Centre NumberCATHOLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS ASSOCIATION OF NEW SOUTH WALES Student Number 2006 TRIAL HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION Biology Morning Session Friday 11 August 2006 Total marks – 100 Section I Pages 3-20 General Instructions • • • • • • Reading time – 5 minutes Working time – 3 hours Write using blue or black pen Draw diagrams using pencil Board-approved calculators may be used Write your Centre Number and Student Number at the top of this page and page 9 Use Multiple Choice Answer Sheet provided 75 marks This section has two parts, Part A and Part B Part A 15 marks • Attempt Questions 1-15 • Allow about 30 minutes for this part Part B 60 marks • Attempt Questions 16-27 • Allow about 1 hour and 45 minutes for this part • Section II Pages 21-32 25 marks • Attempt ONE question from Questions 28-32 • Allow about 45 minutes for this section Disclaimer Every effort has been made to prepare these ‘Trial’ Higher School Certificate Examinations in accordance with the Board of Studies documents, Principles for Setting HSC Examinations in a Standards-Referenced Framework (BOS Bulletin, Vol 8, No 9, Nov/Dec 1999), and Principles for Developing Marking Guidelines Examinations in a Standards Referenced Framework (BOS Bulletin, Vol 9, No 3, May 2000). No guarantee or warranty is made or implied that the ‘Trial’ Examination papers mirror in every respect the actual HSC Examination question paper in any or all courses to be examined. These papers do not constitute ‘advice’ nor can they be construed as authoritative interpretations of Board of Studies intentions. The CSSA accepts no liability for any reliance use or purpose related to these ‘Trial’ question papers. Advice on HSC examination issues is only to be obtained from the NSW Board of Studies. 1 2901-1 EXAMINERS Greg Olson (convenor) Jessica Gnanadickam De La Salle College, Cronulla St Patrick’s College, Sutherland Arden Anglican Secondary Ruth Miller School, Epping Freeman College, Margaret Shepherd Bonnyrigg Mount St Benedict’s Elizabeth Thrum College, Pennant Hills Acknowledgments of Diagrams: Q15 modified from Neil Campbell, et al., Biology, Concepts and Connections, 3rd Edition, Addison, Wesley, Longman, page 485 redrawn after David Heffernan, et al., Spotlight Biology HSC, Science Press, 2001, page 26 adapted from Peter J Ucko (ed), The domestication and exploitation of plants and animals, Duckworth & Co, 1971, plate 2 from Steve Jones, et al. (ed), The Cambridge Encyclopaedia of Human Evolution, CUP, 1996, page 382 modified from Steve Jones, et al. (ed), The Cambridge Encyclopaedia of Human Evolution, CUP, 1996, page 314 modified from Steve Jones, et al. (ed), The Cambridge Encyclopaedia of Human Evolution, CUP, 1996, page 392 Q27 Q29(a) Q30(a) Q31(a) Q31(d) 2 Section I 75 marks Part A – 15 marks Attempt Questions 1-15 Allow about 30 minutes for this part Use the Multiple Choice Answer Sheet provided 1 Current research into artificial blood has focused mainly on which function of blood? (A) Transport of nutrients (B) (C) Oxygen carrying capacity Immune response (D) Hormone delivery 2 When planning an investigation into the effect of substrate concentration on the activity of an enzyme, a student used milk as the substrate and rennin as the enzyme. Which of the following statements best identifies the variables that should be kept constant? (A) Everything except the concentration of the milk (B) (C) Everything except the amount of rennin Everything except the temperature of the milk and the amount of rennin (D) Everything except the pH of the milk and the amount of rennin 3 Some of the body's defences against infection are specific to particular pathogens. Which of the following is a specific defence against smallpox infection? (A) The antiseptic action of stomach acid (B) (C) The activity of lymph nodes The clotting of blood (D) The production of antibodies 3 4 The information in genes is in the form of a chemical (DNA) code made up of threeletter words called codons. When interpreted by the cell, what does each codon represent? (A) One gene (B) (C) One protein One amino acid (D) One inherited characteristic 5 Many species of trees have leaves that hang vertically. Which of the following is the most likely advantage of this characteristic? (A) The plant loses less water (B) (C) The leaves remain warmer The rate of transpiration is higher (D) The leaves are less likely to break in windy weather 6 The body fluids of a marine fish contain about 1.2% salt, whereas the salt content of sea water is 3.5% salt. Which of the following best describes the marine fish's salt and water balance? (A) The fish gains both water and salt (B) (C) The fish gains water and lose salt The fish loses both water and salt (D) The fish loses water and gain salt 7 Liver transplant patients must be treated with drugs that suppress their immune system. Why is this drug treatment necessary? (A) To stop the patient’s body from treating the transplanted organ as foreign (B) (C) To stimulate the transplanted liver after it has been connected into the patient To prevent antibodies formed to combat infection from attacking the liver (D) To prevent incompatibility between the donor’s and the recipient’s blood types 4 8 Hospital patients are occasionally infected by increasingly common antibiotic-resistant strains of "Golden Staph" bacteria. How did these antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria become more common? (A) A mutation was caused by the antibiotics used in hospitals (B) (C) Resistant bacteria were selected by their exposure to antibiotics A new strain of bacteria infected patients who were weak from their illness (D) Bacteria acquired immunity to antibiotics and passed it on to their offspring 9 The diagram below shows an organism that causes a disease in humans. 25 μm To which group of pathogens does this organism belong? (A) Bacteria (B) (C) Fungi Protozoans (D) Viruses 10 Which of the following best describes the role of epidemiological studies? (A) Epidemiological studies help to identify the symptoms of disease (B) (C) Epidemiological studies describe the causes of lung cancer Epidemiological studies compare different treatments for disease (D) Epidemiological studies help to identify the cause of disease 5 11 Although it was published in 1555, the diagrams of the human and bird skeleton below appear to show a very modern understanding of comparative anatomy, with equivalent parts labelled with the same letter of the alphabet. How would a modern biologist interpret such similarities? (A) Both organisms were created according to the same plan (B) (C) Humans and birds share a common ancestor The similarities are due to convergent evolution (D) The similarities were exaggerated by the artist 12 "A state of equilibrium characterised by a dynamic interplay between the outside forces that tend to change an organism's internal environment and the internal control mechanisms that oppose such changes." What does this sentence define? (A) Enantiostasis (B) (C) Endothermy Homeostasis (D) Temperature regulation 6 13 The flow chart shows a reproductive technique. Infertile man provides a skin cell His partner provides an egg cell with the nucleus removed His DNA inserted into the egg Cell division initiated and Embryo created Embryo implanted into man's partner Baby born What type of reproductive technique is illustrated? (A) Artificial insemination (B) (C) Artificial pollination Cloning (D) Transgenic species formation 14 A man is affected by a condition caused by an X-linked, recessive allele. His wife has no family history of the condition. What is the chance that their daughter will be affected by the condition? (A) 0% (B) (C) 25% 50% (D) 100% 7 15 The diagram below shows an adaptation for defence against disease. Blood capillary Identify the cells leaving the blood vessel. (A) Antibodies (B) (C) Erythrocytes Phagocytes (D) T lymphocytes 8 CATHOLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS ASSOCIATION OF NEW SOUTH WALES 2006 TRIAL HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION Biology Section I (continued) Centre Number Student Number Part B – 60 marks Attempt Questions 16-29 Allow about 1 hour and 45 minutes for this part Answer the questions in the spaces provided Question 16 (4 marks) Marks During your study of Biology, you performed an investigation to draw scaled diagrams of red and white blood cells. (a) What is the approximate diameter of a white blood cell? ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… (b) Explain why you used prepared slides, rather than fresh blood slides in this investigation. ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… (c) Compare the appearance of red and white blood cells. ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… 2 1 1 2901-1 9 Question 17 (4 marks) Marks Some domestic cats have co-dominant alleles for coat colour. Their coat can be black, tan or tabby, a mixture of black and tan patches (which occurs when the alleles for coat colour are heterozygous). (a) Draw a Punnett Square to show a cross between two tabby cats. 2 (b) What is the ratio of phenotypes in the offspring of this cross? ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… (c) What is the genotype ratio in the offspring of this cross? ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… 1 1 10 Question 18 (3 marks) Marks 3 Louis Pasteur used the results from a series of experiments to support the hypothesis that bacteria responsible for decay come from the air and do not arise spontaneously. Outline the method you used to model Pasteur's experiment. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… Question 19 (8 marks) (a) Explain how mutations in DNA may lead to the generation of new alleles. Marks 2 ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… (b) "Darwin and Wallace were the first scientists to propose a mechanism for evolution" Discuss the accuracy of this statement. ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… 3 Question 18 continues on page 12 11 Question 18 (continued) (c) Discuss the importance of variation in the process of evolution. In your answer, describe the variation you have observed in a characteristic of a named species of living organism. Marks 3 ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… Question 20 (4 marks) Marks During your study of Biology you have analysed information from secondary sources to discuss the processes used by different plants to regulate salt in a saline environment. (a) Describe TWO processes used by plants to regulate salt. ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… (b) Justify the reliability of the information you used. ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… 2 2 12 Question 21 (5 marks) Gregor Mendel's experiments helped advance our knowledge of the inheritance of characteristics. (a) How did Mendel ensure that the results of his experiments with pea plants were valid? Marks 3 ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… (b) Outline TWO reasons why the importance of Mendel's work was not recognised until many years after it was published. ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… 2 13 Question 22 (7 marks) Marks Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) plays an important role in the regulation of water balance in the blood. (a) Draw a diagram of a model feedback mechanism to show how ADH controls water balance. 3 (b) Use your model to explain the TWO stages of homeostasis. ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… 4 14 Question 23 (6 marks) (a) You performed an investigation to examine plant shoots and leaves and gathered evidence of pathogens and insect pests. Marks 3 Outline the evidence that you found AND describe ONE difference between damage caused by pathogens and that caused by insects. ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… (b) Evaluate the effectiveness of quarantine in preventing the spread of ONE named plant disease into Australia or across regions of Australia. ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… 3 15 Question 24 (7 marks) Marks 7 "Understanding the immune response has been extremely important in the development of effective vaccination programs". Discuss the statement, using examples to illustrate your answer. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 16 Question 25 (3 marks) Over three thousand years ago, the Hebrews recognised the importance of cleanliness when they recorded rules concerning disease. "If a swelling or scab or shiny spot appears on a man's skin … the man must be taken to … the priest. The priest must examine the disease on the skin. If the hair on the diseased part has turned white, or if the disease bites into the skin, then it is indeed a case of leprosy. But if there is a shiny spot on the skin without any visible depression of the skin and without whitening of the hair, the priest is to isolate the sick person for seven days." (Leviticus13:1-5) (a) Using examples, distinguish between infectious and non-infectious disease. Marks 2 ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… (b) Explain how the rules described in the quotation above would assist in the control of disease. ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… 1 17 Question 26 (4 marks) Marks 4 Using a named species that has been genetically altered by a reproductive technology, discuss the potential impact of the genetic changes on the susceptibility of the species to disease. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 18 Question 27 (5 marks) The diagram below shows some of the chemical changes that take place in different tissues of the body. Marks Muscle Protein Glycogen Fat tissue Lipids Amino acids Lactate and pyruvate Liver Glycogen Glycerol Glycerol Fatty acids Most tissues Carbon dioxide + water + energy Glucose Lactate and pyruvate Glucose Blood glucose Fatty acids Urea Keto acids Ammonia Energy Amino acids Ketones Question 27 continues on page 20 19 Question 27 (continued) (a) Choose ONE of the tissues named in the diagram and explain how that tissue changes the chemical composition of the blood Marks 3 ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… (b) Using ONE of the reactions in this diagram as an example, explain the role of enzymes in metabolism. ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… 2 20 CATHOLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS ASSOCIATION OF NEW SOUTH WALES 2006 TRIAL HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION Biology Section II 25 marks Attempt ONE question from Questions 28-32 Allow about 45 minutes for this section Answer the question in a SEPARATE writing booklet. Pages Question 28 Question 29 Question 30 Question 31 Question 32 Communication .........................................................22 - 23 Biotechnology ...........................................................24 - 25 Genetics - The Code Broken? ...................................26 - 27 The Human Story ......................................................28 - 29 Biochemistry .............................................................30 - 32 2901-1 21 Question 28 – Communication (25 marks) (a) The diagram shows the human larynx, as seen from above. Marks (i) (ii) Identify the part of the organ labelled X. Explain how the larynx produces sounds of different frequencies. 1 3 (b) Humans can detect only a limited range of electromagnetic radiation (EMR). (i) Compare the range of EMR wavelengths detected by humans with the range detected by a named invertebrate. Suggest TWO reasons for differences in the range of electromagnetic radiation detected by humans and other animals Describe the photoreceptor cells of insects. 2 (ii) 2 (iii) 2 (c) "For humans, communication with others is important. For some people, however, communication fails because of faults in various organs." Use your knowledge of the Communication Option to discuss how faults in sending, receiving and deciphering signals can interfere with communication. 7 Question 28 continues on page 23 22 Question 28 (continued) (d) The graph represents a signal transmitted by a neurone. Marks (i) (ii) What name is given to the signal represented in the graph? By using a specific example, explain the significance of a signal such as this. Describe how this signal is generated and transmitted in the neurone. 1 3 (iii) 4 End of Question 28 23 Question 29 - Biotechnology (25 marks) (a) The diagram below shows a scene from an Egyptian tomb over 5000 years old. The scene shows birds being forcibly fed to fatten them. Marks (i) What is the evidence in this diagram for the use of biotechnology in ancient Egypt? Outline an ancient Australian Aboriginal use of biotechnology. 1 (ii) 3 (b) There are many applications of biotechnology. (i) (ii) (iii) Outline ONE way that DNA analysis can help solve forensic cases. Describe ONE example of the use of biotechnology in aquaculture. Explain why different groups in society may have different views about the use of DNA technology. 2 2 2 (c) "Increased knowledge and understanding of biotechnological processes has promoted applications that can assist in the maintenance and protection of natural environments as well as assisting humans." Use your knowledge of the Biotechnology Option to discuss ways in which biotechnology can help maintain and protect the natural environment. 7 Question 29 continues on page 25 24 Question 29 (continued) (d) The diagram represents a process for producing complementary DNA for cloning. Marks DNA of a gene Heating A X Newly synthes ised gene (i) (ii) (iii Identify the structure labelled A Identify the process occurring at X and outline its significance. Describe a method for carrying a gene into nuclear DNA. 1 3 4 End of Question 29 25 Question 30 - Genetics: The Code Broken? (25 marks) (a) The diagram below compares domestic cattle with Aurochs, their wild ancestors. Marks (i) Identify the process by which modern cattle have been produced from their wild ancestors. Describe ONE other artificial process that may change the genetic nature of a species. 1 (ii) 3 (b) TWO of the more easily detected blood group phenotype systems are A-B-O and Rhesus (Rh). Assume that the Rh blood group is controlled by two alleles, rh- being recessive to Rh. (i) A woman has the phenotype A rh-. Her child has the phenotype B Rh. Show how you could determine the possible phenotypes for the father of this child? (ii) It is possible that some blood group phenotype systems are related not only to multiple alleles at ONE locus, but also to interaction between TWO or more gene loci. Describe ONE example of polygenic inheritance in humans or another organism. (iii) Explain how you might, theoretically, show that the genes for the A-B-O and Rhesus blood groups were located on different chromosomes. 2 2 2 Question 30 continues on page 27 26 Question 30 (continued) (c) “Modern genetics is moving towards an increased understanding of the biochemical role of individual genes.” Use your knowledge of the Genetics: The Code Broken? Option to discuss the role of the Human Genome Project in achieving this goal. Marks 7 (d) The diagram represents one mechanism for genetic change in a DNA molecule. 1 gene X ano ther gene Y 2 disrupted gene Y (i) (ii) (iii) What special name is given to genes such as gene X? Describe the way in which genes such as gene X operate. Distinguish between germ line and somatic mutations in terms of their effect on species. 1 3 4 End of Question 30 27 Question 31 – The Human Story (25 marks) (a) The diagram below shows the formation of two DNA-DNA hybrids, A and B. (i) Which hybrid, A or B, would you expect to form if the original DNAs were from a human and a lemur? Explain your reasoning. Explain the use of DNA-DNA hybridisation in clarifying the relationships between humans and other primates. 1 (ii) 3 (b) Polymorphism refers to the harmless genetic variations that occur naturally in a population. (i) (ii) Outline how polymorphisms have arisen in human populations. Describe ONE example of a polymorphism in humans and explain the evolutionary significance of the phenotypes displayed. Despite the existence of polymorphisms, all humans are classified in the same species. Name TWO features of humans that identify them as Homo sapiens. 2 2 (iii) 2 Question 31 continues on page 29 28 Question 31 (continued) (c) "Humans have taken a very different path in their recent evolution as the ongoing development of culture has restricted the role of natural selection in the evolution of the species." Use your knowledge of The Human Story Option to discuss the role of culture in the past, present and future evolution of humans. Marks 7 (d) The diagram represents one model of human evolution. (i) (ii) (iii) Which model of human evolution does this diagram represent? Outline the evidence that supports this model of human evolution. Compare Homo sapiens and H. erectus in terms of body structure, cranial capacity, and inferred culture. 1 3 4 End of Question 31 29 Question 32 - Biochemistry (25 marks) (a) The diagram below shows the centrifugation of a green plant leaf homogenate. Marks Pellet A Pellet B (i) If pellet A contains whole cells and cell wall debris, in which pellet, A or B would you expect to find chloroplasts? Outline the role of homogenisation and centrifugation in the study of photosynthesis. 1 (ii) 3 Question 32 continues on page 31 30 Question 32 (continued) (b) (i) Sketch a chloroplast and label the site of light absorption and the site of the Calvin Cycle. Describe the range of chloroplast sizes observed across named species. Outline the role of chloroplast membranes in ATP synthesis. Marks 2 (ii) 2 (iii) 2 (c) "The history of photosynthesis tells the story of the progression of knowledge that follows closely the improvements in technology that allowed new strategies to be implemented for the study of living materials." Use your knowledge of the Biochemistry Option to discuss this statement by comparing the techniques and discoveries of Senebier (1782), Englemann (1883) and Emerson and Arnold (1957). 7 Question 32 continues on page 32 31 Question 32 (continued) (d) The diagram represents the Calvin Cycle. 3 CO2 Marks 1 3 RuBP 6 3-PGA 6X CALVI N CYCLE 6 4 2 6Y 6 5 G3P 6 G3P 3 Glucose and other compounds 1 G3P (i) (ii) (iii) Name the compounds represented by X and Y Outline the chemical processes occurring at 2 Explain why the Calvin cycle is now called the light independent stage of photosynthesis. 1 3 4 End of Question 32 End of paper 32