Fil 40Depinisyon ng mga Termino I. Wika A. UP Diksyunaryong Filipino (2001) 1. lawas ng mga salitâ at sistema ng paggamit sa mga ito na laganap sa isang sambayanan na may iisang tradisyong pangkultura at pook na tinatahanan 2. sistema ng tunog na gumagamit ng arbitraryong senyas sa pinagkaisahang paraan at pakahulugan 3. senyas at simbolo na isinasaalang-alang sa paraang abstrakto na kasalungat ng binibigkas na salita 4. anumang set o sistema ng mga gayong simbolo na ginagamit sa parehong pamamaraan ng isang partikular na pangkat upang magkaintindihan 5. pabigkas na paggamit ng naturang sistema o lawas ng mga salita B. Diksyunaro ng Wikang Filipino (1996) 1. wika ng isang bansa 2. salitang tao; pangungusap na sinasabi ng isang nagsasalita; sabi; sinabi C. The New Encyclopædia Britannica (2005) a system of conventional spoken or written symbols by means of which human beings, as member of a social group and participants in its culture, communicate D. Oxford Dictionaries 1. the method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way 2. a system of communication used by a particular country or community II. Kultura A. UP Diksyunaryong Filipino (2001) kalinangan B. Diksyunaro ng Wikang Filipino (1996) mga katutubong ugali, saloobin[,] at kabuhayan ng isang lahi o bansa C. Tylor (1871) Culture or civilization, taken in its wide ethnographic sense, is that complex which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilites and habits acquired by man as a member of society. D. Kroeber & Kluckhohn (1952) Culture consists of patterns, explicit and implicit, of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievements of human groups, including their embodiment in artifacts; the essential core of culture consists of traditional (i.e. historically derived and selected) ideas and especially their attached values; cluture systems may, on the one hand, be considered as products of action, on the other, as conditional elements of future action. E. Schwartz (as cited in Cheldelin, et al., 2003) Culture consists of the derivatives of experience, more or less organized, learned[,] or created by the individuals of a population, including those images or encodements and their interpretations (meanings) transmitted from past generations, from contemporaries, or formed by individuals themselves. F. Banks and McGee (1989) The essence of culture is not its artifacts, tools, or other tangible cultural elements but how members of the group interpret, use, and perceive them. It is the values, symbols, interpretations, and perspectives that distinguish one people from another in modernized societies. People within a culture usually interpret the meaning of symbols, artifacts, and behaviors in the same or in similar ways. III. Lipunan A. UP Diksyunaryong Filipino (2001) malaking pangkat ng mga tao na may karaniwang set ng pag-uugali, idea, at saloobin, namumuhay sa isang tiyak na teritoryo at itinuturing ang mga sarili bilang isang yunit B. Diksyunaro ng Wikang Filipino (1996) pangkat at at ang mga taong nabibilang sa iba't ibang uri dahil sa kanilang kalagayan sa buhay at sa kanilang pamantayang pangkabuhayan C. Cambridge Dictionary (web) 1. people considered as a group, or a group of people who live together in a particular social system 2. an organization of people who have special interests or who want to support particular activities IV. Unang wika A. Bloomfiled (as cited in Kirkpatrick, 2007) the language learned from one's mother's knee; no one is sure in a language that is acquired later. The first language a human learns to speak is his native language; he is a native speaker of this language. B. Davies (2003) refers to the language of one's ethnic group rather than to one's first language C. Jarvis (web) In defining native language, Jarvis lists the characteristics of a native speaker (one that speaks the native language), namely: 1. The individual acquired the langauge in early childhood. 2. The individual has intuitive knowledge of the language 3. The individual is able to produce fluent, spontaneous discourse. 4. The individual is competent in communication. 5. The individual identifies with or is identified by a language community. 6. The individual has a dialect accent (including the official dialect). V. Pangalawang wika A. Dictionary.com (web) 1. a language learned by a person after his or her native language, especially as a resident of an area where it is in general use 2. a language widely used, especially in educational and governmental functions in a region where all or most of its speakers are nonnative, as English in India or Nigeria VI. Pambansang wika A. Oxford Dictionaries 1. a language spoken by a large proportion of the inhabitants of a nation 2. an official language in a particular nation, typically recognized and adopted by government or in legislature VII. Rehiyonal na wika A. European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages languages that are traditionally used within a given territory of a State by nationals of that State who form a group numerically smaller than the rest of the State's population and different from the official language(s) of that State. VIII. Wikang opisyal A. Cambridge Dictionary (web) the language or one of the languages that is accepted by a country's government, is taught in schools, used in the courts of law, etc. IX. . Lingua franca A. Chirikba (2008) a language or dialect systematically (as opposed to occasionally, or casually) used to make communication possible between people who do not share a native language or dialect, particularly when it is a third langauge that is distinct from both native languages. B. Merriam-Webster 1. a common language consisting of Italian mixed with French, Spanish, Greek, and Arabic that was formerly spoken in Mediterranean ports 2. any of various languages used as common or commercial tongues among peoples of diverse speech 3. something resembling a common language C. Encyclopædia Britannica language used as a means of communication between populations speaking vernaculars that are not mutually intelligible X. Dayalek A. Oxford Dictionaries (web) a particular form of language that is peculiar to a specific region or social group B. Encyclopædia Britannica (web) 1. a variety of language that signals where a person comes from. The notion is usually interpreted geographically (regional dialect), but it also has some application in relation to a person's social background (class dialect). 2. A dialect is chiefly distinguished from other dialects of the same language by features of linguistic structure—i.e., grammar (specifically morphology and syntax) and vocabulary. XI. Idyolek A. Merriam-Webster (web) the language or speech pattern of one individual at a particular period of life B. Oxford Dictionaries (web) the speech habits peculiar to a particular person XII. Sosyolek A. Dictionary.com (web) a variety of a language used by a particular social group B. Oxford Dictionaries (web) the dialect of a particular social class XIII. Tagalog A. UP Diksyunaryong Filipino (2001) 1. pangkating etniko na matatagpuan sa Metro Manila at mga lalawigan ng Bataan, Batangas, Bulacan, Cavite, Laguna, Marinduque, Mindoro, Nueva Ecija, Palawan, Rizal, at Quezon 2. tawag sa wika nito 3. noong panahon ng Espanyol, malaganap na tawag ng mga Europeo sa mga tao na naninirahan sa Filipinas XIV. Pilipino a. UP Diksyunaryong Filipino (2001) dating tawag sa wikang pambansa, mamamayan, at iba pang bagay kaugnay ng Filipinas XV. Filipino A. UP Diksyunaryong Filipino (2001) 1. mamamayan ng Filipinas 2. tawag din sa wika nito alinsunod sa Konstitusyong 1973 XVI. Wikang panturo A. teachingenglish.org.uk(web) the medium of instruction used by the teacher to teach XVII. Wika ng pagkaturo A. University of Helsinki (web) The language of learning is the language in which you complete a course or other study component (for example, the language in which you write your answers to exam questions). Bibiliyograpiya Almario, V. (Ed). (2001). UP Diksyunaryong Filipino. Pasig City: Anvil Publishing. Banks, J.A. & McGee, C.A. (1989). Multicultural Education. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Cambridge Dictionary. https://dictionary.cambridge.org. Accessed 22 Jan. 2018. Cheldelin, et al. (Eds.). (2003). Conflict: From Analysis to Intervention. London: Continuum. Chirikba, V. (2008). "The Problem of the Caucasian Sprachbund" in Pieter Muysken (Ed.). From Linguistic Areas to Areal Linguistics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing. Davies, A. (2003). The Native Speaker: Myth and Reality. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. Dictionary.com. www.dictionary.com. Accessed 22 Jan. 2018. Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com. Accessed 22 Jan. 2018. European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. https://www.coe.int/t/dg4/education/minlang. Accessed 22 Jan. 2018. Jarvis, H. Digital Residents: Practices and Perceptions of Non Native Speakers. https://www.asian-efl-journal.com/8056/teaching-articles/2014/03/digital-residents- practices-and-perceptions-of-non-native-speakers/. Accessed 22 Jan. 2018. Kirkpatrick, A. World Englishes: Implications for International Communication and English Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino. (1998). Diksyunaryo ng Wikang Filipino (Sentinyal Ed.). Quezon City: Merylvin Publishing. Kroeber, A.L. & Kluckhohn, C. (1952). Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions. Harvard University Peabody Museum of American Archeology and Ethnology Papers 47. “Language of Instructions and Language of Learning.” https://guide.student.helsinki.fi/ en/article/langauge-instruction-and-language-learning. Accessed 22 Jan. 2018. “Medium of Instruction.” https://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/article/medium-instruction. Accessed 22 Jan. 2018. Merriam-Webster. https://www.merriam-webster.com. Accessed 22 Jan. 2018. Oxford Dictionaries. https://www.oxforddictionaries.com. Accessed 22 Jan. 2018. The New Encyclopædia Britannica (15th Ed.). (2005). Volume 7. USA: Encyclopædia Britannica. Tylor, E. (1871). Primitive Culture: Research into the Development of Mythology, Philosophy, Religion, Art, and Custom. London: John Murray.