to obtain something else. e. . communist system. Some wants are more important than others. (Samuelson) Economics is important to the: (a) Individual (as a consumer who wants to maximize satisfaction and minimize expenditure). i. Free enterprise Capitalism United States Great Britain Japan 2) Command economy An economic system in which the government owns and operates the factors of production. (Hashim Ali) Is the study of how societies choose to use the scarce productive resources that have alternative uses. even in the United States. we each have our own scale of preferences. Socialism Communism 3) Traditional economy An economic system based upon customs and traditions. Our wants are unlimited but we have the problem to scarcity in: a. In other words. and (c) Government (in providing a high standard of living for the people). Minimum wages.g. nor are there any pure command economies. Example of opportunity costs for the individual: a. Examples of opportunity costs for the producer a. Work or Leisure b. Natural resources c. Command economy. We want bungalows. personal computers. See note below concerning mixed economies. Time and Energy d. market economy. ECONOMICS General Principles: Is the study that deals with how scarce resources are allocated to maximize the unlimited wants that individuals and societies want to fulfill. between a basketball championship game and a lecture.e. the demand for erasers and pencils compared to video cameras. Economy dominated by methods and techniques that have strong social support even though they may be old-fashioned or out of date. Guns or butter ECONOMICS SYSTEMS There are Four types of systems: Traditional economy. Hence. or totalitarian economy. TYPES OF ECONOMIC SYSTEMS Definition Associated Terms Examples in Practice 1) Market economy An economic system in which individuals own and operate the factors of production. Military goods or civilian goods b. capital and entrepreneurship) 3. a choice has to be made. Factors of production (i.I. to produce commodities of various kinds. or free market economy. Labor or capital b. This is also known as laissez-faire. not all out wants can be satisfied. social security. etc. According to Alfred Marshall. While we could say that both the United States and China are mixed economies because they contain both market and command economic features. The range of natural resources will determine the capability of the economy to produce. i. with the view of earning some other good other than pleasure derived from the work itself. By whom will it be produced? 3.e. lands include: 1. providing services Land Land includes all resources found in the sea and on land. Land is said to be immobile 2. Labor (human factor) 3. demand implies the willingness and the ability to pay for goods and services. In Economics. Entrepreneur (management) The Concept of Production Production can be defined as the act of making goods and services to satisfy human wants and to maximize profits. The Entrepreneur The entrepreneur is usually the organizer in a company. Capital therefore refers to the stock of goods made by the people to help them in the production of goods and services. Land is limited in supply. it can be reclaimed from the sea 3. The entrepreneur will solve the three basic economics problems. pot such as natural harbor 4. In Economics. timber and rubber 2. geographical location such as continents and islands Characteristics 1. labor refers to the unskilled. for example. Capital (man-made) 4. In economics. He is responsible for arranging how production should take place. Simply. How Each Economic System Will Answer the Basic Economic Questions Centrally Planned Mixed Market What will be produced? Essentials Essentials/Wants What the people want By whom will it be produced? Government Government/ Entrepreneurs Entrepreneurs For whom will it be produced? Citizens Citizens/People who can afford it People who can afford it FACTORS OF PRODUCTION 1. some private ownership of businesses is allowed. either mental or manual in nature. He is unique as he coordinates all the factors of production to produced goods and services. however the government still maintains tight control over the factors of production and prices. He is also responsible for his subordinates and their welfare. Some economists regard management as the entrepreneur. distributing the goods produced 3. . Land (natural resources) 2. It is a means towards an end by itself. Capital Capital can be defined as wealth used for production. production refers to: 1. which has the sole purpose of receiving rewards. and the consumer must have the purchasing power. DEMAND. either partly or totally. it is a gift of nature 4. labor can be defined as any king of work. Note that all capital is wealth but not all wealth is capital. SUPPLY AND PRICE DETERMINATION DEFINITION OF DEMAND Demand can be defined as the desire to by foods and services with the ability to pay. Demand in this context would refer to effective demand.In China. what. to do so would be misleading because the role that the respective governments play in the economy are quite different. It is created not for itself but for what it will eventually produce. Three Basic Economic Questions How each economic system differs from the others! The problem of scarcity forces each economy to address three basic economic questions: 1. manufacturing of goods 2. What will be produced? 2. land is subjected to the law of diminishing returns Labor In Lyman’s term. valleys and hill 3. how and for whom to produce. For whom will it be produced? The chart below shows how each theoretical economic system answers these questions. labor can be defined as any exertion that the mind of body has undergone. raw materials such as copper. climatic conditions such as rain and snow 5. landscape such as mountains. however. Thus any king of labor which is for pleasure is not considered as labor in terms of Economics. the amount demanded will rise. sports facilities. 10. Festive seasons. mechanical pencil. 4. pussy willows. book. calculator and batteries. This factor plays a vital role in the stick-market. there id a greater demand for housing. From this schedule. will be highly demanded: in the Philippines the traditional puto-bumbong and binbingka will be in great demand. Taste refers to the general preference of a population or a particular individual. For instance. we can say that there is an inverse relationship between the amount demanded between the amount demanded and the price of the commodity concerned.g. etc. A rich persons will have more cars than one who is not rich. the amount demanded will fall and when price decreases.20 10 D THE LAW OF DEMAND The law of demand states that when price increases. coffee. From this. the higher will be the quantity demanded. Different products will be demanded at the different festive seasons.80 4 2 2 14 0. for example. an increase in the price of one (e. the Chinese will demand mandarin oranges. etc. It is and indication of individual preferences. the higher will be the market demand. Similarly. the market demand for goods and services will fall. Substitute Goods. and increase in total population would generally lead to in increase in demand especially in developed economies such as the United States. the higher the individual income. THE MARKET DEMAND SCHEDULE Price (P) Costumer Costumer Costumer Total quantity A B C demanded 1. According to the low of demand. wide screen flat television. the different age groups influence demand differently. 5. Price of the product itself. The young will demand more educational toys. 8.40 10 4 4 22 0. bread and butter. The effect of fashion on demand can be clearly seen in the changing demand for ladies’ fashion apparel. 7.80 4 0. Climate also influences demand. matamis na bao. E.g. the video cassette recorder (VCR) will bring about a fall in the demand for the other (e. Here. At the national level. video tapes). in terms of population structure. This affects both the individual as well as national levels.g. Changes in the distribution of income will also affect demand. If there is greater income inequality. melon seeds and other products to heighten the Chinese New Year Spirit. spectacles vs. . contact lenses. the demand for ice cream will increase. One example of a change in taste is the change towards fast food. When there is recession in the economy (e. etc… Here. Advertisements. Speculation will also influence demand. In the case to the Philippines. Products like compact discs. the poor will increase their demand and total demand will rise. Changes in Population. In terms of size.40 8 0. the higher would be the demand for goods and services. Changes in income. Table showing individual demand schedule Prices (P) Quantity demanded (units) 1. If one speculates that the price of rice will increase in the very near future.THE INDIVIDUAL DEMAND SHEDULE The individual demand schedule refers to a list of quantity demanded at varying prices. Switzerland and Japan. etc. the demand for food and weaponry will increase. cordless irons. an increase in the price of coffee will lead to an increase in the demand for tea since coffee is more expensive than tea.. In times of war. the United States as opposed to India of the Philippines as opposed to Sri Lanka). Advertisements goods generally have a higher demand. Introduction of new products with extensive and intensive research and development done in the business word. Social and economic conditions. 6. tea vs. we can plot the individual demand curve. Fashion.g. the higher the national income of the county (e. ordinary pencil vs. Generally. pen and ink. while the older population will demand a different list of goods and services. Designer jeans have high demand partly because of the constant drill of status consciousness in the minds of the consumer by the advertisers. Changes in the price of related goods: there are two groups Complementary Goods. then he will buy more rice now to avoid paying more for the good later. 3.g. video cassette recorder (VCR) and video tapes. new products and innovative products keep entering the market. the higher the prices.20 11 5 5 26 Note: The market demand curve can be obtained by adding all the quantities demanded by adding all consumers in the market for product though a process called horizontal summation FACTORS AFFECTING DEMAND 1. novelty gifts and other goods and services that have something to do with Christmas. Speculation. cellular phones with camera. peanut butter vs. A Christmas.00 2 1 1 4 0. products such as Christmas trees. e. the lower will be the quantity demanded and the lower the price. taste and climate. Such social conditions will influence demand. Philippines in 1997). and many other modem gadgets have increased the demand for such products. schools. 2. 9. in hot weather.60 6 3 3 18 0. with the population increasing. ‘hot pants’ were very popular at one time until they were replaced by another fad.60 5 0.g.00 2 0. The more expensive they are. when wages of workers increase. some consumers construe this as a reduction in the quality of the good.00 Quantity Supplied (units) 20 40 60 80 100 The supply schedule shows the amount supplied at different prices. the quantity demanded will also fall. when price increases. 2. For example. This situation thus brings about the exceptional demand. 6.e. the prices of goods will increase as the demand for them also increases because it is part of the traditional celebrations. S The individual supply schedule Price (P) 0.. there will be demand for them. especially in the agricultural and mining industry. This is because survival is at stake. The supply curve is upward sloping and the relationship between the quantity supplied and the price of the commodity is positive. The market supply curve can be derived by adding up the individual supply curve in a given market through a process called horizontal summation.80 1. When their prices fall. However. Inflation can be simply defined as a situation where there is a large quantity of money chasing after too few goods. the supply of goods will be directly affected. will rise but the demand for them will also increase. the quantity supplied also rises. shirts and textiles.e. Examples of Giffen goods are potatoes. i. 4. the cost of production will increase and thus supply will decrease. The situation is reversed in times of deflation. and fishing industry. 2. This effect is known as the Veblen effect. 2. When there is a storm. Speculators in the stock exchange market also follow the rules of exceptional demand. laser beams. 5. etc. Owing to the shortage of goods. The normal demand curve shows that when price increases. Its phenomena where as the price of a good falls. when price falls.40 0. Giffen goods are normally poor quality and they constitute a large part of the poor man’s expenditure. These goods include designer jeans.20 0. rice and sugar. These goods include canned food.THE EXCEPTIONAL DEMAND CURVE 1. higher technology. 3. 7. there is and exception to this law. sustained increase in the general price level. During festive seasons. A consumer may turn price speculator. salted fish. they will also fall and vice versa. i. No matter how expensive these goods are. flood. 3.. the amount or quantity demanded would fall and when price decreases. When machinery is employed like computers.e. Cost of production. Other examples would include vintage cars. antiques and paintings. When prices are higher. i. In speculation. D P2 EXCEPTIONAL DEMAND CURVE P1 Q1 Q2 Condition under which the exceptions demand would work 1. it is a situation of inordinate. the quantity demanded will rice because consumers feel that they are paying for better quality and that it is worth the price paid. their prices will rise but the demand for them will also rise because people have the money to pay for them. rain. the quantity supplied will also increase and conversely.60 0. This occurs when a price increase leads to an increase in the quantity demanded and similarly when the price decreases. In an emergency situation. salt. supply will increase . FACTORS AFFECTING SUPPLY 1. and broken rice. the quantity demanded will rise. SUPPLY Supply can be defined as the quantity of any good and service offered for sale at a given price over a period of time in a given market LAW OF SUPPLY The law of supply states that as price increases. Goods with snob appeal or ostentatious goods like expensive jewelry items and Rolls Royce cars are goods of conspicuous consumption where price is accepted as and index of quality and social status. When we relate price to quality. one ma buy more of a good when the price begins to rice because of the belief that it will rise further in the near future. the quantity supplied will fall. prices of goods. For instance. Technological advancement. when the prices of rice and sugar rose slightly. Climatic conditions. we generally have a common notion that expensive goods are of better quality. recently in Malaysia. the higher is the demand for them. especially basic necessities. Such actions will bring about the exceptional demand. housewives increased their demand and purchases to store them for the day when their price could be expected to be much higher. i. There are many sellers in the market.The quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium price . Government polices a. If the seller offers a lower price. 5. i.On the graph. Joint supply. There are many buyers in the market but they cannot control prices. There must be no transport costs. Equilibrium Quantity Equilibrium Price . 3. Competitive supply. then the supply of coal will fall. Php10.The price that balance quantity supplied and quantity demanded . then new firms will enter the market. price is always constant buyers are said to be price takers. When the supply of meat increase. b. An increase in the supply of one product will bring about a reduction in the supply of another good. 6. MARKET STRUCTURES Broadly. There is excess demand or a shortage. The goods are homogenous and not differentiated. the supply of electricity will fall (because the supply of gas increases). Price of good itself. thereby moving toward equilibrium Shortage When the price < equilibrium price. i. There is excess supply or a surplus Suppliers will lower the price to increase sales. 8. Taxes act as disincentives to producers because part of their profits is eroded. hide and mutton. The consumer cannot differentiate whether the good comes from producer A or B or C. As for land. There must be free entry to and exit from the market.On the graph. if he sells at a higher price. if heat is supplied by gas. the supply of hide will also increase.g. When price of gas increases. If the industry is making profits. the types of market structures can be classified according to the number of firms in the industry and the types of product produced. SUPPLY AND DEMAND TOGETHER Equilibrium refers to a situation in which the price has reached the level where quantity supplied equals quantity demanded Equilibrium Price vs. In other words. Being motivated by profits. There must be mobility of factors of production. he is powerless in determining price but he can set the quantity he wants to sell. it must have alternative uses. supply of that good will increase. where goods will be bought. Related Supply a) Joint supply. For example. it is the quantity at which the supply and demand curves intersect. Price is determined at say. This means that factors or production are mobile. Advertising is totally absent in this market. thereby moving toward equilibrium. then new firms will enter the market. 5. There must be independence in decision making. 7. then he will incur a loss. If the industry is making profits. they too cannot control price. The supply of one good will automatically increase the supply of another good. There are no barriers to mobility. When the price of good increases. All the four characteristics represent pure competition but for perfect competition to exist. cost of production will be cheaper and this in turn will generate more profits. It is assumed that all firms are situated close to one another and are very close to the market. All buyers and sellers are treated equally. 8. 2. then quantity supplied > quantity demand. Price of related goods: a.e. the supply will fall. PERFECT COMPETITION Characteristics 1.e. Both the consumers and the producers have perfect knowledge about the market situation.e. No restriction is imposed. When the government subsidizes production. For example. there will be no demand. The time period therefore affects supply. 7. When goods are taxed. b. e. 9.4. With subsidies. Taxes. buyers and sellers acting in concert. Price is fixed in the market through the forces of demand and supply. They are identical. 4. b) Competitive supply. There is no preferential treatment. The sellers are usually small firms. Like the buyers. They are also price takers. when the price of the good falls the quantity supplied will also fall. the amount supplied will increase similarly. Suppliers will raise the price due to too many buyers chasing too few goods. Monopoly Oligopoly Monopolistic Perfect . they make own decisions. Markets with homogenous products are called perfect markets and those with differentiated products are called imperfect markets. Subsidies. the rubber trees take about seven years to a mature and cotton takes about five years. 6. the producers will supply more goods and services. Surplus When price > equilibrium price. Equilibrium Quantity . No matter how much has been purchased. then quantity demanded > the quantity supplied. it is the prices at which the supply and demand curve intersects. five other characteristics must be present. they know the prevailing prices in all markets. There will be no external forces that will influence the decision of buyers and seller. Time period. etc. These restrictions place the entrants at a cost disadvantage relative to established firms. The pricing and output policy of one firm is dependent on the pricing and output policies of other firms. Many buyers are available. 4. They would have the right to produce these goods. Ownership of certain raw material.g. Existence of patent and copyright. etc. Characteristics 1. Barriers to entry exist but these are not as restrictive as in monopoly. franchising of certain food chains kike Jollibee. 10. free gifts. For example. their will be unnecessary wastage and duplication. North and South Luzon Expressways (NLEX and SLEX). i.g. Philippine Long Distance Company (PLDT) during the Marcos era. Wendy’s etc.g. timber license to certain companies whose business primary raw material is wood. One very distinct characteristic of oligopoly is interdependency. PRC (Philippine Regulations Commission. b. e. 3. Examples would include IBM computers. To set up a large firm.e. There is ease of entry and exit. This leads to monopolistic power. Products are differential either physically of psychological or both. it is termed duopoly. price may increase of decrease but quantity is constant. Special privileges are granted to certain firms to carry out certain activities. An important assumption is that the monopolist can only control price or quantity but not both. Shell is the leader and the other firms will follow suit. a. For some industries. Manila Electric Company (MERALCO). which owns a large portion of diamond deposits there. newspaper vendors. retailers. 6. in the case where there are only two sellers. competition I not allowed and this is set by the government through a certain set of regulations. there is presently no close substitute for China Post. 8. 7. Malaysia for rubber and palm oil. 6. 3. price leadership and collusion(agreement) exits. 5. Price leadership. BARRIERS TO ENTRY These refer to the restrictions imposed by the existing firms in the industry in blocking the entry of new rival firms. . Metro Rail Transit (MRT) if a number of rival firms provide these services. There is only one single seller but two types of monopoly. 5. and not many people would have the money. Climatic conditions.Competition Competition (one seller) (few sellers) ( many sellers) (numerous sellers) Monopoly Characteristics 1. a substantial amount of money is needed. Private monopoly. National Power Corporation (NAPOCOR) b. Granting of special license and franchise. Government Intervention. e. The product does not have close substitutes. This usually relates to the firm where the fixed cost is very high. Economies of Scale. One producer can lower his price without affecting other firms. Philippine National Railways (PNR). There are many buyers in the market 2. Ghana cocoa. Microsoft Products. Through legislation whereby the rights of the products have to be protected. McDonalds. Marketing boards with the help of the government could be the sole seller of a particular product like LTFRB (Land Transportation and Franchising Regulatory Board). Therefore oligopoly means few sellers. “Cut throat competition”. e. There are may seller but not as many in perfect competition. It is also difficult to borrow such large sum from banks of financial agents because of the high risks involved. Dominant firm. 3. 2. The new firm will not be able to lower its price as otherwise it will be running at a loss. Surf and Breeze.g. 4. e. ‘Oligos” is a Greek word meaning ‘few’. there is room for the production of one single firm only. packaging. then rival firms would have difficulty in trying to reach the consumers. In some countries. namely. Robinson is the most dominant firm among all the major retail store here. 4. Certain climatic conditions favor certain types of agricultural products and not other.g. setting up a mass transportation system. 2. etc. Petron.. Take for example. etc. Infringement of the law is an offense.g. 5. e. The monopolist will undercut price so that the rival firm will not be able to compete at all. 7. 6. There are brand names such as Tide. Natural monopoly. The monopolist my own all the deposits of some mineral resources or control all or part of the country’s or regions mineral deposits. setting up a newspaper with a worldwide distribution. e. but not as easy as in perfect competition. No perfect knowledge is assumed. 4. 1. MERALCO 2. The products sold can be homogenous in the case of pure oligopoly or differentiated as in the case of imperfect oligopoly. 5. e. e. There are many buyer.g. e. Examples of companies with such monopolistic nature are the International Nickel Company and diamond producer. book publishers and record producers. petroleum companies. If the monopolist controls the distribution agents. etc.g. There are several ways in which price can be determined: a. De Beers of South Africa. This is an important theoretical assumption. MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION. Shell. None-price competition like advertisements sales promotions. services rendered. e. Control of Marketing channels.g.g. 3. High initial cost. Brazil for coffee. Caltex. OLIGOPOLY Characteristics 1. Legal prohibition. the only Chinese Newspapers in Philippines. among the petroleum companies. 9. There are barriers to entry. II. must be provided. To redistribute income 3. The Congress evolves a progressive system of taxation. 6. To create a sense of identity Sources and Origin of Taxation 1. A marginal cost is still equal to marginal revenue at the same level of output. health. the demand is inelastic. and general welfare of society). For example. as a sovereign to take or expropriate private property for public use upon the payment of just compensation). The Congress may by law authorize the President to fix within specified limit. 4. Purpose of Taxation 1. Meaning It is an inherent power of the state to impose and collect revenues to defray the necessary expenses of the government. Constitutional Limitations on Taxation 1. OPEC. those which by their nature are intrinsic thereto or inseparable therewith and 2. To protect local/infant industries 7. safety. In the assessment and collection of certain kind of taxes. directly. and not-profit cemeteries. it is necessary to have a government to which the people render habitual obedience. This explains why price usually remains unchanged for a long period time.c. 3. Bureau of Internal Revenue regulations . The rule or taxation must be uniform. Statutes or Presidential decrees 3. or interest taxed must be within the jurisdiction of the taxing authority 3. Inherent Limitations on Taxation 1. reducing their prices correspondingly. tariff rates. 7. certain guaranties against injustice to individuals. Each local government unit shall have the powers to create its own sources of revenue and to levy taxes. (Dalton) It is a compulsory levy on private individuals and organizations by the government to raise revenue to finance expenditure on public goods and services. 2. and improvements actually. etc. import and export quotas. within constitutional limits. Either the person. No person shall be deprived of life. or property without due process of the law. whereby the organization fixes the minimum and maximum price so as to avoid unnecessary competition. Collusion – this refers to an agreement (formal and informal) among the producers to decide the price and output level. namely: police power (power inherent in a government to enact laws. The tax must be for a public purpose 2.g. both of which are fixed. subject to such limitations Congress may provide consistent with the basic policy of local autonomy. TAXATION Importance of taxation Of the three inherent power underlying existence. are those expressly stated in the 1987 constitution. Any reduction in the price of the oligopolist will be matched by reductions by other firms. liberty. The average revenue or demand curve of the oligopolies is said to be kinked. and other duties or imposts. and subject to such limitations and restrictions as it may impose. parsonages. Rival firms will not match the increase in price because the fall in quantity demanded will be greater then the increase in price. Hence. Unioil. No person shall be imprisoned for debt or non-payment of a poll tax. To check consumption of goods which are considered undesirable 6. To combat Inflation 4. The inherent limitations. To improve unfavorable terms of trade 9. within the forward of the National Development progress of the government. The fall in price will be accompanied by only a slight increase in the quantity demanded. Without taxation. the marginal revenue curve will be discontinuous line and even though marginal cost may increase or decrease. This is because the oligopolist will sell at output Q. The constitutional limitations. The oligopolistic firm is faced with kinked demand curve. Charitable institutions. To correct an adverse balance of payments 5. mosques. The kinked demand curve will lead to price rigidity. and all lands. To influence population trends 8. To collect revenue for the government. 4. taxation is of primary importance to the state for the reason that before police power and eminent domain can be effectively and permanently exercised. the state cannot raise revenue to pa for governmental expenses. 8. or convents appurtenant thereto. buildings. Because of the unusual average revenue curve. eminent domain (the right of the stat. d. Hence. To reallocate resources 10. Cartel. All money collected on a tax for a special purpose shall be treated as a special fund and paid for such purpose only. It is a compulsory contribution imposed by a public authority irrespective of the amount of services rendered to the payer in return. e. and exclusively used for religious or charitable purposes shall be exempted from taxation. moral. (Pearce) Limitations on the power of taxation 1. 2. 7. property. 5. churches. to promote the order. especially by the way of notice and opportunity for hearing. there would be no government. tonnage and wharf age dues. The rule of taxation shall be uniform and equitable. Petron. and taxation. The constitution 2. This is sometimes called as tacit agreement. No law granting any tax exemption shall be passed without the concurrence of a majority of all the Members of Congress. nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the law. the price reduction Shell has taken will lead to Caltex. As to determination of amount a. Classification of Taxes 1.00 In the case of married individuals where only one of the spouses is deriving gross income. City. the lower the tax rate. 2. Pag-Ibig & PHIC Contributions. Property of any kind 3. provided that the total amount of additional exemptions that may be claimed by both shall not exceed the maximum additional exemptions allowed by the Tax Code.000. b. Ad Valorem – is a tax of a fixed proportion of the value of the property with respect to which the tax is assessed. NTI x R = ATP 4.4. Provincial. capitation or poll tax – a tax of fixed amount upon all persons residing within a specified territory without regard to their property or the occupations in which they may be engage. Local – is that imposed by a political subdivision of the state and is effective only within the territorial boundaries thereof. not exceeding four (4). Municipal and Barrio Ordinances 6. Personal.00 legally separated with no qualified dependents For head of family P 50. Regressive Tax – the higher the income. Judicial Decisions 5. b. interest and privileges Classification of Tax System 1. As to purpose a. engaged in business or deriving income from the practice of profession are entitled to personal and additional exemptions as follows: Personal Exemptions (under the new Tax Law): For single individual or married individual judicially decreed as P 50. Transactions. Specific – is a fixed or determinate sum imposed by the head or number or by some standard of weight or measurement and which requires no assessment beyond a listing and classification of the object to be taxed. & Union Dues In addition. As to who bears the burden a. ATP – TW or TC = AITSP or AITR Where: GI = Gross Income D = Deductions NI = Net Income E = Exemptions NTI = Net Taxable Income R = Rates under Sec.00 shall be allowed for each qualified dependent child.000. 2. GSIS. Indirect – is a tax paid primarily by a person who can shift the burden upon someone else. Direct – is one which is demanded from a person who is intended or desired shall pay it. INCOME TAXATION FOR INDIVIDUALS Income – means all wealth which flows into the taxpayer other than as a mere return of capital. 21 of the NIRC ATP = Amount of Tax Payable TW = Tax Withheld TC = Tax Credit ATSP = Amount of Income Tax Still Payable ATR = Amount of Income Tax Refundable Deductions such as: SSS. Persons – whether natural or judicial 2. individuals who are either earning compensation income. and requires the intervention of assessors or appraisers to estimate the value of such property before the amount due from each taxpayer can be determined. 000. additional exemption may be claimed only by the spouse who has custody of the child or children. b. or who are under no legal obligation to pay them 3. including gains derived from the sale or other dispositions of capital assets. the higher the tax rate. GI – D = NI 2. only such spouse shall be allowed the personal exemption. c. Progressive Income Tax – the higher the income. As to subject matter a. Administrative Rulings and Opinions Objects of Taxation 1. The additional exemption for dependents shall be claimed by the husband. Special – is one levied for particular or specific purpose 5. National – a tax that is imposed by the state itself and is effective within the entire jurisdiction thereof b. who is deemed the head of the family unless he explicitly waives his right in favor of his wife. Property tax – is one assessed on all property located within a certain territory on a specified date in proportion to its value. profits. . In the case of legally separated spouses.00 For each married individual* P 50. As to scope a. General – is one levied for a general public purpose b. It includes the forms of income specifically described as gains. Observance of International Agreements 7. The obligation to pay which is absolute and unavoidable and is not based upon any voluntary action of the person assessed. NI – E = NTI 3. 000. An additional exemption of P25. HOW TO DETERMINE INCOME TAX PAYABLE BY INDIVIDUALS Formula: 1.00 Additional exemption for each qualified dependent/child P 25.000. 4. Excise tax – is any which does not fall within the classification of a poll tax or a property tax and embraces every form of burden not laid directly upon person or property. Proportional Tax – the tax rate is constant and unaffected by the level of income 3. provided for the farmer tenants to be amortizing owners. 2. the safe or transfer at cost did not took place because of manipulation of the rich who wanted to acquire such lands for themselves. 1894 which abolishes the juntas provinciales compociciones When the Americans came in 1898. From 1565 up to the opening of the 17 th century. by simply filing an application for land registration of choice lands on the bare pretext that they were there since time immemorial. This law enabled the government to pursue more vigorously the land resettlement program of the state. This prompted GG Theodore Roosevelt to initiate passage of the Rice Tenancy Act. 1971. Thus the oppression was known as caciquism or landlordism. A landmark in modern Spanish legislation. III. the landlords were able to safeguard their fortunes. The land were supposed to be conveyed at cost to bonifide occupants.204 hectares. many laws were passed to solve the land problems here.600 hectares. In 1902. Stability – tax system must not be too often or it will encourage taxpayers to withhold tax payments until a more preferred system is put in place. 1160 which created the National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA). 6389 which abolishes the Land Authority and created the Department of Agrarian Reform to take over its functions. President Quezon ordered the enactment of Commonwealth Act No. The land accumulated were administered and cultivated by a number of intermediaries. Ferdinand Marcos singed Republic Act No. Efficiency – must generate revenues greater than the amount of money the government must spend to collect taxes. 4. No. Ramon Magsaysay abolished LASEDECO thru Republic Act No. This was supplemented by the Royal Decree of December 26. Land problem trebled when the Spaniards arrived. confirmation of imperfect title and prescription of public lands. 27. Pres. Private corporations could not acquire more than 1. Characteristic of Sound Tax System 1. After the declaration of Martial Law on September 21. It was subsequently abolished because of the abuse to the system The encomienda system was then replaced by the Royal Cedula as a form of land acquisition in the Philippines from October 1854. long before the coming of the Spaniards in 1521.” The term encomienda means the right conceded by royal bounty to well-deserving persons in the Indies to receive and enjoy for themselves the tributes of the natives who should be assigned to them. Pres. serfs or timawas and the slaves. Under this law. Pres. the viceroys and presidents of the courts were empowered to appoint sub delegate ministers to take charge of the sale or adjustment. Based on the universal feudal theory that “no title to land can be acquired by any person except by grant of the King. they were able to gobble more lands Valid titles of 300 years were destroyed and burdens were imposed upon helpless people thus. The laws were directly enacted by them thus. Dummies were used by rich people to be able to avail of the provision of that law. On August 8. 1884 which classifies land which could be the subject of sale and adjustment proceedings and later replaced by the Spanish Mortgage Law. 1963. Whatever is collected over and above their quota belongs to them. The encomienderos were allowed to collect taxes. The Royal Decree of 1880 prescribed the rules governing the grant of lands by adjustment proceedings. Land in the Philippines can be acquired only by means of encomienda. private individuals could acquire any tract of public agricultural land not exceeding 124 hectares. 1946. Equity – individuals and groups belonging to the same income bracket must be taxed equally while those belonging to different income groups must be taxed differently.O. Later. their properties increased and multiplied. Minimum Wage Earners are exempted from paying the Annual Income Tax. the most notable decree is the Presidential Decree No. It became worse when the string forced the weak to acknowledge his right over land and employ the latter as tenant. The most important law governing the disposal of public lands is the Royal Decree of February 13. 1972. countered with large scale dismissal every time the tenants claimed their rights under the law After Philippine independence on July 4. 3. 355 creating the Land Settlement and Development Corporation (LASEDECO) in which the purpose is to give land to the landless in order to arrest the increasing intensity of the HUK rebellion. Land Reform Evolution of Land Problem in the Philippines Began when early Filipinos. The Land Registration Law which introduces the Torrens Systems made this possible. The Rice and Corn Production Administration(RCPA) was organized on March 24. Under the Torrens System. the Americans enacted the Public Land Act. sultan or datu) accumulated more and more land for itself. paralyzing the value of such lands Governor-General William Howard Taft negotiated with Pope Leo XIII for the purchase of friar estates consisting of 161. saw the need of fencing off plots of land for cultivation. The landlords however. This decree was to private agricultural . Pres. Quirino issued E. 1949 In 1950. Under this law. The Tangulan incident happened in 1933 when armed peasants stormed their municipal hall and destroyed all land records on file. particularly their large landholdings. Diosdado Macapagal signed the Agricultural Land Reform Code which abolishes NARRA On September 21. 178 which provided for the amelioration of the conditions of tenants. the ruling class (chief or rajah. when Miguel Lopez de Legazpi established the first Spanish settlement in Cebu. Convenience – to set up measures and procedures that will make it more convenient for taxpayers to pay. Under the New Tax Law. the nobles or maharlikas. All other lands owned by the government devoted to or suitable for agriculture 4. (3) P. 821. No. its nature. multiply the average harvest of 3 normal crop years immediately preceding the promulgation of the decree. Rights of indigenous communities. 2508. CARP covers all agriculture lands and not only those devoted to rice and corn. Lower retention limits of three hectares. In any case. (2) P. Coverage of CARP 1. Principles of Agrarian Reform The policy of the state to pursue a Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) to: 1. All private lands devoted to or suitable for agriculture regardless of the agricultural products raised or that can be raised. 2023 in 1957 Republic Act No. Other cooperative decrees were promulgated during the martial law namely: (1) P. Retention Limits 1. No. the land owner may retain an area of not more than 7 hectares if such land owner is cultivating such area will start cultivation it. the current value of like properties. 2508 Act No 3425 created the Farmers Cooperative Marketing Association (FACOMAS) which was registered under the Corporation Law. other farm workers 5. No. (2) Democratic Control. 6. IV. The Rural Agricultural Cooperative Law was the first cooperative law in the Philippine which took effect on December 9. Republic Act No. COOPERATIVES History of Cooperative Laws in the Philippines Act No. The Sugar Cooperative Law. collectives or cooperatives 7. The General Basic Cooperative Law was enacted to govern the organization and conduct of cooperatives until it was repealed by Presidential Decree No. At least 15 years old b.annual amortization at 6% interest per annum. and the total cost of the land was with 6% annual interest rate. superseded or modified upon effectivity of the Cooperative Code of the Philippines. regular farm workers 3. actual tillers or occupants of public lands 6. actual use and income. a cooperative is defined as: A free association of persons voluntarily joined together With common bond of interest Legally constituted . Four Principles were enumerated to govern the conduct of cooperatives. All alienable and disposable lands of the public domain devoted to or suitable for agriculture. namely (1) Open Membership. Republic Act No. CARP covers not only those privately owned tenanted lands but also that of agricultural lands owned by Multinational Corporations and commercial farms. the cost of acquisition of the land. 1973. To establish owner – cultivator ship of economic sized farms as basis of Philippine Agriculture. the tax declarations and the assessment made by the government assessors shall be considered.D. 3.lands primarily devoted to rice and corn under the system of share crop or lease tenancy. The Electric Cooperative Law. 175 on April 14. 898. For purposes of valuation. 1927 Act No. All lands of the public domain in excess of the specific limits as determined by the congress. social and cultural well being. and (4) Patronage Refund. other directly working on the land Salient Features of CARP 1. 3. 2. To promote social justice 2. the sworn valuation of the owner. 6938 and the Cooperative Development Authority Law.D. agricultural lessees and share tenants 2. To move the nation toward sound rural development and industrialization 3. seasonal farm workers 4. 1990 Definition Under the Law. 775. Corazon Aquino for a dozen of years now has been the basic laws being implemented by the government to solve the inequitable distribution of land problem and alleviate the economic conditions of landless in our country. It took effect on December 9. The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL) of 1988 or Republic Act No. 6657 and the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) which was signed into law by Pres. Lands awarded to beneficiaries shall be paid to the Land Bank of the Philippines in 30 . 3895 created the Rural Credit Association superseded Act No. 269. to be paid 15 years or 15-equal amortization. Three hectares to be awarded to each child of the land owner subject to the following qualifications: a. (3) Limited Interest to Capital. 1927 until it was superseded by Republic Act No. 2023. 4. 2. The Transport Cooperative Law All the aforementioned laws were repealed. In determining just compensation. which called for the establishment of an Agricultural Credit Cooperative Financing System Republic Act No.D. to their ancestral lands are protected to ensure their economic. Five hectares for land owner 2. 5. It conveyed ownership to the tenant farmer with a family size farm of 5 hectares of un-irrigated land 3 hectares if irrigated. Actually tilling the soil or directly managing the farm Beneficiaries 1. 6939 on March 30. 3. According to level of Cooperatives a. equity 2. Democratic Control In order for members to gain entry to the cooperative. According to Scope of Membership a. electricity. Multi-purpose – is one which combines two or more activities of these different types of cooperatives. Open and Voluntary Membership No artificial discrimination against individuals because of their race. social responsibility 5. Cooperative values 1. self-responsibility 7. Producer – is one which undertakes joint production whether agricultural or industrial d. Association – Members are those who have their own enterprises and belong to specific sector or organization c. equality 9. controlled and administered democratically Making equitable contributions to the capital required Accepting a fair share of the risks and benefits Organized in accordance with generally accepted principles Universal Principles of Cooperativism 1. Cooperative Development Authority (RA 6939) c. providing for implementation guidelines for some of the provisions of the two laws cited. Institutional – members are employees of a specific institution or corporation b. Consumer – is one wherein the primary purpose is to procure and distribute commodities to members and non-members. voting rights of the owners are on the basis of one person. c. Credit – is one which promotes thrift among its members and creates funds in order to grant loans for productive and provident purposes. freedom of entry and exit of any member of the cooperative 2. one vote. Division of Net Surplus net saving should be distributed as follows: ITEM % ALLOCATION General Reserve Fund At least 10% Education/Training Fund At least 10% Optional Fund At least 10% Dividend/Patronage Refund Remaining balance of saving General reserve fund – cover loses in operations Education/Training Fund – for members and management trainings Optional Fund – discretion of cooperatives for purposes of acquiring land construction of building or community development Dividend/Patronage Refund – the volume of transaction that members have with the cooperative 5. self-help 6. democracy 8. housing. honesty 3. Primary – members of which are natural persons. they must purchase shares of the cooperative. Cooperative Code of the Philippines (RA 6938) b. creed or political affiliations. caring for others PART II ANALYZING TEST ITEMS Items on Knowledge and Understanding Economics 1. communications and other services f. Tertiary – members of which are secondary upward to one or more apex organizations. Continuing Membership Education pre-membership education seminar as required for entry to the cooperative special trainings for the cooperative leadership and members 6. Executive order 95 and 96 were issued by Pres. transportation. b. openness 4. c. Cooperation Among Cooperatives Inter-lending and pooling of funds Typologies of Cooperatives 1. Service – is one which engages in medical and dental care. obtain the right to govern the organization. 2. housing labor. Community level – members are based on a defined geographical area New Cooperative Law a. Fidel Ramos in June 1993.solidarity 10. The study of economics focuses on which of the following? . 3. hospitalization. Marketing Cooperative .is one which engages in the supply of production inputs to members and in turn market their products. Purpose of conducting an economic enterprise Owned. Limited Interest on capital Capital in a cooperative is like a loan because the owners of capital can expect to receive a rate of return not exceeding that of the prevailing market interest rates on investing 4. e. According to Services Rendered a. b. insurance. Secondary – members of which are primaries. What does the law of demand state? A. Option B is the best choice because it is a direct and conclusive statement about the primary objective of economics. Tax C. It presents a general truth about economics and how the unlimited wants of the people do not coincide with the limited resources. Option A is not a correct description of economics. As income increase. The reasons that people want more than less How to get most out of scarce resources How to eliminate scarcity How to produce more resources The correct answer is B. Option B is state imposed regulation for the use of public infrastructures. property or services where income is derived. Establish owner-cultivator ship of economic size farms C. As the price of goods declines. Option A forms part of the Universal declaration embodied in the U. people consume more of all goods B. Option C is a process related to the industrialization of urban centers as a vehicle towards development and progress and completely a departure from agrarian reform which usually deals with rural development. They distribute products of members to both members and non-members B. raise income to defray the necessary expenses of government. Free the tenant farmer from bondage of the soil The correct answer is B.N. It is the process or means by which the sovereign. 4. Option A offers inconclusive ideas about economics devoid of clear indicators.A. Taxation B. To provide the basic necessities to man B. B. 2. Which of the following describes marketing cooperatives? A. Promote human rights B. Move the nation toward sound urban development and industrialization D. Option A is not the best answer simply because it deals with the means employed by the state in exacting proportional contribution from persons. Option D refers to one of the inherent powers of the State in promoting public interest or general welfare of the people. consumers purchase more of that good D. Police power The correct answer is C. Option D is the most plausible answer since it defines the function of marketing cooperatives. To satisfy human wants and needs C. through the law-making body. Fee D. charter which embraces all existing inalienable rights of people not in any way specifying rights of tenants. 6. To provide good and services for the markets The correct answer is B. Option D is an incomplete answer considering the fact that it describes land reform rather than agrarian reform. Option B is the best answer because it fundamentally follows the operational definition of economics. Option C and D are obviously functions of economics in general but the question calls for its primordial objectives. What is the focus of this concept? The primary concern of the statement is the essential attribute of the study of economics. Option B is the most logical choice since it embraces the state policy on Agrarian Reform. A. 5. Option C provides details for production of goods which deviates from the accurate description of marketing cooperatives. They coordinate with other cooperatives in marketing the products of members C. Option C is the most accurate concept in assimilating the state power of taxation. Option A and B are not the best choices because they relate to processes of marketing. C. D. The demand for gods increase with the number of consumers in the market C. in general whether in cooperative or non-cooperative undertakings. The supply of good increase in proportion to the demand for it . They undertake joint production of goods whether agricultural or industrial D. 3. The policy of the State to pursue a Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program is clearly stated in its policy to: A. To provide exports to developing countries D. They engage in the supply of production inputs to members and market their products The correct answer is D. Option C is unacceptable statement because it explains one of the goals of economics Option D is concern with the production process and not the basic definition of economics. Which of the following is the primary objective of economics? A. Economics is defined as the study of how individuals and societies choose to use scarce resources. Analyze the statement. Sellers only 12. Households and firms d. Buyers and sellers c. When price of good increases. Revenue C. The price of good and quantity of it purchased C. people’s incomes tend to increase proportionately 9. Proportional to the quantity demanded C. price and quantity demanded: A. raise income to defray the necessary expenses of the government. Tariff D. Tax b. All of the above 18. What does the law of SUPPLY state? A. shortage will result d. The quantity of a good offered for sale and the quantity that consumers wish to purchased D. In a freely competitive market. Assessment 19. Tax b. What is the “income effect on demand”? A. Fee D. Proportional to one another B. Penalty C. The opportunity cost of a good and the quantity of it purchased 8. Fee C. whether imported or exported. Assessment 25. people can afford to buy less B. A sum of money which is paid for the use of a road. Fee C. Are directly related d. Tariff D. price and quantity supplied are: A. Subsidy b. Fee 20. It refers to all funds or income derived by the government. Producers supply goods in proportion to the demand for them B. Institutional demand schedule B. A freely competitive market will result in either surpluses of shortages unless government price controls are used b. A. A. Are inversely related c. An enforced proportional contribution from owner of lands peculiarly benefited by public improvements. 2. Revenue C. The sum of individual demand schedule in a specific market is called the: A. The supply of good is a function of the resources available to produce it C. When price of good increases. Assessment PART III ENHANCING TEST TAKING SKILLS 1. bridge. Subsidy b. The price of a good and the cost of that good’s production C. of a public nature A. Taxation D. License 24. Taxation D. Community demand schedule 15. A. The price of good and consumer’s income B. Tax b. Assessment 23. Which of the following is a true statement? a. Penalty C. The government in many cities imposes rent controls on apartment owner. According to the law of demand. prices will adjust to remove surpluses c. Police power 17. Assessment 21. It is any sanction imposed as a punishment for violations of law or acts deemed injurious A. Because of the “substitution” effect on demand. Penalty C. The term is used to describe duties payable on goods. Subsidy b. A. Depend on one another at the equilibrium price 14. people switch to less expensive substitute C. through the law making body. Debt D. people switch to less expensive complements D. and the like. License b. Penalty C. It is the process or means by which the sovereign. According to the law of supply. People will use less cream and sugar B. The enforced proportional contributions from persons and property. Tax b. Consumer’s income and the quantity of a good purchased D.7. 10. keeping the price of and apartment below the equilibrium price. People will drink tea instead D. A shortage of apartments . The supply of good depends upon the number of people who wish to purchase it. Which of the following will result from the policy of rent control? a. Are proportional to each other B. License 22. A liability arising from a contact and maybe paid in kind. When price of good increases. A demand curve shows the graphic relationship between which two variables? A. When price of good increases. A. Penalty C. A charge imposed for purpose of regulation A. Directly related to one another 16. Tax b. Producers will use less costly coffee beans and other ingredients 11. Revenue C. Assessment D. The price of a good and the quantity of that good offered for sale B. The price of a good and its opportunity cost 13. When the price of a product is too high. The supply schedule shows the relationship between which two variables? A. A. Influenced by income and the availability of substitutes D. The supply schedule is a model of whose behavior? A. A. Aggregate demand schedule c. Assessment D. producers offer more of it for sale D. Tax b. A surplus of apartments b. Average demand schedule d. People will be able to afford less coffee because their buying power has decreased C. The only way to eliminate surpluses is to allow prices to increase to the equilibrium price. Toll D. It is pecuniary aid grants by the government deemed beneficial to the public. when the price of coffee increases: A. As the price of good increase. Tariff D. Buyers only B. 17. To satisfy the determinants of demand and supply d. An increase in demand 14. Equilibrium b. 3.c. Ricardo b.S. A “change in the quantity demanded” implies what? a. A “change in demand” will result in which of the following? a. This an example of which determinant of demand? a. A surplus exists. A shift of the demand curve c. More lemons sold at higher price c. In which of the following market structures does the firm have the LEAST influence on the prices it charges? . To increase incentives b. Shifts the demand and supply curves 4. Maximize profits b. If the price in Figure 1 is Php. The price of complements b. and eventually the price will fall b. Fewer lemons sold at a higher price b. More lemons sold at a lower price d. Firms exit the industry d. They are substitutes c. To eliminate shortage and surpluses 8 S 3 D 5. Effective demand b. A decrease in the supply of lemons will result in which of the following? a. 8. In order for demand to exist. Consumers preferring to “buy Philippines” 13. Surplus c. The demand for bicycling equipment has increased tremendously during the early 1990’s. Consumers preferring to buy other imported cars having less price d. Long-run equilibrium c. A shift of the demand curve c. The price of tennis rackets b. They are interdependent d. Which of the following occurs when economic profits are negative in a purely competitive industry? a. Galbraith c. Which of the following is NOT a determinant of demand for tennis balls? a. Which of the following will lead to more output at lower prices? a. Smith 18. Increase surpluses c. A decrease in supply c. Community demand c. An increase in supply b. A movement along the existing demand curve b. 12. A decrease in the number of imported automobiles b. cars being bought and sold in the Philippines at a higher price? a. A change in the slope of the demand curve d. To increase profits c. Consumer’s incomes c. If the price in Figure 1 Php. Clears the market d. An increase in the price of inputs such as computer chips b. Marshall d. Income demand d. Firms raise prices to increase profit levels. Income 10. What is this called? a. and eventually the price will fall d. Firms enter the industry b. cars c. An upward sloping demand curve 16. A shortage exists. The number of people who play tennis 11. The author of THE WEALTH OF NATIONS was: a. They are complements 8. Fewer lemons sold at a lower price 15. 19. An increase in the demand for computers c. An upward sloping demand curve. The price of tennis balls d. Which concept describes the relationship between peanut butter and jelly? a. A shortage exists. A decrease in taxes on the computer industry. The price of substitute d. An important characteristics of an equilibrium price is that it: a. In increase in the supply of apartments 3. A decrease in demand d. A decrease in the demand for mainframe computers d. then which of the following is TRUE? a. They are interchangeable b. Money demand 9. the desire for a product must be backed up by the ability to pay for it. Why do prices move toward and equilibrium price in competitive markets? a. A movement along the existing demand curve b. Which of the following will cause the supply of microcomputers to increase? a. Taste and preferences c. a. A change in the slope of the demand curve d. A decrease in the demand for apartments d. Efficiency 6. and eventually the price will rise c. and eventually the price will rise 7.S. A surplus exists. An increase in taxes on U. Shortage d. Which of the following result in fewer U. there will be a(n) ______ in the market. Agricultural lessees and share tenants b. Elasticity b. 23. Indirect tax b. 27. Shared monopoly b. Pure competition c. 21. 22. a. Seasonal farm workers c. Differentiated competition d. Pure monopoly One of the major functions of taxes is to finance real government expenditures this can be simply sated as: a. taxation c. Producers cooperative d. 4 hectares c. Shared monopoly b. Direct tax The retention limit to be awarded to each child of the landowner is: a. a. Three hectares b. To raise revenues b. Credit cooperative c. Non-regular farm workers It includes all revenues of the government – except the incomes of government owned and controlled corporations – coming from a private sector a. expenditure Demand is the desire or need of human beings to consume a good or avail of a service while ______ is the alternative quantities offered for sale of different prizes. Consumers cooperative . Subsidy b. Pure competition d. Service cooperative b. a. To promote economic development The policy to the State to pursue a Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program is clearly stated in its policy to: a. equilibrium The type of cooperative which promotes thrift among members and create funds in order to grant loans for productive and provident purposes is called a. Move the nation toward sound urban development and industrialization This is form of taxation that is collected from taxpayer based only on his/her income or wealth. Pure monopoly What type of market structure exists in the computer software industry? a. supply c. To secure economic price stability c. 28. Sacrifice tax c. 26. 5 hectares Which of the following are not beneficiaries of the CARP? a. Promote human rights b. 25. Differentiated competition c. Establish owner-cultivator ship of economic size farms c. 24.20.