Our Three Main National Causes Non-disintegration of the Union - Our Cause Non-disintegration of national solidarity- Our Cause Perpetuation of sovereignty - Our Cause People’s Desire * Oppose those relying on external elements, acting as stooges, holding negative views * Oppose those trying to jeopardize stability of the State and progress of the nation * Oppose foreign nations interfering in internal affairs of the State * Crush all internal and external destructive elements as the common enemy Four political objectives Stability of the State, community peace and tranquillity, prevalence of law and order National reconsolidation Emergence of a new enduring State Constitution Building of a new modern developed nation in accord with the new State Constitution Four economic objectives Development of agriculture as the base and all-round development of other sectors of the economy as well Proper evolution of the market-oriented economic system Development of the economy inviting participation in terms of technical know-how and investments from sources inside the country and abroad The initiative to shape the national economy must be kept in the hands of the State and the national peoples Four social objectives Uplift of the morale and morality of the entire nation Uplift of national prestige and integrity and preservation and safeguarding of cultural heritage and national character Uplift of dynamism of patriotic spirit Uplift of health, fitness and education standards of the entire nation * * * * * * * * * * * * 23 Contents 1. Towards a Modern and Developed Nation 2. The Union of Myanmar 3. History of Myanmar 4. Tradition of the Tatmadaw 5. Towards new golden land of unity and amity 6. Changing scenes of modernization and development in Kachin State 7. Changing scenes of modernization and development in Kayah State 8. Changing scenes of modernization and development in Kayin State 9. Changing scenes of modernization and development in Chin State 10. Changing scenes of modernization and development in Mon State 11. Changing scenes of modernization and development in Rakhine State 12. Changing scenes of modernization and development in Shan State .... 151 151 .... 129 .... 107 129 .... 89 .... 67 107 .... 47 .... 23 89 .... 16 .... .... 1 6 47 .... 10 .... 12 67 13. Changing scenes of modernization and development in Sagaing Division 14. Changing scenes of modernization and development in Taninthayi Division 15. Changing scenes of modernization and development in Bago Division 16. Changing scenes of modernization and development in Magway Division 17. Changing scenes of modernization and development in Mandalay Division 18. Changing scenes of modernization and development in Yangon Division 19. Changing scenes of modernization and development in Ayeyawady Division 20. Changing scenes of modernization and development in Myanmar .... 359 277 .... 335 .... 307 253 .... 277 .... 253 229 .... 229 205 .... 205 .... 177 177 Third Printing March, 2008 1000 copies Photographs Provided by ministries 307 Printed by Printing and Publishing Enterprise 335 Towards A Modern And Developed Nation Putting on record significant developments and endeavours of a country and its people means putting on record the history of the country and its people. Putting the true events on record is compiling the true history. On the basis of archaeological finds of Pondaung primate fossils in Pondaung Ponnya region in the north-west of Myanmar Naing-Ngan, it is firmly found that human beings have lived and evolved on Myanmar soil since the past forty million years. Moreover, as archaeologists have unearthed Bronze Age utensils and fossils near Nyaunggan Village in Budalin Township, Monywa District, evidences of early Iron Age in the sites of ancient cities such as Hanlin, Beikthano and Tharekhittaya, it is evident that Myanmar people have lived on this Myanmar soil for generations in successive epochs of history through Stone Age, Bronze Age and Iron Age. Myanmar faced many evil experiences subsequent to the global changes after the feudal era. Fully equipped with unflinching spirit, the national people constantly exerted all-out efforts to repel the western nations that resorted to modern technologies to invade and then colonize the nation. Thanks to the strong spirit and vigour of the national people who love freedom and justice, the patriotic forces hand in hand with the people were able to quell the fascists who got into the nation during the World War. The absolute unity and strenuous efforts of the entire national people culminated in regaining independence. However, the nation lost national solidarity due to the adverse effects of the cold war and the instigations and intervention of neo-colonialists. Then, patriotic national forces made combined endeavours to ensure prevalence of 2 law and order, to enjoy peace and stability, to regain national tp\meta\Asui;rlk\Tk\ unity, and to raise the socio-economic life of the people. The Tatmadaw, born of the national people, which has been one with the people throughout the nation’s history, has been lending itself to the nation-building tasks in diversified sectors, while remedying the weaknesses of the nation. In the process, the government has been working with added momentum day in, day out under the farsighted leadership so as to complete the infrastructures needed for building up a modern nation. The drive thoroughly covers physical or socio-economic requirements including agriculture, transport, trade and administration sectors and spiritual or cultural need such as education, health and knowledge sectors. The government’s efforts have yielded marked and fruitful results in the period of 19 years. Well convinced that to uphold “Our Three Main National Causes: Nondisintegration of the Union, Non-disintegration of national solidarity, and Perpetuation of sovereignty ” is the bounden duty of the entire national people of the Union of Myanmar, all the national races have been participating in the nation-building endeavours. At the same time, the State is effectively nurturing and training new generation youths for the development of human resources to maintain the alreadyachieved momentum. The ultimate goal of the national people is emergence of a discipline-flourishing modern developed democratic nation, in which all the national races desire to live keeping egg and nest intact and to enjoy equal rights and a better living standard. The government has been striving steadfastly for achieving the goal, while overcoming the destructive acts that pose harm to it. Therefore, tangible results have justified the efforts the government has been making with added momentum. Moreover, discarding the out-moded view and methods, the Union of Myanmar has been able to maintain friendly relations with the world nations. Niuc\cMeta\PÝM>“Pio;tui;tk\mOm¹t\tm\; 3 Now, the government is making endeavours to draft an enduring State Constitution in line with the wishes of the national people. As the government has already proclaimed the seven- step Road Map to build a new, peaceful, modern and developed discipline-flourishing democratic nation, it is to unswervingly march towords the goal. This book features firm evidences, correct data and figures and documentary photos sector-wise that reflect the success in building the infrastructures according to the political, economic and social objectives for the brighter future of the State in conformity with the historic developments. Ministry of Information Prime Minister General Thein Sein (then National Convention Convening Commission Chairman) accepts the book of records which contains fundamental principles and detailed basic principles adopted by the National Convention. National Convention Convening Work Committee Chairman signs in the book of records which contains fundamental principles and detailed basic principles adopted by the National Convention. The Union of Myanmar Location Located in the Southeast Asia region, Myanmar lies between north latitude 9 degrees 32 minutes and 28 degrees 31 minutes and between longitudes 92 degrees 10 minutes East and 101 degrees 11 minutes East. Its neighbours are China to the north and northeast; Laos to the east; Thailand to the south-east; and India and Bangladesh to the west and bordering the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal. The City of Yangon lies at 96 degrees 13 minutes east longitude and 16 degrees 45 minutes north latitude. The east longitude 97 degrees 30 minutes is designated for Myanmar standard time and the MST is 6 hours and 30 minutes earlier than GMT. Area With a total land area of 261228 sq miles (677,000 sq km), the country stretches over 1275 miles (2051 km) from north to south and 582 miles (936 km) east to west. The country’s border line stretches about 5200 miles and sharing 3808 miles with neighbouring countries— 1357 miles with China, 1314 miles with Thailand, 857 miles with India, 152 miles with Bangladesh and 128 miles with Laos. It has a 1385 miles long coastline from Nat River to Kawthoung. Topography Roughly, the topographic condition of Myanmar can be divided into three parts— western ranges, central plains and eastern hilly regions. Myanmar is adjacent to Himalayan ranges which lie in the western part of the country. The Khakaborazi Mountain with the height of 19296 feet is a part of the western ranges and the Saramayti Mountain is 12553 feet high. The western ranges divide India and Myanmar as a wall. In the central plains, the Ayeyawady delta region is the largest one and it is divided into three parts— first part of the region is from the upper reaches to Mandalay, the second part from Mandalay to Pyay and the third part from Pyay to its end. Sittoung basin and Chindwin basin are included in the central plain. In the central plain, there also exist Zeebyu mountain range, Minwon mountain range, Hmankin mountain range and Gangaw mountain range. Bago Mountain range lies from north to south in the region. Shan Plateau is called the eastern mountain range which has an average height of 3000 to 4000 feet. The Union of Myanmar Although it is called a plateau, there exists mountains with high slopes. Across the plateau Thanlwin river flows from north to south— Shan Plateau to Taninthayi coastal region. Zawgyi, Myitnge and Panlaung rivers originate in the Shan Plateau and enter the River Ayeyawady. Population The Union of Myanmar is home to over 100 national races and the main stocks are Kachin, Kayah, Kayin, Chin, Bamar, Mon, Rakhine and Shan. According to the data in 1998-99, the population of the country has reached 47.25 million and the increase rate is 1.84 per cent. The number of man reaches 28.1 million and woman 28.4 million. According to the statistics of 11-7-2007, the population of Myanmar is 56.5 million. Climate Generally, Myanmar has three seasons. The summer is from March to May, the rainy season from middle of May to end of October, and the cold season from November to end of February. Myanmar enjoys a tropical monsoon climate. However, climatic conditions differ widely from place to place due to widely diverse topographical conditions. For instance, Central Myanmar has an annual rainfall of less than 40 inches while the Rakhine Coast gets about 200 inches. The temperature of Central Myanmar is a bout 110 degrees Fahrenheit (43.3 degrees Centigrade ) in the months of March and April. During the period, the temperature of the northern part of Myanmar reaches 97 degrees Fahrenheit (36.1 degrees Centigrade) and in Shan Plateau it is about 85 to 95 degree Fahrenheit (29.4 to 35 degrees Centigrade). Temperature of towns vary according to their location and elevation. In some years past, severe storms occurred causing damages in coastal regions. In order to bring about the favourable climatic conditions, the State has given priority to Central Myanmar Greening Project. Religion Myanmar enjoys religious tolerance and since the ancient times, there has been full freedom of worship for followers of different religions. So, different religions can be practised in Myanmar. The religious edifices and religious orders have been in existence and religious festivals can be held on a grand scale. The majority of the population embraces Buddhism with 89.3 per cent but other religions can be practised freely. In the country, Christian occupies 5.06 per cent of the population, Islam 3.8 per cent, Hindu 0.5 per cent and Animist 0.2 per cent. The ceremony to mark 61 st Anniversary Union Day. 10 History of Myanmar tp\meta\Asui;rlk\Tk\ With a long 2000 years of History, Myanmar experienced various kinds of events such as stability in the country and rapid changes. The following are chronicles of the country— AD 1st Century … The Pyus founded city states in Beikthanoe, Hanlin, Tagaung,Tharekhittaya regions. Thaton or Suvanabonmi was also founded. The first Myanmar empire was founded by King Anawrahta (1044-1077) in Bagan period. King Bayintnaung (1552-1581) established the second Myanmar empire in Toungoo period. King Alaungmintaya (1752-1760) founded the third Myanmar empire in Kongboung period. First Anglo-Myanmar war broke out. Second Anglo-Myanmar war broke out. After the third Anglo-Myanmar war, Myanmar fell under the servitude of British colonialists. Young Men’s Buddhist Association (YMBA) was founded with the aim of promoting the standard of race and religion. On 18 December 1918, the British government issued Cradock Plan. Myanmar Women Konmayi Association was formed. The 8th meeting of YMBA decided to change its name to GCBA. The first students strike against the colonial education occurred. Doe Bamar Asiayon was formed. Peasants uprising broke out. The period of Diarchy Administration. The second students strike broke out. 91 departments administration system practised. Chauk oilfield strike started. 1300 revolution broke out. Burma Independence Army (BIA) was formed. BIA changed its name to Burma Defence Army (BDA). Japanese granted a sham independence. Anti-fascist revolution started. 1044-1297 (406-659) 1552-1599 (914-961) 1752-1885 (1114-1247) 1824-26 (1186-1188) 1852-54 (1214-1216) 1885 (1247) 1906 (1268) … … … … … … … 1919 (1281) 1920 October (1282) 1920 December (1282) 1930 May (1292) 1930 December (1292) 1923-37 (1285-1299) 25-2-36 (1297) 1-4-37 to 10-12-42 8-1-38 (1299) 26-12-41 (1303) 27-7-42 (1304) 1-8-43 27-3-45 (1307) … … … … … … … … … … … … … Niuc\cMeta\PÝM>“Pio;tui;tk\mOm¹t\tm\; History of Myanmar … … … … … … … ... … 11 1945-47 (1306-1308) 1947 (1309) 12-2-47 (1308) 4-1-48 (1309) 1948-50 (1310-11) 1958-59 (1320-21) 2-3-62 (1323) 1962-74 (1323-35) 1974-88 18-9-88 … 27-5-90 9-1-93 30-3-96 15-11-97 (1359) … … … … 30-8-2003 17-5-2004 3-9-2007 … … … White paper administration of British government. Sorrento Villa Rehabilitation Programmes were introduced. National consolidation built through the Panglong Agreement. Myanmar regained her independence. Parliamentary democracy was practised in the country. The Tatmadaw shouldered the responsibility of the State as a Caretaker Government. Revolutionary Council assumed the State power. Launched a Socialist Revolution under the leadership of the Burma Socialist Programme Party. Pyithu Hluttaw and various levels of People’s Council were formed and representatives of the people performed the administrative and legislative duties. Demonstrations broke out due to general discontent. Anarchy reigned the country as a result of internal and external instigations. The rule of law and stability deteriorated and a wave of panic swept the country. Therefore, the Tatmadaw had to take the responsibility and safeguard the nation. Multiparty general elections took place. The National Convention was convened. The National Convention was temporarily adjourned. The State Peace and Development Council was formed, 12 political, economic and social objectives laid down and efforts have been made for emergence of a peaceful, modern and developed nation. The seven-point Road Map was announced. The National Convention that was temporarily adjourned resumed. The National Convention has successfully been concluded. 12 Tradition of the Tatmadaw tp\meta\Asui;rlk\Tk\ Throughout the independence struggle of Myanmar history, the national races fought against the colonialists, political groups tried hard for national cause, and efforts were made in various forms for regaining independence. With the concept that political means only would not be able to regain independence but armed struggle might sweep the colonialists out of the soil of the country, Myanmar political leaders secretly planned to form a Tatmadaw. World War II broke out on 3 September 1939. The Thirty Comrades formed with patriotic politicians made contact with Japanese and left for Hainang in southern China to undergo military training. They had to take vigorous military training there. After the Japanese entered the war, the Thirty Comrades arrived in Bangkok together with the Japanese troops. From 26 December 1941 to 2 January 1942 Burma Independence Army was formed in Bangkok. Initially, the BIA was formed with 200 men and hand in hand with Japanese troops, they fought against the colonialist troops. Without holding self-interests in the fore and with the aim of regaining independence, the patriotic national youth joined BIA. In this way, the number of BIA had reached up to 30,000 from 23,000 within a short period. But Japanese were displeased with the increase in the number of BIA. Therefore, they abolished the BIA on 27 July 1942 and formed Burma Defence Army with 3,000 troops. Although the BDA members had to discharge their duty under the command of Japanese as a subordinate, the BDA was mobilized and it underwent military training systematically and troops were efficient ones with strong patriotism. On 1 August 1943 Japanese granted a sham independence to Myanmar. The Defence Council meeting held on 15 September 1943 changed the name of BDA to Burma National Army (BNA). On 27 March 1945, the Tatmadaw, hand in hand with the people, launched anti-fascist resistance. From that day on, the Tatmadaw has been in oneness with the people. The Tatmadaw has become endowed with the features of national armed forces serving the interests of the nation and its people. British colonialists who entered the country again did not want to acknowledge the Tatmadaw as a national Tatmadaw representing the nation and the people. They tried to abolish Patriot Burmese Forces (PBF) and transform it into Burma Army. But, the Tatmadaw and the people did not accept their scheme. Therefore, the British had to acknowledge the Tatmadaw as Patriot Burmese Forces. Niuc\cMeta\PÝM>“Pio;tui;tk\mOm¹t\tm\; Tradition of the Tatmadaw 13 The British had to give up the plan of abolishing PBF and admitting only those who had met their standard to Burma Army. In accord with the Kandy Treaty signed in Kandy in Sri Lanka on 6 September 1945, the British allowed all the 5200 other ranks, 200 officers and 200 reserved officer from PBF to merge with Burma Army. The Tatmadaw launched the anti-fascist movement and as a hard-core force fought against the colonialists hand in hand with the people to regain independence. The day of resistance on which the Tatmadaw and the people drove out the fascists has been designated as the Armed Forces Day and parade has been held yearly on that day and the 62nd. Anniversary of Armed Forces Day was held in 2007. According to historical demand, the Tatmadaw had to take part in national political leading role apart from national defence role in 1948-49 when the internal insurgency was at its peak and in 1950 when the Tatmadaw was engaged in fighting against the foreign intruders. The Tatmadaw had to unavoidably take the responsibility of the State on 2 March 1962 when the nation faced with the danger of disintegration of national unity and the Union and loss of sovereignty. Again in 1988, the country experienced chaos, which broke out due to discontent among the people. During the period, anarchy reigned the country and thus for the sake of peace and stability, the Tatmadaw had to bear the full brunt of the shock as there was no way to solve the problem. Nowadays, the Tatmadaw as the State Peace and Development Council is serving the interests of the State dutifully. Thanks to the earnest efforts of the Tatmadaw for national reconsolidation, 17 national race armed groups had returned to the legal fold. It can be seen that there are specific events in the history of the Tatmadaw that is in parallel with the history of the State. The Tatmadaw with good traditions is endowed with military, organizing and administration capabilities. Holding the four oaths in the fore, the Tatmadaw, from its birth, has discharged its national duties successfully and is also discharging the duties at the risk of its lives and will discharge the national duties unwaveringly. As the Tatmadaw is a consolidated national force, the leading role of the Tatmadaw can be seen in independence struggle and in the national political sector. 62 nd. Anniversary Armed Forces Day Parade. 16 Towards new golden land of unity and amity tp\meta\Asui;rlk\Tk\ Myanmar is a Union made up of seven states and seven divisions. Over 100 national races have been living together in unity and amity through thick and thin throughout consecutive eras of history. A glance at the course of history will indicate that Myanmar had stood as an independent and sovereign State under its own monarch in the international community for years countable by the thousand. From that time onwards, the national brethren came together to eliminate all the dangers posed to the country and protected their motherland. The colonialists waged an aggressive war on Myanmar in 1824. After three wars, Myanmar was colonized in 1885. Like a saying that goes "a real ruby does not lose its brightness even in the mire", national compatriots armed themselves with Union Spirit and showed bravery and determination throughout the independence struggle. The colonialists made wicked schemes to break up national solidarity by introducing the "divide and rule" policy so that they could enslave Myanmar for a long time. Yet, national people unanimously made it known to the colonialists at Panglong on 12 February 1947 that their unity had been hardened into "family spirit". After witnessing the united strength of national people, the colonialists eventually granted independence to Myanmar. On the other hand, the conspirators hatched wicked schemes to hold sway over Myanmar and to make her dance to their tune. As an emerging independent nation, Myanmar should have kept pace with neighbouring countries in terms of development. Instead, the country suffered the impact of internal insurgency. The country had lived under the colonial servitude for over 123 years, subject to all kinds of exploitation. The country was not able to rise from a 40-year knockout engulfed in the flame of internal insurgency. Under such circumstances, the country was close to collapse in 1988 as a result of subversive as well as provocative acts of the internal and external destructive elements. The Tatmadaw thus saved the country from imminent disintegration in the nick of time by assuming the State duty. Niuc\cMeta\PÝM>“Pio;tui;tk\mOm¹t\tm\; existence as an answer to the call of 17 The Tatmadaw Government that came into historical need worked hard to put the country in order by improving the socio-economic life of national people after drawing lessons from the past events and analysing the prevailing conditions. Now, the government is taking measures for reforms to improve all the sectors across the country through a calculation of development paces slower than others. Geographically, Myanmar shares borders with India in the west, with China in the north, and with Laos and Thailand in the east. To the far south of Myanmar lies the Bay of Bengal linking to the Indian Ocean. The Union of Myanmar is 1,275 miles in length from north to south and 582 miles from east to west. The total area of the country is 261,228 square miles. Myanmar has a population of over 56.5 million. The forest area of the country constitutes 57 percent of the land, 149528 square miles. The cultivable land as a whole totalled 53.78 million acres when compared with over 23.8 million acres in 1988. At present, Myanmar is an agro-based country, with its 70 percent of population living in rural areas. The transport system in the colonial era was a total failure. Even after independence, transport mainly relied on water course in delta regions, not to mention border areas. The government is making strenuous efforts day in, day out to overcome the difficulties. In line with the guidance of the Head of State, emphasis has been placed on the perpetual existence of the Union. State Peace and Development Council Chairman and also Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services Senior General Than Shwe gave guidance on the spirit of oneness among the national brethren at University for Development of National Races on 28 January 2003. The Senior General said: "A variety of national races live in the territory of our nation Myanmar, and each and every part of the nation is like a small union where different nationalities reside. We Myanmars have been living together in unison so long that we are inseparable. And love, friendship and unity are a must for all of us". The guidance is indeed like a light that shows the way to the better future of the nation at a time when the national races, who have been living on the same land and drinking water from the same source, are striving for national progress, while sailing on the same boat. Patron of the Union Solidarity and Development Association Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council Senior General Than Shwe greets the delegates to USDA Annual General Meeting (2007) at the dinner at Bayintnaung Yeiktha, Nay Pyi Taw. 20 tp\meta\Asui;rlk\Tk\ The government therefore gave the top priority to national reconsolidation and managed to clear the hatred, discord and misunderstanding among the national brethren, which were caused by the instigations and interventions of the colonialists. In consequence, a total of 17 national armed groups have returned to the legal fold. With the fruits of peace and stability in the entire nation, the Border Areas and National Races Development Project opened a new chapter of the nation's history. At the same time, the government sought all possible ways and means for food sufficiency of the entire national people. With a view to ensuring development of the agricultural sector, the artery of an agro-based nation, the government has been taking measures systematically and effectively such as extension of sown acreage, construction of dams and water pumping stations for irrigating cultivated lands, introducing all-yearround cultivable lands, launching projects for food security of respective regions, and providing encouragement and necessary assistance for ensuring success in cultivating all crops. The government also could open a new page of the agricultural sector of the nation. Furthermore, the government has been able to build a network of roads and bridges across the nation in its drive to cement the amicable relations among the national brethren with smooth and secure transport. In addition, the government has taken steps for development of the livestock breeding and fishery sector. Myanmar is rich in fresh water fish and prawn as well as sea fish and prawn. However, it is making sustained efforts with farsightedness to fulfil the fish and prawn demand of the posterity. The number of fish breeding and prawn breeding farms has increased significantly in the states and divisions which are blessed with favourable conditions for this industry. It initiated the paddy plus fish project, and the release of fingerlings of a wide range of fish species into the Ayeyawady River. It has placed emphasis on conservation of present forests as well as planting of trees to form more forests. It is implementing the project for greening of the 13 districts in the Upper Myanmar, which were once called the arid zone of the nation. Based on the success in the agriculture, livestock breeding, regional greening and transport sectors, it is putting into motion the master plan for building an agro-based industrialized country. It has also helped emerge computer-aided industrial zones and factories in the country. For the national progress, the government, under the close supervision of the Special Projects Implementation Central Committee headed by the Head of State, is doing Niuc\cMeta\PÝM>“Pio;tui;tk\mOm¹t\tm\; 21 its utmost to open a bridge in a month and 12 dams in a year in order to bring fruits of rapid development to the national people in a short time. So, a lot of new towns, roads, bridges and factories have been added to the nation's map. In addition to building of more infrastructures in various areas for the future nation, it has laid down many education promotion projects for enabling the national people to enhance their intellectual power in the knowledge age. It has broadened the scope of the education sphere by means of opening more and more basic and higher education schools for the entire national people to enjoy equal rights in their pursuit of education and for upgrading the nation's education standard. Under the 24 Special Region Development Project, it has established new universities, colleges and 200-bed hospitals in respective regions. Simultaneously, it is implementing the five rural development tasks for elevating the living and social standards of the rural society. During the more-than-19-year period of the Tatmadaw government, the nation has been able to reach again the list of top paddy-producing nations, play a leading role in producing beans and pulses among ASEAN nations, stand as a nation, in which forests are conserved and the environment protected well, inexhaustible gas deposits discovered, water resources effectively harnessed for the nation's power sector. It has also caught up with other ASEAN nations in the education and health spheres. Therefore, the nation is now on its way to a new State with bright prospects. The above-mentioned fruitful results well matched with the speech delivered by Head of State Senior General Than Shwe during his inspection tour of Shan State in April 2002, saying that “as the national races who live in 14 states and divisions are indeed the brethren, the government is making relentless efforts to ensure equitable development of all parts of the nation. “Simultaneously, the government is taking all possible measures for progress of the national races and brighter future of the nation. All national people are the brethren of the nation, so the government really wants to see all national races enjoy fruitful results of development equally, he said. “According to the area, natural resources and population of the nation, Myanmar will become a modern and developed one before long if the national people make efforts with added momentum in harmony for national development,’’ he said. Other measures of the government for the seven states and seven divisions will be presented. Indawgyi Pagoda (Shwemyitzu) Technological University (Myitkyina) Shweli Bridge Changing scenes of modernization and development in Kachin State Kachin State is located in the northernmost part of the Union of Myanmar with an area of 34,379 square miles in total. It is like a small union, home to various national races such as Kachin, Chin, Bamar, Shan and Naga. Its population is 1,483,879 and so in the region, a square mile is populated with about 43 people in average. The mountainous region has Mount Khakaborazi (19296 feet) and Mount Galanyazi (19142 feet), which are higher than any other mountains in the nation. These mountains are always capped with snow. Its largest plains are Hugaung Valley in Tanaikha River basin at the top of Chindwin River, Putao plain in Malikha River basin, the surrounding regions of Myitkyina and Bhamo, Indawgyi Lake, and surrounding areas of Mogaung Creek and Kaukkway Creek. During his inspection tour of the region in April 1995, Head of State Senior General Than Shwe gave guidance to the officials, saying “In the past, Kachin State lagged behind in development owing to lack of peace and stability in the region for many years. So, local people should not apply traditional methods any longer but must work hard much more than ever before for regional development. Now, peace has been restored well and it is thus the most opportune time to speed up the implementation of tasks for boosting production through effective use of the natural resources,” he added. Now, Kachin State has caught up with other states and divisions in various sectors thanks to the assistance and encouragement of the government, and united and harmonious efforts of local national race leaders and people. Local national people in Kachin State are enjoying fruits of development. The conditions before and after 1988 are compared in this article. 26 Chronicle of National Development Comparison between Agriculture The total sown acreage of Kachin State was 379,512 only in the past. At that time, altogether 273,543 acres were put under paddy and the output was 11,610 baskets in thousand. Now, the sown acreage of monsoon and summer paddy has nearly doubled with boosting per acre yield. Double cropping acreage has increased 12 times. In consequence, the region’s agricultural produce has been in surplus. The following table shows the progress of the sown acreage of paddy and other crops in the region. Development in the agriculture sector of Kachin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) Subject Land - Sown acreage - Virgin and vacant land Water supply task - dam, lake, reservoir, drain - Task completed - Task under implementation - Benefited acres River water pumping project - Task completed - Task under implementation - Task to be carried out - Benefited acres Damming creek - Average benefited acres Num Num Num acre Num acre 3 2 1 1350 59 6918 3 2 1 1350 59 6918 Num Num acre 3 23837 3 1 23837 1 acre acre 379512 5270203 1340723 4171049 961211 Increase in cultivable land Count 1988 31-12-2007 Progress period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) 27 Development in the agriculture sector of Kachin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) Subject Artesian wells - Benefited acres Total benefited acres Double cropping acreage Extended paddy cultivation - Monsoon paddy acreage - Summer paddy - Total production - Regional rice sufficiency Progress in acreage of beans and pulses Sugarcane acreage maize acreage rubber acreage Oil palm Tea Pepper Progress in edible oil crops - Groundnut - Sesame - Sunflower - Mustard - Niger Physic nut acre acre acre acre acre acre 24753 3221 557 10642 1152 39599 22725 6801 93149 26707 283316 14846 19504 6244 82507 25555 283316 Count Num acre acre acre acre acre basket in thousand percent 1988 23837 17411 273543 11610 73 6659 5175 3567 112 3 1212 - 31-12-2007 44 266 32371 393529 558743 822 37604 150 63885 18803 25464 29747 143 2018 1083 Progress 44 266 8534 376118 285200 822 25994 77 57226 13628 21897 29635 140 806 1083 acre acre acre acre acre acre acre 28 Chronicle of National Development Comparison between Livestock and Fishery The government promoted livestock industry to increase production of meat. The number of buffalo, cattle, sheep, goat, pig, chicken and duck has increased to over 5.3 million, compared to only over 1.4 million in 1988. With regard to the fish and prawn breeding sector, there were only 58 acres of breeding ponds in the past, but now the figure has surged to 1160 acres accounting for 20 times. Honey production has been making a good progress in leaps and bounds, from 1300 pounds in 1988 to 64050 pounds to present. Development in the livestock breeding sector of Kachin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) Subject Extended livestock breeding - Buffalo - Cattle - Sheep/goat - Pig - Chicken - Duck - Turkey, goose, muscovy duck Fish and prawn breeding - Fish breeding pond Honey Production - Bee- hives - Honey Production - Pollination Service Num pound acre 140 1300 4206 1299 64050 13700 1159 62750 9494 acre 58 1160 1102 head head head head head head head 141627 206731 12544 153670 873413 33997 37530 197113 281933 35715 563264 4021069 181409 47637 55486 75202 23171 409594 3147656 147412 10107 Count 1988 31-12-2007 Progress period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) 29 Forest Conservation The government paid attention to conservation of forests in Kachin State. So the area of forests has risen nearly thirty times. The area of afforestation has surged nearly 76 times. In 1988, a total of 10,000 saplings were planted in mass activities. Now, over 7700000 million saplings have been grown in the region. Development in the forestry sector of Kachin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) Subject Reserved Forest Protected public forest Natural forests Establishment of forest plantation - Commercial plantation - Village firewood - Watershed plantation - Thitseint plantation Mass tree planting Count sq/mile sq/mile sq/mile acre acre acre acre acre Tree (in Million) 1988 2008 269.46 211 211 0.01 31-12-2007 2217.68 3615.37 6053.81 16665 9245 3020 4400 900 7.72 Progress 209.68 3615.37 5784.35 16454 9245 3020 4189 900 7.71 Besides, the government is implementing the project for greening and long-lasting of Indawgyi Lake in Indawgyi Wildlife Sanctuary in Mohnyin Township. It designated 299.32 square miles including the area of the lake (14 miles long and five miles wide) as Indawgyi Wildlife Sanctuary. Road and Transport In the past, with poor transport, the region had to mainly rely on railway and airway. At that time, Shwebo-Myitkyina Road was not a fine one, and the remaining roads were in poor condition. So, local people had to cross Ayeyawady River first by boat if they wanted to travel from Myitkyina to Bhamo, and to Waingmaw on the east bank of Ayeyawady, and then to Chibwe and Sawtlaw in the northern part. 30 Chronicle of National Development Comparison between In the time of the Tatmadaw Government, 2,688-foot-long Bala Min Htin Bridge across Ayeyawady River in Myitkyina was opened in 1998, resulting in better transport in the region. The opening of Sinkhan Bridge on Mandalay-Tagaung-Bhamo-Myitkyina Road took place in Shwegu Township, Bhamo District, Kachin State, on 13 January 2005. It is the 178th of the bridges with 180 feet and above in length in the nation. Now, the people can choose the 350-mile-long Mandalay-Shwebo-Myitkyina Road on the west bank of Ayayawady River, or the 302-mile-long Mandalay-Mogok-Momeik-Mabein-MansiBhamo Road on the east bank of Ayayawady River and the 115-mile-long Bhamo-Myitkyina Road to travel from Mandalay to Myitkyina. The government has constructed the 375-mile-long Mandalay-Myitkyina Union Highway along the east bank of Ayayawady River. The 460-foot-long Sinkhan Bridge is the 12th of the bridges with 180 feet and above built by the government in Kachin State. After 1988, Tapein, Tabetchaung, Bala Min Htin, Nantmyitkha, Maliyan, Namsanyan, Mole, Tanai, Hopin, Mogaung and Mohnyin bridges emerged in Kachin State. Now, the government is implementing Kaunghmulon suspension bridge and Namti bridge (Kanhla) projects in the region. Moreover, it is upgrading the 78-mile-long Putao-Machanbaw-Phayukha-Nawngmon Road, and the 228-mile-long Myitkyina-Namti-Tanai-Shinbweyan-Pansaung-Ledo Road. It will also upgrade Myitkyina-Putao Road, and Myitkyina-Pansauk-Ledo Road. The table shows the progress of transport sector in Kachin State. Mogaung Bridge In Kachin State period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) 31 Shweli Bridge in Kachin State Development in the transportation sector of Kachin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) Subject Railways - Route Mile - Track Mile - Passenger - Goods - Goods/mile - Station Count 1988 31-12-2007 122.00 131.26 2704.0 108.5 20003.5 33 Progress 7.25 7.32 736.5 9.7 5658.7 12 mile 114.75 mile 123.94 person (1x1000) 1967.5 Ton(1x1000) 98.8 mile 14344.8 station 21 32 Chronicle of National Development Comparison between Development in the transportation sector of Kachin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) Subject Airways - Airfield - above 5000 ft runway airfield - under 5000 ft runway airfield Extension of motor road - bituminous road - metalled road - gravel road - earth road Bridge - Public Works - Above 180 feet - completed bridge* - bridge under construction** - Under 180 feet - completed bridge bridge bridge bridge bridge bridge 27 27 63 63 45 44 1 307 307 18 17 1 244 244 field field field mile mile mile mile mile 7 4 3 1471/0 160/0 156/0 886/0 269/0 7 4 3 1652/4 323/3 480/4 609/3 239/2 181/4 163/3 324/4 upgrading upgrading Count 1988 31-12-2007 Progress * Completed three above 180 feet bridges 1. Bala Minhtin Bridge (across Ayeyawady river) 2. Tanaing Bridge (Tanaing creek) 3. Kyundaw Bridge **One major bridges under construction 1. Kaunghmulon Bridge period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) 33 Communication Sector The government is taking measures for development of the communication sector of Kachin State. The following table shows progress of the communication sector of the region. Development in the communication sector of Kachin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) Subject Post office Telegraph office Facsimile Computer Telegraph Telephone Service Telephone office - auto exchange - manual exchange - rural exchange - number of line capacity - direct line - auto/manual phone - mobile telephone - D-AMPS - GSM Microwave station E-mail/Internet Local satellite ground station - VSAT - MPT Satellite Terminal Local satellite Channel - VSAT - MPT Satellite Terminal station station 18 240 18 240 station station 3 60 3 60 office exchange exchange exchange line line phone phone phone phone station Num 12 1 11 1140 876 876 55 13 25 17 18974 16795 10563 6232 4832 1400 15 36 43 12 14 17 17834 15919 9687 6232 4832 1400 15 36 Count office office Num Num 1988 64 20 - 31-12-2007 82 31 64 7 Progress 18 11 64 7 34 34 Chronicle of National Development Comparison between Electric Power The government is taking systematic measures in order to effectively tap natural resources in abundance in Kachin State. Hence, there was only a 0.160 megawatt small-scale hydel power plant (Putao) in 1988. But three medium-scale hydel power plants have emerged in the time of the Tatmadaw Government.Galine creek 1.260 megawatt, Kyaingkharankha 2.52 megawatt, Namkhamkha 5 megawatt have increased today. Beside for Kachin nationalites mali creek 10.5 megawatt has been constructed. Development in the electric power sector of Kachin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) Subject Electricity consumption Maximum power Current installed power Extended generating of electricity - Hydel power plant completed* - Medium (1to 10 megawatt) - Small ( up to 1 megawatt) - Project under implementation** - Large Scale (above 10 megawatt) - Project to be implemented*** - Large Scale (above 10 megawatt) Other power plants -Biogas-used plant -Diesel-used plant -private plant plant plant plant 12 39 51 55 39 39 55 plant plant plant plant plant plant plant 1 1 4 3 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 2 Count unit (in million) megawatt megawatt 1988 0.371 0.551 0.233 31-12-2007 17.850 14.045 39.014 Progress 17.479 13.494 38.781 period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) 35 *Hydel power plant completed 1. Putao 2. Galaingchaung 3. Kyaingkharankha 4. Namkhamkha 0.160 megawatt (small scale) (1988) 1.260 megawatt (medium scale) (After 1988) 2.520 megawatt (medium scale) (After 1988) 5.000 megawatt (medium scale) (After 1988) **Project under implementation 1. Mali creek 10.500 megawatt (Large) 16500 megawatt (Large) 24 megawatt (Large) ***Hydel power project to be implemented 1. Mayka, Milika, Myintsone 2. Tabetchaung Industries As efforts are being made for ensuring development of agriculture as the base and all-round development of other sectors of the economy as well there have been good foundations for industrial development in Kachin State. In the past, there were 601 private factories and workshops but there are now 902 private factories and workshops, 158 cottage industries and 11 State-run factories. Development in the industrial sector of Kachin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) Subject Upgrading of industrial power - Private industry - Cottage industry State-owned industry industry industry industry 601 11 902 158 11 301 158 - Count 1988 31-12-2007 Progress 36 Chronicle of National Development Comparison between Education The government is striving in all seriousness in order to produce more intellectuals and intelligentsia and to enhance the education standard of the whole region. More basic education schools were opened in border areas. In the process, there have emerged 139 basic education schools in border areas, where altogether nearly 30,0000 student are pursuing education. The strength of teachers has doubled. The special 24 development regions have been designated and are being implemented to enable the national race youths to pursue education within their reach. In the past, there was only one degree college in Kachin State but there are now two universities, one degree college and one college. Hence, there were only over 1,000 students who were able to access higher education in 1988. But there are now 17,311 students who are able to do so in the region. Technological University (Myitkyina) period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) 37 Development in the education sector of Kachin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) Subject Count 1988 1178 30 68 1080 4873 142248 1 15 153 62.13 72.70 45.35 44.93 1 1 8 86 1252 - 31-12-2007 1317 80 88 206 943 71 36 8903 299164 25 806 1 46 665 96.07 93.56 3.65 11.49 3 2 1 4 5 58 324 17311 3 Progress 139 50 20 Basic education level - Number of school school - High school school - Middle school school - Post primary school school - Primary school school - Multi media classroom room - e-learning centre centre - Number of teacher teacher - Number of student student - Preprimary school - Number of school school - Number of children children Teachers’ education - Training college and school school - Education College college - Number of teacher teacher - Number of trainees trainees Grade 1 enrolment rate (KG intake rate ) percent Adult literacy rate percent Wastage - Primary level percent - Middle level percent Upgrading of higher education University, college, degree college - Art and Secience University university - Degree college college - e-learning centre centre - No of WAN Sites site - Teaching programmes Num - Number of teacher teacher - Number of student student Human Resource Development centre Centre } 69 71 36 4030 156916 25 806 upgraded 1 31 512 33.94 20.86 (-)41.7 (-)33.44 2 2 4 5 50 238 16058 3 38 Chronicle of National Development Comparison between Science and Technology In combination with the education sector, efforts are being made for the emergence of experts in science and technological sector. With this end in view, two technological universities and two computer universities have emerged in Kachin State. The four higher learning institutions in Myitkyina and Bhamo special regions are now producing technocrats and computer scientists by thousands. One government technological college was also opened in Mohnyin. Development in the science and technology sector of Kachin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) Subject Technological University / College - Technological University (Myitkyina) - Number of courses - Technological University (Bhamo) - Number of courses - Government Technological College (Mohnyin) - Number of courses - Number of teacher - Number of student (graduate) - Number of student (current) - Computer Universities - Computer University (Myitkyina) - Number of courses - Computer University (Bhamo) - Number of courses - Number of teacher - Number of student (graduate) - Number of student (current) college course teacher student student university university course university course teacher student student 1 7 232 2645 1150 2 1 5 1 5 78 786 311 1 7 232 2645 1150 2 1 5 1 5 78 786 311 Count Num university course university course 1988 - 31-12-2007 Progress 3 1 7 1 7 3 1 7 1 7 period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) 39 Mining and Mineral Resources Loneking/ Phakant treasure Land in Kachin state and 1849 jade blocks have been increased with the encouragement of the government. Also there are jade (15398) thousand of killo increased.After 1988 gold, talcum and crystal were also produced in the region. Lead-Zinc concentrate (5430)ton , Absestos (1120)ton and gold (725)troy ounces have produced in 2007. Block of Raw Jade (3940 - ton) found in Nantmaw, Phakant Township, Kachin State Health In an effort to ensure uplift of health, fitness and education standards of the entire nation the government has been providing health care services to local people in Kachin State like other states and divisions. The number of hospitals has increased from 35 in the past to 45 to date. Likewise, the strength of health staff has increased from 730 in the past to 1315 to date. There were 112 doctors in 1988 but there are now 253. One traditional medicine hospital and ten dispensaries were added for ensuring better health care services. 40 Chronicle of National Development Comparison between Development in the health sector of Kachin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) Subject Hospital - Specialist Hospital - 300 Bed Hospital - 200 Bed Hospital - 150 Bed Hospital - 100 Bed Hospital - 50 Bed Hospital - 25 Bed Hospital - 16 Bed Hospital - Station hospital Health Centres and Teams - Rural Health Centre - Maternal and Child Health Centre - Local Health Centre - School Health Team Health Manpower* - Doctor - Detal Surgeon - Nurse - Dental Nurse - Health Assistant - Lady Health Visitor - Midwife - Health Supervisor (1)/(2) Traditional Medicine - Traditional Medicine Hospital (16 Bed) - Traditional Medicine Clinic Training Schools - Nursing Training School - Midwifery Training School Count Hospital Hospital Hospital Hospital Hospital Hospital Hospital Hospital Hospital Hospital Center Center Center Center Team Person Person Person Person Person Person Person Person Person 1988 35 2 1 1 5 2 9 15 69 47 19 1 2 730 112 13 177 2 40 57 284 45 31-12-2007 45 2 1 1 2 4 5 7 23 77 55 19 1 2 1315 253 25 482 6 70 65 328 86 Progress 10 1 Upgrading 2 Upgrading 3 Upgrading 8 8 8 585 141 12 305 4 30 8 44 41 Hospital Clinic School School School 5 1 1 1 10 2 1 1 1 5 1 1 - period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) 41 Urban and Rural Development Steps are being taken for development of urban and rural regions in Kachin State while striving for improvement of socio-economic life of the local people. The length of urban roads including tarred roads, gravel roads and laterite roads has increased from 215 miles and 3 furlongs in the past to 356 miles and 7 furlongs to date. In the past, measures were taken for ensuring water supply to nine towns in Kachin State. At present, efforts are being made for ensuring water supply to another nine towns. The length of village-to-village roads has increased from 465 miles in the past to 2091 miles and 7 furlongs to date for regional development. This includes 58 miles and 1 furlong of bituminous road. To ensure potable water supply to rural regions, 1104 tasks for water supply were carried out in 543 villages out of 678 villages. Manaw, a traditional dance of Kachin nationals 42 Chronicle of National Development Comparison between Development in the development affairs sector of Kachin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) Subject - Urban Development - Urban roads - Bituminous road - Metalled road - Granite road - Earth road - Urban bridge - Concrete - Wood - Conduit -Other - Urban water supply task Township where tasks to be carried out town Completed work Rural Development - Rural roads - Bituminous road - Metalled road - Granite road - Earth road - Rural bridge - Concrete - Wood - Conduit - Other - Rural water supply task Village where tasks to be carried out Completed work - Rural housing village work house 678 543 1104 15 543 1104 15 mile mile mile mile mile bridge bridge bridge pipe bridge 465/0 18/3 11/5 33/5 401/3 2091/7 58/1 289/5 6/6 1737/3 181 44 126 8 3 1626/7 39/6 278/0 upgrading 1336/0 181 44 126 8 3 work 18 2 9 9 9 7 mile mile mile mile mile bridge bridge bridge conduit bridge 215/3 42/5 99/2 7/2 66/2 356/7 128/7 120/0 107/7 341 236 63 32 10 141/4 86/2 20/6 upgrading 41/5 341 236 63 32 10 Count 1988 31-12-2007 Progress period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) 43 Border Areas and National Races Development With a view to bringing development to Kachin State and ensuring development of national races, the government has designated Kachin State Special Region-1 and Kachin State Special Region2. Thanks to prevalence of peace and tranquillity in Kachin State the two special regions are enjoying the fruitful results of development. Those regions, which lagged behind in development in the pasts, are now making progress like big cities. The youth development training schools were opened in Myitkyina, Bhamo and Putao. Arrangements are being made to open vocational training schools in Bhamo, Putao, Dwonban and Daw-phoneyan. Development in the border areas and national races affairs sector of Kachin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) Subject Development regions - Kachin special region-1 - Kachin special region-2 Road and bridge - Earth road - Metalled road - Bituminous road - Bridge(large, small,suspension) Health care service - Hospital - Clinic -Rural health centre - Sub rural health centre Education - Primary school - Middle school - High school - Number of Teacher - Number of Student region region mile mile mile bridge hospital clinic centre centre school school school teacher student Count 1988 - 31-12-2007 2 1 1 334/1 201/5 2/1 7/226/23 11 30 11 13 178 11 9 907 24329 Progress 2 1 1 334/1 201/5 2/1 7/226/23 11 30 11 13 178 11 9 907 24329 44 Chronicle of National Development Comparison between Development in the border areas and national races affairs sector of Kachin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) Subject Agriculture - Agriculture office - Agriculture camp - Dam Livestock breeding - Veternay Farm - Veterinary office - Distribution of cattle, donkey, sheep Energy - Generator - Power station - Towns With electricity Public relations - TV retransmission station Communications - Post office - Telegraph service - Telephone Expenditure - Funds of PBANRDA - Funds of ministries office service office kyat (in million) kyat (in million) kyat (in million) 3 5 6 15112.94 3282.59 11830.35 3 5 6 15112.94 3282.59 11830.35 station 14 14 Num station town 22 17 1 22 17 1 farm office 1 4 14 1 4 14 office camp dam 2 8 2 2 8 2 Count 1988 31-12-2007 Progress period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) 45 Information and Public Relations The information sector is sending news on efforts of the government serving the long-term interest of the State and the people and news on economic, social and science and technology to the people. Kachin State Information and Public Relations Department is taking the following measures for further cementing friendship among the national races. Development in the information and public relations sector of Kachin State Subject Count station office library library library library house Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) 1988 2 14 - 31-12-2007 24 29 29 15 1635 1 1 Progress 22 29 15 15 1635 1 1 - TV retransmission station - IPRD office - IPRD library - Departmental library - Rural library - e-library - Sub-printing house (Myitkyina) Cultural Museum and Library (Myitkyina) 46 Chronicle of National Development Comparison between Snow- capped mountain ranges in Putao, Kachin State period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) 47 Taung-gwe Ceti Ngwetaung Dam Bilu Creek Hydel Power Plant Microwave Station Loikaw University 48 Chronicle of National Development Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) 49 Changing scenes of modernization and development in Kayah State Located in the eastern part of Myanmar, the 4,530-square-mile Kayah State is home to national races including Kayah, Kayan, Mono, Kayaw, Yintale, Gekho, Geba, living together with Kachin, Kayin, Chin, Pa-O, Bamar, Mon, Rakhine, Shan and Intha. It is like a small Union with a population of 327832. Its population density is 72 persons per square mile. Lying on a high plateau contiguous with the Shan plateau, the elevation of Kayah State is between 2,950 feet and 6,000 feet above sea level. The raging natural watercourses are flowing through the mountainous state from the north to south. The Bilu Creek originates at Inlay Lake and flows through the fertile Loikaw plain where various kinds of crops are cultivated. In his message sent to the 47th Anniversary Union Day on 12 February 1994, Head of State Senior General Than Shwe states, “Since its assumption of the State duties, the Government has been giving priority to the cause of nationalities, while placing in the fore Our Three Main National Causes — Non-disintegration of the Union; non-disintegration of national solidarity; and perpetuation of sovereignty. The time is ripe for national race groups in the jungles to abandon their armed struggle line posing as an obstacle to the progress of their own races, and to return to the legal fold with honour, for energetically servi ng the interest of the Union and the race.” Peace is the foundation of progress. With sincere goodwill, Tatmadaw has extended an olive branch to all the armed groups to return to the legal fold, and its ultimate goal is for prevalence of peace and stability in the whole Union and for all the national people to enjoy harmonious progress. Soon after peace and stability has been restored in Kayah State, it is now witnessing developments in all sectors. I will now present in comparison the situation of Kayah State in 1988 and at present. 50 Chronicle of National Development Comparison between Agriculture In 1988, Kayah State could not even produce enough food to feed its own people. The Tatmadaw Government has changed the agricultural patterns and water supply programmes of the state. It has built Dawtacha Dam in 1997 to irrigate 1000 acres of crops in Bawlake Township; and Loik-nan-hpa Dam in Demawhso Township to irrigate 2,150 acres of land. In addition, it has built water pumping stations and small-scale dams to increase the sown acreage of the state. The table shows the development of agricultural sector in Kayah State: Development in the agriculture sector of Kayah State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) Subject Land - Sown acreage - Virgin and vacant land Water supply task - dam, lake, reservoir, drain - Task completed* - Benefited acres River water pumping project - Task completed - Task under implementation - Benefited acres Damming creek - Average benefited acres Artesian wells - Benefited acres Total benefited acres Double cropping acreage Extended paddy cultivation - Monsoon paddy acreage - Total production Count acre acre 1988 89992 172419 31-12-2007 378136 44465 Progress 288144 increase in cultivable land Num acre Num Num acre Num acre Num acre acre acre acre basket in thousand 7 31601 31601 3877 61051 2558 9 34751 2 1 4032 1 50 5 37 38870 152252 100427 6314 2 3150 2 1 4032 1 50 5 37 7269 148375 39376 3756 period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) 51 Development in the agriculture sector of Kayah State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) Subject Progress in acreage of beans and pulses Progress in maize acreage Rubber acreage Tea Pepper Coffee Progress in edible oil crops - Groundnut - Sesame - Sunflower - Mustard - Niger Physic nut Count acre acre acre acre acre acre acre acre acre acre acre acre 1988 1031 3431 906 6883 1888 554 62 475 - 31-12-2007 45238 18223 111 10 9 `1220 15206 14884 5020 429 8703 89860 Progress 44207 14792 111 10 9 314 8323 12996 4466 367 8228 89860 *Dam Completed 1. Dawtacha Dam, Bawlake Township, Dawtacha village, Benefited acres (1000) 2. Loinanpha Dam, Demoso Township, Loinanpha village, Benefited acres (2150) Ngwetaung Dam in Kayah State 52 Chronicle of National Development Comparison between Livestock and Fisheries Thanks to the assistance of the Government, the state can double its farming sector, raising 546689 heads of livestock at present, up from 1576112 in 1988. The state is now raising fish in 401 acres, and in 1988 it had only three acres of fish farms. Development in the livestock breeding sector of Kayah State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) Subject Extended livestock breeding - Buffalo - Cattle - Sheep/goat - Pig - Chicken - Duck - Turkey, goose, muscovy duck Fish and prawn breeding - Fish breeding pond Honey Production - Bee-hives - Honey Production - Pollination Service Num Pound acre 59 100 1808 465 8200 5150 406 8100 3342 acre 3 401 398 head head head head head head head 30151 72719 1959 47981 387916 2261 3702 29292 77811 2649 90921 1353289 14237 7913 (-)859 5092 690 42940 965373 11976 4211 Count 1988 31-12-2007 Progress Forest Conservation The state grew about 90,000 saplings in 1988. But it planted over 3,920,000 saplings this year. The table shows the extent of forest conservation work in Kayah State. period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) 53 Development in the forestry sector of Kayah State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) Subject Reserved Forest Protected public forest Establishment of forest plantation -Commercial plantation -Village firewood -Watershed plantation -Thitseint plantation Mass tree planting Count sq/mile sq/mile acre acre acre acre acre Tree (in Million) 1988 74 200 200 0.09 31-12-2007 270.00 2181.79 7667 3460 972 3235 300 4.01 Progress 196 2181.79 7467 3460 972 3035 300 3.92 Road and Transport Till 1988, transport was poor in the state. Aungban-Pinlaung-Moebye-Loikaw road, ToungooLeiktho-Yado road and Loikaw-Hopong road served as gateways to the state in the past, but the latter facility could not be used in all weathers. The Government has upgraded the roads including the above-mentioned two facilities. Now the state has 185 miles of motor road including 157 miles and one furlong of bituminous roads. Loikaw-Ponchaung-Shardaw road, Toungoo-Mawchi-Loikaw road, Bawlake-YwathitSouppaing road, and Hpasawng-Mehsenam-Meseh-Namman road have been upgraded. The new Aungban-Loikaw railroad linking Shan and Kayah states was commissioned into service on 27 March 1993. The project covered 106.62 miles of railroad for a distance of 101.92 miles as well as 25 railway stations. The development of the transport sector of Kayah State is shown in the table. 54 Chronicle of National Development Comparison between Development in the transportation sector of Kayah State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) Subject Railways - Route Mile - Track Mile - Passenger - passenger/mile - Station Airways - Airfield - above 5000 ft runway airfield Extension of motor road - bituminous road - metalled road - gravel road - earth road Bridge - Public Works - Above 180 feet - completed bridge - bridge under construction* - bridge to be built** - Under 180 feet bridge bridge bridge bridge bridge 6 6 145 8 6 1 1 163 2 1 1 18 field field mile mile mile mile mile 1 1 396/0 126/0 30/0 142/0 98/0 1 1 581/0 283/1 36/3 134/6 126/6 185/0 157/1 6/3 upgrading 28/6 mile mile person(1x1000) mile station 8.59 10.90 9.0 5967.0 3 8.59 10.90 9.0 5967.0 3 Count 1988 31-12-2007 Progress *180 feet and** above bridges under construction in Kayah State Sr Bridge Road Tongoo-Loikaw Hseseng-Hopong Bawlake-Hpahsaung River / Creek Hteesekha creek Htoo creek Target length 240 240 Type (feet) RC RC 1. Hteesekha 2. Htoochaung period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) 55 Communications The table shows the development of the communication sector of Kayah State. Development in the communication sector of Kayah State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) Subject Post office Telegraph office Facsimile Computer telegraph Telephone Service -telephone office - auto exchange - manual exchange - rural exchange - number of line capacity - direct line - auto/manual phone Microwave station E-mail/Internet Local satellite ground station - (MPT Satellite Terminal) Local satellite Channel - (MPT Satellite Terminal) station 72 72 station 18 18 office exchange exchange exchange line line phone station 3 1 2 650 558 15 1 7 7 2866 2173 2173 1 5 12 5 7 2216 1615 2173 1 5 Count office office 1988 8 3 - 31-12-2007 13 11 32 1 Progress 5 8 32 1 56 Chronicle of National Development Comparison between Microwave Station period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) 57 Electricity Kayah State, with many falls and rapids, had the large 168-megawatt Bilu Creek Hydel Power Plant and the small-scale 0.108-megawatt power hydel power station at Hpasaung before 1988. The Tatmadaw Government built a new 28-megawatt power plant on Bilu Creek. Power consumption of the state has risen to five times the amount it did in 1988. The table shows the development of electricity sector of the state: Development in the electric power sector of Kayah State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) Subject Electricity consumption Maximum power Current installed power Extended generating of electricity - Hydel power plant completed * - Large Scale ( above10 megawatt) - Small ( up to 1 megawatt) - Task to be carried out ** - Large Scale (above 10 megawatt) Other power plants - Diesel-used plant - Private industry - Wind energy-used plant *Hydel power plant completed 1. Biluchaung(2) 2. Hpahsaung 3. Biluchaung(1 ) 4. Hteasekha 1. Biluchaung(3) 168.000 megawatt 0.108 megawatt 28.00 megawatt 0.02 magawatt 48 megawatt (Large scale) (small) (Large Scale) (Small) (large) (1988) (1988) (After 1988) (After 1988) Count unit (in million) megawatt megawatt 1988 4.405 3.000 168.873 31-12-2007 16.291 6.700 196.838 Progress 11.886 3.700 27.965 plant plant plant 2 1 1 - 4 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 plant - plant plant plant 4 - 25 8 3 21 8 3 **Task to be carried out 58 Chronicle of National Development Comparison between Bilu Creek Hydel Power Plant Industrial Sector Seven State-owned industries, 35 cottage industries and 288 private industries are running in the state. The government has given priority to the further development of the sector. Development in the industrial sector of Kayah State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) Subject Upgrading of industrial power Private industry - Cottage industry State-owned industry plant plant plant 274 4 288 35 7 14 35 3 Count 1988 31-12-2007 Progress period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) 59 Mining and Mineral Resources Mawchi Mines is producing tin, tungsten and shale. Discovery of marble and antimony after 1988 has generated more job opportunities. The state produced 270 metric tons of marble and 639 metric tons of antimony in 2007. Education The education promotion plans of the Government cover Kayah State. The number of students is increasing as the strength of teachers has risen. The increase in the school enrolment rate and adult literacy rate in the state is encouraging. KG intake rate has increased to 96.06 percent up from 53.26 percent in 1988. Loikaw covered by the 24-development zone project has now an arts and science university. Thus, local youths can pursue higher education in their own region. The following table shows the sustainable developments the state has been achieving in the education sector since 1988: Loikaw University 60 Chronicle of National Development Comparison between Development in the education sector of Kayah State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) Subject Basic education level - Number of school - High school - Middle school - Post primary school - Primary school - Multimedia classroom - e-learning centre Number of teacher Number of student - Preprimary school - Number of school - Number of children Grade 1 enrolment rate (KG intake rate) Adult literacy rate Wastage - Primary level - Middle level Upgrading of higher education University, college, degree college - Arts and Science University e - Learning Centre No of WAN Sites Teaching Programmes Number of teacher Number of student Human Resource Development Centre teacher student centre university centre 1site 1 1 1 40 124 2665 1 1 1 1 40 124 2665 1 percent percent 37.45 39.25 2.61 8.80 (-)34.84 (-)30.45 percent percent 53.26 59.00 96.06 97.85 42.8 38.85 school children 44 1036 44 1036 school school school school school room centre teacher student 333 7 27 299 1259 29916 388 16 32 34 306 23 17 1980 56365 55 9 5 Count 1988 31-12-2007 Progress } 41 23 17 721 26449 period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) 61 Science and Technology Like in all other states and divisions, the science and technology development programme of Kayah State is gaining more ground. A technological university and a computer university are producing hundreds of technicians and computer scientists in the state. The two universities were built after 1988. Development in the science and technology sector of Kayah State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) Subject Technological University - Technological University (Loikaw) -Number of courses -Number of teacher -Number of student (graduate) -Number of student (current) -Computer University Computer University (Loikaw) -Number of courses -Number of teacher -Number of student (graduate) -Number of student (current) Count university university course teacher student student university university course teacher student student 1988 - 31-12-2007 1 1 5 72 781 312 1 1 5 65 635 108 Progress 1 1 5 72 781 312 1 1 5 65 635 108 Health Health services of the state are also developing as in all other states and divisions. The 150bed hospital in Loikaw has been upgraded to a 200-bed facility, and it has been reinforced with more specialist surgeons. The state has doubled the number of doctors working in it and added hundreds of health staff of other levels to the related facilities. It has one traditional medicine hospital and five traditional medicine dispensaries. The following table documents progress of the health sector: 62 Chronicle of National Development Comparison between Development in the health sector of Kayah State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) Subject Hospitals - 200 Bedded Hospital - 150 Bedded Hospital - 25 Bedded Hospital - 16 Bedded Hospital - Station Hospital - Hospitals of other Ministry Health Centres and Teams - Rural Health Centre - Maternal and Child Health Centre - Primary and Secondary Health Centre - School Health Team Health Manpower* - Doctor - Dental Sugeon - Nurse - Dental Nurse - Health Assistant - Lady Health Visitor - Midwife - Health Supervisor 1/2 Traditional Medicine - Traditional Medicine Hospital (16 Bed) - Traditional Medicine Clinic Training Schools - Nursing Training School Centre team Person Person Person Person Person Person Person Person Person 1 1 320 44 8 68 1 14 24 137 24 1 1 494 88 12 138 3 28 28 157 40 174 44 4 70 2 14 4 20 16 Count Hospital Hospital Hospital Hospital Hospital Hospital Hospital Centre Centre Centre 1988 15 1 3 2 8 1 32 24 6 31-12-2007 16 1 6 8 1 36 28 6 Progress 1 1 Upgrading 3 Upgrading 4 4 - Hospital Clinic School School 4 - 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) 63 Urban and Rural Development Development in economic and social sectors has helped improve the standard of towns and villages in the state. There are now 40 miles more urban roads and 116 more urban bridges than in 1988. There were no rural roads and bridges in the past. Now the state has 263 miles 3 furlongs of rural roads and 65 rural bridges. Four towns have now urban water supply system. Seven more towns are also covered by the urban water supply project. A total of 241 water supply works are being carried out in 143 villages. Development in the development affairs sector of Kayah State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) Subject Urban development -Urban roads -Bituminous road -Metalled road - Granite road -Earth road -Urban bridge -Concrete -Wood -Urban water supply tasks Township where tasks to be carried out Completed work Rural Development -Rural roads -Bituminous road -Metalled road -Granite road -Earth road -Rural bridge -Rural water supply tasks -Village where tasks to be carried out -Completed work -Rural housing Count mile mile mile mile mile bridge bridge bridge town work mile mile mile mile mile bridge village work house 1988 50/2 18/4 10/2 21/4 7 2 204 - 31-12-2007 90/2 23/1 37/6 0/2 29/1 116 71 45 4 4 263/3 6/1 134/2 12/7 110/1 65 143 241 22 Progress 40/0 4/5 27/4 0/2 7/5 116 71 45 4 2 263/3 6/1 134/2 12/7 110/1 65 143 241 22 64 Chronicle of National Development Comparison between Border Areas and National Races Development Development is the result of peace. The development drive in Kayah State indicates the need for all the national races to constantly enjoy the fruits of peace and progress. The border areas and national races development project has provided the above-mentioned facilities for Kayah State: Development in the border areas and national races affairs sector of Kayah State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) Subject Development regions -Kayah region Road and bridge -Earth road -Metalled road -Bituminous road -Bridge( Large/small/suspension) Health care service -Hospital -Clinic -Rural health centre -Sub-Rural health centre Education -Primary school -Middle school -High school - Number of Teacher - Number of Student school school school teacher student 35 8 5 371 10655 35 8 5 371 10655 hospital clinic centre centre 6 3 3 17 6 3 3 17 mile mile mile bridge 207/5 183/7 13/4 2/30/1 207/5 183/7 13/4 2/30/1 region Count 1988 - 31-12-2007 1 1 Progress 1 1 period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) 65 Development in the border areas and national races affairs sector of Kayah State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) Subject Agriculture -Agriculture office -Agriculture camp -Dam Livestock breeding -Veterinary office -Distribution of cattle, donkey, sheep Energy -Generator -Towns with electricity Public relations -TV retransmission station Communications -Post office -Telegraph service -Telephone Religions Affairs - Ceti - Monastery - Monasteric school - other religious buildings Expenditure -Funds of PBANRDA -Funds of ministries kyat (in million) kyat(in million) kyat(in million) 7 43 3 19 4145.27 1498.33 2646.94 7 43 3 19 4145.27 1498.33 2646.94 office service office 2 3 3 2 3 3 station 5 5 town 29 22 29 22 office 4 12 4 12 office camp dam 3 5 10 3 5 10 Count 1988 31-12-2007 Progress 66 Chronicle of National Development Comparison between Information and Public Relations The information sector is informing the public about the Government’s endeavours to serve the interests of the nation and the people energetically, while keeping in the fore Our Three Main National Causes. The sector has been developed for all the nationalities to unitedly march to the golden age without fail. The table indicates the sector’s improvement: Development in the information and public relations sector of Kayah State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) Subject -TV retransmission station -IPRD office -IPRD library -Departmental library -Rural library -e-Library Count station office library library library library 1988 3 - 31-12-2007 7 8 8 26 367 1 Progress 7 8 5 26 367 1 Cultural Museum and Library (Loikaw ) Zwegabin Mountain, the landmark of Kayin State Gyaing (Kawkareik) Bridge Technological University (Hpa-an) Changing scenes of modernization and development in Kayin State A mini Union where nationalities including Kayin, Pa-O, Mon, Bamar, Rakhine and Shan are living in unity and amity, Kayin State lies in the south-eastern sector of Myanmar. With its population of 1709152 the population density is 146 persons per square mile in Kayin State covering 11,730.85 square miles. Kayin State is a land of plains, mountains and forests. In the east are the mountain ranges running from north to south, and plains are located in the west of the mountain ranges. Major rivers flowing in the state are the Thanlwin, the Thaungyin, the Attaran and the Gyaing. At the ceremony to launch the Thanlwin Bridge (Hpa-an) held on 3 August 1997, Head of State Senior General Than Shwe said, “It is not for the economic profits that a large amount of funds has been used to build the Thanlwin Bridge (Hpa-an), but for the development of Kayin State, and for the locals, suffering from various kinds of troubles caused by insurgency, to enjoy a better life .” It is the sincere goodwill of the Tatmadaw Government to build development infrastructures in all regions with ardent efforts as soon as it achieves peace and stability. The Government is gaining ground in overcoming the backwardness the nation faced in the past, despite the riches in natural resources, with the power of the heightening development drive. The past backwardness was due to weakness in unity. Thanks to the Government’s endeavours, Kayin State has been achieving harmonious progress as a place where love and unity of the national races is prevailing. I will now present the situation of the state in 1988 and at present. 70 Chronicle of National Development Comparison between Agriculture The fertile soil, the assistance provided by the Government, and the efforts of the local people have enabled Kayin State to see a sustainable development in agriculture. Thanks to six river pumping stations and seven dams, the state can grow 15 thousands more acres of crops and put over 2,00,000 acres of land under multiple cropping. Now the state can even grow over 100,000 acres of paddy in summer. In the past, summer paddy was not cultivated in the state. As the state can double its paddy production, it can now enjoy surplus food. The following table shows the sustainable development in cultivating beans and pulses, edible oil crops, rubber and coffee, in addition to paddy: Development in the agriculture sector of Kayin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) Subject Land resource - Sown acreage - Virgin and vacant land acre acre 497779 566492 1238590 138449 740811 increase in cultivable land Count 1988 31-12-2007 Progress Water supply task - dam, lake, reservoir, drain - Task completed - Task under implementation - Benefited acres River water pumping project - Task completed - Task to be carried out - Benefited acres Damming creek - benefited acres Total benefited acres Double cropping acreage Num Num acre Num acre acre acre 5723 15297 6 2 8600 29 5731 20154 204755 6 2 8600 29 5731 14431 189458 Num Num acre 6 5723 7 1 5823 1 1 100 period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) 71 Development in the agriculture sector of Kayin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) Subject Extended paddy cultivation - Monsoon paddy acreage - Summer paddy - Total production acre acre basket in thousand - Regional rice sufficiency Progress in acreage of beans and pulses - Sugarcane acreage - Maize acreage - Rubber acreage - Tea acreage - Coffee - Pepper Edible oil crops - Groundnut - Sesame - Sunflower Physics nut acre acre acre acre 15241 9198 140 27089 27884 3193 118144 11848 18686 3053 118144 acre acre acre acre acre acre acre 7417 2825 9390 670 2906 78568 7305 30891 106703 1010 9126 4717 71151 4480 30891 97313 340 6220 4717 per cent 13550 72 30764 135 17214 63 390912 516886 103082 125974 103082 Count 1988 31-12-2007 Progress Livestock and Fisheries The goverment promoted livestock industry to increase production of meat. The number of buffalo, cattle, sheep, goat, pig, chicken and duck has increased over 3790393 compared to only over 1413739 in 1988. The state has 396 acres of fish farms, up from 96 acres in 1988 or quadrupled. It has now 80 acres of prawn breeding ponds. Honey production has been fruitful, reaching the traget of over 6900 pounds at present. 72 Chronicle of National Development Comparison between Development in the livestock breeding sector of Kayin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) Subject Extended livestock breeding - Buffalo - Cattle - Sheep/goat - Pig - Chicken - Duck - Turkey, goose, muscovy duck Fish and prawn breeding - Fish breeding pond - Prawn breeding pond Honey Production - Bee-hives - Honey Production - Pollination service Num pound acre 415 6900 4620 415 6900 4620 acre acre 96 396 80 300 80 head head head head head head head 50729 255112 29383 95773 859363 103698 19681 75957 308728 55438 239719 2836327 239425 34799 25228 53616 26055 143946 1976964 135727 15118 Count 1988 31-12-2007 Progress Forest Conservation Kayin State is protecting and conserving its forests. It has extended the aress of reserved forests, sanctuaries and protected public forests. As a public movement, the state has grown nearly 2000,000 saplings. It has also set up village forest plantations for fuel and economic purposes in rural areas. It has also conserved the watershed areas to maintain the waterway systems of natural watercourses. Please see the table showing the forestry sector to know the state’s forest conservation endeavours: period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) 73 Development in the forestry sector of Kayin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) Subject Reserved Forest Protected public forest Natural land area Establishment of forest plantation - Commercial plantation - Village firewood - Watershed plantation - Thitseint plantation Mass tree planting Count sq/mile sq/mile sq/mile acre acre acre acre acre Tree (in Million) 1988 1635 115.48 400 400 - 31-12-2007 1752.32 1689.78 115.48 8360 6332 743 1285 450 Progress 117.32 1689.78 7960 5932 743 1285 450 0.01 1.91 1.90 Road and Transport With the conviction — the development in roads and bridges will add strength to the nation — the Government has been developing the road and transport sector of the state with greater momentum. In the past, there were no bridges across Thanlwin River. Today there are three bridges 180 over feet and three large bridges, altogether there are large six bridges increase. Government commissioned into service the 2,252-foot Thanlwin Bridge (Hpa-an) on 3 August 1997. It also built the 2,900-foot Gyaing River Bridge (Zathabyin) in Hpa-an Township and 1,200-foot Gyaing River Bridge (Kawkareik) in Kawkareik Township. Pyaing Kyone bridge is constructed in 2007 in Hlaingbwe Township. 74 Chronicle of National Development Comparison between Gyaing (Kawkareik) Bridge In addition to the bridges, it has also built Mudon-Myawady road, Thaton-MyaingaleBakap-Hpa-an road, Thaton-Myaingale-Kawkareik road, Zathabyin-Eindu-Hpa-an road, Hpa-an-Kawkareik-Myawady road, and Thandaungyi-Thandaung road. The state now has increased 217 miles of road including 144 miles of tarred roads. The rail-cum-road Donthami Bridge linking Kayin and Mon States was inaugurated in 2002. The bridge is 600 feet long.The Myawady-Kawkareik-Hlaingkwet-WinkaMetharaw-Mudon road section and Myawady-Kawkareik-Hpa-an-Thaton road section are inclusive in the Asian highways, ASEAN highways and other transnational highways plus Mekong Basin Region highway that will pass through the nation for its development. The table shows the development of the state’s road and transport sector: period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) 75 Development in the transportation sector of Kayin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) Subject Railways - Route Mile - Track Mile - Goods - Goods/mile - Station Airways - Airfield - under 5000 ft runway airfield Extension of motor road - bituminous road - metalled road - gravel road - earth road Bridge - Public Works - Above 180 feet - completed bridge* - Under 180 feet bridge bridge bridge 8 8 117 14 14 274 6 6 157 field field mile mile mile mile mile 2 2 554/0 201/0 45/0 178/0 130/0 2 2 771/4 345/6 108/4 118/4 198/6 217/4 144/6 63/4 upgrading 68/6 mile mile Ton(1x1000) mile station 16.00 16.75 6 16.00 16.75 77.5 14170.2 6 77.5 14170.2 - Count 1988 31-12-2007 Progress *Three above 180 feet bridges built under special project 1. Thanlwin Bridge (Hpa-an) - Thanlwin River 2. Gyaing (Zathabyin) Bridge - Gyaing River 3. Gyaing (Kawkareik) Bridge - Gyaing River 2252 feet 2900 feet 1200 feet steel frame steel frame suspension Bailey type suspension 76 Chronicle of National Development Comparison between Communications The table of communication sector indicates the development of the sector in Kayin State: Development in the communication sector of Kayin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) Subject Post office Telegraph office Facsimile Computer telegraph Telephone - telephone office - auto exchange - manual exchange - rural exchange - number of line capacity - direct line - auto/manual phone - ARTS Microwave station E-mail/Internet Local satellite ground station - VSAT (MPT Satellite Terminal) Local satellite Channel - VSAT (MPT Satellite Terminal) Count office office 1988 27 7 1 5 1 4 764 643 1 - 31-12-2007 34 13 25 1 24 4 20 6 5235 4250 4021 229 6 10 2 23 14 92 Progress 7 6 24 1 19 3 16 6 4471 3607 4021 229 5 10 2 23 14 92 office exchange exchange exchange line line phone phone station station station station station Electricity The Government has been applying innovative means to fully tap the country’s rich water resources for serving the interest of Myanmar and her national races till posterity. Kayin State had only one hydel power station in Papun before 1988. It was a 0.062megawatt facility. The power consumption of the state then was only about 10 million units. The period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) 77 Tatmadaw Government built one diesel power station and one 2.2 megawatt hydel power plant (pati) and linked the electricity generated by them to the national grid. Thus, Kayin state’s power consumption has increased to nearly 200 million units. But it is only one step of development drive. The Government is implementing two major hydel power plant projects in the state to significantly increase its power consumption. One is the 25-megawatt Dayaing Creek (Paingkyon) Hydel Power Project and the other is the Hatgyi Hydel Power Project that will generate 1360 megawatts in the first stage, and 200 megawatts in the second stage. Now, I will present the state’s electricity sector with the table. Development in the electric power sector of Kayin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) Subject Electricity consumption Maximum power Current installed power Extended generating of electricity - Hydel power plant completed* - Small ( up to 1 megawatt) - Medium (1-10 megawatt) - Large scale (up to 10 megawatt) Other power plants - Combined cycle power plant - Diesel-used plant Wind- energy - used plant *Hydel Power Plant Completed 1. Hpapun 2. Pati 1. Hatgyi 0.062 megawatt (small) (1988) 2.200 megawatt (medium) (After 1988) 1360 megawatt (large) megawatt (large) Thanlwin Bridge (Hpa-an) Count unit(in million) megawatt megawatt plant plant plant 1988 10.274 6.500 1.999 1 1 - 31-12-2007 151.072 7.300 2.785 2 1 1 2 2 1 34 10 Progress 140.798 0.800 0.786 1 1 2 2 1 10 10 - Project under implementation** project plant plant plant 24 - ** Hydel power project under implementation 2. Dayaingchaung 25 78 78 Chronicle of National Development Comparison between Industries The state now has 514 private industries, up from 409 in 1988. The number of cottage industries in the state is 128. Previously, there were only seven State-owned industries. In time of Tatmadaw government, one new State-owned industry has been commissioned into services in the state to generate more job opportunities. The state has already had eight State-owned industries. Development in the industrial sector of Kayin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) Subject Upgrading of industrial power - Private industry - Cottage industry State-owned industry plant plant plant 409 7 514 128 8 105 128 1 Count 1988 31-12-2007 Progress Mining and Mineral Resources Kayin State could not produce any mineral on commercial scale in the past. At present, it has produced gypsum 830945 ton, refined lead 2523 ton, earth 20712 ton. Education The education policy of the Government covers developing the education sector of all states and divisions and producing human resources. Kayin State is also producing brilliant human resources that will serve its interest in the future. At present, there are 1,297 high, middle and primary schools in Kayin State, and nearly 7,000 teachers. The number of students is over 200,000. In 1988, there was only one college in Kayin State. Now the state is one arts and science university and one education college. In the past only a few hundred students pursued higher education. Now the number has increased forty-folds. Kayin State is now enjoying significant increase in the school enrolment rate and adult literacy rate while reducing the school dropout rate. The table shows the readers the development of the state’s education sector. period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) 79 Hpa-an University Development in the education sector of Kayin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) Subject Basic education level - Number of school - High school - Middle school - Post primary school - Primary school - Multi media classroom - e-learning centre - Number of teacher - Number of student - Preprimary school - Number of school - Number of children Count school school school school school room centre teacher student school children 1988 1149 20 65 1064 4116 133777 - 31-12-2007 1297 64 72 154 1007 64 23 6875 229174 Progress 148 44 7 97 64 23 2759 95397 54 947 } 54 947 80 Chronicle of National Development Comparison between Development in the education sector of Kayin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) Subject Teachers’ education - Education college - Number of teacher - Number of trainees Grade 1 enrolment rate (KG intake rate) Adult literacy rate Wastage - Primary level - Middle level Upgrading of higher education - University, college, degree college - Arts and Science University - College - e-Learning Centre - No of WAN Sites - Teaching programmes - Number of teacher - Number of student teacher student university college centre site 1 1 8 47 116 1 1 2 3 40 191 4577 1 1 Upgraded 2 3 32 144 4461 1 percent percent 35.6 43.86 8.65 17.66 (-)26.95 (-)26.20 percent percent 66.28 59.20 97.60 97.59 31.32 38.39 college teacher trainee 1 51 642 1 51 642 Count 1988 31-12-2007 Progress Human ResourceDevelopment Centrecentre Science and Technology The State is making arrangements to increase the number of intellectuals as well as intelligentsia in Kayin State. Hpa-an, the capital of the state, now has a computer university and a technological university in addition to the arts and science university. The two universities have already produced nearly 2276 technicians to this date. A total of 148 teachers are giving lectures to 838 students at the two universities. period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) 81 Development in the science and technology sector of Kayin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) Subject Technological University - Number of courses - Number of teacher - Number of student (graduate) - Number of student (current) -Computer University - Computer University (Hpa-an) - Number of courses - Number of teacher - Number of student (graduate) - Number of student (current) Count university course teacher student student university university course teacher student student 1988 - 31-12-2007 1 1 7 106 1254 606 1 1 6 42 1022 232 Progress 1 1 7 106 1254 606 1 1 6 42 1022 232 - Technological University (Hpa-an)university Computer University (Hpa-an) 82 Chronicle of National Development Comparison between Technological University (Hpa-an) Health The Government’s health care services also cover Kayin State. More hospitals have been opened and the existing ones upgraded. Under the 24-development zone project,Hpa-an has got a 200-bed hospital. Nine more hospitals and eight more health care centres have been opened in the state since 1988. The Government has been appointing more health staff including specialists to the state. In addition to the existing midwifery school, a new nursing school has been opened in the state. One traditional medicine hospital and nine dispensaries are taking care of the health of locals in the state. The table reflects the Government’s goodwill towards Kayin State concerning the health sector. period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) 83 Development in the health sector of Kayin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) Subject Hospital - 200 Bedded Hospital - 150 Bedded Hospital - 100 Bedded Hospital - 50 Bedded Hospital - 25 Bedded Hospital - Station Hospital Health Centres and Teams - Rural Health Centre - Maternal and Child Health Centre - Regional Health Centre - School Health Team Health Manpower - Doctor - Dental Sugeon - Nurse - Dental Nurse - Health Assistant - Lady Health Visitor - Midwife - Health Supervisor 1/2 Traditional Medicine - Traditional Medicine Hospital (16 Bed) - Traditional Medicine Clinic Training Schools - Nursing Training School - Midwifery School Hospital Clinic School School School 4 1 1 1 9 2 1 1 1 5 1 1 - Count hospital Hospital Hospital Hospital Hospital Hospital Hospital Centre Centre Centre Centre Team Person Person Person Person Person Person Person Person Person 1988 17 1 1 5 10 50 40 8 1 1 486 54 9 94 28 39 220 42 31-12-2007 26 1 1 2 4 18 58 48 8 1 1 770 119 15 193 1 47 47 260 88 Progress 9 1 Upgrading 2 Upgrading 8 8 8 284 65 6 99 1 19 8 40 46 84 Chronicle of National Development Comparison between Urban and Rural Development With the belief — Towns will develop only with the rural development — the Government has extended its development drive to cover all towns and villages in the state. The state now has 57 miles of urban bituminous roads and 246 urban bridges. Six towns now have clean water supply, and one more town will receive it under the project. A total of 435 waterworks have been erected in 313 villages for providing potable water to them. The state has seen the emergence of 1,333 miles (93 miles have been tarred) of new rural roads. Development in the development affairs sector of Kayin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) Subject Urban development - Urban roads - Bituminous road - Metalled road - Granite road - Earth road -Urban bridge - Concrete - Wood - Conduit - Others -Urban water supply tasks Township where tasks to be carried out Completed work work 1 6 5 town 7 6 6 mile mile mile mile mile bridge bridge bridge conduit bridge 67/3 30/5 11/2 2/7 22/5 95/7 57/1 14/7 2/3 21/4 246 127 111 7 1 28/4 26/4 3/5 upgrading upgrading 246 127 111 7 1 Count 1988 31-12-2007 Progress period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) 85 Development in the development affairs sector of Kayin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) Subject Rural Development - Rural roads - Bituminous road - Metalled road - Granite road - Earth road - Rural bridge - Concrete - Wood - Conduit - Others - Rural water supply tasks - Village where tasks to be carried outvillage - Completed work work 480 313 435 313 435 mile mile mile mile mile bridge bridge bridge conduit bridge 329/5 2/7 1/0 12/5 313/1 1662/6 93/4 215/7 66/0 1287/3 278 77 189 3 9 1333/1 90/5 214/7 53/3 974/2 278 77 189 3 9 Count 1988 31-12-2007 Progress Border Areas and National Races Development Kayin State is covered by the Tatmadaw Government’s border areas and national races development drive. The entire nation sees with pleasure the regional development in the state due to the harmonious efforts of the Government and the national race groups that have returned to the legal fold. In addition to opening opportunities for local youths to pursue arts and science subjects and computer science and technology of the higher learning, the Government has also opened a vocational training centre and a youth development training school in Hpa-an. 86 Chronicle of National Development Comparison between The Government is gaining success in warding off the evil legacies of the past. It is reinforcing new strength for development of border areas and national races. The table shows the Government’s endeavours. Development in the border areas and national races affairs sector of Kayin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) Subject Development regions - Kayin region Count 1988 - 31-12-2007 1 1 Progress 1 1 Road and bridge - Earth road - Metalled road - Bituminous road -Bridge(large, small, suspension) Health care service - Hospital - Clinic - Rural health centre - Sub-rural health centre Education - Primary school - Middle school - High school - Number of teacher - Number of student school school school teacher student 44 4 8 528 19767 44 4 8 528 19767 hospital clinic centre centre 4 1 9 17 4 1 9 17 mile mile mile bridge 146/3 136/5 38/6 6/86/146/3 136/5 38/6 6/86/- period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) 87 Development in the border areas and national races affairs sector of Kayin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) Subject Agriculture - Agriculture office - Dam Livestock breeding - Veterinary office Energy - Generator - Towns with electricity Public relations - TV retransmission station Communications - Post office - Telegraph office - Telephone service Religions Affairs - Monastery - other religious buildings Expenditure - Funds of PBANRDA - Funds of ministries kyat (in million) kyat (in million) kyat (in million) 15 4 10637.72 5686.43 4951.29 15 4 10637.72 5686.43 4951.29 office office service 6 5 2 6 5 2 station 6 6 town 18 15 18 15 office 2 2 office dam 6 1 6 1 Count 1988 31-12-2007 Progress Information and Public Relations The information sector is distributing the news about the Government’s endeavours to consolidate national solidarity, and to narrow the development gap between one region and another with the conviction — all the national people will join hands in the national development and modernization drive with goodwill and unity. The table shows the state’s drive towards reaching the golden land. 88 Chronicle of National Development Comparison between Development in the information and public relations sector of Kayin State Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) Subject - TV retransmission station - IPRD office - IPRD library - Departmental library - Rural library - e-Library Count station office library library library library 1988 6 - 31-12-2007 8 11 11 37 1480 3 Progress 8 11 5 37 1480 3 Cultural Museum and Library (Hpa-an) period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2007) 89 Reed Lake, the significant natural gift of Chin State Mansaung Bridge Technological University (Kalay)