1603 - Guía Ingles VI

COLEGIO DE LENGUAS EXTRANJERAS INGLÉS ÁREA 4 HUMANIDADES Y ARTES Grado: 6° Clave: 1603 Plan: 96GUÍA DE ESTUDIO LENGUA EXTRANJERA INGLÉS VI Autor: Graciela Alcántar Cárdenas Adán Cruz Cruz Marcos Gómez Morden Verónica López Villalpando Sergio Reyes Crespo UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO Escuela Nacional Preparatoria Directora General: Mtra. Silvia E. Jurado Cuéllar Secretario Académico: Biól. Alejandro Martínez Pérez Diseño de portada: DCV. Cintia Amador Saloma Actualización de la edición: DCG. Edgar Rafael Franco Rodríguez 4ª edición: 2011 © Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Escuela Nacional Preparatoria Dirección General Adolfo Prieto 722, Col. Del Valle C. P. 03100, México, D. F. Impreso en México 2 PRESENTACIÓN La Escuela Nacional Preparatoria ha trabajado durante casi 145 años en la formación de jóvenes llenos de ideales y metas por cumplir, con deseos de superación y comprometidos con su país, a quienes tenemos que guiar y conducir hacia el logro de sus éxitos académicos, factores que reforzarán su seguridad personal. Las herramientas que adquieran los estudiantes, durante esta etapa escolar, serán fundamentales, columna vertebral que sostenga sus estudios profesionales, con lo que el desarrollo de habilidades y actitudes se verá reflejado en su futuro próximo. Es nuestra responsabilidad dotar a los alumnos de todos los materiales didácticos que ayuden a enfrentar los retos de adquisición del aprendizaje, para que continúen con sus estudios de manera organizada, armónica y persistente. Por lo mismo, los profesores que integran esta dependencia universitaria, trabajan de manera colegiada; ponen toda su energía en desarrollar las Guías de estudio para aquellos alumnos que, por cualquier razón, necesitan presentar un examen final o extraordinario y requieren elementos de apoyo para aprobarlos y concluir sus estudios en la Preparatoria. La presente Guía de estudio es un elemento didáctico que facilita la enseñanza y el aprendizaje. Se puede utilizar de manera autodidacta o con la ayuda de los muchos profesores que a diario brindan asesorías en cada uno de los planteles de la Escuela Nacional Preparatoria. Continuaremos buscando más y mejores elementos didácticos: presenciales y en línea, con el objetivo de ayudar a nuestros alumnos a que aprueben y egresen del bachillerato. Sólo me resta desearles éxito en su camino personal y profesional. Juntos por la Escuela Nacional Preparatoria. Mtra. Silvia E. Jurado Cuéllar Directora General 3 Probablemente. para prepararte para tu examen extraordinario. y saber que es lo que necesitas reforzar o repasar para poder aprobar tu examen · · · ligas a las que podrás acceder para que puedas ampliar tu información o reforzarla de manera independiente bibliografía de consulta hoja de respuestas para todos los ejercicios incluidos en la guía Te deseamos mucha suerte en esta tarea que hoy emprendes y esperamos que además de prepararte para el examen te vuelvas autónomo. las estructuras y funciones que viste a lo largo del curso. los que te ayudarán al logro de los aprendizajes esperados de manera autónoma y eficiente · ejercicios de autoevaluación con un examen modelo que te permitirán conocer tu grado de avance en el conocimiento de la lengua inglesa. lo que te ayudará en tu vida futura. de gramática. La guía consta de: · · · una introducción en cada unidad donde sabrás lo que se espera que realices una explicación gramatical de cada uno de los temas que conforman el programa actividades con ejercicios parecidos a los que encontrarás en el examen extraordinario. sobre todo. etc. independiente y autorregulado en tu manera de aprender. Por favor. Esta guía sirve también como refuerzo de lo visto en clase y. Esta guía está diseñada para darte oportunidad de practicar.. un buen diccionario o solicitar ayuda de un profesor de Inglés. por lo cual te sugerimos consultar la bibliografía mencionada al final de esta guía. te enfrentes a ciertas problemáticas como: comprensión de vocabulario. sigue las recomendaciones que ésta te brinda y dedícale el tiempo suficiente para su estudio.PRÓLOGO La presente guía está dirigida a ti alumno y tiene como objetivo principal ayudarte para la preparación de tu examen extraordinario de inglés. y no reactivos que aparecen en los exámenes. 4 . en forma adicional. Los ejercicios que se incluyen son sólo ejemplos. Aprendizaje cooperativo Palabras que aparecen juntas. ¿Cómo obtengo la idea general de un texto? Página 7 7 8 9 10 16 17 18 20 20 21 22 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 35 36 36 37 40 41 42 46 49 50 Propósitos Skimming Expresiones Bibliografía 51 51 54 60 5 .ÍNDICE Objetivo general Programa de estudios de Inglés VI Unidad 1: ¿Para qué leo? Propósitos Tipos de lectura Pre-lectura Bibliografía y Mesografía Unidad 2: ¿Cómo obtengo el significado de palabras que no conozco? Propósitos Cognados Contexto Definición Puntuación Sinonimia Clarificación Ejemplificación Gramática Relaciones semánticas Opuestos Continuo Afijos Bibliografía Unidad 3: ¿Cómo puedo aumentar mi vocabulario? Propósitos Memorizar o no memorizar Word Map Funciones de las palabras Uso de los afijos Grupos de palabras. Palabras compuestas Expresiones Bibliografía Unidad 4. ¿Cómo obtengo información específica de un texto? Propósitos ¿Cómo realizar el scanning? Bibliografía Unidad 6: ¿Cómo se establecen las relaciones entre los elementos de un texto? Propósitos ¿Qué es la cohesión? La referencia La sustitución Tipos de pronombres Uso de los pronombres Los pronombres demostrativos La sustitución por medio de sinónimos La antonimia Mesografía Unidad 7: ¿Cómo se establecen las relaciones entre los componentes de un texto: recursos retóricos y conectores lógicos? Propósitos Oración y cláusula La puntuación El párrafo Los conectores Bibliografía y mesografía Unidad 8.Unidad 5. ¿Cómo hago el resumen de un texto? Propósitos ¿Qué es un resumen? ¿Para qué sirve? ¿Para quién? ¿Cómo se hace? Bibliografía y mesografía Ejemplo de examen extraordinario Respuestas 61 61 67 68 68 68 69 70 71 82 86 87 88 90 91 92 93 103 124 126 126 127 127 127 135 136 142 6 . DETALLADA (INTENSIVE READING) U-3 ADQUISICIÓN DE VOCABULARIO RELACIONES U-8 RESUMEN identif icando U-6 REFERENTES U-7 CONECTORES Y MARCADORES detectando y/o para leer a trav és de empleando POR PLACER (EXTENSIVE READING) SIMIL ITUD CONTEXTO MORFOLOGÍA CLASIFICACIÓN AGRUPACIÓN IDEAS PRINCIPALES IDEAS DE APOYO como como ASOCIACIÓN COGNADOS COGNADOS FALSOS AFIJOS CATEGORÍA S en DETALLES EJEMPL OS FAMILIAS SINÓNIMOS ANTÓNIMOS CAMPOS SEMÁNTICOS 7 . nos permite vivir otras vidas y comprender la propia vida desde el conocimiento de otras. el pasado y el futuro. también debes saber que tienes: Derecho a leer literatura Derecho a leer todos los géneros Derecho a conocer diversos autores Derecho a descubrir que vale la pena leer Derecho a descubrir que los libros prolongan la vida Derecho a descubrir que eres capaz de realizar interpretaciones más complejas “Escritor esperando lectores” GLOBAL PROGRAMA DE INGLÉS VI BÚSQUEDA U-1 PROPÓSITOS DE LECTURA DETALLADA dif erencia COMPRENSIÓN DE LECTURA PLACER desarrolla analiza por medio de HABILIDADES ESTRATEGIAS ESTRUCTURA DEL TEXTO estudia U-4 IDEA GENERAL (SKIMMING) para elaborar U-5 INF. La lectura de textos literarios nos lo permite de manera muy especial. ya que nos ofrece el acceso a otros mundos posibles.ESPECÍFICA (SCANNING) U-2 DEDUCCIÓN DE SIGNIFICADOS INF. para entender el presente.Objetivo general Desarrollar las habilidades de lectura de los estudiantes para que el egresado de este curso se desempeñe como lector de textos en inglés en el nivel de educación superior. Por ello. No hay duda que la lectura es uno de los modos más apasionantes de acceder al conocimiento del mundo. También es un instrumento social utilizado por los individuos para dar sentido a la experiencia. para iluminar su propia entidad como personas y como miembros de una comunidad. podemos incluso decidir dejar de lado la lectura de algún material. sino ver que el lector construye el significado del texto a partir de su intención de la lectura y de todo lo que sabe del mundo.UNIDAD 1 ¿Para qué leo? Propósitos: El estudiante será capaz de conocer. Cuando leemos como parte de un trabajo de investigación o. etc. se convierten en estrategias para la lectura. autónomos y críticos. Solamente cuando leemos por placer. De esta manera. Probablemente sepas que un lector competente es aquel que sabe que existe una gran variedad de tipos de textos y que cada uno de ellos tiene características definidas: una diagramación particular. el lector competente sabe que cada tipo de texto le exige estrategias de lecturas particulares. en general. no podemos considerarlos seriamente. Recordarás que el trabajo del lector no consiste en extraer información del texto decodificando letra a letra. escoger el lugar donde leer. lo hagan con un propósito definido: entretenerse. palabra a palabra. Así que. y cuyo resultado sea lograr ese propósito. A continuación te presentamos lo que Daniel Penca considera como los “Derechos del lector”. un uso del tipo de lenguaje particular. encontrar respuesta a una pregunta. es muy importante saber el propósito que tenemos al leer para hacer uso de las estrategias adecuadas para hacer una lectura más eficaz. etc. etc. lectura detallada. lectura por placer.. saltarse fragmentos. Por lo anterior. con fines académicos. es muy importante que reconozcas la necesidad de poner en práctica las estrategias metodológicas que te permitan lograrlo. Derecho a no leer Derecho a leer en cualquier lugar Derecho a releer Derecho a hojear Derecho a leer de todo “Un país de lectores” Derecho a saltarse las páginas Derecho a no terminar un libro Derecho a leer en voz alta 8 . Como se mencionó anteriormente. entre los objetivos del programa de estudios de inglés VI de la ENP. averiguar cómo se hace algo. que adquieran una dinámica de lectura en la que al abordar un texto. ojear. De otra forma. un tipo de contenido particular. diferenciar y valorar los diversos objetivos de lectura: lectura global. se incluye el de formar lectores competentes. quizá descubrir que lo que se buscaba no está en el texto. libros de texto. 5. listas. periódicos. un cuento o un artículo cuyo tema es de nuestro interés (extensive reading). boletines. Por otro lado. Internet. leemos muy rápidamente sin detenernos a ver detalles del texto. novelas. Pleasure reading 5. Internet. poesía. Global reading 4. más no leemos así una novela.1. anuncios. etc. trípticos. Aprender sobre tus materias de estudio. hay que recordar que nuestro propósito de lectura es el que determina el tipo de texto que elegimos y cómo lo abordamos. historietas. en cambio. etc. etc. Internet. 1 Puedes ampliar el tema consultando Reading Styles. Detailed reading 3. para darnos una idea de su contenido (skimming). En la siguiente tabla te proporcionamos algunos ejemplos de propósitos de lectura y los recursos o fuentes que por lo general elegimos: 1 Propósito de lectura 1. cuando sólo necesitamos encontrar algún dato. revistas. Extensive reading 2. MATCH THE TYPES OF READING WITH THEIR PURPOSES. Descubrir cosas acerca de lo que te interesa. cuando necesitamos información muy detallada sobre algún tema. Encontrar información cuando necesitas hacer algo. lo hacemos de diversas maneras pues esto depende del propósito que tengamos en mente. cuentos. 4. 2. (scanning). revistas. revistas. 9 . Ejercicio 1. Internet.Tipos de lectura Es muy importante resaltar que cuando leemos. 3. etc. Unidad 1. etc. un periódico. a veces damos un vistazo u “ojeamos” y “hojeamos” una revista. Por ejemplo. diccionarios. catálogos. Enterarte de las noticias o de la opinión de otros. instructivos. enciclopedias. Fuentes o recursos directorios. leemos cuidadosamente sin perder detalles (intensive reading). Selective reading _____ Skimming a text quickly to get the general idea _____ Scanning a text quickly to find specific information _____ Reading quantities of material or long texts _____ Reading a text carefully to get the details _____ Reading a text for fun De la misma manera. 1. libros. etc. Por gusto o placer. Do you like seeing films at home? _______________________________ 10 . Who is your favourite actress? ________________________________ 4. por ejemplo fotografías. Do you usually go to the cinema? ________________________________ 5.2.Pre-lectura Como sabes. El tema que tratan está relacionado con el cine y también podrás deducir que las preguntas que se te hacen (aun sin leerlas) probablemente tienen que ver con el mismo tema. Who is your favourite actor? ________________________________ 3. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS. los textos que leemos pueden contener algunas imágenes. 1. y con sólo observarlas. rápidamente podemos deducir el tema que tratarán. Ejercicio 1. Esto lo puedes comprobar en los textos 1 y 2 que se presentan en las páginas 5 y 6. What kind of films do you prefer? ________________________________ 2. who entered rehab citing alcohol as the problem earlier this year – tried to check in for a flight back to London. A) OBSERVA RÁPIDAMENTE LOS TEXTOS 1 A 5 Y ESCRIBE SOBRE LA LINEA QUE SE ENCUENTRA ARRIBA DE CADA UNO EL PROPÓSITO POR EL CUAL LOS LEERÍAS. Ejercicio 1. where he is now based. and repeatedly insisting: "I will get on this flight. B) CONTESTA BREVEMENTE LAS PREGUNTAS DE ACUERDO CON LA INFORMACIÓN DE LOS TEXTOS. te ayudaremos a desarrollar estrategias para que apliques estos tipos de lectura y te proporcionaremos varios textos con ejercicios para que las pongas en práctica.Cuando abordemos las unidades 4 y 5 se te explicarán con detalle los conceptos de “skimming” y “scanning”. A continuación te presentamos algunos textos para que observes sus características. The Tudors star is reported to have launched into an angry tirade at Dublin airport on Sunday after being told he was "unfit to travel. USA COMO REFERENCIA LOS PROPÓSITOS INCLUIDOS EN NUESTRA TABLA DE PROPÓSITOS.3. 1. The incident took place as the handsome 30-year-old . Who spent the night in prison? _______________________________________________________________________ 2. Where was this text taken from? _______________________________________________________________________ 11 . after appearing on an Irish chat show hours earlier. According to British newspaper The Sun." He was then charged and spent the night in the cells. witnesses saw the star being verbally abusive to a female airport worker. predigas su contenido e identifiques o determines el propósito por el cual los leerías. Where did this incident take place? _______________________________________________________________________ 4. no matter what. His agent was unavailable for comment. Why? _______________________________________________________________________ 3. Text 1 Propósito de lectura: _______________________________________________ Rhys Meyers Arrested for Airport Tirade 19 November 2007 (WENN) Irish actor Jonathan Rhys Meyers has been arrested by police after a drunken clash with airport staff." A police spokesman said he was due to face two public order charges in court in Dublin on Monday. Text 2 Propósito de lectura: _______________________________________________ Julia Roberts 'still top earner' Oscar-winner Julia Roberts still ranks as the highest-paid actress in Hollywood. despite her Roberts became the first actress to join the likes of Tom Cruise in the ranks of the $20mrecent career-break to have twins. She picked up the People's Choice Award on nine occasions between 1991 and 2004 . The 1997 play written by Richard Greenberg features two interlocking stories taking place in different decades. whose last film was Ocean's Twelve. What is her husband’s name? _______________________________________________ 4. followed by Jodie Foster. November to twins Phinnaeus and Hazel. in a revival of Hollywood Reporter's list. Who is considered #1 actress in Hollywood? ___________________________________ 2. Nicole Kidman is second on $17m (£9. Aniston. How much does Cameron Diaz earn per film? __________________________________ 12 . Angelina Jolie and Cameron Diaz . How old is she? __________________________________________________________ 3. will return to acting in 2006 making Renee Zellweger. who played actress Lisa Kudrow's per film make up the next positions on husband on TV's Friends.6m) a film.8m) and $15m (£8.an illustration of her enduring popularity with film-goers. who is married to cameraman Danny Moder. gave birth last and Drew Barrymore on $15m (£8. Roberts. When did she win the Oscar for being the best actress? __________________________ 5.7m). per-movie stars after scooping the best actress Oscar in 2001 for her role as the campaigning Erin Brockovich. Charlize Theron and Jennifer Three Days of Rain.7m) Rudd.with salaries estimated her B She will appear next April alongside Paul between $10m (£5.8m) per movie followed by Reese Witherspoon The 38-year-old. Hollywood Reporter's annual Women in Box office attraction Entertainment Power list suggests she earns $20m (£11. a poll has suggested. 1 3 5 7 9 POWER LIST TOP 10 Julia Roberts 2 Nicole Kidman Reese Witherspoon 4 Drew Barrymore Renee Zellweger 6 Angelina Jolie Cameron Diaz 8 Jodie Foster Charlize Theron 10 Jennifer Aniston 1. who became Lord Chancellor in 1515. the popular melody frequently attributed to him is. his sister Mary married Louis XII of France in 1514.Text 3 Propósito de lectura: ____________________________________________ HENRY VIII (r. in 1521 Henry was given the title 'Defender of the Faith' by the Pope. is very religious. Parliament had not been summoned for supplies for five years. however. one of Henry VIII's residences © Historic Royal Palaces Wolsey became one of the most powerful ministers in British history (symbolised by his building of Hampton Court Palace .on a greater scale than anything the king possessed). Wolsey exercised his powers vigorously in his own court of Chancery and in the increased use of the Council's judicial authority in the court of the Star Chamber. Henry's interest in foreign policy was focused on Western Europe.. He became heir to the throne on the death of his elder brother. In his youth he was athletic and highly intelligent. He is extremely fond of hunting. From his father. Portrait of Henry VIII after Hans Holbein the Younger (1497/8-1543) The Royal Collection © 2006. Greensleeves. As the author of a best-selling book (it went through some 20 editions in England and Europe) attacking Martin Luther and supporting the Roman Catholic church. 1509-1547) Henry VIII was born at Greenwich on 28 June 1491. Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II Hampton Court Palace. (Henry was related by marriage to all three his wife Catherine was Ferdinand of Aragon's daughter. an Ipswich butcher's son. Latin and Spanish. A contemporary observer described him thus: 'he speaks good French. and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V was Catherine's nephew. Henry's varied interests and lack of application to government business and administration increased the influence of Thomas Wolsey. Wolsey was also appointed Cardinal in 1515 and given papal legate powers which enabled him to by-pass the Archbishop of Canterbury and 'govern' the Church in England. Henry VIII inherited a stable realm with the monarch's finances in healthy surplus . and the Holy Roman Emperor.. and never takes that diversion without tiring eight or ten horses ..) 13 . He is also fond of tennis. Prince Arthur. He was an accomplished player of many instruments and a composer. and he was a lavish patron of the arts.' Henry's scholarly interests included writing both books and music. which was a shifting pattern of alliances centred round the kings of Spain and France. heard three masses daily when he hunted . the second son of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York.on his accession.. in 1502 and succeeded in 1509. almost certainly not one of his compositions. What kind of information would a reader want to get from this text? _________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Texto 4 Propósito de lectura: _____________________________________________ 1. Where could you find a text like this? _________________________________________ 2. Who wrote it? ________________________________________________________________________ 4. Would you read the whole text or just scan it? __________________________________ 3. What kind of text is the first one? ________________________________________________________________________ 2. Who are the main characters in it? ________________________________________________________________________ 3. How do you know? ________________________________________________________________________ 14 .1. and astronauts in space. and how scientists speculate that our thoughts can influence the outcome of experiments. How much information can you find out without reading the main text? _______________________________________________________________________ 3. (Find out how the Amish live.) Reading is FUN! (Laugh out loud! Gasp in disbelief! Feel your heart beating in suspense!) 1. why some physicists believe that time is circular instead of linear. or what an NFL football player's practice is like. and maybe even earn big bucks writing screen plays for Hollywood!) Reading entertains you. or too-long summer vacations when you can't think of anything to do. and earn big prizes on TV game shows!) Reading takes you to places you've never visited.) Reading introduces you to new ideas. and impress your future boss who'll promote you because you express yourself so well. How do you know what the previous text is about without reading it? _______________________________________________________________________ 2. waits in the dentist's office. How can you decide if you want to read the text? _______________________________________________________________________ 15 . Read. dates. (Impress your friends. or learn what life was like when William Shakespeare was writing Romeo and Juliet. cook up funny ideas for friends. (Write A+ reports for school.) Reading introduces you to people you've never met. bullfighters in Spain. (Learn about the beliefs of the world's religions. or experience the burial ceremony of an Egyptian king. Can you get an idea of the writer’s point of view without reading the text? _______________________________________________________________________ 4.) Reading teaches you about things unfamiliar to you. (No more long boring car rides. make your grandmother happy when she reads your well-written thank-you notes. Read Reading helps you become an interesting person. and future in-laws!) Reading helps you learn how to write correctly.Texto 5 Propósito de lectura: _____________________________________________ Top Ten reasons to Read.) Reading takes you to times you've never experienced. (Write terrific stories for school. (Spend a week in Colonial times. impress your friends.) Reading develops your imagination. (Get good grades. or how a fireman in New York City spends his day. (Read about actors on Broadway. co.com/images?sourceid=navclient&hl=es&ie=UTF-8&rls=SNYI.stm 16 .com/rhys-meyers-arrested-for-airport-rant-r307036. 2007 Mesografía · · · · · · · http://educared.uk/1/hi/entertainment/4484016.html http://mx.bbc.Bibliografía Rogers Mickey and A.ar/guiadeletras/?cat=245 http://www.gov.asp http://news.com/search/images?p=un+pa%C3%ADs+de+lectores&fr=yfp-t340&toggle=1&cop=&ei=UTF-8 http://images.yahoo. México. Llanas.royal.org. MacMillan.com/tenreasons.uk/output/page19.google. Reading Styles.carolgorman.pr-inside.SNYI:es&q=movie+stars&um=1&sa=N&tab=wi http://www.htm http://www.SNYI:200514.search.images. de cualquier índole y con cualquier propósito. En casos extremos. En ella encontrarás una serie de viñetas. Al leer un texto en inglés debemos aplicar estrategias similares. Los escritores frecuentemente usan sinónimos. de primordial importancia. podemos prescindir del significado de una palabra sin entorpecer el entendimiento de lo que leemos. Estudios sobre el idioma inglés indican que el conocimiento de 5000 palabras idealmente capacita a un lector para entender casi el 90 % de cualquier material impreso. El hecho de leer desde la infancia nos ha permitido ampliar nuestro vocabulario de manera natural y aunque no descartamos el uso del diccionario.ac. Para entender un texto en un idioma extranjero son necesarias varias competencias y una de ellas. 5. sin tratar de profundizar en el tema.comp. Por supuesto que además hay que entender cómo funciona la gramática pero. dan ejemplos o incluso definiciones. puedes visitar la página web http://www. es un manejo adecuado de vocabulario. ¡Hazlo! El único riesgo que corres es el de ¡incrementar también tu vocabulario en español! 17 . tendrás que aprender muchas más palabras para llegar a una total comprensión de los textos. Si das clic en la palabra key. Para consultar un listado de las 5 000 palabras más frecuentemente usadas en los materiales impresos en inglés. después de esa cifra. es echar mano de una serie de estrategias que nos permiten “adivinar” el significado de las palabras desconocidas. Una de ellas es la que sigue: List 2. aunque parece un número muy grande. podemos considerar que. Recuerda que cuanto más leas. Lamentablemente.UNIDAD 2 ¿Cómo obtengo el significado de palabras que no conozco? Propósitos: El estudiante será capaz de utilizar estrategias para obtener el significado de palabras desconocidas. la repetición de una palabra en diferentes instancias te puede dar idea de su significado. En esta unidad aprenderás a utilizar estrategias que te servirán para entender el significado de palabras nuevas para ti al leer un texto en inglés. Por ejemplo.uk/computing/research/ucrel/bncfreq/flists.html. verás el significado de las abreviaturas usadas en ella. 000 palabras es una meta relativamente fácil de alcanzar. Intenta dar el significado de las palabras.lancs. En cada una de ellas te ofreceremos ejercicios para que pongas en práctica cada estrategia. ¿Cuántas de ellas conoces perfectamente? ¿Cuántas te faltan para completar las 5 000? Al leer un texto en español.3: Rank frequency order: written English (not lemmatized) list key Da clic en la palabra list y te llevará a la lista. es poco frecuente mantener un diccionario a la mano para revisar una a una las palabras que desconocemos. Es necesario que participes activa y críticamente para que obtengas el mejor provecho. mayor será tu vocabulario. en general lo que hacemos antes. horqueta. Por ejemplo.sdsu. luego a forke para llegar a su forma actual. en sus mejores tiempos). AHÍ SE MUESTRAN 14 GRUPOS PARA QUE ESCRIBAS SUS EQUIVALENTES EN INGLÉS. la mayoría son muy claros. Estos son palabras de dos idiomas que tienen un parecido en cuanto a forma y sonido. de donde viene horquilla. por provenir de un idioma común. En el caso que nos interesa. es la "Y" (de madera. si alguna vez viste una resortera.htm. que significa tenedor. Pero aunque existen muchos casos en que es difícil identificar el origen común. que sujeta las ligas).Cognados La primera estrategia que veremos para entender un texto en inglés consiste en identificar los cognados. Pues en español antiguo. que. LAS SIGUIENTES TABLAS FUERON DESARROLLADAS POR LA PROFESORA JILL KERPER MORA. no hay solamente un idioma común sino dos: el latín y el griego. viene del latín furca (horca. DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE SAN DIEGO Y APARECEN EN SU PÁGINA: http://coe. aumenta el porcentaje? Muchas de las palabras inglesas que tienen origen grecolatino no nos son familiares a simple vista. Group 1 Atlántico democrático patriótico romántico sarcástico Group 4 artista florista moralista pianista turista Group 7 clásico cómico histérico metódico técnico Group 10 comunidad necesidad prosperidad publicidad universidad Group 2 cliente equivalente indiferente patente suficiente Group 5 argumento monumento sacramento suplemento testamento Group 8 ambicioso famoso gracioso laborioso religioso Group 11 diagrama Idioma problema programa sistema Group 3 atención circulación edición Indicación proposición Group 6 abundante constante elegante importante significante Group 9 aniversario disciplinario itinerario literario salario Group 12 aristocracia democracia eficacia farmacia urgencia 18 . ¿Sabías que más del 50 % de las palabras en inglés tienen raíces griegas o latinas? ¿Que en el caso de textos científicos.1. fork. VERIFÍCALA EN UN DICCIONARIO. forqueta (little fork) era el vocablo para referirse al tenedor.edu/people/jmora/MoraModules/SpEngCognates. Ejercicio 2. SI NO ESTÁS SEGURO DE LA ORTOGRAFÍA. Furca pasó a forka. dos palabras similares pueden tener significados diferentes. significa “defensa”. en la Apología de Sócrates o en “el artículo es una apología del uso de las drogas”. ¿Cuántos grupos más puedes formar? Una nota de advertencia sobre el uso de cognados. Ejercicio 2. el significado puede coincidir en ciertos contextos y diferir en otros. que puede significar molestar pero que en la mayoría de los casos tiene una connotación sexual que no tiene molestar. A este tipo de palabras se les llama (y no discutiremos aquí la pertinencia del término) falsos cognados. Para darte una pista solamente. Otro ejemplo de este tipo es apply. que se puede traducir como aplicar pero que en el enunciado "Many people have applied for the job".Group 13 abundancia conciencia distancia obediencia permanencia Group 14 admirable animal central director noble Estos grupos no son los únicos que existen y tú puedes formar otros. molest apology apply library actually acosar disculpa / defensa aplicar / solicitar biblioteca en realidad 19 . se traduce como solicitar. ¿qué tal resist → resistir? O. En otras ocasiones. A pesar de estos pequeños escollos. apología. por ejemplo. Lamentablemente es muy común oír decir (en una mala traducción) que alguien va a aplicar para un trabajo. podemos considerarnos afortunados de que haya tantas coincidencias léxicas en ambos idiomas ya que la tarea de formarnos un vocabulario amplio en inglés no resultará tan ardua. AHORA HAZ UNA TABLA DE FALSOS COGNADOS PARA LA CUAL HEMOS INCLUIDO LAS PRIMERAS ENTRADAS.3. escribe el significado de las siguientes palabras: abundant abundance abundantly audacity audacious authorize athletic defunct falsify falsity grotesque picturesque historian jar mediate nerve nervous pearl Ejercicio 2. LA PUEDES IR AMPLIANDO CONFORME TE ENCUENTRES CON PALABRAS DE ESTE TIPO. “an apology” es normalmente una disculpa o excusa. En ocasiones. participate → participar. mientras que en inglés. es el caso de molest.2. tal vez. Ahora que ya has visto y formado tus propios grupos. ” Researchers speculate that time travel can occur within a kind of feedback loop where backwards movement is possible. se está diciendo lo mismo pero con otras palabras. or. IN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES. Druids were the priests who led the people in this highly ritualistic worship. _______________________________________________________________________ 2. In other words. (es decir). Ejercicio 2. you can pop back in time and have a look around. como en el enunciado que abre este párrafo (sobre contexto). En este caso. Hypoxia is an illness caused by a deficiency of oxygen in the tissues of the body. Es decir. A cutlass is a short. Definición En ocasiones el mismo texto nos da la definición de la palabra. El significado de la palabra “huskey “ queda identificado por las palabras “sled dog” que se encuentran enseguida de la palabra “or. in other words. _____________________________________________________________________ 20 . an SOA is a collection of services on a network that communicate with one another.4. Se dice que se está parafraseando. Además del verbo to be. The husky. 3. El primer elemento que veremos como introductorio de una definición es el verbo “to be”: A salmon is a fish. además de explicar el significado particular de “complementary”. tenemos expresiones como which means. Their religious ceremonies included animal sacrifices and various forms of magic. nos permite en muchas ocasiones inferir el significado de una palabra nueva. meaning. todas las demás palabras que rodean (aquellas que están antes y después) a una palabra. but you cannot do anything that will alter the present you left behind. that is o abreviaturas como i. of the North is a hardy breed.Contexto Junto con la puntuación y la tipografía. FIND THE DEFINITION OF THE UNDERLINED WORD. or sled dog. 1. el contexto. mediante el uso de la expresión “in other words”. se está explicando toda la idea del párrafo previo. es decir.e. curved sword. The Celtic religion centered on the worship of a pantheon of nature deities. A porcupine is a large climbing rodent that is covered with sharp spines for defense. but only in a way that is "complementary" to the present. At its most basic. como se desglosa a continuación. “decoys. In seagoing vessels. _______________________________________________________________________ 4. _______________________________________________________________________ 3. that is the internal walls. i. and basketball.5. _______________________________________________________________________ 6. you are likely to be good in such sports as track. Studying supernovas. is a factor that determines climate. comillas o guión: Mercury. paréntesis. Ejercicio 2. In laser printing. por otro lado. _______________________________________________________________________ 5. _______________________________________________________________________ 6.En el enunciado 1 tienes los cognados caused. _______________________________________________________________________ Puntuación Ya apuntamos el uso del verbo be para hallar la definición de una palabra nueva pero el autor puede hacer uso de signos de puntuación tales como las comas. A path to the chieftain’s headquarters winds through ancient petroglyphs –inscriptions in stone. the height above the sea level.” is not a new idea in hunting. have saved many lives. FIND THE WORD THE AUTHOR IS DEFINING AND ITS DEFINITION. _______________________________________________________________________ 2. the catastrophic explosions of dying stars. may give answers to questions of modern cosmology. seguramente sabes que body significa cuerpo. tennis. is usually in a liquid form.e. the greater the number of dpi (dots per inch). The use of carved birds. small electrical devices that stimulate the heart muscle. Vespers. En caso de que no conozcas el significado de illness. or evening worship. _______________________________________________________________________ 21 . a partir de esta información puedes "adivinar” su significado (¡eso es hacer uso del contexto!): __________________________________________________________________________ 4. form watertight compartments and strengthen the overall structure. bulkheads. If you are ectomorphic (the slender type). Pele. Altitude. the silver-colored metal used in thermometers. deficiency y oxygen. can be heard at St. Pacemakers. Mathew Cathedral. Many residents of Hawaii used to believe that the volcano's flarings were tirades of their goddess. the higher the quality of the image produced. _______________________________________________________________________ 5. 1. Uno de sus recursos más comunes es el uso de los sinónimos (palabras con el mismo significado o con significado muy similar). ¿Puedes decir cuál es su “especialidad”? (1) ______________________________________ Al continuar leyendo el reportaje encontramos otro sinónimo. who had been nabbed and released by the officer the previous day for shoplifting.Sinonimia En otros casos. Inténtalo”. b) y c) que siguen. “La repetición puede resultar aburrida. Si sabes una de las palabras del par (corruption y graft. A 28-year-old thief on Saturday unwittingly broke into the house of a policeman who had arrested him the previous day in an unrelated case. Probemos con un ejemplo tomado de un reportaje aparecido recientemente en el Bangkok Post. En este mismo párrafo hemos usado la palabra casos para no repetir “ocasiones” después de haberla usado dos veces. Burglar picks the wrong address Rennes. el autor del texto hace uso de sinónimos para no repetir la misma palabra ad infinitum. 2 22 .net/education/latest/ptjl1999. AFP He couldn’t have picked a worse house to rob. ¿Cuál es? (2) ______________________________________________________________ Verifica las respuestas al final de la guía bajo el encabezado “Burglar picks the wrong answer”. El reconocimiento de estos sinónimos es uno de los métodos más eficaces que puedes usar para adivinar el significado de palabras desconocidas.htm el 19 de noviembre de 2007. por ejemplo) inmediatamente sabrás el significado de la otra.bangkokpost. ahorrándote así el tiempo de recurrir a tu diccionario. Obviamente burglar debe ser una clase de ladrón. se puede fácilmente adivinar el significado de la palabra burglar. 2 Adaptado de http://www. es decir. un ladrón “especializado”. Los redactores de noticias evitan este problema usando formas nuevas de decir lo mismo. A continuación encontrarás una traducción de un fragmento de una página web en donde nos habla el autor del uso de los sinónimos. France. The thief. A partir del encabezado y de los dos primeros párrafos. managed to escape but was arrested a few hours later while enjoying coffee at an outdoor cafe in the town centre. al igual que los ejercicios a). esta vez de la palabra arrested. A synonym for dozing in the story is ___________. 2.net/education/latest/ptjl1999. the Education and University Affairs ministries will set up a committee to investigate this year’s failure of the new entrance examination system. the word probe is one of the most common headline words to appear in the Bangkok Post. said yesterday he would ask coalition partners to give SAP rival factions a chance to iron out their differences and stay. the Democrat secretary-general. 23 . 3." the minister argued.bangkokpost.6. Use a word from the story to complete this sentence: If you put a ban on something it means you have _______ people from doing it. b) PM orders ministries to ferret out source of huge miscalculation On orders of the prime minister. AFP TV ban on dozing MPs The Cambodian government has barred local television crews from filming MPs having a snooze in parliament. c) Probe on entrance exam fiasco Party given two weeks to settle feud The cabinet reshuffle was postponed for at least two weeks yesterday as the Democrats hope time might heal the Social Action Party rift. But there is a verb in the story that can be changed into a noun to become a synonym. A short phrase with the same meaning is _______ ____ ________. Deputy Education Minister Arkhom Engchuan said the prime minister demanded at yesterday’s cabinet meeting that the two ministries form a panel to find those responsible for the miscalculation of Mathayom 6 students’ grade point average (GPA) and percentile ranking (PR) for more than 300 high schools nation-wide. "We have released advice to TV stations not to film sleeping MPs.) verb: ____________________ noun: ________.Ejercicio 2. What is the verb and what is its noun form? (Incidentally. Information Minister Lu Laysreng said yesterday. READ THE FOLLOWING PASSAGES AND ANSWER THE QUESTIONS. 1. which had led to the cancellation of the new entrance exam system in the 1999 academic year. The word probe is a noun so there is no direct synonym in the story. because it looks bad for the whole country and the institution of parliament is insulted. 3 a) Phnom Penh. 3 Ejercicios 6-8 adaptados o tomados de http://www.htm el 19 de noviembre de 2007. 1. Sanan Kachornprasart. Fortunately the international terminal was not damaged.. después de leer este enunciado ya sabrás que significa ordenado. Si no conocías el significado de tidy. a top airport administrator said. Aquí las palabras que te ayudan a inferir el significado (¡nuevamente el contexto!) son but. Pero a veces resulta que lo que nos ayuda a entender una palabra nueva no es un sinónimo sino un antónimo: Mile is a very tidy student. There is a four-word phrase in the story that is a synonym for reconcile. Often. Maj-Gen Sanan invited the rivals for talks on Tuesday and asked them to reconcile but made clear the party would be dropped if the row persisted. There were no immediate reports of injuries. people say they feel empty. But surprisingly. they reconcile. 2) Even though you may not be familiar with any of the three synonyms. Ejercicio 2. your mood does not have to be sad. or feel numb. there are no feelings. which is often sadness. Use it to complete this sentence: If they reconcile. disorganized y you couldn’t believe they are brothers. who quit as leader before quitting the cabinet this week. READ THE FOLLOWING PASSAGE AND CHOOSE THE SYNONYM FOR “THE BLUES. rather than being sad. En el encabezado de este ejemplo tenemos que un aeropuerto cierra luego de un grave incendio. 3) If the two sides can settle a feud.7. Rather than bad feelings.. it means that they will _____ _____ _____ _________. “the international terminal was not damaged”. but Tom is so disorganized you couldn’t believe they are brothers.” a) symptom b) depression c) sadness d) nothing Depression . when they are depressed. Ya en el cuerpo de la información vemos que “a fire razed the domestic terminal” pero afortunadamente. it is clear from that story that they refer to a ________. _______ and _______. or feel nothing. One of Indonesia's busiest airports closes after severe fire razes passenger terminal One of Indonesia's busiest airports was closed indefinitely Saturday after a fire razed the domestic passenger terminal. or Just the Blues? Signs and Symptoms of Clinical Depression Can Be Hard to Self-Diagnose The most obvious symptom of depression is the abnormal mood. Con base en los 24 .Maj-Gen Sanan had acted as a go-between to end the feud over cabinet posts between an alliance of Rakkiat Sukthana and Somsak Thepsuthin and the faction of Suvit Khunkitti. 1) The word feud has two synonyms in the story. un juicio). Y aquí refutarás: “pero ¡si no conozco muchas de las palabras!” Efectivamente. pero eso es solamente si antes no encontraste la similitud entre raze y arrasar. es algo que debemos tener muy claro: cuanto mayor vocabulario manejemos. however. y en particular la del sufijo -or. Como habrás visto hasta aquí. quizá has oído o visto la palabra razor. usar el contexto requiere de un mínimo conocimiento de palabras. deberemos poner atención en palabras como but. etc. dicho significado puede resultar claro si seguimos leyendo. ¿Puedes adivinar qué significa? Pues se trata de un artículo muy comercial cuyos fabricantes presumen siempre de su corte “al ras”. "You are free to say what you like but keep it within the limits of the law. Aquí se trata de deducir el significado de gag order. "I’ve decided to set aside the order. Clarificación Aunque no haya un sinónimo específico para la palabra cuyo significado queremos identificar. Gag order lifted in Anwar’s trial Kuala Lumpur." “De lo dicho por el juez. Veamos el siguiente ejemplo.” 25 . Tendrás una oportunidad de practicar esta estrategia en el apartado de Relaciones semánticas en un ejercicio que incluye antonimia (opuestos). demoler. unlike.antónimos domestic-international y en la oposición entre “razed” y “was not damaged”. Por cierto. resulta claro que una gag order debe impedir que la gente hable de algo (en este caso. Cuando veamos la función de prefijos y sufijos." Justice Ariffin Jaka told the court. te quedará más claro cómo se llega de raze a razor. cuyas instrucciones y texto explicativo hemos traducido para ti. ¿Adivinaste? Raze viene del latín y significa nivelar hasta el piso. podemos deducir que raze probablemente significa destruir. AFP The Malaysian judge hearing the second trial of jailed deputy premier Anwar Ibrahim lifted a sweeping gag order yesterday. tomado de la misma página. en la siguiente unidad veremos cómo aprender vocabulario nuevo. Cuando nos basemos en antónimos. The order goes against the freedom of speech and the constitution. ¡Ah!. Estas palabras se ven con mayor detenimiento más adelante. De ahí la importancia de aprender cuantas palabras sea posible. Observa también que lifting the order significa setting aside (hacer a un lado) the order para que deje de usarse. mayor será nuestra posibilidad de inferir el significado de nuevos vocablos. Todo depende del nivel de comprensión que busquemos. _____________________________________________ US prison system 'costly failure' The US prison population has risen eight-fold since 1970. ____________________________________ The robots . Ver más ejemplos y ejercicios en la Unidad 7. droughts and earthquakes illustrate the natural disasters which are the agency’s concern. monkeys.8. etc.built by Jose Halloy. were the preferred instruments in the study. Belgium. the researchers were able to fool the animals into thinking the automatons were genuine members of their group.g. algunas solamente de ellas: as for example such as e.Ejercicio 2. A continuación. with little impact on crime but at great cost to the taxpayer. IN THE FOLLOWING PASSAGE FIND OUT THE MEANING OF FAILURE. cymbals y tambourines son ejemplos de instrumentos de percusión. and colleagues . IN THE FOLLOWING PASSAGE. nos permite inferir que lower animals significa animales inferiores (en contraposición a los animales “pensantes”). as “subjects” in their experiments. pigeons. such as drums.). FIND OUT THE MEANING OF THE VERB TO FOOL AND WRITE IT ON THE LINE. podremos continuar nuestra lectura sin detenernos a investigar lo que significa cada uno de los ejemplos.blogspot. el mecanismo funcionará al revés: los ejemplos nos permitirán “adivinar” el término general: Psychologists often use lower animals (rats. from the Free University in Brussels. researchers say. los ejemplos. Floods. En este ejemplo. frases o abreviaturas que utilizará. But by covering the robots in filter paper infused with cockroach pheromones. junto con la palabra entrecomillada sujetos.com/2007/11/us-prison-population-has-risen-eight. and tambourines. Ejercicio 2. entonces podremos recurrir a otras estrategias que incluyen el uso del diccionario.html. De la misma manera sabremos que floods. En otras ocasiones. Pero ¿cómo utilizaremos esta información? Tomemos el primero de nuestros ejemplos: al saber que drums. 4 Ejemplificación Otra manera que tiene el autor para dejar claro el significado o sentido de una palabra que considera podría causarle problemas al lector es la ejemplificación. Si en algún momento necesitamos el significado preciso.do not look at all like cockroaches. droughts y earthquakes son ejemplos de desastres naturales. (example given) like for instance Percussion instruments. 26 .9. cymbals. 4 Text taken from http://mparent7777-2. Nuevamente es importante identificar el tipo de palabras. la estructura básica y típica en inglés para un enunciado es Sujeto. 27 . “adivinamos” que en el enunciado: The _________________________s ______________________ed. Si el enunciado es A ___________ kid ______________ the window. Sabemos que la palabra que falta antes de kid es un adjetivo que nos da más información sobre el chico de nuestro enunciado. el español. podríamos decidir si se trata del verbo romper o de saltar o de pintar. podemos inferir que la palabra que falta en el siguiente enunciado: A kid _____________ the window. podremos inferir el significado preciso: durar. En el enunciado A typical _________________ (13 – 19 years old) _____________s more than the recommended 8 hours a day. Visto en contexto. entonces deduciremos que en la pregunta: How many hours do the energy of these batteries last? la palabra last no es el adjetivo último. etc. y por la ese final sabemos que está en presente simple. si sabemos que la sintaxis (el orden de las palabras) de una pregunta en inglés es como sigue: PALABRA INTERROGATIVA + AUXILIAR + SUJETO + VERBO + COMPLEMENTO. La información adicional que se haya entre paréntesis también debe guiarnos para inferir el tipo de sustantivo que necesitamos. por lo que podemos asegurar que en el segundo espacio tenemos un verbo. Por ejemplo. ya que tenemos el artículo indefinido A y el adjetivo typical. El primer espacio debe ser ocupado por un sustantivo (o frase sustantiva) y en el segundo. También ayuda tener conciencia de cómo funciona la gramática de nuestro propio idioma.Gramática Enseguida anotaremos la importancia de un manejo adecuado de la gramática para “adivinar” significados y así delimitar las posibilidades para un vocablo nuevo. ¿Puedes ahora adivinar el significado de an ever-lasting tattoo? _____________________ Aquí la sugerencia entonces es poner atención a los aspectos gramaticales del inglés. Por otro lado.Verbo – Complemento. De la misma manera. sino un verbo y. Sabiendo esto. Ese sustantivo terminaría por completar el sujeto del enunciado. sabemos que el primer espacio debe ser ocupado por un sustantivo. es un verbo. tenemos un verbo regular en pasado. si ponemos atención a las demás palabras. ya que en este tiempo gramatical se le agrega una -s al verbo cuando el sujeto es tercera persona del singular. In January and February. damage 3. organized crime. child c. 5 1. There were many deaths. (SI QUIERES. The young cubs yerdarg close to their mother during the first six months. wettest b. The 1975 earthquake in Guatemala caused a lot of nambickist. and has a good command of the language by age five. a. coldest b. PUEDES ANOTAR LA PALABRA QUE CREAS QUE ES. a. the widespread abandonment of traditional occupations. the gradsfig months of the year. triangle …(B) 5 Tomado de Reading English for Academic Study. death b. Texas. hottest c. Veamos los siguientes diagramas: (a) American states (A) (b) geometric shapes (B) California. Improved medical care. nicest 6. Algunas relaciones específicas entre las palabras. driest c. Smoking has been shown to be extremely kroon to the health.10. expensive 4. sick c. unhappiness b. but also several unsightly hotels. An average prongid begins to talk after about a year. a. square. unemployment b. problems c. ANTES DE VER LAS OPCIONES). deterioration Relaciones semánticas. and numerous buildings were destroyed. The rapid increase in yugfristy has brought jobs and foreign currency to the island. disease c. herbivorous c. carnivorous b. 28 . fall c. a. and. white 9. Florida … (B) circle. the polar bear is tygraic. literacy c. a. Clase-elemento La semántica es la parte de la gramática que estudia los significados de las palabras. dangerous b. dolphin 2. rise b. a. learn c. With them comes the risk of flooding. person b. también nos pueden ayudar a adivinar el significado de nuevo vocabulario al leer en inglés. people try to stay indoors as much as possible. nicest 5. DETERMINA CUÁL DE LAS OPCIONES ES EL SIGNIFICADO MÁS PROBABLE DE LA PALABRA. USANDO EL CONTEXTO. The summer months are the gradsfig of the year. EN ESTE EJERCICIO CADA ENUNCIADO CONTIENE UNA PALABRA QUE NO CONOCES Y QUE NO ENCONTRARÁS EN EL DICCIONARIO (¡PORQUE ES UNA PALABRA INVENTADA!). stay 10. Large-scale vaccination programs have helped reduce the trasdric so much that cases are becoming quite rare. a. a. a. most seriously. disaster 7. better dietary practices and economic change have led to a troiper in the infant mortality rate. Unlike its plant-eating relative.Ejercicio 2. tourism 8. eat b. a. Si reconocemos la relación clase-elemento de la clase que existe entre geometric shapes y circles. como embajadores quizá o monarcas. squares. Fillip significa probablemente cheap o inexpensive (baratos). Aquí podemos suponer que braddles es lo que queda del grupo pueblo (people) luego de quitar el elemento males (los hombres). the paintings contain circles. sin la ayuda de un diccionario. Supongamos que no lo sabemos y que nos la encontramos en nuestra lectura. fish. so they were forced to buy expensive ones. and hammers of heavy stones tied to strong pieces of bamboo. Aquí es posible saber que helliers son algún tipo de important national dignitary. Opuestos Otra clase de relación se da entre pares de opuestos como hot – cold o left .Tanto California como Texas y Florida son American states. que pirrles significa alguna clase de forma geométrica. 29 . married – single. Este tipo de relación es muy útil al leer y la forma en que aparece puede variar. Ahora ve el siguiente ejemplo: Orim’s early work shoes the artist’s preoccupation with geometric shapes of all kinds. Texas y Florida son términos subordinados o inferiores. etc. continuar leyendo sin detenernos en la palabra desconocida nos ayudó a entender su significado. Decir esto es lo mismo que decir que son elementos de la clase American states. married – single – divorced – separated. braddles hunt. mientras que California. En esta relación clase-elemento de la clase.) A veces resulta que una clase tiene un número limitado de elementos: Males in the community are responsible for looking after the home and taking care of children. Otras veces será el término superordinado el que tendremos que adivinar: The tribe still uses very primitive struckers: sharpened sticks. sólo nos queda el elemento mujeres (females).right (que es la que aprovechamos en la sección de antonimia): There were no fillip seats available. etc. (Observa que como ya hemos mencionado. sabremos. Es posible que el término superordinado aparezca después de los subordinados: The conference was attended by prime ministers. squares. helliers. presidents and other important national dignitaries. Aquí struckers probablemente significa herramientas. Clasificamos la lista de palabras que conocíamos como una categoría que formamos: herramientas. En el diagrama (b) tenemos la misma relación. El término superior (A) contiene a los términos inferiores (B).. and settle interfamily disputes. ministers. pirrles. American states es el término superordinado o superior. Observa cómo procedimos para adivinar esto: · · · Leímos los términos subordinados y los entendimos. Weekdays – on the weekend. cylinders and cubes. Otros ejemplos de este tipo son: north – south – east – west. Reconocimos la relación clase -elemento de la clase. triangles. Seguramente no conoces la palabra pirrles ya que en realidad no existe. pointed stones. single 30 . a. Penny sends her mother a letter each week. que nos dice que ciertos sucesos. The working classes generally live in the inner city. shirt b. he has to be more careful. buys things with 10. a. brown 8. mating b. he had a lot of money to spend on himself. the rich inhabit the drooks. to protect themselves against the subzero temperatures a. podremos adivinar que praddle significa viejo (old). The people’s attitude towards capital punishment ranges from total rejection through crizolrunad to passionate support. CIRCLE THE MOST PROBABLE MEANING IN EACH CASE FROM THE ALTERNATIVES LISTED. young b. buy the wool cheaply and then brunt it for a large profit. USE YOUR ABILITY TO RECOGNIZE SEMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THESE NONSENSE WORDS AND THEIR CONTEXT TO GUESS THEIR MEANINGS. cheap-house 6. ice-axes 3. a. acciones o fenómenos que están relacionados con los primeros. He could not find a grey sweater. Esto es precisamente lo que nos dice que brunt probablemente significa vender (sell). arctic tents c. thick sleeping bags and heatretaining clothing. indifference 9. David spends his money as fast as he can. hostility c. The company is proud of its record of fighting pollution. saves b. paying its employees decent wages. we will simply have to look for an porger. Si reconocemos un continuo en este enunciado: The music appeals to the young. THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES CONTAIN WORDS WHICH DO NOT EXIST IN ENGLISH.11. villages 7. a. En ocasiones no se trata exactamente de un continuo o de un par de opuestos pero sigue habiendo una relación: The Ontics. cheap c. apartment c. rich c. expensive apartments c. If houses are too expensive. recreational c. on the other hand. open-neck shirts b. a. night-time 4.Continuo También nos podemos encontrar con continuos como good – average – poor o rare – medium – well done. making products c. writes b. car b. receives c. acciones u otros fenómenos implican sucesos. Ejercicio 2. exporting 5. a. The old woman usually bergs it on Friday mornings. a. druggers everything he earns. Jeremy. sends 2. suburbs b. Its hughis activities are still a mystery. a trading people. providing job opportunities b. so he bought a grappen one. middle-aged and praddle. favorable b. The climbers took various kinds of equipment. Lo que hacemos aquí es usar nuestro conocimiento del mundo. The iguana’s daytime occupations are well-known. Now that he is married. wastes c. daffs. contributing to various charities and clidging vanders for members of ethnic minorities. When Peter was prond. a. a. 1. como en la palabra biannual (dos veces al año o cada dos años) o en bilateral (“que tiene o incluye dos lados. Existen varias clases de afijos pero aquí solamente incluiremos la definición de prefijos y sufijos. Los sufijos se agregan al final de la palabra. etc. -ize (“ser o hacer como”) y se encuentra palabras como economize (“ser o hacer que algo sea económico”) o hypothesize (hacer una hipótesis). Los prefijos son partículas que se agregan al principio (pre = antes) de una palabra. etc. exactamente igual que en español. algunos ejemplos de estas transformaciones (todo el texto de la tabla aparece en inglés.. recíproco. como seguramente ya viste en los ejemplos anteriores cuyos significados es fácil obtener porque la mayoría (si no todos) son cognados. estás planeando estudiar medicina. La parte a la que se le agrega el afijo se llama raíz. Tales confusiones no tendrán lugar (esperemos) si conocemos la utilidad de los afijos. una buena idea es que tú escribas en español lo que consideres importante): 31 . como en interlay (poner entre) o en interlude (algo que cubre el tiempo entre dos sucesos). A continuación.htm. ¡que no eligiera el orificio adecuado! Algunos tal vez irían directamente a los órganos reproductores femeninos con el fin de cortar alguna protuberancia extraña. oro. Ejemplos: -er (“la persona que”) como en painter (“el que pinta” = pintor) o en miner (“una persona que trabaja en una mina extrayendo carbón. Los afijos utilizados en inglés provienen del latín o del griego. Ejemplos: bi. Por ejemplo. la confusión podría ir en el sentido contrario si alguno de esos estudiantes confundiera una colposcopia (inspección de la vagina y su cuello) con una colectomía (la remoción del intestino grueso). o que incluye dos lados o partes en igual medida). de donde adaptamos el párrafo que abre este apartado. Si además de estar interesado en adquirir estrategias de lectura. Inter. (usualmente la función de un sufijo). aunque no exclusivamente.Afijos Imagina a unos estudiantes de medicina que no supieran elegir el instrumental adecuado para una colonoscopia de rutina. se modifica un sustantivo para formar un adjetivo o un adjetivo para formar un adverbio o un adjetivo para formar un sustantivo.[“between” o “among” (entre)]. entonces una buena página electrónica para consultar los afijos usados en esta ciencia es http://ancienthistory.com/library/weekly/aa052698. Ahora que. pero en particular en las cuestiones relacionadas con la ciencia. como en el caso de la medicina. ambos modifican la función de la palabra (en inglés se llama a esta función part of the speech). Pero el efecto puede ser cambiar el significado de la palabra (prefijos). con la cual se forman traction o retract. Peor aun.[que significa “two” (dos) o “twice” (dos veces)]. Como ya habrás notado.about.” = minero). con la cual se forman transmit o submit. Ejemplos de raíces son: Mit (enviar). ¡Hey! ¡Así que finalmente encontrarás una aplicación a lo que aprendiste en etimologías grecolatinas! El manejo de afijos es útil en general cuando leemos en inglés (o en español). Tract (jalar). dishonestly misinterpret.Prefijos que cambian el significado: prefix antiusual meaning against examples antimagnetic antiseptic antithesis decarbonate decrease depopulate misbehave mismanage misunderstand unaware unemployed unqualified meaning of the example given resisting magnetism stopping infection contrast of two ideas. reverse bad. wrong mis- un- not Sufijos que cambian la función de la palabra part of speech suffix a. reduce. de. without qualifications de- lower.normalmente significa lower. noun suffix -ance -ence -tion -dom -ism -ist -er -ness -ship -able -ible -ful -less -ic -ical -ious -ish -ive examples theorize resuscitate satisfy Slowly examples contrivance coincidence suction wisdom communism capitalist researcher consciousness leadership memorable divisible eventful careless eclectic historical religious reddish responsive d. inappropriately manage badly. 32 . not conscious not used. el análisis sería más o menos como sigue: la parte myst parece venir de mystery. reduce reduce population behave wrongly. not employed absolute. por ejemplo. Si te encuentras con demystify. Y ¡tendrías razón! Además podrías averiguar lo preciso de tu conclusión viendo si concuerda con el contexto. understand wrongly not aware. theories remove carbon dioxide from lessen. verb -ize -ate -fy b. adjective El reconocimiento de los afijos y el conocimiento de sus significados habituales puede ser útil al encontrar palabras nuevas. adverb -ly part of speech c. reduce or reverse y el sufijo -fy nos indica que se trata de un verbo. Debe significar algo así como “sacar o quitar el misterio de”. impossibility 11. interchangeable 9. away from above normal.reference. together from. overestimation 14. USE YOUR DICTIONARY IF NECESSARY. uniusual meaning before. within large. over. coauthor.13. repossession 3. macro9. unilaterally 10. excessive not. synthetic Ejercicio 2. multi12. large-scale small. small-scale one. 1. Una sugerencia es que tú vayas formando tus propias tablas. intangibly 12. examples anteroom binary coexist 33 . carelessness 6. prefix 1. bi3. partly under. interdependent 20. retroactively 21. out of. autobiographical 8. disrespectful 4. twice with. quickly 5. ante2. underemployment 13. ultra19. unfortunately 16. antisocial 18. behind before again half.12.Las dos tablas anteriores no son exhaustivas pero podrás encontrar otras en diferentes fuentes impresas o electrónicas. intra8. circumnavigate 2. pre14. without inside. reinvestigate 17. FIND TWO EXAMPLES FOR EACH PREFIX. in front of two. change excessive. co4. single. semi16. mono11. en algunos de los siguientes ejercicios tendrás que investigar algunos afijos. hyper6.com/writing/styleguide/affixes. in7. religiously 15. extreme not one antecedent biennial. De hecho. desalinate 7. re15. sub17. post13. alone many after. micro10. lower across. below. Aquí podrás encontrar una larga lista de algunos de ellos: http://dictionary. UNDERLINE THE PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES. introspective 19.html ¡Muchos seguramente los conocerás a partir de tus clases de etimologías o de tus experiencias como lector! Ejercicio 2. ex5. trans18. un20. remodeled The unpredicted research findings forced him to __________________ his theory. respectful. bilaterally The two countries are engaged in _______________________ negotiations. 7. THE FIRST HAS BEEN DONE FOR YOU AS AN EXAMPLE. antisocial. mistakably. unfortunate. 4. remodel. bilateral. USE YOUR DICTIONARY WHERE NECESSARY. bilingual. unmistakably. monolingual. activate 11. exclusion Cultural differences often lead to _________________ from some social events. tight 16. 9. 34 . central 8. model. hypothesize 3. unilaterally. noun verb adjective adverb 1. successfully 13.14. hypersensitivity The man’s overreaction to innocent remarks suggested he was ___________________. analysis 18. antisocially Her frequent exclusion from group meetings was due to her __________________ behavior. sensitivity. unmistakably The two animals' similarity of coloring makes them easily ___________________.15. disrespectful The president threatened military action if they refused to _____________________ the terms of the treaty. CHOOSE THE CORRECT FORM OF EACH WORD TO COMPLETE THE SENTENCE THAT FOLLOWS. inclusion. respect. 10. theoretical 4. justifiably 17. understand. socially. sensitive. 3. fortunate. disrespect. informatively 5. 6. economy 6. understand 15. hypersensitive. inclusiveness 14. unfortunately The mistake unfortunately meant that the experiment had to be repeated. tolerance 10. unilateral. include. fortunately. trilingual. mistakable. understanding. liberalize 7. description 2. 8. repeatedly 9. 2. social. COMPLETE THE TABLE. valid 20. misunderstand. multilingual A child exposed to two languages from birth roughly equally grow up ________________. 1. exclude. explanatory Ejercicio 2. misunderstanding The vagueness of the instructions caused him to _________________ the task. 5. demonstrate 19. clear 12.Ejercicio 2. modeled. Structure and Strategies 2.A. et. Kirn. al. Interactions II. E. 35 .BIBLIOGRAFÍA Blanchard. al. et. (1980). Hartmann. México: Macmillan. (2005). J. Inc. Reading.: Longman.A.U. K & C. Elaine & P. Get Ready to Read. M. Reading English for Academic Study. (2000). U. (1990).S. México: McGraw Hill.: Newbury House Publishers. Taylor. Long. Root. sino que aplica diversas estrategias para entenderlo a pesar del vocabulario desconocido.1. Memorizar o no memorizar Ya apuntamos en la unidad anterior que un lector eficaz no se detiene necesariamente a verificar cada palabra nueva que se encuentra en el curso de la lectura de un texto. Podemos decir que en términos generales. En la unidad anterior te sugerimos consultar una lista con las 5 000 palabras más comunes en inglés. La primera idea que apuntamos en la unidad previa. En esta unidad aprenderás a utilizar estrategias que te servirán para aprender el significado de palabras nuevas al leer un texto en inglés. Quizá las sugerencias que aquí te presentamos no se ajusten todas a tu propio estilo. El siguiente paso es ponerlas en práctica ya sea de manera escrita u oral. aquí unos sencillos pasos para inventariar y tener una referencia rápida de tus nuevas palabras. probarlas y adoptar o adaptar las que te convengan y hacer un inventario de alguna otra que ya hayas verificado o que te encuentres en el camino al estudiar con esta guía. Escribe palabras o expresiones nuevas en la columna de la izquierda. Revisa las primeras 1000 y registra cuántas te falta dominar. No nos detendremos a discutir aquí esta idea reciente de las inteligencias múltiples y los estilos personales de aprendizaje. aficiones o intereses. escribe la pronunciación (familiarízate y usa la notación que aparece en el diccionario que normalmente uses). pero seguramente ya has estado en contacto con ella. a cada estrategia de la unidad anterior. es importante que uses enunciados personalizados. Ejercicio 3. a. Sin embargo. con esto queremos decir que sean enunciados que de algún modo te sean familiares porque tienen que ver con tus gustos. y en particular. Los enunciados humorísticos son muy eficaces para estimular la memoria. b. tiene que ver con un dominio de un número mínimo de palabras. como el objetivo de esta unidad es precisamente aprender vocabulario. Es tu responsabilidad primero. escribe enunciados que ilustren los significados de las palabras o expresiones. El simple hecho de anotarlas siguiendo un método. 1. hará que se conserven en tu memoria de corto plazo por lo menos. Divide una hoja de papel en tres columnas. anotando cuántas palabras dominarás diariamente. Recuerda plantearte una meta realista y sensata. corresponde una estrategia para aprender vocabulario nuevo. Planea un calendario de aquí a la fecha de tu examen extraordinario. 36 . es decir la manera en que aprendes. así que lo primero que te sugerimos es plantearte una meta de aquí a que termines de trabajar con esta guía. en cuanto a un número específico de palabras por dominar cada día.UNIDAD 3 ¿Cómo puedo aumentar mi vocabulario? Propósitos: El estudiante será capaz de utilizar estrategias para facilitar su aprendizaje de palabras desconocidas. En la columna de en medio. la manera en que aprendes inglés. Debajo. El primer consejo en este punto es empezar a hacer conciencia y a analizar la manera en que adquieres conocimientos en general. junto con sus definiciones y ejemplos. tratando al mismo tiempo. (adv. condition that makes something necessary (v. siempre recordando que debe ser algo que apele a tu persona. Escribe la palabra nueva en el centro del diagrama. de grabar en tu memoria su ortografía. The critical situation necessitated radical action.) (n. 7 6 7 Adaptado de Interactions II.) make necessary (adv. Revisa tu lista con frecuencia. 6 nostalgia nosŸtal´Ÿja nostalgic WORD (n. completa el resto del mapa con una definición. Di en voz alta las palabras. Adaptado de Get Ready to Read. 4. 3. un sinónimo.) need. un antónimo y una ilustración de la palabra o un enunciado en donde se use la palabra. A continuación se ilustra una tarjeta para la palabra “simple”. longing for the past DEFINITION The cable car rails on Tlalpan give me nostalgia.) Many people go to work illegally in the US out of necessity. puedes incluir en cada hoja solamente elementos que empiecen con la misma letra.* nostalgically necessity neŸsess´ŸƏŸti necessitate neŸsess´ŸƏŸtāt necessarily * Recuerda usar ejemplos personales. Cubre las palabras y ejemplos y trata de recordarlas al leer las definiciones. Repite los ejemplos e inventa otros.) feeling homesick Canción mixteca is an or longing for the past obviously nostalgic song.2. Busca y escribe en la misma hoja. 5. o haz una tarjeta de trabajo para cada elemento. Luego.) homesickness. Si quieres. EXAMPLE (adj. 6. Word Map Otra sugerencia es hacer tarjetas con diagramas para cada palabra como se indica a continuación. palabras relacionadas. 37 . DEFINITION SYNONYM not difficult or complicated VOCABULARY WORD SIMPLE easy DRAW A PICTURE OR USE IN A SENTENCE ANTONYM complicated Learning vocabulary is nor simple. PUEDES CONSULTAR LOS LIBROS QUE HAS USADO EN LA ESCUELA E INCLUSO LAS INSTRUCCIONES QUE APARECEN EN ESTA GUÍA. but can be rewarding. incluyendo signos de puntuación y diferente tipografía. HAZ UN GRUPO SEMÁNTICO CON 20 DE LOS VERBOS QUE FRECUENTEMENTE APARECEN EN LAS INSTRUCCIONES PARA REALIZAR ACTIVIDADES EN UN LIBRO DE TEXTO O EN UN EXAMEN. concentración. Es muy importante la habilidad para formar grupos semánticos para entender vocabulario nuevo. esperas encontrar cierto tipo de vocabulario. Los dos siguientes ejercicios te ayudarán a tener en cuenta algunos verbos e instrucciones de frecuente aparición. si el título es. Cuando las leas pon atención a todo. “What to do in case of an accident”. Se dice que un grupo de palabras relacionadas de esta manera forman un grupo semántico. Por ejemplo. Ya desde que lees el título de un texto. Ejercicio 3. riesgo. etc. prevención. seguramente esperarás encontrar palabras como error. 38 .2. Un error común de los estudiantes al resolver un examen es ignorar las instrucciones o entenderlas parcial o erróneamente. Count the words and write the number. Divide the word. Number the words in alphabetical order. free. major in a ____subject consider practical anthropology h. _____ 9. _____ studied country Asian k. Put a check by the word. Put a box around the word. ejucashun m. memorization l. _____ 7. WRITE THE LETTERS OF THE WORDS ON THE LINES. high. _____ 10. ü activities d. politics 5. Fill in the blank. attention b. Cross out the word. an 8. Complete the word.3. connect them with lines. _____ 4. 39 . Write the words in order.Ejercicio 3. diffi culties i. Choose the correct word and circle it. _____ n. ______ a. draw lines. ______ e. _____ Students often work together in school. MATCH THE INSTRUCTIONS ON THE LEFT WITH THE WORDS ON THE RIGHT. _____ 12. OFTEN WORK TOGETHER IN SCHOOL STUDENTS 15. original education 13. _____ 11. __m___ 2. Circle the word. _____ f. ______ 3. Match the words. Underline the word. Candian c. Change the word. PAY SPECIAL ATTENTION TO THE VERBS. social business administration science 6. Cross out the mistakes and correct the word. study j. 1. _____ 14. popular _3_ g. (Write the past tense). __2__ society __1__ school __3__ system o. ). USE THE SAME WORD FOR BOTH BLANKS OF EACH ITEM.4. to answer = responder. de hecho está en infinitivo. Esto sucede tanto en inglés como en español. frío es sustantivo) Un par de ejemplos en inglés: He tried to answer the question. 40 . Some people avoid subways because of the big __________s ( __________ ( ) onto the trains of the mass-transit system twice a day. (en cambio aquí.Funciones de las palabras Ya dijimos en la unidad anterior que es importante conocer la función que desempeña una palabra nueva. 8 1.) La estrategia es. COMPLETE EACH SENTENCE WITH WORDS FROM THE PREVIOUS CHART. Ejercicio 3. el acento recae en la última. A continuación.) It’s difficult to find an answer to the problem. es buena idea que revises esta información en un libro de gramática. Si revisas un diccionario. por ejemplo. (answer es un verbo. hacer tablas con palabras que pueden tener más de una función sin ningún cambio en su forma. Can we solve the problem of overcrowding? No one can __________ ( We don’t have the __________ ( 8 ) this question. Si no conoces los nombres que se asignan a las palabras con base en sus funciones. What __________s ( ) air pollution? One __________ ( ) is traffic. un ejemplo de una tabla que te servirá como modelo para las que tú hagas. entonces. Los diccionarios te indican con abreviaturas que parte del discurso es una palabra particular. (frío nos dice cómo es el aire) o sustantivo: El frío de esta zona se combina con la humedad del ambiente. AND WRITE THE PART OF SPEECH (N FOR NOUN OR V FOR VERB). † El sustantivo en singular termina con una sonido sordo (como nuestra ese) y el verbo termina con un sonido sonoro (como suena la z en zoo). te darás cuenta de que algunas palabras pueden funcionar como sustantivo o como verbo. ) of people who 2. (answer es un sustantivo: respuesta. Noun answer cause change contrast crowd Verb answer cause change contrast* crowd Noun dream house increase study worry Verb dream house† increase* study worry * En el sustantivo la sílaba tónica es la primera y en el verbo. Por ejemplo. 3. Tomado de Interactions II. la palabra frío puede ser adjetivo: El aire frío hace que la llovizna se congele. the mass transit system is __________ ( ) at night. __________ ( ) can 7. The cost of housing doesn’t go down. En el siguiente ejercicio tendrás que aventurarte a usar palabras derivadas. 6. 5. Cuando no estés seguro de la forma que has creado. according to their __________s ( ). ADJ FOR ADJECTIVE. People can’t leave their homes ) of people everywhere. 41 . and the police don’t provide for their __________ ( ). live. conditions will __________ ( ) every year. Other people _________ ( Uso de los afijos Siempre que te encuentres con una palabra nueva. (n) to the problem of overcrowding. 3. trata de derivar otras palabras a partir de ellas usando los afijos que vas aprendiendo. People who live in big cities often __________ ( cause illness. pero es así como aprende a usar el idioma. 4. 9 Tomado de Interactions II. In some cities. Cuando un niño dice “juegar”. únicamente está aplicando los patrones que ha observado en el lenguaje. but this solve 2. ) of some people is to move to a rural area. A recent __________ ( Experts are __________ing ( ) has shown that indoor air pollution is a growing problem. V FOR VERB. worse: Some people __________ ( ) that urban life will get __________ ( ). it __________s ( with little money have to move because of the __________ ( 6. Often old people ). predict.5. ) every year. 5. The _________ ( ) of moving to a city. but they’re just beginning to learn about the many __________s ( ) that we have inside buildings. suburb: Many people prefer to __________ ( ) in the __________s ( ). crowd: There are __________s ( especially __________ ( ). COMPLETE EACH SENTENCE WITH A WORD DERIVED FROM THE ONE UNDELINED AND WRITE THE PART OF SPEECH IN THE PARENTHESES AFTER EACH BLANK (N FOR NOUN. they say that __________ ( ) __________ ( ) is more pleasant than city living. ) the situation and trying to find solutions. 8.4. ) about crime. AND ADV FOR ADVERB). consulta tu diccionario o las tablas que has hecho desde la unidad anterior. safe: The city is not __________ ( ) because of crime. people without __________s ( difficult to __________ ( ) may have to sleep in the streets. It is ) all the people who need apartments. 9 1. Ejercicio 3. Más tarde aprenderá que hay excepciones. pollute: Most people know about air __________ ( ) in big cities. solve: They are trying to find a is a difficult problem to solution (v). Advertising is a kind of __________ that has a strong __________ on consumers.6. En este caso. 5. it should not only influence people to buy products. A continuación algunos ejemplos para que te ejercites. Existen muchas variaciones a esta actividad. you can order items in an instant. Aprendizaje cooperativo Una estrategia que debes poner en práctica para aprender en general lo que se te enseña en la escuela. 3. 42 . but also inform them of basic facts. People in some areas burn wood for heat. Diseña grupos de palabras para "retar" a tus compañeros a encontrar la palabra que no pertenece al grupo. in other areas they use something __________ ( ). y en particular para aprender vocabulario. A continuación tienes algunos sufijos comunes junto con la función que normalmente indican. shopping for bargains is a kind of __________. las cuales puedes ir sugiriendo tú mismo. En ocasiones el equivalente en español tiene una terminación parecida (action-acción. For __________. 10 1. Grupos de palabras. 4.7. la sugerencia es realizar ejercicios con las palabras que estás estudiando (y las que tus compañeros están estudiando) para intercambiar información. THEN LOOK BACK AT THE LIST OF SUFFIXES TO CHECK YOUR ANSWERS. you can touch a videoscreen that sends information to a __________. For some addictive personalities. fracture-fractura) y a veces la terminación varía (player-jugador. 6. Bargain __________s are always hunting for discounts and low prices. Through computerized methods of shopping. A “money-back guarantee” __________ __________s. People who buy merchandise from mail-order houses should have this protection. Every person has his or her own __________ in relation to money. 10 Tomado de Interactions II. A person’s __________ opinions and values form the basis of his or her habits. Shopping in these pleasant stores can be a __________. differ: The causes of indoor air pollution __________ ( ) from area to area. es trabajar con tus mismos compañeros. specialty shops often sell __________ items from different countries of the world. se puede saber qué función tiene una palabra nueva a partir del sufijo o terminación de la palabra. 2. if they send products back before they consume them. A veces. COMPLETE EACH SENTENCE WITH WORDS RELATED TO THE UNDERLINED WORDS. Esto nos puede ser útil en el momento de adivinar su significado. protective-protector) Nouns -er/-or -ist -sion/-tion -ment -ee -(i)ty -ance/-ence -ure Adjectives -ive -able/-ible -(u)al -ic(al) -ful -ant/-ent -ous -ar(y) Ejercicio 3. the company will return their money. A continuación un ejemplo para que tú lo resuelvas. One reason for the __________ ( ) is that people heat their homes __________ ( ). psychologist 2. 13 Tomado de Interactions II. shopping 7. stores 3. beliefs knowledge functions customs 6. 43 . complete 9. emotions: anger sadness 3. solstice North Pole South Pole Equator Ejercicio 3. 13 1. values 10. CROSS OUT THE WORD IN EACH LINE THAT DOES NOT BELONG.9. Tomado de Interactions II. planet sun moon pyramid 9. spend scientist shops telephones credit bargain businessman products power accounts claim company markets video center discount salesclerk systems influence beliefs waste therapist checks specialty money sale advertiser items strength opinions save Ejercicio 3. things that cause disease: patient virus 5. architect monkey deer camel 5. priests inhabitants soldiers conductors 8. 12 1. merchandise 8. cash 5. EXPLAIN THE REASONS FOR YOUR ANSWERS. groups of people: organization tribe 11 12 exorcism effect trance bacteria throat cure rash supernatural society hatred community Tomado de Interactions II. stones monuments rocks caves 2. 11 1.7. body parts: target tooth 2.8. computers 4. symptoms of illness: insomnia blood 4. astronomy archeology psychology theory 3. WHICH WORD IN EACH GROUP DOES NOT BELONG? CROSS IT OUT. comfort 6. Mayas Aztecs Venus Apaches 7.Ejercicio 3. satellite planetarium shooting star supernova 4. CIRCLE THE WORDS IN EACH ITEM THAT BELONG IN THE CATEGORY. EXPLAIN YOUR DECISIONS: TELL THE CATEGORY OR CONTENT AREA OF THE WORDS THAT BELONG TOGETHER. _ed__ __l__ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ classroom jury virus budget justice blackboard courtroom sue priest account symptoms prayer ceremony treatment patient merchandise 17. 13. words in religion: prayer soul faith worship Ejercicio 3. _____ 21. _____ 26. _____ credit sin worship physician prison salesclerk faith charge exam cash deterrent consumer hospital graduate surgery discount Ejercicio 3. 15. more than one answer may be correct. 11. kinds of structures: pyramid amulet cave monument 9. 2. 1. 10. _____ 41. _____ 43. _____ 31. _____ 38. _____ 37. 8. and ___bus___ before the words about business and money. 7.10. _____ 24. ___rel___ before the words about religion. _____ 32. words in astronomy: planet universe drug space 12. 14. 9. CHECK ü THE WORD WHICH INDICATES THE CLASS AND CROSS OUT û THE WORD WHICH IS NOT A MEMBER OF THAT CLASS. IN THE FOLLOWING LISTS. 14 Example: stamp postcard letter bill û mail ü 1 food 2 hepatitis 3 cardiologist 4 plumber 5 butterfly restaurant influenza pediatrician occupation cockroach meat sickness doctor electrician spider bread doctor neurologist vacationer moth beans pneumonia hospital carpenter insect 14 Tomado de Reading. 4. ___med___ before the words about medicine. words in medicine: patient priest physician treatment 11. _____ 22. _____ 23. methods of diagnosis: blood test relaxation X-ray stomachache 7. _____ 25. _____ 30.6. _____ 18. _____ 19. _____ 28. _____ 46. _____ 40. _____ 44. _____ 20. 12. _____ bargain crime disease advertise worship instructor judge lesson dispute assignment punishment lecture memorize marketing cure illegal 33. _____ 36. places to live: suburbs village mosque solstice 8. Structures and Strategies II 44 . _____ 39. _____ 35.11. kinds of meetings: evil spirit ceremony celebration 10. _____ 45. 3. _____ 48. 6. In a few cases. What categories (content areas) are the following words usually connected with? Write ___ed___ on the lines before the words about education. _____ 34. _____ 47. _____ 29. 16. ___l___ before the words about law. _____ 42. _____ 27. 5. ). lobsters. the Bad and the Beautiful With over a million species. from the order Blattoidea.12. etc. Other characteristics which most insects have in common include: poor eyesight. In fact. Arthropoda include such other classes as Crustacea (shrimps. all of which have external skeletons. Read the passage. etc. the cockroaches. the class of insects (Insecta) is larger than all other classes of animal combined. scorpions. three pairs of legs and two pairs of wings. Insects are characterized by their small size. and complete the table below. but they can certainly hear the buzz of female mosquitoes. _____________ Phylum crustacea _____________ _____________ Class _____________ (cockroaches) _____________ (moths and butterflies) _____________ (butterflies) Order Sub-order _____________ (most moths) Family _____________ (hummingbird moths) tineidae _____________ (true butterflies) _____________ (only one species) Insects: The Good. and the oldest. Insects have existed for hundred of millions of years.Ejercicio 3. the Bad and the Beautiful. Insects: The Good. have been in existence for about 250 million years.) and Arachnida (spiders. hearing that is very different from ours (male mosquitoes cannot hear a pistol shot. -which they probably find more attractive than we do!). and very highly developed taste and smell (butterflies can taste with their feet as well as with their 45 . the only thing which has stopped insects from destroying all living things is the fact that so many insects kill other insects! Insects belong to the phylum Arthtopoda. Even though they are less popular with human beings than butterflies. found only in southwestern Mexico. Palabras compuestas Otro aspecto en el que debes poner atención es el referente a las palabras compuestas. have made moths in general less popular because they are terribly destructive. On the other hand. 46 . and make our lives a little more beautiful. To get merchandise from a mail-order company. En estos casos. La primera palabra puede ser un sustantivo. so attractive that many people forget they are insects – is the Lepidoptera: moths and butterflies. most of which belong to the sub-order of Jugatae. En el segundo ejemplo estamos hablando del sustantivo vida y el sustantivo que le antecede nos precisa el tipo de vida del que hablamos: vida en la ciudad o vida citadina. and many types of moth help in pollinating flowers. Some families of moths. while butterflies are active in the daytime. are very helpful in pollination. Butterflies are found on every continent and are divided into about six families and numerous sub-families. such as the Tineidae (clothes moth) and the Gelechiidae (grain moth). One of its three sub-families is Baroniinae which has only one species. Palabras que aparecen juntas. butterflies. others. City life (sustantivo + sustantivo). all of which belong to the less primitive sub-order of Frenatae. unfortunately. and tend to be nocturnal. Perhaps the order of insects which man finds most attractive – in fact. you dial a toll-free telephone number. Papilonidae (true butterflies) is an example of a family. Moths. such as Sphingidae (hummingbird moths) are very beautiful. other moth families. un adjetivo o un adverbio pero su función es darnos más información sobre el sustantivo que preceden: En el primer ejemplo tenemos a mail-order company. que es una empresa a la que se le pueden hacer pedidos por correo y a toll-free telephone number. such as the Saturnidae (giant silk moths) are very useful to us. Haz tu propio inventario de palabras compuestas o de aquellos pares de palabras que normalmente aparecen juntas (a veces separadas por un guión). are not so brightly colored. moths still have their supporters. normalmente la última palabra es un sustantivo o un adjetivo.mouths and the male luna moth can smell the scent of the female from 30 kilometers away). are not usually so destructive. generally have fatter bodies than butterflies. que es un número telefónico gratuito. too many people in one place Tomado de Interactions II. _____ 9. 5. _____ 10. 7. Adaptado de Interactions II. COMPLETE EACH SENTENCE WITH THE MISSING WORDS. _____ 6. jobs that require reading and writing g. 4. Ejercicio 3. 6. DRAW A LINE BETWEEN THE TWO WORDS OF EACH COMPOUND. 16 administration 1. 8. and their _________ transportation systems. CHOOSE FROM THE FOLLOWING: 15 financial air city self specially mass socially quitting shopping business office traffic 1. 2. high business drinking public bargain charge behavior selfschool ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ hunting discipline therapy account school water transportation preparatoria_____________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ Ejercicio 3. During the famous New York blackout. They might spend a lot of time at work because it is a _________ acceptable way to meet people. MAKE PAIRS BY WRITING A NOUN FROM THE BOX. _____ 5. and they count the hours until _________ time. Some advantages of big _________ life are the _________ centers with their interesting _________ shops. _____ 3. __h__ 2. the center of a city c. _____ 8. a recording with television pictures d. many people had _________ meetings outside. Most workers work only for financial security. between the ages of thirteen and nineteen f. A disadvantage is the _________ jams. money for work e. 3. when there was no _________-conditioning in their _________ buildings. THEN WRITE THE EQUIVALENT EXPRESSION IN SPANISH. _____ 4. jobs in the garden j.15.14. 17 Tomado de Interactions II. People who enjoy their work may have a lot of _________-confidence. 2. a surface on the wall to write on i. room in a school b.Ejercicio 3. 4. 47 . 17 1. _____ 15 16 blackboard teenage overcrowding classroom yardwork downtown videotape paperwork paycheck undercover a.13. _____ 7. THEN MATCH THE WORDS WITH THE DEFINITIONS BY WRITING THE CORRESPONDING LETTERS ON THE LINES. acting secretly h. 3. __________________________________ 5. Choose from these: 19 part-time self-discipline X-rays inch-deep one-third old-fashioned up-to-date well-known realistic-looking 1. __________________________________ 6. for example. _________________________________ 14. _________________________________ 10. they do not forget their difficult pasts. _________________________________ 13. miniature ships were put in bowls of ____________ water. __________________________________ 3. _________________________________ 11. audiences expect that ____________ special effects will be created by ____________ technology. In the past. They are no longer satisfied with simple. como en el siguiente ejercicio. WRITE THEM ON THE LINES. Acting is difficult work that requires a lot of ____________. in one war movie. Nowadays. Ejercicio 3. te invitamos a formar tus propias palabras compuestas. One ____________ actor friend of mine. Complete the sentences with the missing hyphenated words. __________________________________ 4. for instance. however. 2. 3. _________________________________ 12. __________________________________ 9. ADD HYPHENS IF NECESSARY. IN ANY ORDER? WORK AS FAST AS YOU CAN. A doctor kills patients by taking X-rays . _________________________________ 15. This mystery takes place in a hospital. AND THEN CHECK THEM IN YOUR DICTIONARY. remembers that he used to spend about ____________ of each day looking for work. He had to take many ____________ jobs in fields other than entertainment. Tomado de Interactions II. HOW MANY COMPOUND WORDS OR PHRASES CAN YOU MAKE FROM THESE WORDS. 48 . ____________ stories and good acting. __________________________________ 8 _________________________________ 16. 18 19 Tomado de Interactions II.De nuevo.16.17. __________________________________ Ejercicio 3. illusions were created simply. 18 high net office college self work exam public police tuition science transportation life planning confidence school service city 1. When performers become famous. __________________________________ 7. __________________________________ 2. 2. 3. so I'm going to go to my compartment and ______________. 8. 20 1.” 5. 7.” said the passenger as he put down his mystery novel. “In fact. 21 play a role behind schedule at the end of his rope take photographs half asleep burst into tears private eye take advantage of in a hurry turn in lose his temper 1.19.” Grimsley said. art painter actor statue painting designer entertainer tourist artist musician passenger transportation king traveler bus royalty Christianity murder subway prince religion Islam crime theft Expresiones En ciertos tipos de textos. 5. so he began to ______________ as he talked.Ejercicio 3. CIRCLE THE WORD THAT INCLUDES THE MEANINGS OF THE OTHERS. 4. CHOOSE FROM THESE EXPRESSIONS. People who are always in a hurry complain when their plane is ______________. Even her crying was an act. 4. “That was a great book. 2. she didn’t really need to ______________ at all. she wasn’t a rich princess at all. he was ______________. “Some day I’d like to become a ______________ and solve crimes myself. COMPLETE EACH SENTENCE WITH THE MISSING WORDS. 6. I’m ______________ already.18. 3. Existen diccionarios especializados en expresiones idiomáticas pero también en un diccionario de uso común aparecen algunas de ellas. es muy común encontrarse con frases hechas y expresiones idiomáticas. 49 . The detective knew that the woman he was talking to was lying. IN EACH OF THE FOLLOWING ITEMS. Tomado de Interactions II. “I’m too sleepy to talk anymore. Aquí un par de ejercicios para que practiques con algunas. they often stop with their cameras to ______________. 20 21 Tomado de Interactions II.” 6. Ejercicio 3. but she knew how to ______________. Tourists like to travel slowly so that they can ______________ the beautiful places of their tours. he was also angry. The man was so upset about the crime that he didn’t know what to do. ____ 2. Inc. not hurry. (1990). M. d. LOOK UP THE MEANINGS OF THE UNDERLINED IDIOMS IN YOUR DICTIONARY. Reading English for Academic Study.U. et. et. READ THESE SENTENCES.: Newbury House Publishers. Interactions II. I hit the nail on the head in this one. 50 . Elaine & P. K & C. México: McGraw Hill.20. “I’m dead tired. ____ 5.S. Taylor. Get Ready to Read. c. Long. Kirn. Hartmann.Ejercicio 3. fake (not real) tears Bibliografía Blanchard. ____ take one’s time hit the nail on the head crocodile tears get the show on the road dead tired hit the roof a. 22 I think I’d be good at it. al.: Longman. b.” Finally he hit the roof.A. move in a relaxed way very sleepy start an activity figure out something. get very angry f. J. Reading. get it exactly right e. ____ 3. ____ 4. (2005). 1. México: Macmillan. (2000). Structure and Strategies 2. al. 22 Tomado de Interactions II. They like to get the show on the road as quickly as possible. E. Root. (1980). ____ 6.A. THEN MATCH THE IDIOMS ON THE LEFT WITH THEIR MEANINGS ON THE RIGHT BY WRITING THE LETTERS ON THE APPROPRIATE LINES. They like to take their time. She was crying only crocodile tears. U. El estudiante será capaz de utilizar las estrategias para obtener la idea general de un texto. 51 . y es muy importante que aprendas a realizarlo correctamente. La tipografía. o de interés. como: a. d. por eso debes aprovechar los elementos visuales que el autor utiliza para apoyar la exposición de sus ideas. Por ello. para tomar esta decisión utilizamos la estrategia llamada skimming. a la vez que te ayuda a determinar dónde empiezas a buscar información específica. Elementos visuales. ya que con ello obtendrás la idea general del texto. como un preludio a “scanning” (este concepto se desarrollará en la unidad siguiente). Descubrir dónde empezar la búsqueda de información específica. ¿Cómo se hace el skimming de un texto? Según tus propios propósitos. c.UNIDAD 4 ¿Cómo obtengo la idea general de un texto? Propósitos. se escriben con cursivas o negritas b. por su parte. Pero esto no siempre es así. rastrear superficialmente. En esta unidad estudiarás qué hacer antes de leer un texto. se puede ojear de varias maneras y atendiendo varios aspectos del texto. Hay textos que por su naturaleza deben leerse en detalle. Skimming es echarle un vistazo al texto para ver de qué se trata. extranjeras o técnicas. Antes de leer un texto debemos decidirr si es necesario leerlo detalladamente o no. En inglés a esto se le llama Skimming. etcétera. Existen cuatro razones fundamentales para ojear una lectura: a. la lectura de un texto completo o tan sólo una parte específica de él. Asimismo. b. Cerciorarse del contenido general. En una lectura puedes encontrarte con tipografía (tipo de letra) distinta. las palabras clave. para distinguirlas de las demás. como por ejemplo: poemas. Obtener la idea general. al igual que algunos nombres. lo cual consiste en obtener la idea general del mismo. material de un libro de texto. instrucciones. es decir. donde se resaltan con letras más grandes: el título. la manera normal de leer un texto es precisamente “leerlo”. encabezados y algunas frases claves. los elementos visuales pueden ayudarte a entender los conceptos vertidos en palabras por el autor. Como recordarás. Las palabras expresan las ideas en forma simbólica. Asegurarse de si será útil. es muy importante que reconozcas que el título salta a la vista con una tipografía más grande para que te des una idea de qué tratará el texto que vas a leer. Quizás te preguntes por qué es necesario hacer skimming de un texto. De hecho. sin leerlo detalladamente. “skimming” significa ojear. Una representación visual bien pensada puede valer mil palabras. o hacer más emotiva o inmediata una situación. Diagramas. si hay punto y coma tienes dos oraciones que aunque separadas. en cambio. – ¿Le habló a Juan? – No. con el señalamiento no es tan complicado. c. etc. Mapas y planos. Explican el funcionamiento de algo. no hay nada más claro que una gráfica que presenta los mismos datos en forma visual. Se utilizan con frecuencia. definiciones. Lo mismo pasa en inglés. Indican pregunta o duda Indican admiración Sirven para separar ideas. listados. están muy ligadas entre si.· · · · Gráficas y tablas. hablé con Maria (él está de viaje) y no quiere ir. los dos puntos también te ayudan a encontrar ejemplos. Su uso es muy común en los textos académicos e informativos. definiciones. sino además puede crear un ambiente. no es tan complicado como parece. 52 . por ejemplo. Puntuación: Es un sistema de señalamiento que se utiliza para guiarte a través de una lectura. Lee este fragmento sin puntuación: Le habló a Juan no hablé con María él está de viaje y no quiere ir ¿Pudiste descifrar el sentido? No es fácil. Son especialmente útiles para presentar información numérica. lo cual facilita la comprensión. no hay nada más confuso que una explicación textual del clima y. Observa que es de especial importancia entender la función de los dos puntos en inglés. sin duda estás frente a una definición o ejemplo de algo. Sin embargo. Separan principal la cláusula subordinada de la De esta manera sabes que si en una lectura te encuentras con paréntesis. listados. Fotografías y dibujos. no sólo para dar información. la cual consiste en especificar. etc. Explicar la localización relativa de Montevideo y la Ciudad de México sin hacer referencia a un mapa sería buscar problemas inútiles. toma en cuenta lo siguiente: Comma (coma) Semi-colon (punto y coma) Period (punto) Two commas (dos comas) Parentheses (paréntesis) Dashes (guiones largos) Colon (dos puntos) Question mark (interrogación) Exclamation mark (admiración) Ejemplifican o dan más información Introducen ejemplos. Lee el último párrafo. los dos puntos. Fíjate en los diferentes tipos de letra. 2. 4. ¿Qué es lo que te dice? ¿Qué tanto sabes de ese tema? 3. un artículo de revista o periódico. te darás cuenta de que para obtener una idea general: · No necesitas leer el texto por completo. sin embargo “actual” no significa actual. c) La fuerza nuclear menor. significa lo que te imaginas: familia. el realizar el skimming de tu texto te ayudará a comprenderlo mejor. 9. enriquecen tu lectura y facilitan la comprensión.Analiza las siguientes oraciones: There are four basic forces in nature: the strong nuclear force. fechas o lugares. las cursivas y las negritas. que es el propósito de esta unidad. los dos puntos en esta oración te especifican cuáles son las tres lluvias de meteoros que ocurrirán este mes y entre paréntesis te agregan cuándo pasará cada una de ellas. Localiza los signos de puntuación. Gracias a los signos de puntuación te darás cuenta que según la oración existen 4 fuerzas básicas: a) La fuerza nuclear mayor. 7. aplicar la estrategia de Skimming a un texto es muy fácil. d) La gravedad. and the Leonids (on the 18th) Como lo mencionamos anteriormente. Localiza en el texto nombres. artículo de Internet. y en algunas ocasiones la idea general del texto. a estas palabras les llamamos Cognados. recuerda la función de cada uno de ellos. quizás con palabras diferentes a las que aparecen en el primer párrafo. electromagnetism. Resumiendo. con esto te darás cuenta de que esto bastará para obtener una idea general. Three meteor showers are due this month: The Tanrids (on the 5th). si es un poema. pero no te confundas. es clave en la lectura. Como habrás visto. tendrás una idea general del texto. Si lo practicas. éstos también te ayudarán a comprenderlo mejor. 6. es un cognado falso que significa “real”. por ejemplo. etcétera. los paréntesis. cantidades. 8. extracto de un texto. donde. lo cual te ayudará a una mejor comprensión cuando realices una lectura más detallada. Apóyate en las palabras que saltan a la vista. Lee el primer párrafo. Identifica el tipo de texto. recuerda que hay cognados verdaderos y falsos. y esto te facilitará la comprensión del mismo. ya que te presenta la introducción de la misma. la mayoría de las veces. Localiza los elementos visuales como los que citamos anteriormente. pues son indicativos de la importancia del texto así resaltado. b) El electromagnetismo. 53 . Si cada vez que tienes una lectura en tus manos te acostumbras a ojearlo siguiendo los pasos anteriores. etc. the Andromeids (on the 14th). Lee la primera oración de cada párrafo subsecuente. encontrarás la conclusión del texto y también podrías encontrar la idea general del mismo. “family” es un cognado verdadero. sobre todo las comillas. 5. the weak nuclear force and gravity. cuyo significado inferimos rápidamente por su transparencia morfológica. 10. carta personal. Lee el título. si sigues estos pasos: 1. have been used by man since ancient times. Others. such as titanium and germanium. al contrario. chromium-plated taps. A continuación. Metals 23 More than three-quarters of the elements are metals. Some. tungsten filaments in light bulbs. others. a silver teaspoon. and perhaps a mercury-filled thermometer. like iron. tin-plated cans of food. which is iron mixed with carbon. very rare. nickel. but it is hard to imagine life without them. molybdenum. 23 Tomado de: Reading.Structure And Strategy Intermediate. At home you will find aluminium pots and pans. 54 . No llegarás a la lectura sin idea de lo que se trata. about 80 in all. te presentamos un diagrama de cómo se hace el skimming de un texto: · Tìtulo · Subtítulos · Tipo de texto · · · tipografía · elementos visuales · signos de puntuación skimming · 1er párrafo · 1era oración de cada pàrrafo · último párrafo · cognados · nombres · fechas · lugares Ejercicio 4. A whole range of items from bed-springs to cutlery are made of different types of steel. have only become important in the last 25 years. lead and copper pipes. chromium.No necesitas entender palabra por palabra. Only about two-dozen metals are widely used.1. and a piece of gold jewellery. or vanadium. · El skimming es el preludio al scanning. germanium transistors in the television set. SKIM THE FOLLOWING TEXT TO ANSWER THE QUESTIONS. manganese. a dustbin or water tank of iron galvanized with zinc. like platinum. comenzarás una lectura más detallada con una idea bastante clara de su contenido general o descartarás su lectura en caso de que no contenga la información que necesitas. are very common. Some gold and copper for example. Even when the pure metal elements have been won from the earth they are not always very useful. Mixed with small quantities of other elements such as carbon and 1. Titanium and germanium are important. More than three-quarters of the elements are metals. What is the text about? ____________________________________________________ 2. Pure iron. 55 . Geologists find the metal-bearing rocks. The type of text is: a. b) Yes. 3. it gives you a phone number where you can get more information. In which paragraph can you find the introduction of the text? ______________________ 6. A personal letter. a) false b) true 3: Which category of video isn't listed? a) educational b) exercise c) film d) travel 4: A telephone number is provided. it says that this information is available online. c. c) Yes. but are combined chemically with other elements. engineers mine them. Ejercicio 4. ___________________________________ 4. Write five cognates you may find in the text. What is the topic of the first paragraph?_______________________________________ 5. b. What is the general idea of the text? a. b. A poem.2. for instance. and chemists extract the metals from them. There are 80 elements. a) true b) false 5: This text tells you where to get more information about how many items you can borrow from the library. Skim the text and answer the questions 1: This text is about: a) library resources b) opening hours c) fines and other fees d) membership conditions 2: Information is given about borrowing CDs. a) Yes. d) No. it tells you about the enquiry desk in the library.Metals are not usually found as free elements in the earth. Iron is not common. Before they are available for use a great deal of work is necessary. d. c. A chapter in a book. is not very strong and rusts very easily. this information isn't included. An internet page d. In which one can you find the conclusion of the text? ____________________________ 7. Euston Road. Park Lane and Edgware Road. horror. The longer that the penalty is not paid. Not everyone has to pay the £5. Monday to Friday. Persistent offenders have their vehicles clamped and removed. The cameras read the registration plates and send the information to a computer. 8: Which month is 'library month'? a) November b) August 9: What is the name of the library? a) Frimsborough Town Library b) Frimsborough County Library 10: What type of text is this text? a) informative text b) descriptive text c) September d) April c) Frimsborough Village Library d) Framborough District Library c) persuasive d) instructive Ejercicio 4. monthly or annually. Drivers can travel along these roads without incurring the charge.00am and 6. weekly. phoning. These people/organisations have to apply for exemption.30pm. Those exempt include residents. which can be done online. SKIM THE TEXT AND ANSWER THE QUESTIONS London congestion charging The charge was introduced on Monday 17 February 2003 to encourage people to leave their cars behind and use public transport when travelling in central London. which checks whether the owner has paid the charge and. January 2003 c. February 2003 d. emergency services. via the Internet. texting on their mobile phones and over the counter at petrol stations and convenience stores.com/. For more information. April 2003 56 . They can pay online. a) true b) false c) The text doesn't say. It was introduced due to the high pollution levels and traffic congestion. The London Congestion Charge works by using around 900 cameras at the boundary and within the zone. Maps of this zone are published in the national press and are available from a range of outlets as well as online. the larger the fine.6: What types of fictional books are listed? a) romantic.cclondon.3. call 0845 900 1234 or visit Transport for London's congestion charge website at http://www. if not. science-fiction and adventure b) historical novels c) sporting adventures d) Spanish fiction 7: Members can also borrow CD Roms. registered-disabled drivers. Commuters have a choice about how they pay the £5. taxis and those using alternative energy vehicles. whether the owner has claimed exemption. They can pay daily. 1: This article tells you about a charge that has been around since: a. If drivers have not paid the charge by 10pm that day (and are not exempt) a penalty notice is sent to his/her home address. Commuters also have a choice about how often they pay. The Inner Ring Road forms the congestion zone boundary and includes roads such as Marylebone Road. March 2003 b. Commuters have to pay £5 for each day they wish to travel through or within the charge zone between the hours of 7. 8: Can you find out about the different methods that are being used to check whether drivers have paid the congestion charge? a. yes b. businesses c. the weather in London. d. Yes. no b. The text doesn't say. the process to check whether drivers have paid the congestion charge 3: Is there more than one way to pay the congestion charge? a.everyone has to pay online. b. London residents b. the days and times the Congestion Charge applies c.the method of payment depends on where you live. c. b. students d. Call a telephone number or visit a website. d. 10: This text does give information about: a. The text doesn't say. yes b. d. No . No. the number of drivers who evade paying the charge each day d. the names of shops where you can get Congestion Charge maps 57 . Yes .but you cannot change your preferred method of payment once you have chosen. everyone 6: What type of text is this? a. c. but this text doesn't say where you can get them from. descriptive c. persuasive 7: How does the text suggest that can you find out more about the London Congestion Charge? a. instructive b. b. Yes and this text tells you where you can get them. Write a letter to 'Transport for London'. 4: Does the article inform the reader about why the charge was introduced? a. people who are exempt from paying the charge b. the roads that form the boundaries of the zone d. yes 9: Are maps of the congestion zone available to the public? a. No . Speak to your local MP. informative d. how London's residents were consulted about the charge c. maps aren't available. no 5: This text is aimed at: a.2: The article doesn't give information about: a. c. Instead. Harry thought he was heading in the right direction but. letting him know that he wasn't alone. the mist meant that he couldn't see for more than 20 metres.. c) It was his best friend's apartment. This Sunday morning though.then another hour.. he still hadn't reached it. the daily grind had started to get to him and he had had little time for pleasures such as relaxation.. he would be back there soon? 1: This piece of text can be described as: a) informative b) persuasive c) instructive d) descriptive 2: The weather in this story can best be described as: a) sunny b) misty c) humid d) cold 3: Why was Harry in the apartment? a) It was his own apartment. He had looked forward to a country retreat. the twigs snapped under his feet and the dew from the trees dripped on to his shoulder. often used in the warmer summer months. Anxious not to let the day slip away. Feeling better after a rest and some food. Looking out of his sash window. beautiful interior decor and a range of country pursuits such as clay pigeon shooting and horse riding.Ejercicio 4. Harry had looked forward to his annual holiday. many activities were cancelled due to the low-lying mist. Harry decided that a walk through the nearby forest would enable him to relax. The holiday had been booked for weeks. Working hard in the city centre. As he walked along the path. far away from the hustle and bustle of work. He had been told about a clearing in the middle of the forest that would greet him with a comfortable bench. a) true b) false 58 . d) He was on holiday.4. he had expected to be greeted with the promised view of rolling hills and animals grazing in the meadow below. Harry heard the birds sitting in the trees above him. So he set off just after breakfast. 4: At this hotel you can normally do clay pigeon shooting and horse riding. Harry continued to try to find his way back to the comfort of his holiday accommodation.he was still walking amongst the tall oak trees. b) It was his parents' apartment. By now he was getting worried. SKIM THE TEXT AND ANSWER THE QUESTIONS (An extract from 'The path that led nowhere') The mist clouded Harry's view as he woke up early that morning. Another hour passed. Surely. over an hour later. He decided to rest and sat on a fallen tree to enjoy his lunch. This apartment in an eighteenth-century mansion had caught his eye as it promised exquisite cuisine. He headed towards the forest with a small packed lunch in case the mist prevented him from returning to the mansion before lunchtime.. 24 http.co.5. 24 SKIM THE TEXT AND ANSWER THE QUESTIONS Portham Village Primary School ABSENCE Illness If your child is absent from school you should telephone the school office on the first day. When he/she returns to school. If possible. b)Harry goes on holiday. then decides to go for a walk. a written explanation about the nature of the illness must be provided so that school records can be kept up-to-date. he gets lost and has to stay overnight at a hotel. this should be avoided as it is important that children do not miss out on their education (see page 9 regarding examinations). stops for lunch. at the discretion of the headteacher. They should wear the blue and the grey striped school ties at all times.bbc.5: This extract doesn't mention: a) the birds in the forest b) how Harry got to the hotel in the first place c) why Harry wanted to go to this hotel d) the weather 6: What kind of story is this? a) a romance b) a horror story c) a mystery d) a comedy 7: How many people are featured in this story? a) one b) three c) two d) four people and a dog 8: Which of these has the right events in the right order? a) Harry eats his lunch. SCHOOL UNIFORM It is not compulsory for children to wear school uniform although it is strongly encouraged so that the children feel part of the school community. there were lots of animals in the forest. a) true b) false Ejercicio 4. All medical and dentist appointments should be made outside School hours unless unavoidable. 10: By the end of this piece of text. Boys Boys should wear blue shirts (long or short sleeved) with grey trousers and the school jumper. 9: Apart from the birds. a) true b) false c) The text doesn't say.uk/skilswise 59 . Holidays The Board of Governors states that annual holiday should not be taken during term time although. However. looks for a clearing but doesn't find it.//www. pupils may take up to two weeks off school. decides to go for a walk. Harry has found his way out of the forest. (2004). Does this text tell parents how to purchase second-hand uniform? ______________________________________________________________________ 9. True or False? This text tells parents about the issues of bullying? ______________________________________________________________________ 7. Is the prospectus aimed at the children or the parents? ______________________________________________________________________ 2. Thailand: Macmillan. ______________________________________________________________________ 6. EXTRA-CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES There is a wide range of clubs for children according to their age. James. The school operates a ‘budget shop’ once a term so that parents may purchase second-hand clothing. Developing Reading Keys. Does this text tell you about school lunches? ______________________________________________________________________ 10. As well as illness. At not time must they wear trainers. Does the text give details of the curriculum? ______________________________________________________________________ 5. True or False? This text gives you the telephone number to call if your child is ill. short-tennis. Participation in clubs is strongly encouraged. Reading. Miles. 1. Taylor. ballet and/or swimming. Footwear and accessories All children should wear black school shoes. Girls may wear studs which must be removed for PE. ______________________________________________________________________ Bibliografía Craven. Thailand: Macmillan. Structure and Strategy Intermediate. (2004). Extending Reading Keys. 60 . French and homework. Does the prospectus give parents information about school examinations? ______________________________________________________________________ 8. Craven. Would you use this text to: a) find directions to the school? b) find out what time the school opens? c) find out about school uniform? 3. Miles. Reception Year children may attend football. Mexico: Macmillan. et al. True or False? You can find out about school clubs from this text. Year 2-7 children mey also attend the following clubs: archery. which issue does the ‘Absence’ section deal with? ______________________________________________________________________ 4.Girls Girls should wear grey pinafores with white blouses and the school jumper.(1995). En resumen: Skimming significa “ojear” para obtener la idea general de un texto. leas las preguntas para saber con precisión qué información debes encontrar y entonces apliques el scanning al texto para responder las preguntas. índices de libros. es decir. etc. el skimming te ayuda a darte una idea general del texto. Una vez cubierto este requisito. cuál es el número telefónico del museo. aprovechamos el skimming para descubrir el sistema general de ordenamiento. Esta es una estrategia particularmente útil cuando se aplica a textos que contienen encabezados o indicaciones tipográficas que indican el contenido de secciones o párrafos. en qué sala. Un directorio se utiliza cuando necesitamos el número telefónico de alguna persona. en los cuales tienes que localizar información específica como a qué hora comienza la película. boletos de transporte. El estudiante será capaz de utilizar estrategias de localización de información específica. Ejercicio 5. Para utilizar esta estrategia. como el directorio telefónico.1. Como viste en la unidad anterior. A esto se le llama scanning. en qué página está el tema que buscas. ya habrás identificado en el texto la sección que probablemente contenga la información específica que requieres. ¿Cómo realizar el scanning? Puedes empezar ojeando el texto (skimming) para ver dónde iniciar tu búsqueda del dato específico. Lo mismo puede aplicarse al caso particular de un examen de comprensión de lectura. Sería ridículo “leer” ciertos tipos de textos. puedes empezar a aplicar el scanning ya que mediante el skimming. ordenan el contenido alfabéticamente con base en el primer apellido. En esta unidad aprenderás otra estrategia. por lo que. para facilitar la búsqueda. etc. El hecho es que ciertos textos están diseñados para ojearse o rastrearse y no para leerse detalladamente. En inglés a esto se le llama scanning. En esta unidad aprenderás estrategias para localizar información específica de un texto. prerrequisito para un rastreo eficaz de textos largos. Se recomienda que antes de leer el texto en su totalidad. recorres con la vista (rastreas) rápidamente el directorio hasta encontrar la información que necesitas. Así. un directorio telefónico. tampoco tendría sentido ojearlo a fin de tener una idea general de su contenido. Los diseñadores saben que los usuarios rastrean el directorio. Este es el caso de textos como la cartelera cinematográfica. mapas. – Con este objetivo en mente. cuando quieres identificar el número de teléfono de un negocio o establecimiento. Scanning significa “rastrear” para obtener información específica. tienes que tener claro lo que buscas. realizas una lectura de sólo aquellos elementos que te permiten obtener dicha información.UNIDAD 5 ¿Cómo obtengo información específica de un texto? Propósitos. consistente en “rastrear” el texto para encontrar información específica. 61 .. 25 25 Éste y los siguientes dos textos están tomados de la serie Reading Keys. American children and youths spend more then four hours a day with television. including a monkey. 43% of violent scenes involve humor. What are they? __________________________________________________________ 3.000 ______________________________________________________________ WHAT´S ON TV? A National Television Violence Survey (NTVS) found that 61% of television programs contain some violence. 8. Saturday morning children’s programs in the U. 100. a. feature twenty to twenty-five acts of violence per hour. There are about fifty animal figures up to 275 meters long. and an “owl man”. computers. How can the figures be seen? _______________________________________________ 6. Give five possible reasons why the lines were made. Ejercicio 5. four hours _____________________________________________________________ b. Where are the Nazca Lines? ________________________________________________ 2. Only 16% of violent programs feature the realistic result of violent actions. What percentage of television programs contain some violence? ____________________ 3. 1. twenty to twenty-five ____________________________________________________ c. enormous shapes. Here. ___________________________________________________________________ NAZCA LINES One of the most amazing mysteries on earth can be found in the desert of southwest Peru. a spider. no harm? ____________________________________________________________ d.000 ________________________________________________________________ d. How many animal figures are there? __________________________________________ 4. no blood? ____________________________________________________________ e. What percentage of violent scenes show: a.000 acts of violence. ___________________________________________________________________ d.S.2. What do these numbers refer to? a.READ THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS AND SCAN THE TEXT WHAT´S ON TV? IN ORDER TO ANSWER THEM. 58% show no pain. 86% feature no blood. 1. 47% show no harm. videos and video games. ___________________________________________________________________ b. ___________________________________________________________________ e. They are known as the Nazca lines and they cover 500 kilometers. What does “NTVS” stand for? _______________________________________________ 2. humor? ____________________________________________________________ b. complex patterns and thousands of perfectly straight lines are cut into the desert’s surface.000 murders and 100.A. 62 . Who made the lines? ______________________________________________________ 7. no pain? ____________________________________________________________ c. READ THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS AND SCAN THE TEXT NAZCA LINES IN ORDER TO ANSWER THEM. How old are the most recent lines? ___________________________________________ 5. The average sixth grader has seen 8. the real consequences of violence? ________________________________________ 4. ___________________________________________________________________ c. The last of these lines were drawn about 1,000 years ago. More amazing is the fact that they can only be viewed from the air. Some people believe the Nazca Indians were somehow able to fly, perhaps in balloons. Others say the lines were landing areas for alien spaceships, or perhaps an enormous map of the stars. Maybe the lines were to carry water for farming, or were used as a calendar. Perhaps they were sacred roads to walk along on a religious journey. The only thing that is certain is that the Nazca lines remain one of the world’s most fascinating unsolved mysteries. Ejercicio 5.3. READ THESE QUESTIONS. THEN SCAN THE TEXT BELOW TO FIND THE ANSWERS. a. How many children does Madonna have? b. How many times has she been married? c. What did she want to be when she was young? d. How long has she been pop star? e. Did Elvis have more number one hits than Madonna? f. How has she changed with the times? g. What does she have complete control of? Madonna Madonna is a twice-married mother of two, in her forties. She is also the successful female singer in history. Believe it or not, she originally wanted to be a ballet dancer! Today, she has been at the top of pop for over twenty years. She has had more number one hits then the Beatles or Elvis Presley. But exactly how has she been able to stay at the top for so long? The answer is easy –she has changed with the times, by regularly changing her image. She also has complete control of every part of her music career. Ejercicio 5.4. SCAN THE FOLLOWING PASSAGE, THEN CHOOSE THE BEST OPTION. Lowood School 26 Lowood School was in an unhealthy place, where the weather was often bad. The buildings were wet and cold. Mr. Brocklehurst, who owned the school, was a rich man. But he did not buy warm clothes for us, and we never ate any good food. Everybody hated him. That spring the weather was very bad, and many of the girls became sick. Some of them left the school and never came back. Many of the girls who stayed died. We had a terrible time. There were no lessons because Miss Temple and the other teachers were busy taking care of the sick pupils. Mr. Brocklehurst had to buy better food for us, and warm clothes. He never came to the school, though. Not once. The next year, Lowood School moved to a better, more healthy place. There were new schoolrooms, new bedrooms, and a new dining room. The new buildings were bright and clean, and the teachers were happy. After that, I was happy at Lowood School. I was a pupil at this school for six years. Then I became a teacher at the school for two years. 1. Mr. Blocklehurst … a. was the owner of the school 2. In the Spring … a. many girls became ill and died. 3. Miss Temple … a. became sick. 26 b. was a teacher in the school. b. all the girls left the school. b. helped children. Tomado de: Developing Reading Keys, página 8. 63 4. In the end, Lowood School … a. became worse. b. became better. 5. The girl who is narrating the story … a. left the school as soon as she could. b. stayed at the school and became a teacher. Ejercicio 5.5. SCAN THE STORY. THEN CHOOSE THE CORRECT OPTION BELOW AND UNDERLINE IT. The Old Man and the Bearl A Traditional Ukranian story One day, an old man was planting lettuce seeds in a forest. Suddenly, a big bear arrived. “Old man, I`m going to kill you! “ said the bear. The old man said, “Please let me live, Bear. If you let me live, when my plants are ready, I will give you all of the roots to eat.” The bear agreed, went deep into the forest. He came back when the lettuces were ready. The old man gave the bear all the roots, but when the bear tasted them, he became angry and roared, “Old man, you tricked me! The tops are better than the roots! I`m going to kill you!” To save his life, the old man offered to give the bear the tops of the plants next year. The bear agreed and went away. When the crop was ready, the bear came back. “Where are my tops, old man?” roared the bear. “Here they are. Eat all you want,” replied the old man. But when the bear ate the tops he was angry. They tasted terrible. “I planted carrots this year,” explained the man, and ran back into the village. And that`s how bears and men first became enemies. a. In this story,... 1. the old man tricks the bear. 2. the bear tricks the old man. b. In the second year, the old man... 1. plants a different type of seed. 2. plants the same type of seed. c. The old man... 1. kills the bear. 2. escapes from the bear. The story explains... 3. why men and bears don`t like each other. 4. why bears are always looking for food. d. The origin of this story is... 1. worldwide. 2. from one country. 64 Ejercicio 5.6. SCAN THE TEXT. THEN WRITE T (FOR TRUE) OR F (FOR FALSE) FOR THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES. Memories After my wife died a year ago, my son and daughter started to ask questions like “Are you going to stay in this big house all alone?” and “Don’t you think a small apartment would be better for you, now?” They still ask me these same questions all the time. I know that they want me lo leave so they can sell the house and share the money. But I don’t want to move. Although I’m eighty-two, I am independent and able to look after myself. They think I am being selfish, but all my memories are here. This is where I spent all my life and I don’t want to go to a strange place. I have some good friends who live near here, and I would miss them. My children seldom visit. Why would I want to live in a strange place away from my friends? I know one day I might have to leave if I’m ill, but not yet. My health is good, and I want to stay here. I wish my children would stop trying to force me out. I don’t want to argue with them, but I don’t want to move out of this house. I feel so miserable. 1. The man’s wife is sick. _____ 2. His children want him to sell the house. _____ 3. The man feels his children care about him and are trying to help. 4. The man’s children don’t visit often. _____ 5. The man will move to a small apartment. _____ Ejercicio 5.7. _____ SCAN THE TEXT. THEN CHOOSE THE CORRECT OPTION BELOW AND UNDERLINE IT. So many people are frustrated in their relationships. They love their partners, but when there is tension, they do not know what to do to make things better. Through understanding how completely different men and women are, you will learn new ways for successfully relating with, listening to, and supporting the opposite sex, You will learn how to create the love you deserve. “Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus” is a manual for loving relationships in today’s world. It reveals how women differ in all areas of their lives. Not only do men and women communicate differently, but they think, feel, perceive, react, respond, love, need, and appreciate differently. They almost seem to be from different planets, speaking different languages and needing different nourishment. Adapted from “Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus,” by John Gray. a. Many people... 1. are happy in their relationships. 2. are unhappy in their relationships. b. The problem is... 1. they don`t try to make things better. 2. they don`t know how to make things better. 65 c. The solution is .... 1. to understand that men and women are different. 2. to listen and support your partner. d. Men and women are... 1. different in many ways. 2. different in a few important areas. e. This text in an extract from... 1. a news article. 2. a book. Ejercicio 5.8. 27 FILL IN THE FOLLOWING CHART BY SCANNING THE READING PASSAGE BELOW FOR INFORMATION. Title Author Write the number of paragraphs When was the article written? Make a list of places that start with capital letters. Make a list of people's names. Make a list of numbers. What does each number refer to? Make a list of numbers written in letters. How many times does the word tsunami appear? Write the different forms of the word devastate. How many times does the word collapse appear? Canary Islands Earthquake Could Trigger Monster Tsunami The eruption of a volcano in the Canary Islands could trigger a ''mega-tsunami'' that would devastate Atlantic coastlines with waves as high as 330 feet, scientists said on Wednesday. They said an eruption of the Cumbre Vieja volcano on La Palma, part of the Spanish island chain off West Africa, was likely to cause a massive chunk of rock to break off, crashing into the sea and kicking up huge walls of water higher than any other in recorded history. The tsunami would be capable of traveling huge distances at up to 500 miles an hour, the scientists said in a research paper to be published in September's Geophysical Research Letters. Simon Day, of the Benfield Greig Hazard Research Centre at the University College of London, said that as the volcano was not erupting at present, the short-term and mediumterm risks were ''negligible.'' However, Cumbre Vieja should be monitored closely for any signs of activity so that emergency services could plan an effective response, he said. ''Eruptions of Cumbre Vieja occur at intervals of decades to a century or so and there may be 27 Adapted from a news report by Susan Schlachter (2003) 66 2004. 67 . Thailand: Macmillan. et al. only to collapse and rebound. with the west Sahara bearing the worst of the wave's energy. Craven. Miles. waves would probably reach heights of 330 feet. Wave heights toward Europe would be smaller. Mexico: Macmillan. Bibliografía Craven. On the west Saharan shore. a dome of water 93. Developing Reading Keys. but substantial waves would hit the coasts of Britain.'' The effects would spread north. Within 10 minutes. Extending Reading Keys. 2004.000 feet high and tens of miles wide would form. would have to brace themselves for 165-foot waves some eight to nine hours after the landslide. As the landslide rubble moved deeper under water. ''Although the year-to-year probability of a collapse is therefore low. 1994. Portugal. Immediately after the landslide. the final north Atlantic destinations to be affected by the tsunami. Miles. Taylor.'' said Day. a tsunami would develop. Structure and Strategy Intermediate. the tsunami would have moved a distance of almost 155 miles. west and south of the Canaries. Reading. Spain. Florida and the Caribbean.a number of eruptions before its collapse. The research paper estimated water would penetrate several miles inland and that the devastation would cause trillions of dollars in damage. The energy released by the collapse would be equal to the electricity consumption of the entire United States in half a year. the resulting tsunami would be a major disaster with indirect effects around the world. James. who collaborated on the research with Steven Ward of the University of California. and France. Thailand: Macmillan. La conjunción será tratada en la siguiente unidad. Algunos recursos que se utilizan para lograr la cohesión son los conectores (conjunciones) y la sustitución de palabras por medio de pronombres o de sinónimos. los elementos recurren en cada nueva oración retomando los anteriores ––anáfora– o anticipando los que siguen –catáfora. Gramaticalmente se manifiesta a través pronombres personales y posesivos. La cohesión te permite interpretar palabras y expresiones haciendo referencia a otras palabras y expresiones que se encuentran en otras oraciones y párrafos del texto En un texto. ¿Qué es la cohesión? La cohesión es la unión de las palabras o componentes de un texto. Los aspectos de la cohesión que aquí mencionaremos son: la referencia y la sustitución. esta puede ser anafórica – interpretable en relación al texto que precede – o catafórica – interpretable en relación con el texto que sigue. Existe referencia endofórica –dentro del texto –y exofórica– fuera del texto. adjetivos posesivos. La identificación de los referentes y las persistentes indicaciones de tiempo y lugar. En esta unidad reconocerás las relaciones entre las oraciones de un texto por medio de referentes. Si la identificación del referente es endofórica. 68 . lo cual hace posible comprender la información que se transmite. así como pronombres y adjetivos demostrativos. La referencia La referencia es un tipo de relación donde el significado de un elemento dado se interpreta a través de la identificación de un referente dentro o fuera del texto.UNIDAD 6 ¿Cómo se establecen las relaciones entre los elementos de un texto? Propósitos Reconocer el uso de los pronombres y sinónimos como elementos de la cohesión textual. contribuyen a formar un texto cohesivo y coherente. Introducción Las relaciones entre los elementos de un texto tienen que ver con la forma en que se conectan los enunciados entre sí y de cómo se enlazan las distintas partes de un texto. en la siguiente oración no se utilizaron pronombres para sustituir a los nombres Alan was excited when the editor for The Utne Reader called Alan to ask for permission to reprint an article Alan wrote for Atlantic Monthly about Alan's experiences in the Philippines. Nosotros le ofrecemos uno de madera natural. podríamos decir que los pronombres van en lugar de los nombres (sustantivos) y los determinativos que acompañan al nombre. Dicho de la manera más simple.Referencia Situacional Textual fuera del texto (exofórica) dentro del texto (endofórica) hacia atrás (anafórica) hacia adelante (catafórica) En el siguiente ejemplo. En ella el elemento que cumple la función de sustituto tiene la misma función estructural que el sustituido. quien está fuera del texto: Compruebe usted mismo la eficacia de esta herramienta. puesto que se refiere al lector. Revisa la oración que aparece a continuación. eliminamos la incomodidad. Aquí se utilizó el pronombre indefinido uno / one para sustituir a juguetes / toys. Toys’ quality could vary. Por ejemplo. Los siguientes apartados tratan y ejemplifican las referencias endofóricas. Por ejemplo: Los juguetes pueden variar en calidad. La sustitución La sustitución es una relación que se establece cuando un elemento es reemplazado por otro con el fin de evitar la repetición de una determinada forma lingüística o con el fin de redefinir el elemento sustituido. en la que se utilizaron pronombres: 69 . Check yourself the efficacy of this tool. la referencia de usted / yourself es exofórica. Pero si usamos pronombres. La repetición de Alan resulta incómoda. We offer you one made out of natural wood. abstract notions Tabla 3. relativos expletivos y. demostrativos. objetivos. Tabla 1 de Pronombres Personal Pronouns Nominative Case Objective Pronouns Objective Case Possessive Adjectives Conjoint Form Possessive Pronouns Absolute Form Reflexive Pronouns 1ª persona singular 2ª persona singular 3ª persona singular 1ª persona plural 2ª persona plural 3ª persona plural I You He She It We You They Me You Him Her It Us You Them My Your His Her Its Our Your Their Mine Yours His Hers Its Ours Yours Theirs Myself Yourself Himself Herself Itself Ourselves Yourselves Themselves Affirmative sentences Some Somebody Someone Something Tabla 2.Alan was excited when the editor for The Utne Reader called him to ask for permission to reprint an article he wrote for Atlantic Monthly about his experiences in the Philippines. indefinidos. los adjetivos posesivos. Tipos de pronombres Los tipos de pronombres son: personales. reflexivos. That 70 . posesivos. Pronombres demostrativos y relativos Demonstrative Pronouns Relative Pronouns Singular This A person Who (when referring to the subject) That Whom (when referring to the Plural These object) Those A place. Pronombres indefinidos y negativos Questions. por otro lado. Negative +not in Negative sentences sentences Any None + Noun Anybody Nobody Persons Anyone No one Anything Nothing Things. thing or idea Which. 9 Look for the blanket with the flower designs on (it. 1 Harvey brought (his. “You have the job. Ejercicio 6. discovered he had lost his wallet. esa confusión queda aclarada por el sentido común. Si la palabra a la que el pronombre se refiere está en singular. Aquí. el cual nos dice que normalmente no se aplica vendaje a un martillo. y his.” En este primer caso se entiende que la que obtuvo el trabajo fue Sue. Para eliminar la confusión debería decirse: Mary told Sue that Sue (or Mary) had the job. Concordancia entre pronombre y antecedente SELECT THE PRONOUN THAT AGREES WITH ITS ANTECEDENT.” Se entiende que la que obtuvo el trabajo fue Mary. their) last meeting. 6 Jane’s kitten is the one (that. after saying goodbye to his family. 7 Either the coach or his players will give (his. 2 Each person is taking (his or her. La palabra a la que el pronombre se refiere es su antecedente. Then he bandaged it. 3 Neither of the boys wants (his. their) camera on the trip.Uso de los pronombres A. Sin embargo. Peterson and Mancini constituyen un antecedente compuesto. no sabemos quién fue la que obtuvo el trabajo. el pronombre deber estar en singular. O bien podría citarse entre comillas lo que Mary dijo: Mary told Sue. who) hid under the steps. Kenneth dropped a hammer on his toe. Veamos otro ejemplo en el que la confusion sí es grave: job. 10 The committee proposed a solution at (its. Referencia pronominal ambigua Los pronombres deben hacer referencia clara a los sustantivos que reemplazan. 71 . En cambio. 8 That group of musicians practiced (its. el pronombre debe estar en plural. their) own photographs. si la palabra está en plural. their) vacation. Por ejemplo. porque puede referirse tanto a hammer como a toe. their) views. En la oración: Harold. their) own film. Mary told Sue that she had the Puesto que no tenemos un contexto que nos ayude a saber a quién se refiere el pronombre she. them). their) picture taken. Fíjate en el siguiente ejemplo: Peterson and Mancini took their cue from the senator. B. 5 Everyone enjoyed (his or her. their) program every day. “I have the job. En la segunda oración. el uso del pronombre it no es claro. Harold es el antecedente singular de los pronombres his. el cual requiere del pronombre plural their. 4 Susan and Louise develop (her. en el segundo caso: Mary told Sue. Concordancia entre pronombre y antecedente El pronombre debe concordar con el número de la palabra o palabras que reemplaza.1. he had lost. you. (The flowers) 7. Example: ___ often reads books. ________ is reading a book. 3 Before the meeting. ________ are watching TV.Ejercicio 6. cuando introduce una proposición adjetiva se le nombra como pronombre relativo. cuando sustituyen a personas. Referencia pronominal ambigua. CHANGE. Have ________ got a computer. cuando se quiere indicar que el sujeto y el objeto son la misma persona se le llama reflexivo. se le señala como indefinido.2. como por ejemplo el pronombre it en la oración It rains (Llueve). which really bothered them. lugares o cosas a las que se hace referencia y funcionan como sujetos.de/en/exercises/pronomen. ________ is green. (Peter) Answer: He often reads books.englisch-hilfen. 1 The defendant told the judge he was mentally ill. (The dog) 5. ________ is riding his bike. they. Ahora bien. cuando el pronombre indica posesión. 1. ________ are dirty. ________ are on the wall (The posters) 4. FILL IN THE CORRECT PERSONAL PRONOUN INTO THE GAPS. se le designa como pronombre posesivo. (Diana) 10. You es el sujeto de la oración. ADD. Mandy? 28 Fuente: http://www.3 28. objetos (directo e indirecto) u objeto de preposición se les conoce como pronombres demostrativos. 1. También existe otro tipo de pronombre que no hace referencia a nadie ni nada. indirecto o de preposición) se le conoce como pronombre objetivo. 2 Frances moved the blanket from the chair and folded it. pues carece de significado léxico y se le denomina expletivo. they distributed booklets. ________ is running. ________ are in the garden. Ejemplos: Sujeto Verbo Complemento are hungry. you. it. She es el sujeto de la oración. (My mother and I) 6. THE WORDS IN BRACKETS TELL YOU WHICH YOU SHOULD USE. You received the application form today. cuando el pronombre funciona como objeto (directo. she. A diferencia del español. he. es decir. we.htm 72 . 5 Because I didn’t rinse the dishes. cuando el pronombre hace referencia a una persona o cosa que funciona como sujeto. ________ has got a brother. who) y se utilizan como sujetos. (Tom) 8. En inglés se emplea el pronombre expletivo para cubrir la carencia de un sujeto en oraciones impersonales. (Willy) 2. REWRITE EACH OF THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES TO MAKE CLEAR THE VAGUE PRONOUN REFERENCE. (The blackboard) 3. it smells like a garbage can. OR OMIT AS NECESSARY. Los pronombres personales de sujeto son los que hacen referencia a alguna de las tres personas gramaticales (I. en inglés el pronombre de sujeto debe figurar siempre en lugar del sujeto. en el lugar anterior al verbo. Sustitución con pronombres personales. cuando su significado es indeterminado o impreciso. (Robin's shoes) 9. She Ejercicio 6. 4 The students saw a film on cancer. al pronombre se le denomina pronombre personal. He lived on it. They listen to her. El pronombre de objeto se coloca después del verbo que complementa. whom) se utilizan en el lugar del objeto directo. it es el objeto directo y me es el objeto indirecto. Sustitución con pronombres objetivos REWRITE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES.ws/grammar/gramex27.html. you. her. me es el objeto indirecto de la oración y something es el objeto indirecto. El pronombre de objeto también se utiliza para sustituir el objeto de una preposición. them. en lugar del objeto (directo o indirecto): Sujeto He Andy Sujeto Mother Verbo saw took Verbo gave Objeto Complemento directo circunstancial her. Objeto indirecto to me. Sujeto I Verbo want Objeto directo it Objeto indirecto for me. us. it.4 29. I sided with him. del objeto indirecto y del objeto de la preposición. uno en función de directo y otro en función de indirecto. 29 Fuente: http://www. I sided with my brother. us es el objeto directo de la oración. Sujeto She Verbo told me Objeto indirecto Objeto directo something. me es el objeto indirecto de la oración. como se muestra en el siguiente ejemplo: Sujeto Johnny Verbo ride Preposición with Objeto de preposición them Ejercicio 6. you. us Objeto directo a lecture her es el objeto directo de la oración. him. to lunch. En muchos verbos se coloca una preposición antes del pronombre de objeto. For example: He lived on a small allowance. es decir. Los pronombres objetivos o de objeto (me.wordpower. Usamos las preposiciones to o for cuando hay dos pronombres de objeto. 73 . CHANGING THE OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION TO A PRONOUN.2. 1. We are counting on our friends. ______________________________________________ 2. Will you stick to the agreement? ______________________________________________ 3. She takes after her grandmother. _____________________________________________ 4. No one has tampered with the letters. __________________________________________ 5. Yesterday I ran into your uncle. _______________________________________________ 6. They saw through the plot. __________________________________________________ 7. He cut across the vacant lot. _________________________________________________ 8. I confided in my niece. _____________________________________________________ 3. Adjetivos y pronombres posesivos Los adjetivos posesivos se incluyen en la tabla 1 que se encuentra en la página 60, sin embargo, no debes confundirlos con los pronombres, puesto que son palabras que modifican al sustantivo en lugar de sustituirlo. Ejemplo: Los pronombres posesivos van en lugar de un nombre (sustantivo) Julie's car is red. Mine is blue. En este ejemplo, Mine sustituye al sustantivo car. También, los pronombres posesivos (mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs, whose) indican posesión. This paper is hers. Por su parte, los adjetivos posesivos se utilizan para describir (modificar) a un sustantivo y se ponen antes de éste como cualquier otro adjetivo en inglés. My car is bigger than her car. Aquí, los adjetivos My y her describen al sustantivo car diciendo a quién pertenece el automóvil, pero no sustituyen al sustantivo car. Como podrás darte cuenta, los pronombres posesivos sustituyen la estructura adjetivo posesivo + nombre: This is your bed, it is yours. En esta oración, yours sustituye a your bed (adjetivo posesivo + nombre). Ejercicio 6.5. Sustitución con pronombres posesivos. FILL IN THE GAP WITH THE APPROPRIATE POSSESSIVE PRONOUN. 1. It belongs to me, it's ___ 2. It belongs to my father, it's ___ 3. It belongs to her, it's ___ 4. It belongs to Mr. and Mrs. Smith, it's ___ 5. It belongs to me and my wife, it's ___ 6. It belongs to my mother, it's ___ 7. It belongs to him, it's ___ 8. It belongs to you, it's ___ 9. It belongs to the dog, it's ___ 10. It belongs to them, it's ___ 74 Ejercicio 6.6 30. Sustitución con pronombres y adjetivos posesivos. USE THE FOLLOWING PRONOUNS AND FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE CORRECT PRONOUN Her their hers his His my our ours The Mysterious Volkswagen Last week, we had a party at ________ house. Many people came, and there were lots of cars parked outside. At the end of the party, only three people were left: myself, Eric, and Cathy. However, there were four cars. One of them was a Volkswagen. I didn't remember seeing it before, so I asked whose it was. Eric said it wasn't ________ car. ________ is a Chevrolet pickup. When I asked Cathy if it was ________, she said no -________ car is a Ford Explorer. I knew it wasn't ________ car, of course. Finally, I called the police, and they came and examined it. They said it belonged to a family on the next street. Someone stole it from ________ driveway and left it on ________. 4. Los pronombres relativos Relative Pronouns Los pronombres relativos introducen cláusulas relativas (adjetivas). pronombre relativo That is the person whom I love. cláusula adjetiva pronombre relativo The person who gets the highest score gets the gold medal. cláusula adjetiva pronombre relativo The car that we bought doesn't run well. cláusula adjetiva Nota: Utiliza who, whom, y whose para hacer referencia a personas. Utiliza that y which para hacer referencia a cosas. 30 Fuente: http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/330/grammar/poss2.htm. 75 Los pronombres relativos se relacionan con el sustantivo que los precede en la oración y, al hacerlo, conectan la cláusula subordinada a algún antecedente (por ejemplo, el sustantivo que precede al pronombre). Por lo tanto, el pronombre relativo funciona como el sujeto o el objeto de la cláusula subordinada. Veamos la siguiente oración, en la que el pronombre relativo es el sujeto: · The chef who won the competition studied in Paris. En esta oración, who se relaciona (o es relativo a) con el sustantivo chef que lo antecede. Who también actúa como el sujeto de la cláusula subordinada y del verbo won. La cláusula subordinada es who won the competition y la cláusula principal es The chef studied in Paris. En la oración siguiente, el pronombre relativo es el objeto de la cláusula principal The shirt that Carl bought has a stain on the pocket. En esta oración, that se relaciona (o es relativo a) con el sustantivo shirt. Aquí that también es el objeto del verbo bought. La cláusula subordinada es that Carl bought y la cláusula principal es The shirt has a stain on the pocket. Tanto el antecedente como el hecho de que la cláusula subordinada contenga información esencial o no, con respecto a la cláusula principal, es lo que determina el tipo de pronombre relativo que debe usarse Cuando se hace referencia a personas deben utilizarse los siguientes pronombres relativos: (Una persona) … Who, Whom, Whoever, Whomever El caso de estos pronombres depende del hecho de que el pronombre relativo sea el sujeto o el objeto de la cláusula subordinada. Ejercicio 6.7. Pronombres relativos FILL IN WHO, WHOSE OR WHICH. 1 The man _______ spoke is my father. 2 The car _______ he bought last Thursday was very cheap. 3 Tom _______ is my brother won the match. 4 The waiter _______ we gave the tip was very pleased. 5 That's the man _______ house was destroyed by a tornado. 6 The man over there _______ face is dirty saved the child. 7 The chair on _______ I was sitting broke down. 8 The pupils _______ he was speaking to were very noisy. 9 _______ are you speaking to? 10 The crowd _______ was very angry began to shout. 11 The man _______ you saw yesterday is my uncle. 12 The cupboard _______ we bought last Saturday was expensive. 13 This is the bike _______ I told about you last Sunday. 14 My friend _______ I have been waiting for two hours hasn't returned. 15 Thank you for the present _______ you sent me. 76 En esta oración. a) who b) whom c) which d) that d) that 5. a) who b) whom c) which d) that 7. a) who b) whom c) which d) that 10. WHICH. 1.htm. Ve la nota en la clave de respuestas) 9. is only used on special occasions. ________ is the only one of its kind left in Hong Kong. Dicho con otras palabras. a) who b) whom c) which 4.edict. My sister ________ sings in a pop group was on television last week.hk/vlc/GrammarCourse/Lesson6_Pronouns1/Frames_ExE. a) who b) whom c) which d) that 6. Pronombres relativos. Debes tener cuidado de aclarar si el pronombre es singular o plural de acuerdo con la adecuada conjugación del verbo. The office ________ they're moving to used to be mine. y puesto que el sujeto neither es singular. a) who b) whom c) which d) that (En la siguiente oración la cláusula relativa podría o no definir al referente. lugares o personas desconocidas o indeterminadas. THAT). el verbo se conjuga como si el sujeto fuera una sola persona: decimos neither plans (la s corresponde la tercera persona del singular) como si dijéramos The doctor plans. Los pronombres indefinidos Los pronombres indefinidos hacen referencia a personas. I changed my money just before the devaluation. su correspondiente verbo también es singular. A woman ________ is ambitious will do well in this job. Something ________ happened last week could have serious consequences. CHOOSE THE RIGHT RELATIVE PRONOUNS (WHO(M). lo cual significa que el verbo se conjuga en concordancia con un sujeto en singular. This tram. Por ejemplo: Neither of the doctors plans to solve Aaron's injury with surgery. The film to ________ I'm referring directly criticizes the government. a) who b) whom c) which d) that 8. Algunos pronombres indefinidos siempre son singulares. a) who b) whom c) which d) that 2. The most popular karaoke song request is "The girl ________ I marry". 77 . ________ must be one of the smartest things I’ve done.com.Ejercicio 6. The man ________ I’m waiting for is usually late. a) who b) whom c) which d) that 3. The latest film about ________ there has been a lot of controversy has been banned. a) who b) whom c) which d) that 5. neither es el sujeto. 31 Fuente: http://www.8 31. · Both have paid tacit homage to this new reality. Everybody. Each. when it came to the economy he absolutely kept his word · Someone on Gore's staff mumbles that Tipper isn't feeling well and that the Vice President has to take her home. Por ejemplo: Some of the money remains unclaimed. Anyone. Many. Several En los ejemplos siguientes. · Several of the bills that he signed contain provisions he abhorred but promised to fix. money indica si el verbo debe estar en singular o en plural. Most. Es decir. Siempre plurales Both. el pronombre indefinido aparece en negritas y el verbo está subrayado. Anything. Something En los ejemplos siguientes. Everyone. Either No One. Some es el sujeto y el objeto de la preposición of. Ya sea plural o singular All. Some hide (hide corresponde la conjugación plural). singulares Someone. Pero en esta otra oración: · Some of the children hide from the teacher. · Whatever anyone says about Clinton's veracity about his private life. Por su parte. el verbo está en plural. dependiendo del significado. el verbo se conjuga como si el sujeto correspondiera a más de una persona: decimos Both claim como si dijéramos The divers claim.Another. Few. Neither. Nothing. some es el sujeto y el objeto de la preposición of. money es una unidad en singular. Por su parte. Somebody. Siempre Everything. · A few make the same point but much more forcefully. En esta oración. · Another is that Bill Clinton seems particularly unsuited to passively letting his last year slip by uneventfully. both es el sujeto. Con algunos de ellos el verbo se conjuga en singular o en plural. None. En ocasiones. el pronombre indefinido aparece en negritas y el verbo está subrayado. En esta oración. y puesto que both es plural su correspondiente verbo también es plural. Por ejemplo: Both of the divers claim responsibility for finding the treasure first. y como en esta oración children es plural. · Many concede that the party had to change. los pronombres indefinidos pueden ser singulares o plurales. Algunos otros pronombres indefinidos siempre son plurales. Some remains (la s corresponde la tercera persona del singular). Nobody. lo cual implica que el verbo se conjuga en concordancia con un sujeto en plural. Anybody. · Every season another of the players attempts to break McGuire's record. children indica si el verbo debe conjugarse en singular o en plural. razón por la que el verbo se conjuga en singular. Some 78 . Aquí. One. ca/prof/epritchard/someany.college-em. etc. but I'm going to have fun. 1. I don't know nobody at the party.En los ejemplos siguientes. a) somebody b) anybody c) nobody 32 Fuente: http://ww2. somewhere. I know nobody in my apartment building. Pronombres indefinidos. for example. I'm going to enjoy this party. · Experts believe some of the negative campaigning appears to have run its course. I do not know anybody in my apartment building. I don't know ____________ at all. something. nowhere ya son negativas.htm. Ejercicio 6. anywhere cuando hacemos preguntas. Formas Correctas I didn't bring anything to drink. 79 . He's at a party where he doesn't know too many people. los siguientes pares de oraciones son intercambiables. I don't know anything about it. Errores Comunes I didn't bring nothing to drink. el pronombre indefinido aparece en negritas y el verbo está subrayado. I know nothing about it. There isn't anywhere else to go. no one es la única excepción a esta regla. Hey. · All of the traditional groups we count on to re-elect us are against NAFTA. Por lo general utilizamos anything. · Almost all of the money in the budget is being diverted from those programs. there's ____________ that I know. There isn't nowhere else to go. · It would seem as if none of the relief supplies were actually delivered. They have no idea. no utilices estas palabras cuando en el enunciado ya existe not. I don't know anybody at the party. Take this guy.9 32. sino como una sola. a) somebody b) anybody c) nobody 2. no se escriben como dos palabras. Las palabras nothing. nobody. Uso de los pronombres indefinidos negativos. Formas Correctas Did you understand anything I said? Errores Comunes Did you understand something I said? Las palabras combinadas (compuestas) somebody. READ THE FOLLOWING TEXT AND THE FILL THE BLANKS WITH THE MISSING WORDS. What a perfect opportunity to make some new friends. Call This a Party! I know so many people who just don't know how to enjoy themselves. anybody.qc. Por ejemplo. He's in my Computer Science class. · Some of the pundits say that Bush is in danger of being made into Dan Quayle. But no! This is what the guy is thinking as the evening progresses. · None of the ways of looking at a President's legacy is simple. por lo tanto. I don't want to stay here. But why isn't ____________ dancing? Don't people know how to have fun anymore? a) someone b) anyone c) no one 11. I need a drink. If he's all alone. Hey! That woman's looking at me.3. a) something b) anything c) nothing d) everything 6. I think I'll go talk to him. I don't think so. No. I don't see ____________ food. The music's not very good. then ____________ is ignoring him. After all. a) someone b) anyone c) no one d) everyone 12. What kind of party is this? a) some b) any c) no one 14. No food! Warm beer! ____________ seems to know how to organize decent parties anymore. No. a) Someone b) Anyone c) No one d) Everyone 9. a) Somebody b) Anybody c) Nobody d) Everybody 15. like me. There must be ____________ beer or something in the fridge. That's strange. a) somebody b) anybody c) nobody d) everybody 5. That's a nice-looking woman over there. in the corner. What is one supposed to drink in this stupid party? a) some b) any c) no 8. Now it's probably very warm. Ah! There's the beer. He doesn't seem to be with ____________ in particular. He's probably alone. Finally! Some good music. there's ____________ who really turns me on. No. I'll keep my distance. Too bad! But the evening is still young. I'm really hungry. a) somewhere b) anywhere c) nowhere d) everywhere 80 . probably because he's very boring. a) somebody b) anybody c) nobody 13. ____________ should change it. I know her type. There must be ____________ more interesting than this. There's ____________ beer in the fridge. over there. a) some b) any c) no 7. a) Somebody b) Anybody c) Nobody d) Everybody 10. ____________ had the sense to put it in the fridge. She's probably very vain and has ____________ interesting to say. Maybe not. Let's get some action here. I wonder if there is ____________ else interested in me. I should go over and talk to her. I think I'll head to the kitchen. I am kind of cute. a) someone b) anyone c) no one d) everyone 4. I'm not giving up. yourself.ego4u. That monkey is scratching _____. si se quiere poner énfasis en el hecho de que él mismo realizó la acción. 1.11. What happens when a fighting fish sees _________ in the mirror? 9.”.6. himself. 3. You don't need to help them. 6. The girl looked at _________ in the mirror. 2. themselves) se utilizan para mostrar que el sujeto realiza una acción que recae sobre sí mismo. We thoroughly enjoyed _____ at the party on Sunday. She cooks for _____ every day. ourselves. se puede eliminar el pronombre reflexivo. My brother and I bought _____ some apples. 8. can you make your beds _________? 7. Ejercicio 6. We can move the table _________. He has a bad temper so he must learn to control _____. You must explain _____ more clearly. itself. 81 . entonces se agregará myself.com/en/cram-up/grammar/pronouns/exercises?05. She made _________ a pullover. I taught _____ to draw. como se muestra a continuación: -I did it myself. I introduced _________ to my new neighbour. 2. FILL IN THE CORRECT REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS. 5. El sujeto y el objeto son la misma persona De hecho.10 33. I did not want to believe it and then I saw the UFO myself. yourselves. 4. sin embargo. Freddy. Pronombres reflexivos. 3. puesto que sólo se usa para reiterar de manera enfática quién realiza la acción: –The new colour in your house is very nice. los pronombres reflexivos se usan cuando: 1) El sujeto y el complemento del verbo son el mismo: I saw it for myself. They can do it _________. 10. Se podría contestar “I did it. 10. FILL EACH BLANK WITH A SUITABLE REFLEXIVE PRONOUN. Ejercicio 6. Boys. 5. One must defend _____ against bullies. you'll have to do your homework _________. 7. The father decided to repair the car _________. 1. Sujeto He Verbo groomed Objeto directo himself Complemento circunstancial before the date. Pronombres reflexivos. 8. Who painted it? –I did it. 4. Los pronombres reflexivos (myself. 2) Cuando se quiere destacar quién hace la acción (intensive pronouns). puesto que en este caso se entiende claramente quien hizo la acción. He rewarded _____ with an ice-cream. 33 Fuente: http://www. 6. 9. herself. They agreed amongst _____ that they would not tell anyone. los pronombres demostrativos sustituyen al nombre (sustantivo). Those · · · Como sujeto: o These are the preferred pens in this department. Presidency. o Those attempting to purchase handguns must wait seven days. Cuando hagas referencia a un lugar. Funcionan como sujetos. cosa o idea en singular utiliza los siguientes pronombres demostrativos: Pronombres demostrativos singulares: This. Pronombres demostrativos (Demonstrative Pronouns) Los pronombres demostrativos sustituyen a personas. · Como objeto de preposición: o Does the shirt you bought go with this? o Steve will put a new coat of paint on that if necessary. las mismas palabras que funcionan como pronombres demostrativos pueden funcionar como adjetivos cuando se utilizan para modificar al sustantivo. objetos (directo e indirecto) u objeto de preposición. Sin embargo. Como objeto de preposición: o Please climb over these before you continue the course. lugares o cosas a las que se hace referencia. That Ejemplos: · Como sujeto: o This has been a difficult decade for the U. Cuando hagas referencia a un lugar.S. cosa o idea en plural utiliza los siguientes pronombres demostrativos: Pronombres demostrativos plurales: These. · Como objeto directo: o Would you deliver this? o The demands on the President's time had knocked that off the schedule.7. o That is whom you should meet at the dinner at the Corcoran Gallery. en lugar de sustituirlo. Por ejemplo: 82 . Como objeto directo: o Will Alan find these in time? o Beth donated those to the team. o Chris can work with those. o ¡CUIDADO! Recuerda que como otros pronombres. this. a) that b) these c) this d) those 3. a) these b) that c) those d) this 34 Fuente: http://perso. I don't like this chair. a) those b) these c) that d) this 11. · Adjective o This path is taking us in the wrong direction. Don't do it like that. THAT · Demonstrative pronoun: o That is not the best approach. Do it like ___________. Where did you buy ___________ hat you're wearing? a) that b) these c) this d) those 12. ___________ coffee tastes funny. Plural THESE · Demonstrative pronoun: o These look edible. a) that b) this c) those d) these 6. Pronombres demostrativos. a) This b) That c) Those d) These 10. 1.es/autoenglish/gr. 83 . Do you remember ___________ black jeans I'm always wearing? I got bleach on them. a) these b) those c) this d) that 9. I like ___________ one over there. I bought them in the market. Sean is ___________ boy at the back of the class. · Adjective o That approach will not work. a) those b) this c) that d) these 5.Singular THIS · Demonstrative pronoun: o This will lead us to the car. I wish ___________ people at the next table would stop talking so loudly. Look at ___________ earrings I'm wearing. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER BELOW TO FILL THE GAP. Waiter. · Adjective o Those plants were damaged by the frost. I'm going to another restaurant and quickly! a) those b) this c) that d) these 7.i. The red shoes are awful. THOSE · Demonstrative pronoun: o Those will work just fine. a) these b) those c) this d) that 8. ___________ house is old but that one on the other side of the street is quite new. Did you see ___________ motorbikes that just went by? a) those b) these c) this d) that 2.wanadoo. If ___________ kid doesn't stop screaming.htm. a) that b) these c) those d) this 4. I like ___________ shoes here. · Adjective o These berries are delicious. Ejercicio 6.12 34. I cut ___ when I was peeling the potatoes. your 8. He ___ said so. him her them 3. Mary? my. their theirs 13.com/od/grammarquizzes/a/pra_forms1. OR REFLEXIVE FORMS (MYSELF. He should be ashamed of ___. ETC. Despite her parents complaints. YOUR. theirselves themselves Ejercicio 6.). ETC. 1. We can't pay such a high rent.). POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS (HERS. 84 . I do my work and they do ___ . it its 11. Jennifer Lang is one of (3) _____ favorite singers. Fuente: http://esl. himself him 5.org/q/h/vm/pronouns. 35 36 Fuente: http://a4esl.13 35.about. he is very active. me him. FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH PERSONAL PRONOUNS (I. (4) _____ is a jazz singer and often performs in clubs like (5) _____. her herself 2. SHE. This house is too expensive for ___. her. on the other hand. herself himself 12. Diferentes tipos de pronombres. me myself 9. his its 15.Autoevaluación para sustitución por medio de pronombres Ejercicio 6. Give it back to ___ . Possessive Adjectives and Reflexive Forms (US English). Jennifer. considers (9) _____ a singer of original material only. They enjoyed ___ a lot at the cocktail party. (1) _____ am a singer and this is about a person like (2) _____. mine me. Each plan has ___ merits. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES (MY.). Despite ___ old age. ours us 7. give ___ my best regards.14 36. HIS.htm. us we 10. so she convinced ___ husband not to accept the job abroad. she decided to live by ___ in New York City. I consider (8) _____ a singer of standard jazz songs. Personal Pronouns.html. but (6) _____ voice is very different from (7) _____. Mary was worried about the children. CHOOSE THE BEST PRONOUN(S). ETC. If you happen to see your parents this weekend. HE. my 14. We came across a friend of ___ at the mall yesterday. I can't find ___ pencil. It's ___. Can I use ___. me. me 4. his her 6. HIS. ETC. yours mine.). I can't understand ___ when she speaks German with ___ . HERSELF. OURS. so that one was definitely not (63) __________! Can't (64) __________ get special glasses or tablets for (65) __________ colour-blindness?" 85 . (62) __________ one is brown. poor thing. Jennifer is married and (21) _____ husband. Andy. a much smaller city than (20) _____. because all (25) __________ food is fried in oil or lard. She gives (14) _____ three lessons a week . works as an investment banker in New York.htm Two days ago. that was a green coat. because (6) __________ had a coffee stain on the left sleeve. " (54) __________ looked so cold. Fuente: http://www. but (25) _____ feel (26) _____ marriage is successful for this very reason. the coat had gone. First of all. (35) __________ waited until (36) __________ had removed (37) __________ and hung (38) __________ up with some grubby workmen's coats on coat hooks in the corner.just like (15) _____ did when (16) _____ went to school. (53) __________ hasn't.One thing is certain: (10) _____ both consider (11) _____ lovers of great music! (12) _____ both went to the Julliard School of Music in New York. no! Not only is (28) __________ coat going to stink of fried food. refused to give (14) __________ back and stormed off. (7) __________ explained to (8) __________ that (9) __________ was (10) __________. (32) __________ started to undo (33) __________ coat and then took (34) __________ off. but (29) _____ am jealous of (30) _____ wonderful marriage. (1) __________ saw Mary wearing (2) __________ coat. (22) _____ office is on 5th Avenue where (23) _____ arrives every morning at seven thirty.musicalenglishlessons." she replied. (3) __________ knew (4) __________ was (5) __________. then (42) __________ could rush in and grab the coat. (43) __________ glanced away for a few minutes to blow (44) __________ nose and when (45) __________ looked back." (51) __________ yelled. "Stop! Thief!" Mary looked up in surprise. Oh. Jennifer grew up in Green Bay while (19) _____ grew up in Plainfield. (24) __________ popped into a "Greasy Spoon" cafe.15. all working men's cafes have that nickname. (15) __________ followed (16) __________ as (17) __________ took the liberty of going shopping in (18) __________ coat. (27) _____ am not jealous of (28) _____ success.) (26) __________ peered in through the window and noticed (27) __________ was sitting down on one of the greasy chairs. (Due to the greasy atmosphere and rancid cooking smells. Racing into the cafe. but (11) __________ said (12) __________ was (13) __________. COMPLETE WITH THE APPROPRIATE PRONOUNS. (50) __________ desperately shouted. continues to teach other students at the school. (55) __________ told (56) __________ (57) __________ could have (58) __________" "What! (59) __________ gave (60) __________ coat away!" "Of course not! Although (61) __________ coats are similar. (46) __________ looked frantically about (47) __________ and noticed an old tramp limping out of another door with (48) __________ coat gracing (49) __________ rounded shoulders. Another similarity of (17) ______ is that (18) ____ are both from Wisconsin. (39) __________ decided (40) __________ would be a good idea to wait until (41) __________ wasn't looking. (24) _____ have very different professions. Maybe someday (31) _____ will meet a man just like (32) _____. but (29) __________ is also going to have greasy stains on (30) __________! As (31) __________ watched. Ejercicio 6. "Quick Mary. Ugh! How dare (22) __________! (23__________ hate the smell of cigarettes! Next. (13) _____ teacher.org/grammar-pronouns. Jeannie Sax. "That tramp has walked off with (52) __________ coat!" "No. (19) __________ purchased cigarettes and put (20) __________ in the pocket of (21) __________ coat. 5. USE YOUR DICTIONARY IF YOU NEED IT. 4. fear. scorned ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ 86 . violently 3.16. shock 4. USE YOUR DICTIONARY. sadly. BELOW THERE ARE GROUPS OF WORDS. Find Word Relationships.17 Sinónimos. UNDERLINE THE WORD OR PHRASE IN EACH SENTENCE THAT MEANS THE SAME AS THE UNDERLINED WORD IN THE SENTENCE.Sustitución por sinónimos La sinonimia La sinonimia es una forma de sustitución léxica en la que se reemplazan palabras o frases por otros equivalentes (sinónimos). It was simply a careless mistake. terror. upset 2. hated. disliked. joylessly 5. unhappy. planned cruel thoughtless They blundered in and had trouble getting out of the messy situation. THEN CHOOSE A WORD (SYNONYM) THAT BEST FITS IN EACH GROUP. hopelessly. shelter feedbox garbage She plunged ahead even though she was afraid and wanted to hold back. THINK ABOUT WHAT THE WORDS IN EACH GROUP HAVE IN COMMON. rushed swam hesitated Athletic ability was the inheritance he received from his grandfather. 3. walked quietly accidentally got involved protested with eagerness 2. Ejercicio 6. Su uso es muy útil para evitar la repetición de ciertas palabras dentro de un texto. angrily. good luck something handed down something needed She meant no harm. sad. WRITE THE WORD ON THE LINE. La sinonimia ayuda a evitar repeticiones y a proporcionar mayor fluidez al discurso. Her job was to dump the food scraps into the pigs’ trough. Sinónimos. 1. su reemplazo dentro de la oración no ocasiona modificaciones en el significado completo de la misma. ____________ 1. Ejercicio 6. fiercely. Sinónimos Los sinónimos son palabras que tienen igual significado o que aunque compartan el significado en forma exacta. Which word is the antonym of "happy". The film itself. is a strip only 1 3/8 inches wide. parts 3. as in "it is sunny outside. the substance on which the pictures are printed. but it is sometimes very long. or angles.stou. as in "this water is a liquid"? a) Hard b) Wet c) Smooth d) Solid 37 Fuente: http://www.18 37. Ejercicio 6.htm. as in "you make me very happy"? a) Laughing b) Sad c) Joyful d) Content 4. The best of these photographs are selected for the final film. 1. today"? a) Wet b) Hot c) Cloudy d) Windy 2. Antónimos. and some scenes are photographed many times. Which word is the antonym of "sunny". Which word is the antonym of "liquid". a scene is filmed from several camera views. pictures 4. as in "he was bad today"? a) Terrible b) Unlucky c) Good d) Ugly 3. To get the best pictures. IDENTIFY THE ANTONYMS IN THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.th/elearning/Englishwriting/modules/Module6/Activities/Ex6_1-4. movie 2. 87 . por ejemplo. IN THE FOLLOWING PASSAGE SYNONYMS ARE USED AS TRANSITION DEVICES. Which word is the antonym of "bad". SELECT THE WORDS IN THE PASSAGE WHICH ARE SYNONYMS WITH THE WORDS PRINTED AT THE END OF THE PASSAGE AND WRITE THEM IN THE SPACES PROVIDED.19. Sinónimos.ac. filmed 5.Ejercicio 6. views _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ La antonimia Es la reiteración del contenido de una unidad léxica por oposición de significado: Joven y viejo. Los antónimos son palabras que tienen significado opuesto respecto de un eje de sentido. Editing a movie is the process of putting it into final form by removing some parts and fitting the remaining portions together for the best effect. 1. Se debe tener cuidado ya que algunas palabras tienen varios significados y el antónimo correspondiente a cada uno de ellos es diferente. What is the antonym of _________________? It is demented.com/long_licklider_vocabulary_1/46/11910.i.cw/index.about.com/od/grammarquizzes/a/pra_forms1. 2.this.com/en/cram-up/grammar/pronouns/exercises?05 http://perso.ca/elc/studyzone/330/grammar/poss2.htm http://www.wordpower. COMPLETE THE QUESTION/ANSWER SETS BY CHOOSING THE APPROPRIATE ANTONYM FROM THE BOX BELOW.com/long_licklider_vocabulary_1/46/11910.stou. What is the antonym of _________________? It is demote.php http://www.htm http://www.es/autoenglish/gr. What is the antonym of _________________? It is detest.flo-joe. What is the antonym of _________________? It is despondency.html 38 Fuente: http://wps.htm http://www.org/q/h/vm/pronouns.wanadoo. asset easy chaste innocent opulent adore unfair rational flow promote beneficial truth joyfulness robust friend construct hope lasting extravagant altruism 1.college-em.ablongman.htm http://www.uvic.hk/vlc/GrammarCourse/Lesson6_Pronouns1/Frames_ExE.anythin.uvcs.edict.htm http://perso.htm http://a4esl.html. What is the antonym of _________________? It is liability. 9. 4.20 38.th/elearning/Englishwriting/modules/Module6/Activities/Ex6_1-4.ws/grammar/gramex27. What is the antonym of ________________? It is destitute. 8.Ejercicio 6.ablongman. 10.net/esl/learn/english/grammar/ei039/esl-test. 88 .wanadoo. What is the antonym of _________________? It is demolish. 5.com. 6.i.de/en/exercises/pronomen.ac. 3.qc. What is the antonym of _________________? It is lie.htm http://wps.co.englisch-hilfen. What is the antonym of _________________? It is lewd. What is the antonym of _________________? It is despair. Mesografía · · · · · · · · · · · · · · http://www.es/autoenglish/gr. 7.html http://web2.htm http://esl. Antónimos.english-test.uk/cpe/students/strategy/openclze/print1.ca/prof/epritchard/someany.cw/index.ego4u.htm http://ww2.html http://www. Por otra parte. definición. para que se dé la interacción efectiva texto. ideas de apoyo. no se usan los recursos adicionales mencionados en el párrafo anterior. etc. Por lo tanto. hipótesis.UNIDAD 7 ¿Cómo se establecen las relaciones entre los componentes de un texto: recursos retóricos y conectores lógicos? Propósitos: Identificar las relaciones entre las unidades de discurso (por ejemplo. comparación y contraste. Además. idea principal. tanto a nivel de producción (escritura) como a nivel de comprensión (lectura).). 89 .lector. etc. y las palabras y frases de conexión. reconocer los tipos de organización textual y los modos de desarrollar las ideas principales como: orden cronológico. Estos son sustituidos por signos propios de lo escrito. causa-efecto. tales como signos de puntuación y los elementos de cohesión tales como la deixis (referencias a la persona. el lector y el escritor deben conocer las convenciones de la lengua escrita. el hablante envía un mensaje al oyente mediante la palabra hablada. la sustitución léxica por medio de sinónimos. y para ello se vale de recursos adicionales como los gestos. y la situación en la que se encuentra. Introducción En el caso de la interacción oral. el tiempo y el lugar) las sustituciones pronominales anafóricas (el referente del pronombre aparece antes) o catafóricas (el referente pronombre aparece después). en la comunicación escrita. persuasión. generalizaciones. el escritor envía un mensaje al lector mediante el texto impreso. la entonación. En este caso. clasificación. narración. · seleccionar la estrategia apropiada. because.Para que asumas un papel de lector protagónico y activo son necesarios tanto los conocimientos que llevas al texto como las pistas que aparecen en éste. which) o por una coma y se utiliza como adjetivo. Ahora bien. Oración y cláusula Empecemos esta unidad aclarando los conceptos de cláusula y oración para que puedas ver con claridad las palabras de conexión y los recursos que los autores utilizan para unir y desarrollar sus ideas. así como el que tengas claro el propósito de la lectura. Mrs. la primera cláusula de una oración compuesta siempre es la más importante y expresa un pensamiento completo. oraciones. Cláusula u oración: frase que contiene verbo y sujeto y forma parte de una oración completa. ideas. if. Ejemplos: Whenever lazy students whine. La cláusula subordinada es introducida por una conjunción de subordinación (although. · establecer relaciones entre conceptos. that. A continuación. etc.) por un pronombre (who. para que logres una lectura eficiente debes aplicar estrategias para: · procesar la información. Cláusulas. Russell throws chalk erasers at their heads. Cláusula principal: generalmente. párrafos. Ejemplo: Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz. Main clause Cláusula subordinada. Ejemplos: 90 . · generar inferencias. La cláusula subordinada no tiene sentido completo por sí misma. se explicarán algunos de los elementos que intervienen para que elabores estrategias de lectura que te ayuden a una mejor comprensión del texto escrito. como adverbio o como sustantivo. para cobrar su sentido completo depende de la cláusula principal. · Identificar el método que el autor sigue para presentar la información. en A. La conjunción de coordinación que se utilice cambia radicalmente el sentido de la oración. hace que la oración signifique que él estaba triste cuando George lo visitó. pero si el autor utiliza la conjunción so en la misma oración. I skipped dinner. George came to see me this weekend. Veamos los ejemplos siguientes: A. like giant clams are very nice people. The young man whom I saw in my office has registered for fall quarter classes.The meeting was scheduled for five o’clock because other times were inconvenient. Ejemplos Sujeto Roses I Robert and Martha predicado Verbo Complemento are red. El hecho de que el autor haya utilizado la conjunción but. but I was sad. and so). sola. Conjunción de coordinación and but Oración independiente the sky is blue. entonces la oración significará que él estaba triste por el hecho de que George lo haya visitado. cada una con verbo y sujeto que pueden unirse con una coma o con una conjunción de coordinación (for. or. Oración completa (Simple Sentence) La oración simple o independiente es un enunciado con sujeto y verbo que se sostiene por sí mismo como una oración completa. nor. but. Para unir dos oraciones independientes se necesita tanto la coma como la conjunción de coordinación. Cláusula subordinada que. no forma oración completa. and. yet. Oraciones simples. Oración compleja (Complex Sentence) 91 . George came to see me this weekend. so I was sad. Ejemplos: Oración independiente The sun is out. como en B. Oración incompleta: frase sin verbo. B. Oración compuesta (Compound Sentence) La oración compuesta contiene dos ó más oraciones independientes. compuestas y complejas. I ate breakfast. after o los pronombres relativos who. 3 When my family traveled to New York last summer. 4 The children whom you met are mine. 10 You are known by what you do and say. that. 1 I heard the telephone ringing before you did. I ran to the car. we visited the Theodore Roosevelt museum. which. 8 Listen carefully.1. 5 What you say during an interview is important. La puntuación Uso de comas con punto y coma en oraciones mixtas Las oraciones o cláusulas independientes son un grupo de palabras que expresan una idea completa y que contienen un sujeto y un verbo. Dependiendo de las circunstancias. 92 . when. Estos son: la coma y el punto y coma. The universe is still after the wolves howl. since. 2 After the rain stopped. Ejercicios de cláusulas y oraciones. Ejemplos: A. Algunas veces estas cláusulas independientes están "solas" y forman una oración simple. Si la cláusula subordinada aparece antes que la cláusula independiente se usa coma. otras veces. Los subordinadores (conjunciones de subordinación) because. When the sun is down. 6 I heard the announcement early this morning. 7 John will stay with us while his parents are away on business. si la cláusula subordinada aparece después de la cláusula principal no se usa coma. existen algunos signos de puntuación que pueden usarse entre cláusulas independientes en una oración mixta. although. 9 The book that I lost has been found. the birds go to sleep.La oración compleja contiene una cláusula principal (cláusula independiente) y una o más cláusulas subordinadas. Subordinador cláusula subordinada B. preceden a la cláusula subordinada. Independent or dependent clauses IDENTIFY THE UNDERLINED CLAUSE AS INDEPENDENT OR DEPENDENT. La interpretación de oraciones subordinadas es de suma importancia para la comprensión de los textos. dos de ellas están unidas en lo que se conoce como una oración mixta o compuesta. Ejercicio 7. I have to leave for home early. I try to do it every day. 39 Fuente: http://www. I guess it will be ready on time. consequently. however. therefore. También puedes usar el punto y coma cuando quieres unir cláusulas independientes con alguno de los siguientes adverbios conjuntivos (adverbios que unen cláusulas independientes) como: however. nevertheless. · He started to work on the project early this month. la amplían y la desarrollan. etc.ac. Bicycle riding is my favorite sport.2. consequently. Por ejemplo: · · · I was aware that it was a long trip. she didn't get a good grade. we can't wait to visit Paris again! I am having a good time. so I guess it’ll be ready on time. Usa el punto y coma cuando quieras unir dos cláusulas independientes cuando no vayas a usar conjunciones. INSERT THE APPROPRIATE PUNCTUATION MARKS IN THE FOLLOWING PASSAGE. El párrafo es una estructura que expresa el desarrollo de una idea central que se le conoce como oración temática y todas las demás oraciones (de apoyo) giran en torno a esta. Por ejemplo: · · · It was a cold morning. moreover. and the employees will have to adapt. unfortunately. but I never thought it would take that long! The manager finally took a decision. so y yet. the city was covered with snow. nevertheless. for.stou.Usa una coma después de una cláusula independiente cuando la quieras ligar a otra cláusula independiente con alguna de las siguientes conjunciones coordinadas: and. nor. 39 When Robert Frost entered the classroom he saw a big pile of student’s papers on his desk “Is there anything here that anyone wants to keep?” he asked “No “ the students replied “Well if you don't value them enough to keep them I don't value them enough to want to read them” he said Then he took all the papers and threw them into the waste paper basket · · El párrafo Un párrafo constituye una unidad de sentido y no sólo un encadenamiento de oraciones que tengan algo que ver entre sí. Por ejemplo: We're back home. otherwise. in fact. She started to write the score last week. but. or. Ejercicio 7.th/elearning/Englishwriting/modules/Module6/Activities/Exercise602.htm 93 . She studied very hard for the exam. Puntuación. thus. about. 15/11/2007 11:12:50 a. Ésta es la oración temática. Otras. 1. no aparece escrita en el párrafo. 2.m. blond guitar —the first instrument that I ever taught myself how to play. At the top is a bramble of copper-wound strings. Esta oración no solo identifica el valor sentimental de la guitarra. Topic and support sentences for a descriptive paragraph Examples: 40 En seguida te presentamos un ejemplo de una oración tema para un párrafo descriptivo: My most valuable possession is an old. The frets on the neck are tarnished. ("an old. un orden espacial en referencia al lugar en que las cosas se localizan o un orden de contenido que puede ir de lo menos a lo más importante. 6. and then pick out only those that support the topic sentence (above) with precise descriptive details. dan información que puede ser inapropiada en un párrafo unificado. 5. Las funciones de la oración temática son las de informar al lector. all scuffed and scratched and finger-printed. El autor puede escoger un orden cronológico siguiendo el orden temporal de lo que sucedió. así como dar un sentido de organización al párrafo. en medio o al final del párrafo. slightly warped. It was three months before I could even tune the guitar properly. Read the sentences carefully. por ejemplo.htm. 8. Algunas de las oraciones siguientes funcionan como apoyo de la oración tema (arriba) con detalles descriptivos. Cabe aclarar que en ocasiones la oración temática sólo está implícita. 4. Oraciones de apoyo (Support Sentences) Las oraciones de apoyo desarrollan la oración temática (o idea central). they sound much better than the nylon ones. and another few months before I could manage the basic chords. sin embargo. cada párrafo siempre desarrolla una idea.com/od/developingparagraphs/a/topicsupport. each one hooked through the eye of a silver tuning key. los cuales pueden clasificarse de las formas que aparecen a continuación. misma que resume la idea a ser desarrollada en el párrafo y puede aparecer al principio. Se emplean generalmente varios métodos. It is a Madeira folk guitar. 7.Oración temática (Topic Sentence) En cada párrafo hay una oración que expresa la idea central.3. Ejercicio 7. 94 . and the wood has been worn down by years of fingers pressing chords. es decir.y se organizan de acuerdo al tipo de desarrollo que conviene al texto. Nota: Aunque el párrafo desarrollado por un solo método es el que menos abunda. 3. I think they bought it at the Music Lovers Shop in Rochester where they used to live. controlar y limitar el tema. blond guitar") sino que también siguiere el por qué el escritor la valora ("the first instrument that I ever taught myself how to play"). Although copper strings are much harder on the fingers than nylon strings. The strings are stretched down a long slim neck. slightly warped. sin embargo. 40 Fuente: http://grammar. My grandparents gave it to me on my thirteenth birthday. un acontecimiento o cualquier suceso que el escritor considera digno de contar. Ejemplo: This family was a victim of a problem they could have avoided —a problem that. 41 Fuente: http://www. un principio y un final. un origen y un destino." ranger Rod Torres of O'Leno State Park said. Métodos de desarrollo del párrafo Existen varios métodos de elaboración de un párrafo. las consecuencias de ciertas acciones o los resultados de la combinación de ciertas condiciones. de modo que el lector comprenda una causa y un efecto. Es decir. 13. dichos métodos incluyen los detalles que son útiles para transmitir una idea clara al lector. Tipos de párrafos Párrafo expositivo: sirve para explicar o desarrollar más ampliamente el tema que se está presentando.html. they might have stayed in a place they loved 41. con el propósito de seleccionar lo que el escritor considera como lo más significativo y desecha lo que le parece secundario o irrelevante al relato. "Several times a month. particularly where the pick guard fell off years ago. But it just wasn't the kind of place the couple from New Jersey had in mind when they decided to camp out on this trip through Florida. 15. 12. En la narración se hace una reflexión sobre los acontecimientos. todo lo que transcurre en un tiempo y en un espacio. I usually play sitting down because it's more comfortable that way. A guitar can be awkward to hold. particularly if it seems bigger than you are. a fin de exponerlo mediante un relato pormenorizado de lo que quiere narrar. Not that there was anything wrong with the park: The hikers camped next to them loved the wild isolation of it. hundreds of visitors suffer each year. la situación o la noticia que se está presentando a los lectores." Those people picked the wrong kind of park to visit.net/ggrow/modes. en donde puede utilizar varias formas de expresión literaria. I have a Gibson now and hardly ever play the Madeira any more. The body of the Madeira is shaped like an enormous yellow pear. una historia. according to Florida park rangers.9. el autor puede utilizar párrafos como los que aparecen a continuación para el desarrollo de su tema o idea central. Párrafo narrativo: tiene como propósito relatar la secuencia de ciertos sucesos. 11.longleaf. 14. but you need to learn how to hold it properly if you're ever going to play it right. la historia. 10. "people get scared and leave the park in the middle of the night. En cualquier composición en formato de párrafo. Se utilizan para explicar la idea. La narración es la relación escrita de un hecho. You should set aside a certain time each day for practice. 95 . el desarrollo de un evento. You have to be very patient when first learning how to play the guitar. una anécdota. la evolución de un asunto o problema. one that has been slightly damaged in shipping. The blond wood has been chipped and gouged to gray. If they had known about the different kinds of parks in Florida. O'Leno is a good example of a state park in Florida. At home in New Jersey. He lay in the dark listening. For piling our toys into a box. dando a lo que cuenta un mutis especial. whatever. stifling them. It was then he decided to pack up and move to a motel 42. It was too quiet. as he felt the pockets for a box of matches. homónimos. You always have the comforting knowledge that other people are all around you. the nights are filled with the busy." Narración Subjetiva: Donde el escritor agrega al hecho narrado su interpretación personal. de una persona o un grupo de ellas. eventos o situaciones descritos. something rustled in the leaves right outside the window. interpreta y califica lo descrito. comforting sounds of traffic. Outside. También se interpreta como la observación fría de los hechos. Es decir. Ejemplo: "I was seven years old when I first became aware of the terrible power of guilt. inches from his face. abstractas y específicas que el escritor encuentra en lo que quiere describir.html. he began to avoid those nearest to him. slowly 42 Fuente: http://www. Something felt wrong. Then. en donde justa. En literatura. sustantivos y todo aquello que le permitirá pintar un cuadro mental para tratar de hacer entender al lector las cualidades concretas. Mother rewarded my brother and me with five shiny pennies. Ejemplo: Around 2 a. something woke Charles Hanson up. His hands were cold and clammy most of the time. hold her breath. tree-frogs chirruped. He felt for the flashlight beside his bunk. 96 . He found where his pants were hanging and. de sinónimos. Wanda. por medio del lenguaje. Across the distant forest floated two muffled hoots from a barred owl. se dice que es la narración a través de un personaje. It was too quiet. yet his forehead burned hot with a mysterious fever. If I had ten pennies instead of five. sino como suceden los acontecimientos. el cual participa en el relato y por medio de él se describen los acontecimientos observados. And much too dark. And light: At home he can read in bed by the glow of the streetlight. returning their friendly greetings with rough and indifferent replies. too. Often he sat in his room staring vacantly into space with hollow eyes. presenta una imagen sensorial a los lectores. Surrounded by the tall. she was awake. It was the darkest dark he had ever seen.m. Ejemplo 2.net/ggrow/modes. abundando en uso de los adjetivos que califican. He heard his wife. buscando que el lector utilice todos sus sentidos para delinear los atributos de los objetos.Narración Objetiva: Es aquella en que el narrador describe los hechos tal y como los observa sin omitir ni agregar interpretaciones personales. shaded woods of a beautiful hardwood forest. de una situación o de cualquier acontecimiento que el autor trata de dibujar. and the huge silence of the night seemed to come inside the camper. lo más detalladamente posible. de un hecho. crickets sang. Párrafo descriptivo: es el esbozo pictórico de un lugar. I could have bought a gingerbread man with raisin eyes and sugar-frosted hair. sucesos. was outside in the darkness also breathed. Even starlight failed to penetrate the 80-foot canopy of trees the camper was parked beneath. the Santa Fe River disappears in a large.longleaf. It was gone. Never before had Pedro experienced such a depth of despair and such a sense of isolation. Ejemplos: Ejemplo 1. one of the more significant ways people steal is by taking home samples of the products the company makes: food. Los ejemplos pueden aparecer en el texto después de dos puntos o después del adverbio como. hike. Ejemplo 2. expanses of longleaf pinelands stretch across rolling hills. sudden sinkholes open in the woodlands-rich with cool ferns and mosses. Párrafo de ejemplificación: cita ejemplos individuales que ilustran o completan el concepto. Nearby. stands of cypress mirror themselves in the still waters. cool waters of the Santa Fe. Guilt is the remorse that comes from an awareness of having done something wrong. Finally. not all of them are called "parks. After appearing intermittently in scattered sinkholes. but the results are the same: extra costs to the company.net/ggrow/modes." and even the ones called "parks" come in several varieties 44. to impenetrable mangrove wilderness. In the midst of this lovely setting. many people regularly take things from their companies. and canoeing up this dark river is like traveling backwards in time in the direction of original Florida 43.net/ggrow/modes. paddle your canoe. Another big item is all kinds of paper: pads of lined paper. Those calls cost the company in two ways: They use company time for personal business. Florida has a rich variety of parks. 18 rustic cabins. we have all been conditioned by family and society to act within defined standards of reasonableness and decency. Yet another innocent theft is the long-distance personal phone call. Employees seem to think they are entitled to these products and even give them to friends. and a pavilion for group meetings.longleaf. and the company has to pay for the calls. play tennis. 97 . A diving platform marks a good place to swim in the soft. Los diferentes modos de definir incluyen: la situación de un concepto dentro de una clase.swirling. and file folders to organize home records.htm. clothing supplies. Fuente: http://www. ranging from acres of RVs ringed around recreation halls. and. The origin of guilt is psychological. To make things more complicated. picnic. a park is a place to go for outdoor recreation-to swim. or briefcases. The most common items to disappear are pens and pencils that employees almost unconsciously stuff into their purses. and so on. you find 65 campsites. Basically.html. in some places take rides in miniature trains or swish down a waterslide.edu/Resource/Illustration_paragraph_organization. aclara un término o concepto que el lector podría desconocer. Ejemplos: Ejemplo 1. la explicación o la definición que se presenta. 43 44 Fuente: http://www. Farther from the river.html. then continues on to meet the Suwannee and the sea. because there are so many kinds of parks. By doing so.longleaf. Párrafo de definición: explica el significado o el concepto de la palabra clave o idea principal del texto. handy little notepads that can be used for shopping lists and phone messages. walls of dense river swamp rise before you. they may accumulate quite a stash of them. From childhood. 45 Fuente: https://www. camp. el uso de sinónimos y la etimología. they hurt the company by robbing it of a product it depends on for revenue. Es decir. These examples may not seem like stealing. "Park" is difficult to define in Florida. Even though companies may have special discounted telephone rates. knapsacks. which may result in lower pay raises 45. la ilustración por medio de ejemplos.ptc. Ejemplo: Although they don’t consider it stealing. no call is free. walk the dog. the river rises three miles downstream in a big boil. tree-lined pool. Over time. If you want to fish near town. the owner should decide whether comfort or elegance is more important. Lloyd Beach is busy with fishermen till well past midnight. For instance.cc. you have to be careful to step over the picnic baskets. 48 Fuente: http://www.html. cities have grown so large that now about 50% of the Earth's population lives in urban areas. the owner may want to survey the prospective neighborhood. Where O'Leno gives you so much quiet you can hear the leaves whispering. There are several reasons for this occurrence. a log cabin would not be a good choice for an upper class suburban neighborhood 48. Second. Lloyd Beach is the place to go. 98 .longleaf. However. At night.okc. You can walk a few yards in O'Leno and pass beyond every sign of human civilization. a relaxed style such as country might be the best choice.Párrafo de comparación: establece analogías o contrastes entre dos o más objetos o fenómenos para conocerlos de manera profunda o simplemente para demostrar sus semejanzas o rasgos diferenciales.longleaf. and what your options are. or dive into the busy bustle of an urban beach.net/ggrow/modes.net/ggrow/modes. First of all. These jobs. Ejemplo: The architectural style of a home is crucial to the future satisfaction of the owner. contemporary or classic designs would be more appropriate. the increasing industrialization of the nineteenth century resulted in the creation of many factory jobs. with their promise of a better material life. premisas.ok. But if you want to stand at the edge of civilization and look across time into an older natural world. Ejemplo: Forest and river dominate O'Leno State Park. and browning bodies. the style should be compatible with the other homes in the area. near Fort Lauderdale.html. Lloyd Beach is a place of boisterous activity. which tended to be located in cities. jam boxes. Find out what parks are available. O'Leno is the park to visit 46. if elegance is more to the style of the owner.html. para ello se vale de la presentación de una tesis.us/svanschuyver/Susan/Susan/process. Secondly. Párrafo de causa y efecto: examina o analiza las razones y consecuencias de algo. o comenzar por los efectos dejando la causa al final. Fuente: http://www. attracted many people from rural areas. plan ahead. and what they are like. Get good information on what to expect. Don't wind up in the wilds when you want to be near Disney World. describe los datos. umbrellas. Lloyd Beach State Recreation Area. For example. La argumentación a menudo se manifiesta como la relación de causa y efecto. Ejemplo: In recent decades. This can make all the difference in the quality of your vacation 47. This decision will help to eliminate some possibilities. Párrafo de proceso: proporciona los pasos para hacer algo o explica cómo se hace algo. hechos y demás argumentaciones que sostienen su tesis y finalmente defiende su punto de vista. O'Leno wraps itself with the silence of crickets and owls. esta relación puede presentar primero la causa terminando con los efectos que produjeron. if comfort is very important. Although the house should not be a duplicate of its neighbors. When you walk at Lloyd Beach. First. By contrast. Párrafo de argumentación: trata de persuadir al lector con relación a un dato o razonamiento. and don't wind up on a concrete RV pad when you really want the forest primeval. is dominated by the oily bodies of sunworshippers who crowd into it every summer weekend. there were 46 47 Fuente: http://www. Ejemplo: Before you go camping in Florida. Es decir. EFFECT (Topic Sentence) Cities have grown very large. entertainment.cc. semi-gloss.ok. a veces.) (Cities have grown very large.edu/students/fwalters/cause.ed. 99 . [There are several reasons for this. redeemable guilt is guilt that can be erased. Fuente: http://www. and culture made city life appear more interesting. and therefore drew them away from rural communities 49. The other kind of paint is flat latex. Second. these facilities made city life appear more interesting than life on the farm.us/svanschuyver/Susan/Susan/division_classification. First of all. Better schools attracted families to move to the city. Places of leisure. Sometimes they are even used on children's bedroom walls where they might get scuff marks or be written on accidentally. Las 49 50 Fuente: http://lrs. por lo general. redeemable guilt. people established places of leisure. presentan objetos o actividades que comparten una misma característica o circunstancia que. scratches. se convierten en criterios para clasificar en grupos. For many people. En la tabla que aparece a continuación aparecen clasificadas las ideas del párrafo anterior. and culture. such as sports stadiums. subgrupos o géneros. Las oraciones en negritas son la oración temática y la oración de conclusión. Finally. El siguiente párrafo es un ejemplo de un párrafo bien desarrollado.) CAUSES (Supporting Sentences) Factory jobs attracted people. se desarrollan utilizando varios métodos. The Bible identifies three kinds of guilt: guilt of the unpardonable sin. Ejemplo 2. as the cities grew. most kitchens and bathrooms are painted with glossy or semi-gloss enamel which is the easiest to clean and holds up well to scrubbing. The promise of a better education persuaded many families to leave farming communities and move to the cities. Párrafo de clasificación: divide algo en sus partes o agrupa en categorías cosas relacionadas. the guilt of innocence is the guilt that Jesus bore. Párrafo de método mixto: emplea más de un método de desarrollo del párrafo. entertainment.many schools established to educate the children of the new factory laborers. When people walk through a hardware store or home improvement center. The various kinds of paint can be grouped according to finish: glossy. the finish of the paint is as important as the color 50. or uneven surfaces under the paint and it is less likely to need frequent scrubbing. this paint is used for walls and ceilings of regular bedrooms and living areas as it is less likely to show the imperfections of rough walls due to poor putty jobs. con el propósito de ayudarte a entender mejor las relaciones que se establecen. and flat. los párrafos. Enamels are also used on interior trim for the same reasons. and guilt of innocence. First. the guilt of the unpardonable sin.html 05/01/2008 15:58:23. Ejemplos: Ejemplo 1. In conclusion.] (Cities have grown very large. Finally. Fíjate cómo cada oración de apoyo representa una causa que explica el efecto mencionado en la oración temática.html. Como habíamos mencionado anteriormente.uiuc.okc. theaters. Las oraciones subrayadas constituyen las tres razones principales que apoyan a la oración temática. they will notice how many kinds of paint are available. and museums. When considering all of these advantages. bamboo shoots. A. but they consist usually of raw beef sliced paper-thin. but is a native concoction with a long and honorable history. and optical services add to the convenience. shopping malls provide a place for people of all ages to go. He recognizes that knowledge is the sole means of preventing it. It is the cooking and eating of sukiyaki. it is easy to understand why people are flocking to the shopping malls 51. or just sit on the benches that are conveniently placed throughout the malls. bean curd. it associates sickness with ignorance. ON THE LEFT WITH ITS There are two philosophies of medicine: the primitive or superstitious and the modern or rational. fast-food booths and candy counters. Sukiyaki (pronounced by the Japanese in three syllables with no accent--shee-yah-kee) is the dish that has proved most popular among American visitors to Japan. Shops that provide services such as pet grooming. boutiques. 100 . drug stores. Civilized man tries to control the forces causing disease by material. spinach. Narration 51 Fuente: http://www. as it is sometimes described. they are welcome to stroll. Last. Tipos de párrafos. Ejercicio 7. means. it is an aspect of religion which conceives diseases as due to certain forms of evil and attempts to control them by ceremonial and superstitious measures or to drive them away by wishful thinking. Such a doctrine associates disease with sin. They are in complete opposition to one another. book shops. but rather as resulting from the violation of sanitary laws. Shopping malls are becoming popular gathering places for many citizens. whether they are interested in buying or not. Even if they have no money to spend. bakeries. They can relax and feel that they are part of the bustling world around them.pdf. and many more try to entice shoppers.com/paragraphs-rhetmodes. however. mushrooms.nijomu. there are restaurants and ice cream parlors. The former involves the belief that disease is caused by supernatural forces. Its ingredients may vary.4. B. and a kind of gelatinous noodle. It is not. rational medicine is based on the conception that disease arises from natural causes. he does not view disease as supernatural or the outcome of sin against moral laws. The measures he relies upon both to prevent and cure disease are those which have resulted from scientific investigation and which have been proved to be effective by experience. CONNECT THE PARAGRAPHS IN THE COLUMN CLASSIFICATION IN THE COLUMN ON THE RIGHT: 1.otras oraciones constituyen los detalles específicos y ejemplos que ilustran las tres razones principales. Movie theaters and amusement arcades can be found in almost any mall worthy of its name. a Japanese imitation of chop suey. with sugar and rice wine and soy sauce as seasonings. The convenience of finding many kinds of shops under one roof is in itself enough to draw crowds. hair styling. Entertainment has not been overlooked. either. For hungry shoppers. Department stores. tobacco shops. onions. but certainly not least. not spiritualistic. Definition 2. look at window displays. On the other hand. The materials of this mass eventually became sorted out in a definite pattern: the heaviest in the center. The guests gather round a thick skillet set on a charcoal burner. If asked what space is reserved for learning. for all evening long the guests sit around the pan "cooking and eating. taking out whatever pieces please them and dipping them into a beaten raw egg. very nearly as hot as it was 2 billion years ago. and Earth became a molten mass. What about the kitchen? The bedroom? In fact. many students would suggest the classroom. Convinced that they would be crucial for his chain he set out to master French fry production. The new earth. Some people need to C: Analogy 4. and the raw ingredients (brought in beautifully arranged on a huge plate. any room in which a student habitually studies becomes a learning space. rushing through the black spaces of the universe on a path at a speed controlled by immense forces. an intermediate sphere of semiplastic basalt. the less heavy surrounding them. Exemplification (illustration) 5. "and eating and cooking. but we know that both light and all other types of radiation are propagated in such a form that they have some of the properties of a succession of waves. lavished considerable attention on their fries. or a place associated with thinking. "The French fry would become almost sacrosanct for me. intensely hot. it is a social experience. This is the pattern which persists today †† a central sphere of molten iron. After part of the food has been allowed to simmer with its seasonings for a tantalizing while. Many customers were fiercely devoted to the product. F. Light and all other forms of radiation are analogous to waterripples or waves. The sun’s radiation distributes through space the vast amount of energy which is generated inside the sun. The McDonald brothers. Work tends to be associated with non-work-specific environments. Sukiyaki is not just a food. Contrast And Compare 6. relatively quite thin and composed of solid basalt and granite. and schedules. The gases began to liquefy. We hardly know whether there is any actual wave-motion in light or not. was a ball of whirling gases.rather than the food itself. In the 1950s French fries were an unimportant side dish that brought in little profit at most restaurants. Chronology 101 . activities." 3. that makes it an experience to remember. its preparation a ritual to be followed religiously. in that they distribute energy from a central source. freshly torn from its parent sun. for the Japanese believe in eating first with their eyes) are cooked in their presence. and the least heavy forming the outer rim. E." as the Japanese say. and a hard outer shell. however. D. Gradually the ball of flaming gases cooled. the lab or the library. Kroc believed the McDonald’s fries were the best he had ever tasted." he wrote in his autobiography. the guests reach into the common skillet with their chopsticks. Jake hid under the stove. parallel circuit. simple but overwhelmingly strong. Three passions. 7. like great winds. and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind. Classification my life: the longing for love. Now he is back in his cage. I have to watch my snake. I looked for a long time before I found him. no negative attributes detract from the "courage." G. Some students work quickly and efficiently. have governed J. Jake. there are two or more paths for current flow. womanish means "unsuitable to a man or to a strong character of either sex.engage in sports or other physical activity before they can work successfully. Cause-Effect 8. (b) These passions. while others cannot produce anything without much dust and heat. Next time. If any device fails to work. like the series circuit. have blown me hither and thither. the current flows in one path: from the battery through the switch and through the two light bulbs. and series-parallel circuit. Some need a less flexible schedule than others. 9. and domesticity or on the other hand fickleness. I plan to put him in a box while I clean his cage! Three types of circuits are used in automotive electricity: series I." Among the "qualities considered distinctive of manhood" listed in the entry for man. He got away when I was not looking. If one device fails to work. reaching to the very verge of despair. Being sedentary seems to inspire others. one after another. but they are not. while a very few can sit and not rise until their task is completed. Most automotive electrical circuits. I took him H. the other hand. which is a combination of a series and parallel circuit. At its entry for woman Webster's Third provides a list of "qualities considered distinctive of womanhood": "Gentleness. In the parallel circuit. The broad range of positive characteristics used to define males could be used to define females too. Enumeration circuit. it will act as a switch and open the whole circuit on. the current still goes to the other devices. Yesterday. The parallel part works like the parallel circuit described above. affection. the series part. In the series-circuit. use the series parallel circuit. According to this dictionary. current must pass through all the electrical devices. In series circuit. strength. some students do their best work before the sun rises. 10. He method slithered as fast as lightning into the kitchen. and vigor" the definers associate with males. 102 . Combined out of his cage to clean It. and folly. however. Although most classes are scheduled between 8:30 and 22:00. some after it sets. the search for knowledge. My mom screamed loudly and jumped on a chair. more closely. and they continue to works. superficiality. in a wayward course over a deep ocean of anguish. justificará. es decir. Para desarrollar las ideas centrales los autores utilizan diferentes recursos retóricos (o métodos de desarrollo). Para que un texto pueda considerarse como una unidad debe haber una relación lógica. Elizabeth Miller argues there is no proof. En el siguiente ejemplo: Escribí una carta a mi tía ayer. adding that Bram Stoker may have read countless descriptions of Gothic characters. nexos. los cuales pueden identificarse por las palabras de unión y de transición. Finally. ejemplificará. However. ya que las oraciones de un texto son como piezas de un rompecabezas: toda oración debe encajar en la oración anterior. Lee el párrafo siguiente y fíjate cómo se usan los diferentes tipos de conectores para relacionar las oraciones de apoyo con la oración temática. contrastará. some even claim that Vlad actually drank his victims’ blood. conocidos también como enlaces. Estas palabras que sirven para conectar de manera lógica las diversas partes de un texto se llaman conectores. although there is nothing in the historical data that refers to Vlad as a vampire. En la casa viven cinco personas. No hay ninguna coherencia. Ejemplo del uso de los conectores en contexto. modificará o resumirá la(s) oración(s) anterior(s). Introduce el argumento (oración temática) There are those who suggest that Bram Stoker’s idea of driving a stake through his vampire came from Vlad’s liking for impalement. Se refiere a las pruebas o razones Aumenta algo a lo que ya se ha dicho Concluye con el argumento Es de gran importancia conocer el valor de cada conector. el sentido del enlace conceptual que representa. marcadores textuales o conectivos. Un texto no sólo consta de una serie de oraciones sueltas. 103 . But other opinions see this as too far-fetched. puesto que nos indican que se explicará. Those supporting the Conectivos que oponen el argumento argument point to the evidence that the Count is based on a portrait of Vlad as a bloodthirsty berserker called Dracula.Los conectores. linking words en inglés). denotando la función que cumplen con respecto a todo o a otra parte del discurso. en cada una de las clasificaciones sólo se presentan algunos ejemplos. también existen varias clases de conectores discursivos. puesto que incluir ejemplos de todos y cada uno de los conectores rebasa el propósito de esta guía. del adjetivo o del adverbio. Dicho de otra manera. son oraciones compuestas por coordinación o por subordinación pero entre ellas no hay ningún nexo explícito. dado que existen diversos tipos de relación entre los conceptos. Palabras de enlace (linking words) Los llamados marcadores estructurales o de organización textual señalan las distintas partes de un texto. Recursos de conectividad Subordinación –relativas –completivas –temporales –causales –consecutivas –concesivas –condicionales –ejemplificación –finales –comparativas –locativas Coordinación –aditivas –adversativas –disyuntivas Yuxtaposición. pueden clasificarse en dos grandes categorías: marcadores lógicos o conectivos propiamente dichos. según su función y la clase de relación que establecen. o dos grupos de oraciones contiguas. B.Ahora bien. Los ejercicios aparecen después de esta clasificación. De acuerdo a su función. los conectores que aquí te proporcionamos aparecen en orden alfabético. A. Clases de conectores Según el tipo de relación que establecen. Los conectores se distinguen en los de coordinación y los de subordinación. los conectores. de modo que puedas revisar sólo aquellos de los que tienes duda. supeditan la oración en que se insertan y la convierten funcionalmente a una unidad de rango inferior que cumple alguna de las funciones propias del sustantivo. pese a lo cual podemos interpretar que la relación entre ellas es del mismo tipo que la que hay entre las coordinadas o las subordinadas. tanto los marcadores lógicos (conectivos) como los marcadores de organización textual (palabras o frases de enlace –linking words) pueden clasificarse en las siguientes categorías principales. 104 . Los primeros son nexos que funden en un solo enunciado dos o más oraciones que por sí mismas podrían manifestarse aisladas como enunciados. y marcadores estructurales (palabras de enlace. Marcadores lógicos (conectivos) Los marcadores lógicos son los conectivos que indican la relación que existe entre dos frases u oraciones. Con la intención de que veas cómo funcionan los conectores. sin necesidad de que revises todos. Los conectores de subordinación. Ahora bien. Se dice que dos o más oraciones están yuxtapuestas cuando entre ellas no existe nexo alguno. ya sea en oraciones o en contexto. en cambio. . si bien y. como como consecuencia / resultado como ejemplo Inglés included in comparison in conclusion in contrast indeed in fact in my opinion in other words Español incluso contrario a en conclusión... después por un lado al contrario por otro lado con tal (de) que.. más aún puesto que sin embargo si además en realidad in particular in summary I think that. luego que. para terminar contrario a ciertamente. en realidad. así que tal(es) como es decir por eso. así pues por desgracia a menos que mientras que mientras que no obstante.como pero ciertamente. por cierto en realidad. de acuerdo con por fin porque por eso además así . tras nuevamente también aunque. es decir..Inglés after again also although and as as a result as an example Español después (de) que. in short instead like likewise meanwhile moreover namely nevertheless next on the one hand on the contrary on the other hand provided that secondly similarly so such as that is ( to say) therefore (that is why) to agree with thus unfortunately unless whereas while/as long as yet 105 . por cierto en consecuencia a pesar de (que) debido a esto por igual aunque a la larga. tanto. como.and but certainly consequently despite due to (this) equally even though eventually except for excepting finally firstly for example for instance fortunately from my point of view furthermore given that however / nevertheless if in addition in actual fact así como. e así.. a la postre excepto a excepción de finalmente En primera instancia por ejemplo por ejemplo afortunadamente desde mi punto de vista Además... tan.. es más. por lo tanto estar de acuerdo con así. siempre que en segundo lugar similarmente así. pero as well as according to at last because because of this besides both.. aún más.. como según …. que equivale a decir en especial en resumen creo que en resumen en cambio como asimismo mientras tanto además a saber no obstante enseguida. de hecho en mi opinión en otras palabras. . Moreover. A whole range of learning occurs in childcare centres.. Cuando son conjunciones compuestas (both. coupled with. Ejemplo en contexto: Childcare The government should provide more financial assistance to parents who use childcare. similarly. Recent studies indicate that the parent-child relationship can be improved by the use of high-quality childcare facilities. Ejemplos: · · · · · · · · · We have tickets for the symphony and the opera. The writer has used techniques such as informal language and personal anecdotes in order to persuade the reader. Furthermore. They are not able to utilise their productive skills and do not pay income tax. que se le suma. in fact it is regarded as the source of our intellectual prowess. too. Children become less dependent on their parents and parents themselves are less stressed and more effective caregivers when there are periods of separation. also capturing the poetic tone of the original piece. Non-working parents can become a drain on the tax system through dependent spouse and other rebates. Pueden distinguirse diversos matices de significación. In addition. Moreover. The authors are critical of the illusions many organisations have of teamwork. as well as. Government support for childcare services assists individual families and is important for the economic well-being of the whole nation. parents and children need to spend some time apart. moreover. again. The author makes some insightful translations. childcare centres may assist children in their early development. Firstly. furthermore. also. in addition. 106 . parents who cannot go to work because they don't have access to childcare facilities cannot contribute to the national economy.Adición (incluyen las llamadas conjunciones copulativas): Indican que una idea se añade a la otra. they suggest that these illusions are costing businesses large losses in productivity. besides capturing the poetic tone of the original piece. They give children an opportunity to mix with other children and to develop social skills at an early age.and) se les conoce como correlativas. Long term memory stores vast quantities of information. For adding information: and. likewise. they suggest that there are some common misunderstandings about 'how' teams actually work. besides. In addition. The authors are critical of the illusions many organisations have of teamwork. in fact. The author's translation is insightful. The authors are critical of the illusions many organisations have of teamwork. Both my sister and my brother play the piano. these illusions lead to the use of teams in situations that fail to utilise their potential. Smith fails to provide evidence for her argument. la razón o la explicación de otra. as a result/consequence. It's usually quite simple to cross the border between the USA and Canada because these two countries have friendly relations.Ejemplos: · · · · · · · · · · · · · · The conclusion is flawed because the survey failed to use a random sampling technique. because of this/that. The conclusion must be rejected for it has been revealed that random sampling was not followed. To show cause: as. The conclusion must be rejected now that it has been revealed random sampling was not followed. The driver of the bank robbers’ cars kept the engine running so that he could make a quick get-away. The subjects were not randomly distributed to groups. No me alcanza el dinero. Nota: So that aquí muestra propósito. Como en el caso siguiente: No puedo comprar el libro porque no me alcanza el dinero. dejando intacta la relación lógica causa-efecto. no puedo comprar el libro. it is hardly convincing. thus. Los conceptos de causa y de consecuencia son inversos. Smith fails to provide evidence for her argument: as a result this text is flawed. the conclusion drawn is rather ambiguous. The conclusion is flawed as the survey failed to use a random sampling technique.Causa y de efecto: muestran que la idea que introducen es la causa. I love Matisse's works because he uses colour so brilliantly The food was cold. · · · · · · · 107 . the conclusion they have drawn is invalid. therefore. The subjects were not randomly distributed to groups. Para que pueda utilizarse in order to. I need an office to myself so that I can get some work done. denotan que la idea que introducen es consecuencia o efecto de la anteriormente expresada. He was angry because the food was cold. Accordingly. hence. así que puede transformarse fácilmente una relación causal en una consecutiva. thus. debe eliminarse he could. Therefore he was angry. por tanto. her opinion has been widely criticised. consequently. Smith fails to provide evidence for her argument. o bien. because for. hence. therefore. To show effect: accordingly. consequently. The conclusion is flawed since the survey failed to use a random sampling technique. The job is badly paid so I'm looking for another one. so. as a consequence the conclusion they have drawn is flawed. he was suspended from the band. since. y viceversa. I hate living in London so I'm moving to the country. No puede decirse: The driver of the bank robbers’ car kept the engine running in order to he could make a quick get-away. No control group was included in the experiment: consequently. the implications of the conclusion are limited. Dennis went to the symphony. now that. No control group was included in the experiment. in summary. The Reserve Bank's long term view of economic activity is grim. Similarly many economic indicators forecast a drop in current activity. Guilt must be felt. To conclude: in conclusion. in the same way. The team is ready to administer another survey in case the results of the first were flawed. has a limit upon the duration it can maintain stimuli. The conclusion will be accepted provided that the administration of the survey was not flawed.. as is the case with working memory. To emphasise: above all. similarly. notably. significantly. unless. Both sensory memory and working memory have a limit upon the duration they can maintain stimuli. certainly. To express condition: if. de cuyo cumplimiento real o supuesto depende lo expresado en otra oración. Sensory memory. Blame hints at fault that has been externally assessed. in particular. The conclusion must be rejected if random sampling techniques were not used in the administration of the survey. In summary..Comparación y contraste: indican comparación entre elementos y también señalan semejanzas y diferencias entre dos o más conjuntos o entidades. guilt is not a synonym for blame. Finally. Although the first two words may seem to share some connotations. Ejemplos: 108 .and. teamwork has increasingly become the business strategy of the nineties. equally. I wouldn’t have done it. The conclusion will be accepted unless the administration of the survey was flawed. Conclusión: señalan que se ha terminado con una secuencia de ideas o que se ha concluido la exposición o el escrito. finally. Condición: Significan que la oración que introducen es una condición. like. like working memory. has a limit upon the duration it can maintain stimuli. provided that. especially. Ejemplos: · · · In conclusion. indeed. Guilt implies selfreproach that comes from an internal consciousness of wrong. the dietary needs of patients are important and should be the domain for trained nurses. both. as with. in case. Ejemplos: · · · · · Sensory memory. each of the memory systems operates in tandem to allow learning and cognition to occur. To compare: as. Ejemplos: · · · · · · If you have already bought your ticket. blame must be assessed. you will still need to wait in line If I had known how much I would disappoint him. likewise. Confirmación o afirmación probativa: destacan que la verdad o realidad de un enunciado resulta la prueba o corroboración de lo ya dicho. she continued to study. Although she was exhausted. The writer uses an informal style even though this technique is unsuitable for the academic context. The food was cold. Smith is critical of the overuse of teamwork in large organisations. Contraste y oposición (incluyen las llamadas conjunciones adversativas): Indican que la idea que introducen se opone o es contraria. · Smith tends to use emotive language. instead. conversely. The writer used informal language whereas more formal language is required in this context. The orchestra rehearses on Tuesday. he was angry. Contrast and Comparison: although. however the storage capacity of working memory is more limited. by comparison. still. The writer used a formal academic style but also included personal anecdotes in order to persuade the reader. indeed. she continued to study. I don't know him very well. a otra. generalmente ya expresada en la oración o frase anterior. Nota. 109 . Long term memory stores vast quantities of information. contrast. in comparison. in alternatively. in contrast. on the contrary. whereas. Pueden distinguirse diversos matices. but he was angry. he isn't very good in the races. this makes her case highly persuasive. The writer included personal anecdotes while examples of a more technical nature would have been more appropriate. on one hand. en lugar de esto. even though. Our horse is a great jumper. The writer included personal anecdotes although examples of a more technical nature would have been more appropriate. Ferguson suggests productivity would be improved if they were further utilised. · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · The food was cold. she continued to study. nevertheless the piece sounds at its most poetic in the original Spanish. likewise. however. despite. rather. The writer included personal anecdotes despite the traditional conventions of academic writing disallowing this technique. he didn't get the job. by the same token. en algún respecto. Long term memory has a vast storage capacity. Nevertheless. The West underwent industrialization many years ago. otherwise. The writer used informal language yet a more formal style is required in this context. Ejemplos: · · · Although he was the best qualified candidate. instead of. while/whereas/but most of Asia is still in the process of developing. while. The Reserve Bank's long term view of economic activity is grim despite the current healthy outlook of many economic indicators. yet.· Pamela will certainly win the match. on the other hand. puede decirse: Despite/In spite of being exhausted. unlike. O bien: Despite/In spite of the fact that she was exhausted. in contrast the storage capacity of working memory is much more limited. nevertheless. On the contrary. The author's translation is insightful. although I have met him socially on a couple of occasions. similarly. on the other hand. but the chorus rehearses on Wednesday. but. for instance. that means. Explicación. Maybe a better way of putting it is not spending money. this is the one race that everyone in Australia knows about. chiefly. the surgeons have retired while anxious relatives hover at the bedside. It seems to me that temporal awareness is related to ones ability to do things like save money. for instance. or to doubt everything. Ejemplos: · I have not been able to find the words that will get Google to give me a bunch of reading on this subject. such as. it would be better to say. There are a number of users of this type of accounting information. Many times there is more than one middle ground. including. can she do the job? · · · 110 . in particular. Ejemplificación: se utilizan para dar ejemplos de las ideas o conceptos que se están exponiendo. The Melbourne Cup is Australia 's most famous race. Ejemplos: · · · · · · The writer has used techniques such as informal language and personal anecdotes in order to persuade the reader. (Blakemore. for one thing.· The dramatic staging of the play enhanced the suspense of the piece. from Shakespeare's tragedy of the same name. At the instigation of his wife. The team can administer several surveys simultaneously. one or more of these middle grounds holds the most important consequences. reformulación y rectificación: indican que una idea puede o debería expresarse de otro modo. The chef required many ingredients to prepare her banquet. for example intelligence and aptitude tests are usually done together. fresh herbs and many types of mushrooms. to put it another way. as an illustration. that is. in particular. by comparison the original version was much less sinister." The truth of this observation can be illustrated by the lives of countless villains. To further explain an idea (clarification and reformulation): a better way of putting it is. trade unions and their members. In other words. markedly. Seneca once said. specifically. 1996: 328). The patient is still alive. The size of the delay is one of the interesting parts. — Alfred Korzybski. Macbeth kills the king of Scotland and usurps his throne –an act of treachery for which Macbeth and his wife suffer torments of guilt. If you can’t regularly be aware of the future you stand little chance of putting aside money for it. illustrated with. The most general way I can think of putting it is delayed gratification. in other words. If you are aware of future needs then you are less likely to buy that Grande Latte. Once such is Macbeth. To give examples: as an example. namely. the pound has survived another day without intervention. for example. both ways save us from thinking. as revealed by. particularly. When I take timeout to figure on the situation I often find that there is a middle ground. In other words. to believe everything. And what’s more. Does she have the right work experience and skills — in other words. in the case of. There are two ways to slide easily through life: namely. namely. I often see others and myself looking ahead in small or very large units of time. that is to say. especially. "Every guilty person is his own hangman. in this case. for example. one attains his object and the other does not. But confining myself more to the particular. that is. namely. in particular. the other fail. so it’s interesting to see how the mainstream media deal with the current ‘credit crisis’ or perhaps a better way of putting it is to say we have a crisis because the credit’s run out. This follows from what I have said. life. that the prince who relies entirely on fortune is lost when it changes. namely water chestnuts and mushrooms blended in a light vinegar and lemon sauce. another by its opposite. and that he whose actions do not accord with the times will not be successful. I believe also that he will be successful who directs his actions according to the spirit of the times. goes on. to get there by various methods. that two men working differently bring about the same effect. 111 . or to put it another way. namely explains the term Ma Tai Sien Koo. there is a higher percentage of people over the age of sixty than at any rime previously this century. disagreed with the legislation. I believe. (Blakemore. one by patience. –The Prince by Machiavelli. glory and riches. in affairs that lead to the end which every man has before him. and each one succeeds in reaching the goal by a different method. that is to say war. if you can bear to give them away! (House Beautiful. milk. all this arises from nothing else than whether or not they conform in their methods to the spirit of the times. and for other functions. Urban Australia was founded by English convicts. namely. sesame seeds and cherry tomatoes. The republicans. portray herbs as being used for this. and of two working similarly.(The Times. they take as their primary data observations about human behavior. the responses of subjects engaged in various types of categorization tasks. that is to say. arises firstly from causes that have already been discussed at length. But to get you started we’ve decorated a selection of small boxes which would make ideal gifts for friends at Christmas. one with caution. when it is over. 11th May 1993). the other impetuous. Nicolo A typical example is Ma Tai Sien Koo. or vinegar. many of the potions were made with herbs mixed with honey. This. not what they call classical economics. Instead of how to improve memory it would be better to say how to exercise this brain capacity in a way that its natural possibilities of learning are made the most of. One can also see of two cautious men the one attain his end. the one being cautious. especially if one’s take on things is not in the mainstream. another by skill. which is another way of saying that capitalism is the only possible system. and similarly. England's rejects. November 1993) Explaining economics is probably the most difficult thing for any writer to undertake.· · · · · · · · · · · The writings of the Saxons. one by force. Herb drinks were mixed. that is. To investigate these issues. seasoned with chilli. with ale. Because men are seen. 18th November 1995) The population is ageing. 1996: 329) Psychologists are directly interested in the mental representation and processing of categories. That is to say. two men by different observances are equally successful. served on a bed of lemon bean curd. such as medical ones in the treatment of disease. another with haste. that is. I say that a prince may be seen happy to-day and ruined to-morrow without having shown any change of disposition or character. the third party in the centre-left coalition. (Asian Times. Just too many bad debts which wouldn’t be so bad except nobody knows who owns the debts or even where the hell they are! – William Bowles Peace is merely an interlude. firstly. when.or. At first. then the art world began to acknowledge this new partnership. Cuando son conjunciones compuestas (either. she has hardly spent a weekend on shore. before. · The number of typed assignments has increased dramatically since many computers became available on campus. at first.Opción o alternativa (de disyunción): expresan la posibilidad entre una u otra idea. para indicar equivalencia de sentido. Neither the orchestra nor the chorus was able to overcome the terrible acoustics in the church. thirdly. nor was there a single household spared its hardship. meanwhile. · Trade opened between Japan and Europe.. before that. the art world has done much to acknowledge this new partnership. after that. · Trade opened between Japan and Europe. neither. or you can have a nice week in Dorset. the alternative is. lastly. Japan sought to dismantle trade embargoes with the United States. · Trade opened between Japan and Europe. The Irish famine of 1846-50 took a million lives. finally both parties could capitalise upon their trade partnership. since.nor) se les conoce como correlativas. eventually both parties realised the benefits of a trade partnership. Secuencia temporal de ideas o eventos: señalan el orden cronológico o temporal en que se presentan las ideas o en que ocurren los eventos. trade opened between Japan and Europe. Ejemplos: · Since Alice began sailing. lastly. · Firstly. · Trade opened between Japan and Europe. For sequencing ideas or events: after. third-world countries are experiencing an explosion in their populations. Before that artists had had little exposure to Asian culture. since then. trade between China and Japan resumed. then. secondly. Expressing an alternative: alternatively. · Population in the industrialized nations is on the decline. Tonight's program is either Mozart or Beethoven. Ejemplos: · · · · · Have you seen or heard the opera by Scott Joplin? You can go to Ibiza. · Trade opened between Japan and Europe. · After the trade embargoes were abolished. meanwhile. gradually trade between Japan and Europe increased. · After the trade embargoes were abolished. Next. · Trade opened between Japan and Europe. 112 . Nota: La conjunción or también puede ser un marcador de explicación o reformulación. finally. · Students were expected to hand in typed assignments when many computers became available on campus. eventually. trade between China and Japan resumed. secondly. next.. · After the trade embargoes were abolished. · Few students typed their assignments before computers became available on campus. · Students were expected to hand in typed assignments after many computers became available on campus... after that artists were exposed to Asian culture for the first time. another possibility would be. gradually. the art world did little to acknowledge this new partnership. de que un hecho ocurra en vez de otro. since then. whilst. afterwards. de poder escoger una cosa u otra. rather. on the other hand. Ejemplos: · · · · Do you think this is something that can be learned? I think I know why he left the job. pues su función gramatical es a la vez reproducir conceptos ya mencionados y servir de nexo subordinante entre proposiciones. (Puedes consultar la tabla de conectores.bbc. Unos se usan casi exclusivamente en la lengua escrita o muy formal (por consiguiente. con objeto de. entre los consecutivos: por tanto. Ejercicios de conectores Para realizar los ejercicios siguientes pregúntate cuál es la relación más precisa que hay entre las partes de la oración. por ejemplo.co. Contrasting information 52. y otros aparecen en contextos de menor formalidad (entonces. where. varios conectores de significado equivalente. ¿señalan una causa. which. por eso. dentro de una misma clase.quiz=136_contrast. when. aunque.) Ejercicio 7. etc. whom. así pues. Sólo la lectura constante y la consulta de libros de gramática o de estilo te proporcionarán un conocimiento más preciso de estos matices semánticos. así que. To subordinate: that. ______.. no siempre son intercambiables.. así que. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER AND FILL IN THE BLANK. Steve. ora). who. pues hay entre ellos diferencias de connotación y de estilo. My friend John. who lives in California. por consiguiente. 113 . a) however b) although c) in spite of d) despite 52 Fuente: http://www. por más que). por eso. he should be better qualified.Relativos: los pronombres y adverbios relativos pueden incluirse también entre los conectores. en fin). existen. Nota general sobre el uso de los conectores: como habrás notado. ¿introducen una idea. no obstante. Para hacerlo puedes plantearte algunas preguntas como las siguientes: ¿exigen una deducción?. 1: Phillipa is really thin _____ eating like a horse! a) however b) in spite of c) although d) in addition to 2: I didn't really enjoy myself.5. Sin embargo. sin embargo. has a car with a New York license. ejemplo o prueba contradictoria?. conque. why. las oraciones o las partes del texto que se relacionan. When a university professor returns from a sabbatical leave. un efecto?. ora. seemed to be having the time of his life..uk/apps/ifl/worldservice/quiznet/quizengine?ContentType=text/html. otros son propios del lenguaje común (por tanto. I cannot swim __ I can ski. CHOOSE THE BEST OPTION: 1. I like coffee ___ I don't like tea. a) and b) but c) so 53 d) because Fuente: http://www.bradleys-english-school. I was cold __ I turned on the heater. a) despite b) although c) whereas d) however 6: Kevin's been a vegetarian for years. a) and b) but 2.3: Whenever they go on holiday John likes to drive. And / But / So / Because 53. a) and b) but c) so 4. a) and b) but d) because d) because c) so d) because c) so d) because 7. a) and b) but 6. 114 . We'll have to go shopping __ we have nothing for dinner.6.html. she _______ won all the money! a) yet b) never c) didn't d) still 5: Sue went to work ______ feeling ill. My name is Jim __ I'm your new teacher. a) and b) but c) so d) because c) so d) because 3. _______ Susan prefers to fly – she says it's quicker. I want a new TV __ the one I have now is broken.com/online/MultipleChoice/conj. _______ he still eats fish! a) despite b) in spite of c) although d) however Ejercicio 7. a) although b) in spite of c) despite d) whereas 4: In spite of never having played cards before. I had to work on Saturday __ I couldn't go to John's party a) and b) but c) so 5. a) so b) for c) because of d) therefore 3. People choose Apple computers ______________ their ease of use. Cause and Effect 54. we will have to spend more time keeping up. 1. 115 . a) and b) but c) so 10. ______________ the battery was dead.smccd. I couldn't get it to start again. I had a "splitting headache" today. a) and b) but c) so d) because d) because d) because Ejercicio 7. I had left it on all day. a) consequently b) because c) so that 4. a) Since b) Because c) Consequently d) For 2. It got ______________ bad that I had to take a tablet. a) and b) but c) so 9. a) Now that b) Since c) Because d) In asmuch as 7. I had to restart it. ______________ my computer froze. a) so b) so that c) for that reason d) since 54 Fuente. a) such b) therefore c) so much d) so 6. I had to go find the power cord a) For b) Since c) Due to d) therefore d) Therefore 5. The history test was difficult __ the English one was easy. He had lots of free time. MORE THAN ONE ANSWER MAY BE CORRECT. ______________ I needed to work. SELECT THE CORRECT CONNECTOR TO FILL IN THE BLANK.7. ______________. a) Because b) due to c) due to the fact that d) because of 9. adaptado de: http://www.8. a) Because b) due to c) due to the fact that d) because of 8. ______________ he spent it 'surfing' the Internet.html. We didn't go to the beach yesterday __ it was raining. it was dead.net/accounts/sevas/esl/gramcheck/8-7. ______________ technology is advancing. Why did Jack buy an iMac? He bought one ______________ he could easily access the Internet. a) so b) so that c) due to d) for 10. Other people prefer to use PCs ______________ they are more universally used. We have a test on Monday __ I'll have to study this weekend. Nobody was listening anymore. The rule applies to all employees __________ of their position. a) although b) despite c) however 2. You must attend the meeting ____________ he'll be very annoyed. ______________ it is underdeveloped. 3.9 56. a) if b) in spite of c) whether 5. It was so / such an awful film that many people left the cinema halfway through it. 5.html Fuente: http://www.html. It must be finished before tomorrow __________ long it takes. a) otherwise b) nevertheless c) unless 7. 2. 2. Mrs. He organized the trip ___________ of the danger. a) whatever b) no matter c) however 3. Although / However . Nina left work early for / so she could go to the dentist. Smith wants to go snorkelling in Florida this summer. a) whatever b) irrespective c) inconsiderate 4. Even so / Even though Pamela is still at school she's already a bestselling novelist.com/suzkeadie/linking_words_and_phrases. CIRCLE THE RIGHT OPTION 1. 3. 57 Fuente: http://www. however / whereas Mr Smith wants to go and play golf in Scotland.10 57. 55 56 Fuente: http://www. __________ it rains or not. 5.learn-english-today. In addition / besides to a spacious apartment in Manhattan. Amanda will get her birthday card in time. as a result / even though they played really badly. It will take place outdoors.8 55. Since / Therefore we have got an hour until the plane leaves. as long / provided you promise to take very good care of it.Ejercicio 7. 116 . You can use my laptop computer. 6. The country is at war. __________ the recital continued. It looks as although / as though it's going to rain. as long as / so long you send it today. 7. a) Because b) Furthermore c) Then 8. the family owns a house in the South of Spain. a) notwithstanding b) regardless c) nevertheless Ejercicio 7. a) regardless b) inattentive c) remindless 6. They managed to win the match. Ejercicio 7. Patrick did very well in most of his exams.com/wordgames/hotpot-quizzes/linking-words1. Her salary is higher than mine ____________ we do the same work.html. let's go for a coffee. They are reducing bus and train fares in order / so as to encourage more people to use public transport.geocities.geocities. CHOOSE THE CORRECT WORD(S) TO COMPLETE EACH SENTENCE. Schools and businesses stayed open yesterday despite / in spite the terrible weather. 4. 1. he failed his German exam and will have to take it again in September.com/suzkeadie/linking_words_and_phrases. 8. CIRCLE THE RIGHT OPTION 1. 4. uk/learner/writing/transiti. to come top of the class.uce. it can introduce you to fascinating cultures. I'll go to the party as long / provided you go too.ac. a) As a result b) So that c) Likewise 5. Fuente: http://www. They found him guilty however / despite the fact there was very little evidence. It wasn't much fun. ______________. to take the exhibition to the UK. 6. it would be necessary to peg salary levels at their current level for all grades of staff. As / Though Julian had the necessary qualifications. Ejercicio 7. Polls show that Tony Blair is the most popular Prime Minister this century. We arrived late because of / due the traffic. The Vice Chancellor explained that in light of the current financial climate and because of unexpected bad debts. 117 . _____________. I went to the party. He managed. CIRCLE THE RIGHT OPTION 1. Ejercicio 7. 7. ______________. despite / nevertheless . Though / Even they were going on holiday for just a week she took two suitcases.html. a) Nevertheless b) In other words c) Similarly 58 59 Fuente: http://www. 2. vinyl records have seen an increase in their share of the market. no-one was getting a pay rise. there are even members of his own party who are uneasy with his approach. The two main Channel Islands. a) Above all b) Correspondingly c) In contrast 6. 8.12 59. 7. 3. he didn't get the job.ssdd.11 58. The exam was really tough. are much closer to France than to England. so / therefore . However / Although . ________________ Jersey and Guernsey. The organizers have decided.6. It was announced that nurses' working hours would be increased by 25%. Sales of CDs have experienced a small but steady fall over the past 12 months. even fewer trainee nurses are expected to join the profession. 4. a) for example b) namely c) in particular 4.geocities. There are some slight variations in temperature. It was a lovely day. As well as / Furthermore . up to 1.7%. although / though. a) consequently b) otherwise c) as a rule 3. He would rather spend his money on CDs as / than on clothes. INSERT THE BEST OPTION 1. we had to stay indoors and paint the living room.com/suzgimenez/linking_expressions.htm. 8. a) In particular b) However c) For instance 2. but ________________ 26 to 27ºC should be expected. The photography exhibition was a great success in the United States. 5. Studying a second language can be very good for your career. ________________. lots of people duplicate software programmes. ____________ WINDOWS. ____________ it is illegal. Microsoft has infringed quite a few laws. ______________ it has been shown that fractures can occur at even relatively low pressures. a) Unless b) If c) Provided d) Providing 2. ______________ they will not be marked. a) Nevertheless b) Because c) Even though Ejercicio 7. the use of the material should not be completely discounted. it's up to you. It is clear. that the situation in Brazil will improve only slowly. a new tax on individual car use.fr:8080/peda/disc/lv/anglais/usinaquiz/linkwords/infolinks. ____________ it won't work properly. it takes quite long to download videos! a) Because b) In spite of c) Although d) Even though 7.htm.13 60. Why didn't you reformat your hard disk ____________ I had told you to? a) as b) like c) since d) that 60 Fuente: http://www. a) Because b) Whereas c) Unlike d) Although 4. the government has announced new restrictions on company parking spaces and ______________. therefore. a) obviously b) otherwise c) as a result 10. You won't be able to run that programme on your computer ____________ you upgrade it. a) Furthermore b) In comparison c) With reference to 8.7. INSERT THE BEST OPTION 1. In order to try to reduce car use in the inner cities. a) Though b) In spite of c) Whereas d) As 9. ____________ my ADSL connection. I came across a very interesting site. Read the instructions before installing this programme. 118 . the outlook is slightly more optimistic. a) Unlike b) Whether c) If d) Provided 3. ____________ you use one word processor or another doesn't make much difference. Essays must be handed in by the deadline. ____________ you use a Mac or you use a PC.ac-nantes. ______________ the economic problems being experienced in Japan. a) Because b) Whereas c) Meanwhile d) While 5. ____________ I was surfing the web. LINUX is free! a) Like b) As c) Contrary d) Unlike 8. ____________ what Bill says. a) as well as b) in addition c) in the same way 9. a) but b) because c) otherwise d) provided 10. a) Since b) Either c) Or d) Whether 6. a) even though b) despite c) provided that d) because 5. I will have to throw it away. a) so b) therefore c) in spite of d) yet 13. were forbidden to participate. It was gray and rainy. _______________ my grammar use seems to be getting worse.net/accounts/sevas/esl/gramcheck/9-10. ___________. _______________. a) In the event b) Unless c) Only if d) On the other hand 10. WHICH CONNECTOR CAN LOGICALLY COMPLETE EACH SENTENCE? CHOOSE THE ANSWER THAT BEST COMPLETES THE SENTENCE. 119 . _______________ I can't be at the board meeting myself. a) Consequently b) Nevertheless c) Otherwise d) Although 6. a) although b) nevertheless c) even though d) or else 15. I have asked my assistant to be prepared to go there for me. The windows were all left open. _______________ you know how to use your computer better. My instructor told me that I am doing well. I turned on the air-conditioning _______________ the room was hot. You had better answer his e-mail quickly. I have to go to the meeting _______________ I want to or not. _______________ he is usually very honest. a lot of mosquitoes came into the room.smccd. we went sailing on the Bay. a) as long as b) unless c) providing that d) since 7. Carol came to my house _______________ I asked her not to come on a school night. _______________. The traditional pumpkin pie is low in fat _______________ you put whipped cream on it. a) Consequently b) Nevertheless c) Even though d) In spite of 2. Women. a) provided that b) whether c) even if 61 d) only if Fuente: http://www. a) Now that b) While c) Although d) In case 14. 1. a) although b) unless c) otherwise d) only if 4. I wonder if he is telling us the truth now. _______________.Ejercicio 7. You must eat the last little piece of pie. a) nevertheless b) on the other hand c) therefore d) otherwise 8. a) due to b) despite c) even though d) since 3.html. The roles of men and women were not the same in the Northern American Indian tribes. you can include your computer skills on your resume. men were both participants and spectators in hunting rituals. a) despite b) because of c) even though d) yet 11. Mario and I will come to the party tonight _______________ we can get a taxi. I think the board meeting will go well _______________ our present difficulties. _______________ he will leave his office and he won't check his e-mail until next Monday morning. a) Nevertheless b) However c) Consequently d) Otherwise 9. For example. a) In spite of b) Since c) Though d) In the event that 12.14 61. leading to the development of human beings. Additionally. In addition.000 species of plants and 1. Passage 1 Fox's argument seems valid: appropriate feeding and hydration are essential to the provision of adequate patient care.au/effective/6c_q1.uow. To date. Often. theory and experience when attending to these needs. in today's nursing contexts this is not always possible. more than 400. the author herself questions the validity of her evidence. Therefore they do not have enough time to personally feed every patient and to monitor the patient while doing this. Fox fails to acknowledge this fact. Passage 2 The gradual migration of life from the ocean to the land was another major step that made many advances possible. this is not always possible. UNDERLINE ANY CONNECTIVE WORDS (CONJUNCTIONS AND TRANSITION SIGNALS) THAT YOU FIND IN THE FOLLOWING PASSAGE. intelligence progressed. In summary. the senses of sight and hearing improved in animals and brains grew and developed. In fact. Furthermore Fox's argument is weakened by the nature of the evidence which she uses to illustrate it. After that the possibilities increased for the development of new and varied species. however. Gradually. feeding duties may have to be handed to untrained assistants. This evidence comes from personal experiences and a newspaper article written by a friend of the subject's.html.edu. Fuente: http://unilearning. the evidence used in this article is anecdotal and the language is highly emotive. This language is highly emotive. Fox's argument is weakened by the language she uses to present it. Nurses in many hospitals are required to perform the jobs of more than one person due to understaffing.Ejercicio 7. As a result. Eventually.200. these responsibilities must be handed to untrained assistants. 120 . It is thus highly subjective.000 species of animals have developed. for example the use of phrases such as 'extremely moving' and 'incredibly shocking' leads the reader to think that the article is a subjective response rather than an objective observation of the facts. Ejercicio 7. plants and animals are divided into males and females. Finally.uow.edu.html. but not necessarily a valid one. However. Fox does not refer to any research that could support her argument. UNDERLINE ANY CONNECTIVE WORDS (CONJUNCTIONS AND TRANSITION SIGNALS) THAT YOU FIND IN THE FOLLOWING PASSAGE. the author fails to acknowledge the excessive demands placed on nurses and the potential usefulness of nursing assistants.au/effective/6c_q2. 62 63 Fuente: http://unilearning. Thus Fox's argument is an attractive one. it is true that the dietary needs of patients are extremely important and that nurses should draw on their knowledge. Ideally. However. nurses would always use their knowledge and skills in attending to patients' dietary needs and they would use feeding times to intervene and refer as appropriate.15 62.16 63. nor does she refer to any formally documented cases. however. Ask yourself the questions suggested earlier in the introduction to this booklet. _______________. Essay Preparation Several stages are involved in essay preparation.ulg. There may be many points you find generally interesting. Essay questions can be very general. choosing which points are to be considered. certain problems prevented broadcasting radio programs over the Internet at that time. _______________ you gain more experience you will find methods _______________ ways of working which suit you. Internet broadcasting is now possible when a faster modem is used. These problems have now been solved. well organised _______________ structured essay focusing on some 64 65 Fuente: http://www. making sure you understand each word _______________ what is being asked. _______________ imagery etc. the modems were too slow.ulg. _______________ you will probably want to identify the key points that you want to discuss. school teachers and even pupils use the WRN. 121 . concerning style. sometimes. very specific _______________ _______________ deliberately provocative. _______________ is concerned with your response to the task set. as. Fuente: http://www. Ejercicio 7. FILL IN EACH BLANK WITH THE APPROPRIATE LOGICAL CONNECTOR CHOSEN FROM THE LIST BELOW. This is not to be confused with the essay question _______________ title. What title would best give the reader an overview of your approach _______________ analysis.Ejercicio 7. You should examine carefully the statements made in the essay question. next. or. for example as a result although probably in addition on the other hand The London-based World Radio Network is one of the first companies to relay radio programs over the Internet. _______________ ask yourself if they are relevant to the essay in question.ac. _______________ an understanding of them is essential. CHOOSE THE BEST LINKING WORD FROM THE FOLLOWING LIST TO FILL THE GAP: particularly. ____________________ those who listen in other languages tune in to WRN2. _______________ make notes about the literary text you are examining. Academics are one group of people who are interested in the WRN. In order to do this it can be useful to try to think of a title for your essay. People who want to listen in English tune in to WRN1. once. _______________ misreading _______________ misunderstanding at this stage can be fatal. ____________________. it will be possible to transmit even high-quality music over the Internet.18 65. _______________ highlight the main points you examine _______________ the conclusions you reach? You should not assume that an essay has to include _______________ cover all the possible points an interpretation may offer up. ____________________. often.htm. ____________________ it has been possible to save digitized audio since the mid-1980’s. _______________ the actual writing. Generally. the process will involve the following. your personality _______________ lifestyle. Read through notes you may have made in class.ac. content. deciding how you will deal with them. A short. ____________________.htm.be/facphl/uer/d-german/remed/essprep. but. start to gather other relevant source material.17 64. because.be/facphl/uer/d-german/remed/essprep. and. ____________________ when modems become more efficient. Keep your reader informed of the development of your argument. like an adult. _______________ you wonder if that is really the reason. he starts to smoke. You should dwell _______________ linger on the points: _______________ this requires no more than two _______________ three extra sentences. He looks around to make sure that the other guys are watching. this effort is often not fully conscious. More specifically. Good points are also _______________ thrown away _______________ wasted _______________ students do not say enough about them. The main _______________ of teenage smoking is the personal insecurity young people often feel. _______________ teenagers do no know what to do. _______________ they often see the adults closest to them.of the main points is far better than an over-long _______________ unwieldy attempt to say a little about everything. He holds it carelessly. He thinks of his father as a man and_______________ he wants to be "a man" like his father. Students _______________ do not make the most of the good ideas they have _______________ they get lost if the argument does not develop coherently. and peer pressure. While it is true that teenagers are attempting to become adults. On the other hand. They are at a difficult age. USE THE WORDS AND PHRASES THAT ARE IN THE FOLLOWING BOX. Let your reader know which direction is being taken _______________ the reasons why. One thing that young teenagers perceive as "very adult" is smoking cigarettes. Make sure the relevance of each point to the main argument is clearly stated _______________ demonstrated. As we have just seen. crying will be labelled childish and they will be told to "act their age. for this reason because main so much that as a result consequently caused by cause however so therefore Causes of Teen Smoking A 13-year-old boy.19. they try to adopt more adult attitudes and manners. Teenage smoking is_______________ by personal insecurity. if children want attention from their parents or a toy or sweet. their parents 122 ." Often_______________. puffs on a cigarette. _______________. You may find it useful to state in the introduction which points you are focusing on _______________ why. a desire to be like adults. If you ask how long he has smoked. Perhaps a boy sees his father or older brother smoke. WRITE THE CORRECT TRANSITION WORD THAT LOGICALLY COMPLETES THE SENTENCE. _______________. _______________ the main points have been identified you need to consider in which order they will be examined. _______________ the ways in which they have behaved in the past are inappropriate. he will probably say that he enjoys it. they do not know the ways of the adult world. Ejercicio 7. the teenager does not know how to act his or her age. It seems to me that the causes for teen smoking are more complex. For teenagers. they have more to do with the ambiguous role of teenagers in society. (MORE THAN ONE ANSWER IS POSSIBLE). he is an addicted smoker. By now. They are no longer children. They pay attention to their dress and the opposite sex. _______________. yet in plain view. they are not yet adults. _______________ beginning a habit that most adults know is unhealthy. teenagers need to learn how to behave as adults. they can cry to draw attention to their desires. you will find out that he started when he was eleven. _______________ if your writing is concise _______________ focused. standing in the doorway of his school. This conflict can_______________ feelings of insecurity_______________. They of course realize this and spend time emulating adults. If you ask him why he smokes. they often turn to smoking as a way to hide their nervousness and insecurities. the College refectory. The cashier’s desk at the far end of the servery is a perfect illustration of this point.20 66.uk/caplits/writingcentre/activities.ioe. 66 Fuente: http://www. it offers a choice of everything that should normally be avoided. _________. offers much more nutritious food. and peer pressure can cause many teenagers to start something that they will later regret. the decor and pretensions of the refectory are calculated to appeal to the 5 serious academic rather than the six-year old child. 4 ____________. according to others the new in-house catering team has enhanced and extended the health value and interest of the lunch menu with their exciting new organic 9 options. both eateries offer the hungry visitor much that is stimulating and should be visited at least once. This peer group can exert_______________ pressure_______________ often teenagers do things in the group that they would not normally do. is ___________. spacious and modern cafeteria. READ THE FOLLOWING PARAGRAPH AND PUT EACH OF THE FOLLOWING LINKING WORDS OR PHRASES IN THE GAPS. The fishburger is particularly high in fat. act. by all students of Education. One of these things is smoking cigarettes.m.htm 12/05/2007 09:28:10 a. ______ it is not uncommon in McNuggets to enter a restaurant and find yourself in the middle of a large birthday party.and teachers. "I'm gong to buy a pack of cigarettes. 8 _____________. has ten times too much food and lasts ten hours. as enemies. if only for reflection and contrast. 11 ________ their differences. 123 . and dress exactly like all of the other teenagers in their peer group. the College refectory seems to have quietly and steadily transformed itself into an elegant. 10 _______ McNuggets. Do you want to smoke one with me?" The peer pressure here is great_______________ most normal boys will succumb. in contrast yet on the contrary furthermore at the same time despite/In spite of unlike an example of this both on the other hand a case in point 1 The McNuggets’ menu is hardly an example of healthy eating. _______________. Ejercicio 7. games and food out of all proportion to the number of partygoers. One says to the others. served on Wednesdays. seamlessly combining ancient and modern.4linkingphrases. Imagine a group of guys playing pool together after school. We are all familiar with the teenagers who want to look. We can see that personal insecurity. __________. whose menu was completely 3 revised early this century. ____________ is the McBanquet offered to ten year olds: it caters for ten guests. The Quorn and Vegetable Bake. 7 ______ McNuggets and the College refectory have undergone many changes since the millennium.ac. _____________. its kitchens and the way food is caught and prepared have been transformed by a revolutionary new chef. with 6 music. Some say that College management completed the work started by the fast food chains in the last century by destroying what was left of the traditional English puddings. they turn to their peer group for support. with 2 added salt and sugar. desire to be like adults. Págs. On discourse markers: evidence from Modern Greek. Bruce. Comprensión y expresión de textos en español: Taller de textos 1. Restatement and exemplification. Relevance and Linguistic Meaning: The Semantics and Pragmatics of Discourse Markers. Murray-Smith.3940 Williams. Barrass. A. (2002). S. Boston: Heinle & Heinle Publishers Bate. Sentential adverbs and relevance. R. (1987).Bibliografía Archakis. Ringwood. Fraser. 1235–1261. (1987). Blakemore. Journal of Pragmatics 34. Pp. A. Are apposition markers discourse markers? Journal of Linguistics 32. 124 . A Contribution to the Pragmalinguistic Study of Explicatory Reformulative Discourse Markers in English: A Survey of Contemporary Journalistic Written Usage. 867–891. (1978). (1991) Writing Academic English (2nd Ed). 1069–1093. 383–395. Bruce. Ascher. Michigan. Journal of Pragmatics 33. Scientists must write: A guide to better writing for scientists. California: Addison Wesley. Pragmatics & Cognition 5. Semantic Constraints on Relevance. (1990). Diane. Maria-Josep. A. Cuenca. Tomoko. J. (2002). Lingua 90. Onieva. A. Oshima. Northedge. Cambridge University Press. and Sharpe. Journal of Pragmatics 35. P. San Juan: Editorial Plaza Mayor. Blakemore. (2003). Semantics and pragmatics of a Japanese discourse marker dakara (so/in other words): a unitary account. Giving a presentation. A relevance theoretic reassessment of elaboration. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. (1993). Ann Arbor. Right words: A guide to English usage in Australia. (2001). 63. Pragmatics 6. 325– 347.: Viking. 10 lessons in style and grace. Silvia. J. Sydney: Harcourt Brace. Journal of Pragmatics 14. Diane. (1994). Fraser. D. Diane. Matsui. London: Chapman and Hall. (1990) The good study guide. New York: Harper Collins. L. Murillo. (1996). Elly. 1–19. Blakemore. Blakemore. 69–90. (2000a). (1996) Student writer's handbook: How to write better essays. & Hogue. Two ways to reformulate: a contrastive analysis of reformulation markers. Ifantidou-Trouki. An approach to discourse markers. Vic. (1996). Cambridge. engineers and students. Diane. (1993) Think About Editing: A Grammar Editing Guide for ESL Writers. (1997). UMI Dissertation Services. (2000). Pág. 167–190. Argiris. Gran Bretaña: BPC Paulton Books. 268 – 276. Pragmatic markers. uk/apps/ifl/worldservice/quiznet/quizengine?ContentType=text/html.htm http://www.html http://unilearning.us/svanschuyver/Susan/Susan/division_classification.html http://www.html http://www.net/ggrow/modes.com/suzkeadie/linking_words_and_phrases.edu/Resource/Illustration_paragraph_organization.uvic.okc.htm http://www.edu/students/fwalters/cause.bbc.uow.edu.htm http://www.uvcs.html http://www.cc.ptc.smccd.html http://www.longleaf.geocities.ed.be/facphl/uer/d-german/remed/essprep.ssdd.edu.ac.com/online/MultipleChoice/conj.html http://www.iespoladelaviana.net/ggrow/modes.ok.smccd.uow.about.au/effective/6b_q1.ac.net/ggrow/modes.longleaf.net/accounts/sevas/esl/gramcheck/8-7.html http://unilearning.m.au/effective/6c_q2.htm http://www.ac.cc.longleaf.html http://www.bradleys-english-school. http://www.longleaf.html http://www.geocities.4linkingphrases.ac-nantes. 125 .edu.com/suzgimenez/linking_expressions.uow.net/accounts/sevas/esl/gramcheck/9-10.nijomu.html http://www.net/ggrow/modes.uce.ok.com/dd/Connectors/index.html https://www.ulg.html 05/01/2008 15:58:23 http://www.ulg.html http://www.com/wordgames/hotpot-quizzes/linking-words1.stou.ioe.uk/learner/writing/transiti.html http://unilearning.quiz=136_co ntrast http://www.learn-english-today.th/elearning/Englishwriting/modules/Module6/Activities/Exercise602.com/suzkeadie/linking_words_and_phrases.net/ggrow/modes.geocities.us/svanschuyver/Susan/Susan/process. 15/11/2007 11:12:50 a.ac.uiuc.au/effective/6c_q1.htm http://www.com/suzgimenez/linking_expressions.htm.uk/caplits/writingcentre/activities.Mesografía · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · http://www.html http://web2.html http://www.m.html http://www.fr:8080/peda/disc/lv/anglais/usinaquiz/linkwords/infolinks.be/facphl/uer/d-german/remed/essprep.net/ggrow/modes.html http://www.htm http://grammar.htm http://www.co.pdf http://www.longleaf.html http://www.ac.htm 12/05/2007 09:28:10 a.com/paragraphs-rhetmodes.ca/elc/studyzone/570/pulp/hemp6.geocities.com/od/developingparagraphs/a/topicsupport.htm http://www.okc.html http://lrs.longleaf. con párrafos y oraciones gramaticalmente completas.UNIDAD 8 ¿Cómo hago el resumen de un texto? Propósitos de la unidad: El estudiante será capaz de transferir la información de un texto al formato de resumen en su lengua materna. consideramos muy importante que recuerdes qué es un resumen. cómo elaborar resúmenes. A SHORT STATEMENT IN YOUR OW N WORDS GIVES THE IMPORTANT IDEAS A SUMMARY TO REMEMBER IMPORTANT INFORMATION ACCURATE CLEAR ¿Qué es un resumen? El resumen es la redacción de un texto nuevo a partir de otro. Para alcanzar los propósitos de esta unidad. Generalmente. exponiendo las ideas principales o más importantes del original de manera abreviada. y puede tener una longitud variada. 126 . para qué puede servirte y para quién lo harías. tiene el formato típico de cualquier texto. para presentar una exposición oral o para hacer un trabajo académico. definir su extensión. es decir. 127 . un capítulo de un libro. con base en eso. de acuerdo con la finalidad del resumen. concretar los propósitos del resumen y. y. porque te permite: a) Seleccionar y organizar las ideas o datos más importantes del texto original (una lección. qué espera el destinatario del resumen. c) Facilitar la comprensión y el aprendizaje de nuevos conocimientos. es preciso te plantees primero con qué finalidad lo realizarás. determinar su destinatario. ¿Para quién? Al hacer un resumen. ¿Cómo se hace? Para resumir un texto. El título o alguna frase especialmente significativa del texto te pueden ayudar. cómo se van relacionando las diferentes ideas de una manera lógica. · Observa la disposición del texto en párrafos: con frecuencia. Para ello. es recomendable que sigas el siguiente proceso: 1. etc. al mismo tiempo. ya sea para estudiar. de manera que puedes comprobar si has entendido bien su contenido o bien si tienes dificultades en algún aspecto concreto.). la preparación de tus apuntes y exámenes. ¿Qué estructura tiene el texto? · Se trata de descubrir la estructura del texto. Este paso consiste en comprender el texto original que hay que resumir y discriminar los datos relevantes de los irrelevantes. Comprensión del original y selección de los datos. identificar las partes que lo componen. puedes plantearte estas preguntas: § § § ¿Qué características presenta el original? ¿Para quién es el resumen? ¿Para mí? ¿Para el profesor? ¿Para otra persona? ¿Qué se pretende hacer con el resumen? ¿Qué voy a hacer después con él? 2. ver su articulación lógica. puedes responder a estas preguntas: ¿Cuál es su mensaje o significado esencial? · Intenta reducir el sentido global del tema a una frase. etc. Análisis del contexto. Conviene analizar las características del texto original. Se pueden hacer varias lecturas y marcar el texto – subrayarlo. · Es muy útil subrayar las palabras clave de cada idea esencial y señalar los conectores que te pueden mostrar cuál es la articulación lógica del texto. Para esto. o en qué medio laboral o académico se desarrolla la actividad de resumir el texto en cuestión. de acuerdo con el objetivo final de éste? ¿Qué datos del original se pueden omitir en el resumen? · Identifica las ideas principales y diferéncialas de los ejemplos y las ideas secundarias.¿Para qué sirve? La elaboración de resúmenes es muy útil. ¿Cuáles son las ideas o los puntos fundamentales del texto? ¿Qué datos del original deben incluirse en el resumen. quién será su destinatario. cada párrafo desarrolla una idea central. b) Definir y esquematizar la información esencial de un tema. like cows and horses.1. MI Mammals. Esto te puede sugerir nuevas formas de organizar estas ideas y reflejarlas en la redacción del resumen. 2. _____ One of the oldest newspapers in the world is The Times. 128 . became popular in the early 1900s. but the name was changed to The Times in 1788. 3. including blues. _____ Telephones.¿Cuál es el esquema del texto? · Estos primeros pasos se tendrían que reflejar en un esquema que puede tomar la forma de un cuadro sinóptico. _____ Cars. _____ The Andes Mountains are full of minerals such as silver. ¿Cómo se estructurarán los datos en el resumen? · Si observas el esquema del texto. _____ Many different types of music have developed in the past 100 years. copper. and furniture are all products made of plastics. have sharp teeth for grabbing their prey and tearing its flesh. and buildings all include plastic components. which eat a wide variety of foods. have broad grinding teeth for eating plants. THE OTHER TWO ARE SUPPORTING DETAILS. and swing. recreational equipment. England. CDs. ONE SENTENCE IN EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GROUPS IS THE MAIN IDEA. SD Herbivores. _____ The paper was first called the Universal Daily Register. boats. y ejercicios para que puedas practicar y autoevaluarte: A continuación te proporcionaremos algunos ejemplos y ejercicios para que distingas las ideas principales de las de apoyo. which is printed in London. _____ Jazz. 1. REMEMBER THAT SUPPORTING DETAILS ARE NOT AS GENERAL AS MAIN IDEAS. aplicando con eficacia las operaciones de la reducción.upf. 4. such as lions and dogs. _____ Plastics are very important to our modern way of life. Example SD Carnivores. _____ Electronic music is one of the latest trends in music.htm. Ejercicio 8. WRITE MI IN FRONT OF THE MAIN IDEA AND SD IN FRONT OF THE SUPPORTING DETAILS. donde encontrarás ejemplos de resúmenes en español. computers. por ejemplo. _____ The Times was started by John Walter in 1785. paints. _____ South America is rich in a variety of natural resources. and tin. _____ Venezuela is a source of large quantities of oil. Te recomendamos consultes la página http://mutis. textiles. incluyendo el proceso de elaboración. seguramente podrás identificar nuevas relaciones entre las ideas que has anotado. que será el paso previo a la redacción final del resumen. have developed special kinds of teeth to suit their needs.es/cr/casacd/resume1. ragtime. ___ c. They have padded feet that are able to grip well on sandy ground. Insects feed on a variety of both plants and animals ___ f. The first e-mail was sent in 1971. and members have specific jobs to perform. READ EACH TOPIC SENTENCE. grow large. and termites. Radio stations can play their programs over the Internet. _ü_ d. Example The Internet provides a format for a huge range of activities. bees. All insects have three body parts and three sets of legs. With their special adaptations. camels are ideally suited to carry heavy loads across dry. ___ d. order. ___ a. ___ f. Thousands of companies have websites where customers can see. whose job is to defend the colony. THEN CHECK IN THE LIST THE FACTS THAT SUPPORT THE MAIN IDEA. Repairing and guarding the nest is the duty of other members 2. Still others. ___ b. ___ g. live in highly organized colonies. There are two types of camels. They have slit like nostrils that can be closed down tightly and heavy eyebrows and eyelashes to protect their eyes from sand. Some insects. and the two-humped or Bactrian camel. and pay for products.000 pounds. 1. the Dromedary or single-humped camel. with big heads and powerful jaws. ___ c. _ü_ a. Camels will eat almost anything including thorny shrubs and thistles that grow in the desert. _ü_ b. The queen’s job is to mate and lay eggs ___ g. tents. 129 . hot.Ejercicio 8. and cloths are made from camel hair. ___ e. Museums can display their exhibits on the Internet. ___ a. Camels are able to go for days without food as they live off of the fat stored in their humps. sandy deserts. such as ants. Millions of people send and receive messages by e-mail every day.2. The task of some members is to gather food. ___ d. ___ b. Some insects in the colony take care of the queen and feed and care for the young. Rugs. They are very strong and can carry up to 1. ___ c. _ü_ e. ___ e. CIRCLE THE SENTENCE THAT BEST SUMMARIZES THE MAIN IDEA OF EACH TEXT. Of course. What kind of a world do we live in when the art community protects vandals who deface public and private property whenever and wherever they want to? I could hardly believe it when I heard that the city council had announced an “exhibit” of graffiti art with a list of lacations around the city where this so-called “art form” can be admired. Letters to the editor: May 3 Dear editor: I couldn’t agree more with your editorial about the terrible problem of graffiti in our city. Editorial: April 30 Mad about graffiti All of those who claim that graffiti is an art form must not have children because graffiti has about the same aesthetic value as a child’s scribbles on the wall of a house. the city should be arresting the people who do it and making them do community service by painting over their primitive attempts at art.Ejercicio 8. I own a business downtown. Rather than encouraging this sort of vandalism. I called the police immediately. and some graffiti “artists” started painting one of their weird pictures on my wall.3. I believe that more citizens of this city should react in the same way to this type of vandalism. The city authorities should be ashamed of themselves for allowing these abominations to remain in place. Let’s make our city clean and attractive again. Clyde Watkins 130 . I applaud the city for recognizing the talent of these young artists and allowing them to add color and excitement to our city streets. b) Graffiti should not be promoted as art. But nobody seems to like me. ‘do everything right’?” asked the doctor.” he replied. were also disliked and misunderstood in their lifetimes? Your narrow-minded attitude is typical of ultraconservatives who resent anything new and innovative. Mary Clark 1. “I’m not really sick. I wear Lovely Lady makeup and Extremely Slinky jeans. Brainstorm. I’m not very popular. What’s wrong with me?” “I don’t know.” 131 . b) Graffiti is a legitimate art form and good graffiti art benefits the city. c) The city should encourage graffitists to do “real art. “What else is worrying you?” “My life isn’t the same as other people’s. then children’s scribbles should be considered art.” she said sadly. Dr.” she began.” 2.” “What do you mean. The editorial a) If graffiti is considered art.Dear editor: May I remind you that many great artists. and graffitists should be punished. A Case Study A patient went into her doctor’s office. I see. b) The citizens of the city all agree that people shouldn’t paint graffiti. c) Business owners don’t want graffiti on their walls. but I’m just so depressed all the time! My daily life is terribly boring. Van Gogh for one. She lay down on his sofa. Ejercicio 8. “Oh. a) READ THE TEXT “A CASE STUDY” AS FAST AS YOU CAN. “Oh. and I don’t have any boyfriends. I think there’s something terribly wrong with me. Brainstorm. Letter 2 a) Graffiti art is similar to the art of Van Gogh. I can’t understand it.4. Although I do everything right. you know. “What are your symptoms?” “Well.” said Dr. 3. c) People should accept anything that is new. I use Everywhite toothpaste and Perfect Shine shampoo. The doctor sat in a large chair and opened his notebook. “I’m so unhappy. Letter 1 a) Painting graffiti on public and private buildings should be treated as a crime. I’m so confused!” “Hmmm. ” “I see. (Different answers are possible. la idea principal sólo está implícita. you will find a set of suggested answers in the answer key). Karen and Max don’t know that the young man was actually Karen’s brother. still has a wife. Get rid of your TV set. Second. Max. about four hours a day. First. 132 . a laboratory scientist. In answer to his questions. pero no la expresa con palabras. her life ____________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________. she _____ _________________________________________________________________. However. “la paciente” conduce a los lectores a la idea principal. You have a fairly common problem with reality. who is hiding on a mountainous island in the Caribbean because she killed a young man in a car accident four years ago.” said the doctor.“What do other people do?” “Well. “How much time do you spend with these friends of yours?” “Oh. Nothing exciting ever happens to me. This computer expert. “I think I know your trouble.” Observa que en el texto anterior se da cierta información y a través de ésta podemos inferir o imaginar otra. watch TV. En la historia. but she’s secretly in love with a computer expert whom she met at a health club. Brainstorm. b) SUMMARIZE THE STORY COMPLETING THE FOLLOWING PARAGRAPH. primero relata brevemente lo que sucedió y después menciona el mensaje implícito (el significado) de la anécdota. and go to bed. Para resumir una historia de ficción corta. she was worried about two things. she explained that although she __________________ ________________________. The point of the story is that __________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________. a foreign student at a college in the Midwest.” “And how is your life different from theirs?” “I just go to work. for example.” “Amazing!” said Dr. She’s afraid that the police will find out and look for her. A continuación te presentamos unos textos y ejemplos de cómo podrían resumirse.” the doctor told her the solution to her problem was to ____________________________________________________. esto es. I know exactly how to solve it. After he thought about her “symptoms. Karen. is married to a successful microbiologist. come home. A patient went to ____________________ because she ____________________. "You can lead a horse to water but you can't make him drink. They found. Contrary to conventional belief. these students know they will be passed from grade to grade until they are old enough to quit or until. First. Abolition of archaic attendance laws would produce enormous dividends. Unfortunately. 133 . they receive a high school diploma. as is more likely." we have pretended it is not true in education. This will not end public education. usually because of the expense involved. Without compulsory attendance. economists. Ask teachers if these students do any homework. legislators enacted compulsory-attendance laws to legalize what already existed. grades would show what they are supposed to: how well a student is learning. At the point when students could legally quit. public schools would be freer to oust students whose academic or personal behavior undermines the educational mission of the institution. William Landes and Lewis Solomon. Second. Parents could again read report cards and know if their children were making progress. Private schools have no such problem. most choose to remain since they know they are likely to be allowed to graduate whether they do acceptable work or not. that school systems have never effectively enforced such laws. Such children have little desire to learn and are so antagonistic to school that neither they nor more highly motivated students receive the quality education that is the birthright of every American.Text 1 So That Nobody Has To Go To School If They Don't Want To by Roger Sipher A decline in standardized test scores is but the most recent indicator that American education is in trouble. found little evidence that mandatory-attendance laws increased the number of children in school. One reason for the crisis is that present mandatory-attendance laws force many to attend school who have no wish to be there. Young people who resist learning should stay away. Has not the noble experiment of a formal education for everyone failed? While we pay homage to the homily. indeed. The solution to this problem is simple: Abolish compulsory-attendance laws and allow only those who are committed to getting an education to attend. Most parents want a high school education for their children. Ask high school teachers if recalcitrant students learn anything of value. too. Third. Teachers could stop policing recalcitrant students and start educating. They can fail or dismiss students. compulsory attendance hampers the ability of public school officials to enforce legitimate educational and disciplinary policies and thereby make the education a good one. knowing such students can attend public school. Quite the contrary. There is no contradiction between the assertion that compulsory attendance has had little effect on the number of children attending school and the argument that repeal would be a positive step toward improving education. an end to compulsory schooling would require them to stay away. students opposed to learning would not be able to pollute the educational atmosphere for those who want to learn. Schools are neither day-care centers nor indoor street corners. it would alert everyone that school is a serious place where one goes to learn. Fourth. trying to be all things to all people. instead. Third. at least we would not confuse their mission with that of schools. elementary schools would change because students would find out early they had better learn something or risk flunking out later. and. it surely would have been very easy and relevant to organise lectures or discussions designed to give boys a broad view of the enormous variety of occupations open to men of average intelligence? Of course many boys were destined from birth to follow their fathers’ careers. public esteem for schools would increase. Often and often in after life I have come across people doing jobs that I had never dreamed of before. Example summary of text 1 Roger Sipher makes his case for getting rid of compulsory-attendance laws in primary and secondary schools with six arguments. in the long run. when I still had the naïve idea that what I was being taught might have some practical value. these institutions prove more costly. Second. Looking back. I recognize the importance of being made to learn things that one does not like. and which would have thrilled me had I been told about them at school. I asked what geometry was for. Sixth. They have attempted to serve an all-encompassing social function. it seems most odd that never once in all the years that I was at school was there any general discussion about careers. These fall into three groups—first that education is for those who want to learn and by including those that don't want to learn. Despite enforcement efforts. but even these would have benefited by glimpse of a wider horizon. and metron. As presumably the main object of going to school is to prepare for after life. I used to find geometry rather fun. everyone suffers. Communities could use these savings to support institutions to deal with young people not in school. Schools should be for education. For example. Text 2 School and life In my experience the problem of what to do in life was not made any easier by those who were entrusted with my education. a measure. If. nearly 15 percent of the school-age children in our largest cities are almost permanently absent from school. Spending all their time working to a rigid curriculum. I had been told the simple fact that the word was derived from the Greek ge. Fifth. the cost of enforcing compulsory education would be eliminated. that schools would both save money and save face with the elimination of compulsory-attendance laws. Elementary teachers would no longer have to pass their failures on to junior high and high school. At present. the passing of examinations by their pupils gradually became the whole object of their working life. The only answer I ever got was that it taught one how to solve problems. I suppose the reason for this extra-ordinary omission is that so many schoolmasters had themselves such a restricted view. If. they are only tangentially so. In the process they have failed miserably at what they were originally formed to accomplish. the earth. but surely it was not good to give the young mind the impression that all education was a form of mental gymnastics. that grades would be reflective of effort and elementary school teachers wouldn't feel compelled to pass failing students. People would stop regarding them as way stations for adolescents and start thinking of them as institutions for educating America's youth. and that the meaningless triangles that I was 134 . stou. and. I listened meekly to suggestions that I should take Classics or Law.diffidently.com/od/developingparagraphs/a/topicsupport. ‘What on earth do you want to do with Geology? There is no opening there unless you eventually get a first and become a lecturer in the subject. for I had developed a dislike for the very thought of educational establishments. New Cork: McGraw-Hill. ‘even here I won't be able to escape from Kennedy's Latin Primer.asked to juggle with formed the basis of geographical exploration. the prospect of three extra seasons in the Alps was a considerable incentive. (From Upon that Mountain by Eric Shipton) Example summary of text 2 The author talks about how difficult it is to choose your studies and the career you would like to have. Moreover I do not think that this curiously detached attitude towards education was confined to schools. Karen & Christine Root.I. Kim. Bibliografía Anderson.’ I thought. Ready to Read More. It had been intended that I should go to one of the great universities.th/elearning/Englishwriting/modules/Module6/Activities/Exercise602. In fact I am sure I was not.htm http://grammar. Skills for Reading: Book 3. but it was by no means unique. that I wanted to take Geology . (2003). but I certainly did not feel like arguing the matter. and left the room in a state of profound depression. it would have been directly connected in my mind with the things that most appealed to me.htm. Blanchard. I replied. Notice how the author's feelings about the value of his education. because I still regarded such things as having no reality in the hard world of work. 135 . 15/11/2007. When I was asked what subject I propose to take when I came up to the university. Neil. astronomy and navigation. J. and that my adviser was quite sincere and only trying to be helpful.’ A first. and complain that when they had completed their school education they had not the remotest idea of what they wanted to do. The answer to my suggestion confirmed my fears. and by dint of an enormous mental effort I succeeded in cramming sufficient Latin into my head to pass (at my second attempt) the necessary entrance examination. somewhat diffidently. Interactions One Reading. m. a lecturer . Singapur: Thomson-Heinle.ac. according to the passage can be summed up in just one sentence. I was tepid about the idea myself. My experience in this connection may have been unfortunate. In due course I went to be interviewed by the master of my prospective college. 11:12:50 a. Elaine & Pamela Hartman. ‘Oh Lord. A Skills Based Reader. who could not even learn a couple of books of Horace by heart! I felt that I was being laughed at. Active. Mesografía http://www. (2006). the subject would immediately have assumed a thrilling romance. (2004). what is more.’ with which I had been struggling for ten years. However. many of my friends who went to different schools confess to a similar experience.about. New York: Pearson-Longman. thought to be the root cause of the syndrome. The suffix –er is added to the verb “research” (line 17) and then it becomes a(n) ___. Sequence c. Listing d. have their advantages. 1. a) noun c) adverb b) adjective d) verb 136 . Where could you find a text like this? a) In a novel. and philosophical. d) Both Type A and Type B personality types have advantages. 2. However. And although having a Type A personality can help a person succeed in business. adverb b. b) People with a Type A personality are often workaholics. adjective d. you are an AB personality type – someone (like many people) who falls somewhere in the middle. c) In a reference book. And if aspects of both these personality types apply to you. Cause and effect 5. Sequence c. made the distinction between two personality types. Compare and contrast b. preoccupied with the speed of their performance and obsessed by schedules. In the 1950s. People who display this personality type are often workaholics. are the consequences of having a Type A or Type B personality? Friedman believed there was a correlation between Type A personality and heart disease. and highly competitive – all traits that can lend themselves well to being successful in business. c) Type B b) Workaholics. verb c. while another is perfectly happy to lead an easy-going and relaxed life? The answer may lie in their personality types. Crucially though.Ejemplo de examen extraordinario Have you ever wondered what drives one person to succeed in business. Which is the main idea of the text? a) There are more than two distinct personality types. noun 4. “These” in line 10 refers to a) World leaders. Cause and effect 7. creative. a. they have a low self-esteem. b) In an advertisement. These kinds of people have a more relaxed attitude toward timekeeping and are not easily angered. They also tend to be more secure about their status in life. The word “However” in line 10 works as a a. although modern researchers dispute this on the whole. if any. Type A and Type B. So what. A Type A personality is often excessively aggressive. The word “although” in line 17 works as a a. some of the most famous world leaders are said to have been Type B personalities. hostile. it seems. The suffix –ly is added to the noun “perfect” (line 2) and then it becomes a(n) ___. d) In a magazine 3. Meyer Friedman and Ray Rosenman. c) Type A and Type B personalities have very similar characteristics. two cardiologists. Compare and contrast b. d) Type A 6. Listing d. Both. a Type B personality is often patient. an image-projection device that makes it possible to drive a car and watch television at the same time. There’s also a spiceless jalapeno chili pepper. And for cats.” Some of these inventions are actually in use today. The Ig Nobel Prizes 1 At the end of the last century. literature. … that (paragraph 2) a) research. For dogs.Read the text and answer the questions. tongue-in-cheek (paragraph 5) a) ironic b) very serious c) sad d) a kiss Look at these relative pronouns from the text. and discoveries which “first make people laugh. scent (paragraph 2) a) sense b) delivered c) smell d) sent 13. there’s Bow-Lingual. woodpecker (paragraph 4) a) a type of mammal b) a type of bird c) a type of tree d) a type of forest 14. What they refer to? 15. b) Famous name sakes. or AutoVision. the Ig Nobel Prizes were set up. when you bend spaghetti. When were the Ig Nobel Prizes set up? a) 1900 b) 1990 c) 1991 d) 1999 9. and discoveries c) an image-projection device b) scent strips d) Audoly and Neukirch 137 . d) Honor discoveries. such as science. d) A scent strips and AutoVision. Use the context to help you choose the correct meaning of these words. b) PawSense and dog translator. it often breaks into more than two pieces. … who (paragraph 4) a) research. they are given for achievements in different disciplines. and economics. There is no doubt that the Ig Nobel Prizes are fun. Like their famous namesake. inventions. there’s Audoly and Neukirch. such as scent strips. in the early 90’s. invented by a scientist in New Mexico. a cat-detection device for computer keyboards. they do have one important aim – to increase interest in science. which focuses on why woodpeckers don’t get headaches. c) Honor research inventors. a computer-based automatic dog-tohuman language translation device. who showed why. these prizes honor research. 11. inventions. c) An egg scrambler and anti-bear armor. which apply perfume to magazine pages. if not a little tongue-in-cheek. Which two inventions are in use today? a) A spiceless jalapeno chili pepper and Bow-Lingual. such as that done by Schwab and May. and discoveries c) an image-projection device b) scent strips d) Audoly and Neukirch 16. and then make them think. Or. Other more unusual inventions include the inside-the-shell egg scrambler and antibear armor. 10. inventions. However. namesake (paragraph 1) a) with the same name b) creator c) inventor d) researcher 12. However. 2 3 4 5 8. What are they given for? a) Achievements in different disciplines. there’s PawSense. Other prizes are given for research. using Michael’s own experience as a basis. However. 2. 3. Michael has turned his hand to motivational speaking and business coaching. interest in sport has shifted from local to national and international level. Despite making a profit of $1 million in 1992. the company eventually collapsed. 18. MBA As someone who started up several successful businesses in his early twenties. and threatening many smaller teams with extinction. Year after year. At the age of 14. ____________________________ So. The correct order of the title and subheadings is a) 4. Since then. rather than pay for a ticket to a stadium. which once had a chance of winning competitions. gap a) problem b) similarity c) program d) space A Teen’s Guide to Business by John Mitchell. 2. 3. Written mostly in point form – no doubt with the type of reader in mind – the book is a step-by-step guide to starting up your own business. I was curious to read Michael Randall’s A Teen’s Guide to Business. the business theories that are outlined in the text are oversimplified and (1) ________ many important aspects of starting up your own business are overlooked. lured by the kind of money only the best teams can offer. A Teen’s Guide to Business is marketed as a self-help guide for all potential teen entrepreneurs. Many top sportsmen and women now play abroad. This book is his first step into the world of publishing. and hence the money. Michael also fails to d) 4. 2 b) 1. 3 c) 1.Title and subheadings: 1) Globalization for both players and viewers 3) The effect on teams and competitions 2)The longer-term consequences 4) The globalization of sport ____________________________ ____________________________ Over the last few decades. and an ever-increasing gap between large and small teams. shifted a) moved b) started c) increased d) returned 19. Thanks to advances in cable and satellite technology. abroad a) constantly b) angrily c) overseas d) desperate 20. 3 . 4. he set up an Internet marketing company from his bedroom. the flipside is that it is undoubtedly making sport dull and predictable. Small teams. ____________________________ The outcome of this globalization of sport is a serious decline in local-based competitions. 1. viewers can watch sport from around the world in the comfort of their own home. is this a problem? Certainly one could argue that it is a simple case of meeting demand. 4. The company rapidly became very successful and Randall expanded it very quickly – somewhat too quickly. In basing the book mainly on his own experience. However. The public eye is on the teams with the best talent. and it is these teams that capture the media interest. Michael Randall was briefly famous in the early 1990s as the first teen entrepreneur to make $1 million. 2 Find synonyms of the words below. the same giants dominate the major competitions and leagues. struggle to even qualify. 1. 17. there’s probably someone out there who wants it. 27. 139 . c) Business coaching. he created a scheme aimed at reducing waste and preserving the desert landscape. it is easier for them to read. what can happen if the business fails. Alarmed by the amount of trash being dumped in landfills. Have an old washing machine that you don’t need anymore? No problem. it shows how many of the theories translate into real-life situations. 25. d) Publisher. Swapping unwanted items for free reduces both landfill and the need to buy new items. Read the text and answer the questions below. Those who are interested can join a local network where people offer things for free that they no longer require. Freecycle was the brainchild of Deren Beale in Tucson. a) an advertisement for a book b) a description of a book from its back cover c) a summary of an article d) a book review 22. b) Motivational speaker. b) Because he was also a young entrepreneur. this is one of the only self-help books on the market right now aimed at younger businesspeople. b) Because it show many theories translate into real-life situations. Skim the text. just what is Freecycle? Essentially it’s an electronic forum which helps people exchange unwanted items. Furthermore. What do you think is the job of the author of the text? a) Businessman. c) Because he wanted to sell books. by using Michael’s own experience to illustrate points. Why do you think the author was curious to read Michael Randall’s book? a) Because he wanted to publish a book. they want to earn more money. What kind of text it is. (2) ________. d) Because the target audience are millionaires. I would certainly recommend this as a starting point for any up-and-coming entrepreneur. Arizona. In number (2) the conector is a) Moreover b) However 24. 26. the latest way to help save our planet is through Freecycling. (3) ________ its weak points. Moreover. 21. d) Because he was going to work with him.recognize that other problems could occur upon the way. In number (1) the conector is a) Moreover b) However 23. Need a new sofa? Take a look on Freecycle – chances are that someone is offering one. it is easy to read and understand. Why do you think the book is written mostly in point form? a) Because the company eventually collapsed. the book doesn’t address anywhere the significant issue of bankruptcy. Set up in 2003. c) Because the target audience are teens. In number (3) the conector is a) So b) However c) In spite of d) As a result c) In spite of d) But c) In spite of d) As a result Answer the questions about the text. but would caution anyone against using it by itself. So. Forget recycling. 29.As Freecycle is a worldwide program. although that is sometimes easier said than done. b) Something that reduces landfill and the need to buy new items. So. b) It helps to reduce landfill and the need to buy new items. Why do you think the scheme is successful? a) It is an electronic forum that allows people to give and received unwanted items for free.000 communities and over three million members. and indeed some spoof ads do occasionally get through. the figures surely speak for themselves. 31. Each of these is moderated by a local volunteer.000 communities and has over three million members. c) An association to make sure that the items advertised are within the rules. These can include anything from cars to pets. Beale and his friends 32. 28. c) Its items advertised are within the rules and make sure that the ads care genuine. The moderators also make sure all the ads are genuine. use context clues to circle the letter of the best definition of the underlined words and phrases 35. c) aumenta información b) da una definición d) ejemplifica la información 30.000 communities and over three million members. but cannot include (obviously) alcohol or drugs and (less obviously!) oneself or other people. is this the answer for the future? Given that Freecycle is now running in almost 4. La coma después de la frase Forget recycling (línea 1) funciona como a) aclara la información. Set up in line 1 means a) jugado c) conjuntado b) puesto d) establecido 36. Figures in line 18 means a) figuras c) cálculos b) cifras d) miembros 140 . who is responsible for ensuring that the items advertised are within the Freecycle rules. d) Because there are nearly 4. that (line 15) refers to a) making sure ads are genuine b) alcohol or drugs c) the program d) spoof ads 34. These (line 13) refers to a) other people b) cars and pets c) freecycle rules d) items advertised 33. Those (line 6) refers to a) People b) Someone c) Freecycle d) D. What is Freecycle? a) An electronic forum that allows people to give and received unwanted items for free. d) An association with nearly 4. this (line 17) refers to a) making sure ads are genuine b) buy new items c) Freecycle d) spoof ads From the text. it’s made up of lots of smaller groups. 40. b) The increase in the number of songs bought. d) The fall of the number of songs downloaded. CD Sales 12 10 CD Sales (x 1000) 8 6 4 2 0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year Songs Downloaded Songs Downloaded (x 10. What do you think the reason is for the trend in CD sales? a) The increase in the number of songs downloaded.000 39. How many songs were downloaded in 2006? a) 60 c) 600. b) They will go down.000 38. c) They will sell more. How many CDs were bought in 2005? a) 7. What can you infer about CD sales in 2007? a) They will go up.000) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Years 37. 141 .000 b) 59 d) 590.000 d) 9. d) They will sell as much as in 2006.500 b) 8.Look at these graphs and charts from a survey about CD sales and songs downloaded.500 c) 8. c) The increase in the number of songs sold. fight. row.1. 1. iron out their differences. 3. 4. fall. 3. Text 2: Propósito de lectura: por gusto o placer. 10.: 3. a.3. Aprender sobre mis materias de estudio. 7. 1. 4. falsificar. historiador. damage.A play. c. the height above the sea level. 1. the priests who led the people in this highly ritualistic worship. 2. enterarme de las noticias.: Text 1: Propósito de lectura: enterarme de las noticias o de la opinión de otros. c. Ejercicio 2. 2.5. tourism. Ejercicio 2. the author wants to convince people to read. 10. 3. 6.8. pintoresco. Ejercicio 2. 1. grotesco. 2. 4. verb: to investigate. petroglyphs = inscriptions in stone. In 2001. 2. 8. a tragedy. b. Depende del propósito. Pele = (Hawaiians’) goddess. UNIDAD 2 Ejercicio 2. a. a newspaper or Internet. carnivorous. I know it. a. supernovas = the catastrophic explosions of dying stars. At Dublin airport. people involved. c.7m) Text 3: Propósito de lectura: aprender sobre mis materias de estudio / por placer / para encontrar información específica. Between $10m (£5. audacia. 2. coldest. abundantemente. (2) nabbed. b. 3. 1. 3. jarra. Ejercicio 2. c. c) sadness. 4. the internal walls. stay. 2. fracaso. 3. large climbing rodent that is covered with sharp spines for defense. William Shakespeare.10. rift. 38 years.6. abundante. Ejercicio 2. (1) ladrón en casas. 2. 1. sleeping. Text 5: Propósito de lectura: Descubrir cosas acerca de lo que me interesa. 5. Las respuestas pueden variar.2. 7. Past important events. / It is written on the cover. 5. noun: investigation. decoys = carved birds. 5. c.4. Reading the title. 1. Ejercicio 2. 1. 4 Ejercicio 1. 2. 1. 1. 2. 9. 5. 3. b. Danny Moder. evening worship. c. 6. their causes and consequences.9. Yes. child. 3.EXAM Respuestas Answer Key UNIDAD 1 Ejercicio 1. a. 142 . 1.1. barred. dangerous. wettest. Jonathan Rhys Meyers.: Personal answers. Ejercicio 2. 4. Romeo and Juliet. 4. mediar. 6. 3. Ejercicio 1. ectomorphic = the slender type. In an encyclopedia.3. 4. 3. Ejercicio 2. having a snooze. Because of a drunken clash with airport staff. abundancia. 5. Las respuestas pueden variar.11. nervioso. 8. falsedad. 6. autorizar. 3.8m) and $15m (£8. Burglar picks the wrong address. 2. A magazine.. 5. If I want or need to know more about the theme. illness caused by a deficiency of oxygen in the tissues of the body.2. difunto. a history book or Internet. perla. Pacemakers = small electrical devices that stimulate the heart muscle. audaz. 2. 4. etc. Text 4: Propósito de lectura: por gusto o placer. Ejercicio 2. Julia Roberts. engañar.1. disease. 9. etc. 2. time and places where they happened.7. Ejercicio 2. atlético. nervio. Top Ten reasons to Read. Ejercicio 2.12. 8. interchangeable 15. unfortunate ly 1. circumnavigate 9. unilaterally 16. reinvestigate 2. repossession 10. impossibility 17. antisocial 3. disrespectful 11. intangibly 18. introspective 4. quickly 12. underemployment 19. interdependent 5. careless ness 13. overestimation 20. retroactively 6. desalinate 14. religiously 21. synthetic 7. autobiographical Ejercicio 2.13. Hay varias posibilidades. Consulta tu diccionario. Ejercicio 2.14. Consulta tu diccionario donde tengas dudas. Ejercicio 2.15. 1. unfortunately; 2. misunderstand; 3. hypersensitive; 4. exclusion; 5. mistakable; 6. bilateral; 7. remodel; 8. respect; 9. antisocial; 10. bilingual. UNIDAD 3 Ejercicio 3.1. Las respuestas pueden variar. Ejercicio 3.2. Diferentes posibilidades. En el ejercicio 3 encontrarás más de 10 opciones. Ejercicio 3.3. 1. m; 2. d; 3. a; 4. c; 5. b; 6. l; 7. o; 8. g; 9. k; 10. n; 11. e; 12. f; 13. h; 14. i; 15. j. Ejercicio 3.4. 1. cause; 2. crowd; 3. answer; 4. house; 5. increase; 6. study; 7. worry; 8. dream. Ejercicio 3.5. 1. solution, solve; 2. pollution, pollutants; 3. crowd, crowded; 4. safe, safely; 5. live, suburb, suburb, living; 6. predict, worse, predictions, worsen; 7. differ, difference, differently, different. Ejercicio 3.6. 1. personality, personal; 2. hunter addiction; 3. special pleasure. 4. protects consumers; 5. instance, computer; 6. information, influence. Ejercicio 3.7. 1. company: las demás palabras tienen que ver con la sicología; 2. checks: las otras tres palabras son lugares para comprar bienes; 3. specially: no es un ejemplo de tecnología; 4. center no está relacionado directamente con cuestiones económicas; 5. comfort no tiene necesariamente que ver con transacciones de compra-venta; 6. shopping es la actividad, mientras que las demás palabras se refieren a personas que intervienen en la comercialización de productos o servicios; 7. systems: los demás vocablos se pueden usar para referirse a la misma cosa; 8. complete: los demás vocablos se pueden usar para referirse a la misma cosa; 9. accounts: las demás tienen que ver con las creencias de un individuo; 10. claim: las demás se relacionan con el uso de dinero, tiempo o recursos. Ejercicio 3.8. 1. monuments no son formaciones naturales del terreno; 2. theory no es una ciencia; 3. planetarium no es ejemplo de cuerpos celestes; 4. architect no es un animal; 5. knowledge es un sustantivo que no tiene plural; 6. Venus no es una cultura americana; 7. inhabitants designa solamente a los habitantes de un lugar pero no su función u ocupación; 8. pyramid es una construcción; no un cuerpo celeste; 9. solstice no define un punto o área de la Tierra. Ejercicio 3.9. 1. tooth, throat; 2. anger, sadness, hatred; 3. insomnia, rash; 4. virus bacteria; 5. organization, tribe, community, society; 6. blood test, X-ray; 7. suburbs, village; 8. pyramid, monument; 9. ceremony; 10. patient, physician, treatment; 11. planet, universe, space; 12. prayer, soul, faith, worship Ejercicio 3.10. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. _ed__ __l__ _med_ _bus_ _law_ _ed__ _law_ _law_ _rel__ _bus_ _med_ _rel__ _rel__ _med_ _med_ _bus_ classroom 17. _bus_ bargain 33. _bus_ credit jury 18. _law_ crime 34. _rel__ virus 19. _med_ disease 35. _rel__ worship budget 20. _bus_ advertise 36. _med_ justice 21. _rel__ worship 37. _law_ prison blackboard 22. _ed__ instructor 38. _bus_ courtroom 23. _law_ judge 39. _rel__ sue 24. _ed__ lesson 40. _bus_ priest 25. _law_ dispute 41. _ed__ exam account 26. _ed__ assignment 42. _bus_ cash symptoms 27. _law_ punishment 43. _law_ prayer 28. _ed__ lecture 44. _bus_ ceremony 29. _ed__ memorize 45. _med_ treatment 30. _bus_ marketing 46. _ed__ patient 31. _med_ cure 47. _med_ merchandise 32. _law_ illegal 48. _bus_ sin physician salesclerk faith charge deterrent consumer hospital graduate surgery discount 143 Ejercicio 3.11. 1. food ü, restaurantû; 2. sickness ü, doctor û; 3. doctor ü, hospital û; 4. occupation ü, vacationer û; 5. insect ü, SPIDER û Ejercicio 3.12. _arthropoda_ Phylum Class crustacea _insecta_ _arachnida_ Order _blatoidea_ (cockroaches) _lepidoptera_ (moths and butterflies) _frenatae_ (butterflies) Sub-order _jugatae_ (most moths) Family _sphingidae_ (hummingbird moths) tineidae _papilonidae_ (true butterflies) _baroniinae_ (only one species) Ejercicio 3.13. 1. financial, quitting; 2. self, socially; 3. air, office, business; 4. city, shopping, specialty, mass, traffic. Ejercicio 3.14. 1. high school = preparatoria; 2. business administration = administración de empresas; 3. drinking water = agua de tomar; 4. public transportation = transporte público; 5. bargain hunting = búsqueda de ofertas; 6. charge account = cuenta de cargo; 7. behavior therapy = terapia de conducta; 8. self-discipline = auto disciplina. Ejercicio 3.15. 1. h; 2. e; 3. j; 4. a; 5. i; 6. b; 7. c; 8. f; 9. d; 10. g Ejercicio 3.16. Use your dictionary to check. Ejercicio 3.17. 1. X-rays; 2. well-known, one-third, part-time, self-discipline; 3. inch-deep, realisticlooking, up-to-date, old-fashioned. Ejercicio 3.18. 1. art; 2. artist; 3. entertainer; 4. tourist; 5. transportation; 6. royalty; 7. religion; 8. crime. Ejercicio 3.19. 1. in a hurry, behind schedule; 2. take advantage of, take photographs; 3. play a role, burst into tears; 4. private eye; 5. half asleep, turn in; 6. at the end of his rope, lose his temper. Ejercicio 3.20. 1. a; 2. d; 3. f; 4. c; 5. b; 6. e. UNIDAD 4 Ejercicio 4.1. 1. The text is about metals. 2. b 3. elements, metals, common, others, platinum, rare, example, titanium, germanium, important, dozen, imagine, aluminium, transistors, television, filaments, tank, galvanised, thermometer, piece, carbon, manganese, nickel, molybdenum, vanadium, usually, combined chemically, necessary, geologists, rocks, chemists, extract, pure, quantities, resistant, corrosion. 4. Almost all elements are metals. 144 5. First paragraph. 6. Third paragraph. 7. b. Ejercicio 4.2. 1. a; 2. b; 3. d; 4. a; 5. c; 6. a; 7. c; 8. d; 9. b; 10. a. Ejercicio 4.3. 1. b; 2. b; 3. a; 4. a; 5. d; 6. b; 7. d; 8. b; 9. a; 10. b. Ejercicio 4.4. 1. d; 2. b; 3. d; 4. a; 5. b; 6. c; 7. a; 8. b; 9. c; 10. b. Ejercicio 4.5. 1. It’s aimed at parents. 2. c. 3. Holidays 4. No, this infomation isn’t given. 5. True. 6. False. 7. Yes. 8. Yes. 9. No. 10. False UNIDAD 5 Ejercicio 5.1. 1. National Television Violence Survey; 2. 61%; 3. a. 43%, b. 58%, c. 47%, d. 86%, e. 16%; 4. a. The time American children and youths spend on TV, computers, videos and video games per day; b. The number of acts of violence per hour on Saturday morning children’s programs in the U.S.A., c. The number of murders the average American sixth grader has seen, d. The number of acts of violence the average American sixth grader has seen. Ejercicio 5.2. 1. In the desert of southwest Peru; 2. They are enormous shapes and patterns cut into the desert’s surface; 3. There are about 50; 4. They are about a thousand years old; 5. They can only be seen from the air; 6. The Nazca Indians did; 7. a. a landing area for alien apaceships, b. an enormous map of the stars, c. to carry water for farming, d. as a calendar, e. to walk along on a religious journey. Ejercicio 5.3. a. two; b. twice; c. a ballet dancer; d. over twenty years; e. no; f. by regularly changing her appearance; g. every part of her music career. Ejercicio 5.4. 1.a; 2. a; 3. b; 4. b; 5. b. Ejercicio 5.5. a.1; b,1; c,2; d,1; e,2 Ejercicio 5.6. 1, F; 2, T; 3, F.; 4, T; 5, F Ejercicio 5.7. a. 2; b. 1; c. 1; d. 1; e. 1. Ejercicio 5.8. Title Canary Islands Earthquake Could Trigger Monster Tsunami Autor Susan Schlachter Write the number of 6 paragraphs When was the article 2003 written? Make a list of places that Canary Islands, Atlantic coastlines, The Cumbre Vieja start with capital letters. volcano, La Palma, West Africa, London, California, Sahara, United States, Florida, Caribbean, Europe, Britain, Spain. Portugal, France Make a list of people's Simon Day, Steven Ward. names. Make a list of numbers. 330 feet, 500 miles, 93,000 feet, 165-foot waves, 10 minutes, 155 miles What does each number 330 feet (the height of waves), 500 miles (the tsunami`s refer to? speed per hour), 93,000 feet (height of the dome of water), 165-foot waves (size of the waves), 10 minutes (the time the 145 5. Ejercicio 6. 4. 2. 6. his or her.We use which to refer to things . 4. Pronoun Reference (Answers vary).8. Sustitución con pronombres posesivos. 10. 13. 9. theirs. 155 miles ( the distance) Decades. its. I confided in her. 5. We can use that to refer to office as this is a defining clause. 6. Concordancia entre pronombre y antecedente 1. Will you stick to it? 3. How many times does the word tsunami appear? Write the different forms of the word devastate.6. Ejercicio 6. Who. 3. 10. whose. 14. We can use that to refer to girl as this is a defining clause. yours. his. 5. They saw through it. Eric. century. 10. “I am mentally ill”.3. devastation. whom . 5. Last week. We use who to refer to people . Ejercicio 6. They. 4. 7. Or That . who. hers. Referencia pronominal ambigua. the kitchen smells like a garbage can. Eric said it wasn't his car.here the referent is film. 2. you. and there were lots of cars parked outside. 2. Or That . its. Many people came. At the end of the party. 146 . which. of course. We are counting on them. year-to-year. who. 6. his or her. who. 9.1. One of them was a Volkswagen. Finally. who. which. Yesterday I ran into him. It. Collapse. 9. Someone stole it from their driveway and left it on ours. consumption. half a year. and Cathy.Make a list of numbers written in letters. 7. 2. 2. there were four cars. which . Or That . which . 3 times UNIDAD 6 Ejercicio 6. She. 7. ours. The students saw a film on cancer. his.here the referent is tram. who. Or That .here the referent is man. Frances removed the blanket from the chair and folded the blanket. eight to nine hours. His is a Chevrolet pickup. We can use that in defining relative clauses. which this is. Pronombres relativos 1. so I asked whose it was. 3. 6. a film which really bothered them. she said no -her car is a Ford Explorer. Sustitución con pronombres objetivos 1. 8. their. He. 15. 11. 12. We. How many times does the word collapse appear? tsunami will take to move the distance of 155 miles). 3.here the referent is woman. Ejercicio 6. I called the police. tens of miles. trillions of dollars.2. the leaders distributed booklets. Sustitución con pronombres y adjetivos posesivos. it. We can use that in defining relative clauses. who . 5. damage. his. When I asked Cathy if it was hers. It. theirs. 5. He. 2. mine. I didn't remember seeing it before. who. which . 4. Ejercicio 6. which. However. 4. hers. 4. Ejercicio 6. 8. She takes after her.7. Sustitución con pronombres personales. 5. its. Before the meeting. 8. 1. that. We use which to refer to things . He cut across it. They. 2. 3. We use who to refer to people . 5 times.here the referent is office. 6. 6. only three people were left: myself. 9. we had a party at our house. 8.5. 7. They. Because I didn’t rinse the dishes. 1. We should use which after a preposition to refer to things .4. 1. The defendant told the judge. I knew it wasn't my car. 8. We can use whom to refer to girl as this is the object of the relative clause. which. Ejercicio 6. which this is. which. 1. who . 3. disaster. their. 4. whose. No one has tampered with them. his. 7. They said it belonged to a family on the next street. which. Pronombres relativos. 10. and they came and examined it. 3. feedbox. hope. it. nothing. 4. 12. 9. 62. 17. 63. which . 3. it. herself. 27. 19. Sinónimos. its. This is a non-defining clause. 4. 24. me. oneself. promote. 6.10. 2. 1. Possessive Adjectives and Reflexive Forms (US English). Yes. 1. 7.12. 8. 23. I. themselves. 6. 15. 25. it. she. anyone. 58. her/their. 18. 7. 2. my. themselves (note: in plural self becomes selves). my. Diferentes tipos de pronombres. them. 4. 46. Nobody. it. 6. 60. 8. 51. We should use which after a preposition to refer to things . you. he. 48.15. 12. I. Pronombres demostrativos. 1. them. Ejercicio 6. 3. my. 13. 10. 5. I. who . 10. 1. 36. 9. yours. 21. 54. 10. e. 64. myself. parts g portions 3. my. 5. 9. In a defining clause we can use that.here the referent is film.18. 49. 14. himself. hers. 5. which .14. Ejercicio 6. c) that. I. 3. Pronombres indefinidos 1. 7. 8. 7. 5. It could be non-defining if it is simply adding information. 4. himself. 10. 11. Ejercicio 6. 40. ours. We can use that in defining relative clauses. c) Good. 30. 3. 6.17. 147 . 1. Use which to refer to something. Ejercicio 6. I. her. 2. 10. hers/him. herself. him.12. 26. if it is a non-defining clause. ourselves. joyfulness. 52. she. 32. filmed g photographed 5. 4. 7. hers. 10. 35. 21. ourselves (note: in plural self becomes selves). myself. 2. b) Sad. c) this. 32. 15. My sister. no. 20. Right or wrong. ourselves. I. 39. she. 12 a) these. 13. 28. 5 accidentally got involved. it. myself. Or That . 26. something handed down. furiously. himself. 44. 24. theirs. 57. itself. Or That . 2. his. itself. mine. 45. us. They. construct. 61. 1. Ejercicio 6. 4. I. they. 2. You. my. their. Ejercicio 6. themselves. 10. Ejercicio 6. them. 17. Sinónimos. Ejercicio 6. Find Word Relationships. 20. my. it. anyone. 6. 2. it. her. opulent. a) those.13. 11.7. adore. 28. 8. herself. she. 16. I. 50. 8. 4. it. 5.19. 13. 47. she. I. Pictures g photographs 4. everybody. me. I. 4. yourselves (note: in plural self becomes selves). We. 8. my. my. 2. 5 detested. 65. I. chaste. 6. 38. depending on whether the clause is interpreted as defining or nondefining. 43. 8. herself. b) these. d) these. 4. a) that. I. I. 11. 41. Personal Pronouns. she. 8. 11. yours. a) that. 10. Somebody.here the referent is sister. which . her . 31. 25. it. her. 9. 37. 18. that's right. myself. which this is. 6. 42. mine. thoughtless.11. 12.9. anyone. she. your. mine. 1. somewhere. She.20. 10. a) those. 59. c) Cloudy. 19. 22. This clause could be defining if I have more than one sister and only one sings in a pop group. 5. 22. 9. I. their. 9. we. it. Sinónimos.Ejercicio 6. I. herself. himself. c) this. she. 9. ourselves. 4. I.56. 30. somebody. mine. His.7. yourself. her. Antónimos. we. truth. I. 3. 9. she. 2. 34. miserable. No one. I. 14. horror. 4. 16.g. 5. my. himself. 27. 7. 3.here it refers to changing money. 53. Antónimos. it. We can only use who to refer to people when the referent is the same as the subject of the relative clause . his. her. 3. rushed. Pronombres reflexivos 1. 15. 3. I. our. Ejercicio 6. gloomily. 5. c) that. she. 14. 2. any. 2. He. Pronombres reflexivos 1. asset. me. 7. I. then we should use who. rational. I. me. 33. 1. 3. my. her/their. ours. 29. 1. 14. my. 11. yours. some. 6. we. movie g film 2. We use which to refer to something that happened . Viewsg angles Ejercicio 6. 15. The latter case is normally written with commas to delimit the relative clause. it. 3. he. yourself.16. 8. a) This. d) Solid.13. 31. who sings in a pop group. 9. was on television last week. I. Ejercicio 6. 55. Our. he. myself. anybody. nobody. 23. 29. 6. 4. The second sentence contrasts vinyl with CDs. Punctuation. As a result. a. The second sentence deals with a new aspect/point.” the students replied. 1. so. 8. the outlook is slightly more optimistic. Ejercicio 7. because / due to the fact that. 1. 6. no-one was getting a pay rise. c. 6. d. 7. 6. There are some slight variations in temperature. consequently / therefore. namely Jersey and Guernsey. Contrasting information. due to / because of. 2. Cause and Effect. Ejercicio 7.7. up to 1.” he said. E. 4. However. so / for that reason. The second sentence is a result or consequence of the first. In contrast. are much closer to France than to England. Ejercicio 7. a. even though. b. 5. 5. 7. 3. 11. independent. despite. 4. vinyl records have seen an increase in their share of the market. b. c.11. 9. there are even members of his own party who are uneasy with his approach. 7. 7. Since. H. 6 although. Ejercicio 7. Ejercicio 7. such. 3. still. 6. And / But / So / Because. 10. b. 4. Ejercicio 7. 7. J. a. he saw a big pile of student’s papers on his desk. 7. 5. However indicates that what follows is something of a contradiction or an exception. 6. so namely is used. “Well. As a rule shows you are about to make a generalisation. Then he took all the papers and threw them into the waste paper basket.12. and 14. 4. a. 6. 3. 3. c. It was announced that nurses' working hours would be increased by 25%. I. d. 8. 4. Topic and support sentences for a descriptive paragraph. Ejercicio 7. 1) because of 2) however 3) though 4) despite the fact 5) than 6) nevertheless 7) provided 8) though.8. 5. 148 . 1. F. 2. dependent. dependent. Ejercicio 7. 8. 10. dependent. 4. 8. 3. 7. Independent or dependent clauses. 2. The second sentence says the same as the first. In addition. 1. therefore. independent. In other words. 3. even fewer trainee nurses are expected to join the profession. Sales of CDs have experienced a small but steady fall over the past 12 months. It is clear.2. 7. independent. 2. d. Even though. However. Though. 10. 8. whereas. c. The following sentences support the topic sentence with precise descriptive details: 1. 3. if you don’t value them enough to keep them. however.7%. Furthermore.10. 5. 3. 2. b. provided. Ejercicio 7. Ejercicio 7. Since. as though. B. 2. it would be necessary to peg salary levels at their current level for all grades of staff. c. “Is there anything here that anyone wants to keep?” he asked. despite. 4: c. Polls show that Tony Blair is the most popular Prime Minister this century. 8. 3. You are actually naming the two islands mentioned. so. dependent. Ejercicio 7. dependent. Since /Because. 9. that the situation in Brazil will improve only slowly. but in a much simpler way (reformulation). 5. 9. 5. as long as. but as a rule 26 to 27ºC should be expected. 2. When Robert Frost entered the classroom. 2.UNIDAD 7 Ejercicio 7. therefore. 10. whereas. Tipos de párrafos. 1. so as to. 1. G 9. dependent.C. 2.5. Now that /Since / Because / Inasmuch as. 6. The Vice Chancellor explained that in light of the current financial climate and because of unexpected bad debts. so that. With reference to the economic problems being experienced in Japan. 1. b. 6. independent.1. 7. 1. 1. 4. The two main Channel Islands. 5.9. “No. I don’t value them enough to want to read them. 8.3. so. 4. A. in spite of. D.4. 6. 5. 7. 2: b. Academics are one group of people who are interested in the WRN. 2. 3. For example. 10:a. Furthermore Fox's argument is weakened by the nature of the evidence which she uses to illustrate it.17. Although it has been possible to save digitized audio since the mid-1980’s. a new tax on individual car use. Fox fails to acknowledge this fact.14. Ideally. However. 4. Essays must be handed in by the deadline. Ejercicio 7. 5: d. However. 6. an extra point. more than 400 000 species of plants and 1 200 000 species of animals have developed. The gradual migration of life from the ocean to the land was another major step that made many advances possible. Fox's argument is weakened by the language she uses to present it. 9. Ejercicio 7. Finally. feeding duties may have to be handed to untrained assistants. 149 . 7: d. d) since. In summary.8. The idea of concession again. the senses of sight and hearing improved in animals and brains grew and developed. Therefore they do not have enough time to personally feed every patient and to monitor the patient while doing this. it will be possible to transmit even high-quality music over the Internet. d) only if. Gradually.15. 14. the author herself questions the validity of her evidence. 5. Often. nor does she refer to any formally documented cases. In order to try to reduce car use in the inner cities. for example the use of phrases such as 'extremely moving' and 'incredibly shocking' leads the reader to conclude that the article is a subjective response rather than an objective observation of the facts. Ejercicio 7. 12. the author fails to acknowledge the excessive demands placed on nurses and the potential usefulness of nursing assistants. The London-based World Radio Network is one of the first companies to relay radio programs over the Internet. leading to the development of human beings. 6: b. it is true that the dietary needs of patients are extremely important and that nurses should draw on their knowledge. As a result. In fact. b) on the other hand. 1: a. a) despite. Nurses in many hospitals are required to perform the jobs of more than one person due to understaffing. the modems were too slow. On the other hand those who listen in other languages tune in to WRN2. Fox does not refer to any research that could support her argument. c) Consequently. the government has announced new restrictions on company parking spaces and in addition. in today's nursing contexts this is not always possible. 10. the second part is somewhat unexpected. This evidence comes from personal experiences and a newspaper article written by a friend of the subject's. To date. certain problems prevented broadcasting radio programs over the Internet at that time. Passage 1 Fox's argument seems valid: appropriate feeding and hydration are essential to the provision of adequate patient care. Ejercicio 7. 11. plants and animals divided into males and females.16. these responsibilities must be handed to untrained assistants. Eventually. a) Now that. d) yet. 10. In addition. Thus Fox's argument is an attractive one. a) In the event. 15 b) whether. b) Nevertheless. d) or else. b) unless. c) Though. 13. This language is highly emotive. but not necessarily a valid one. 8. 9. Additionally. intelligence progressed. Reinforcement of the idea. theory and experience when attending to these needs. nurses would always use their knowledge and skills in attending to patients' dietary needs and they would use feeding times to intervene and refer as appropriate. These problems have now been solved. 9: c. Ejercicio 7. a) even though. In addition.13. Internet broadcasting is now possible when a faster modem is used. People who want to listen in English tune in to WRN1. the evidence used in this article is anecdotal and the language is highly emotive. otherwise they will not be marked. school teachers and even pupils use the WRN. Probably when modems become more efficient. 1. The second part is a consequence of the first. It is thus highly subjective. the use of the material should not be completely discounted. c) Otherwise. After that the possibilities increased for the development of new and varied species. 3: d. As a result. 4: d. however. this is not always possible. 8: b. Even though it has been shown that fractures can occur at even relatively low pressures. " Often as a result. they can cry to draw attention to their desires. crying will be labelled childish and they will be told to "act their age. It seems to me that the causes for teen smoking are more complex. If you ask how long he has smoked. Causes of Teen Smoking A 13-year-old boy. but ask yourself if they are relevant to the essay in question. Generally. Ejercicio 7. but is concerned with your response to the task set. What title would best give the reader an overview of your approach and analysis. because teenagers do no know what to do. as misreading and misunderstanding at this stage can be fatal. Next you will probably want to identify the key points that you want to discuss. he starts to smoke. a desire to be like adults. choosing which points are to be considered. They of course realize this and spend time emulating adults. well organised and structured essay focusing on some of the main points is far better than an over-long and unwieldy attempt to say a little about everything. They are at a difficult age. Essay Preparation Several stages are involved in essay preparation. There may be many points you find generally interesting. start to gather other relevant source material. Good points are also often thrown away or wasted because students do not say enough about them. Make sure the relevance of each point to the main argument is clearly stated and demonstrated. This conflict can cause feelings of insecurity because . however. More specifically. and dress exactly like all of the other teenagers in their peer group. Ask yourself the questions suggested earlier in the introduction to this booklet. because they often see the adults closest to them. He looks around to make sure that the other guys are watching. concerning style. You should dwell and linger on the points: often this requires no more than two or three extra sentences. content. particularly if your writing is concise and focused. they often turn to smoking as a way to hide their nervousness and insecurities. and an understanding of them is essential. The main cause of teenage smoking is the personal insecurity young people often feel. teenagers need to learn how to behave as adults. If you ask him why he smokes. As we have just seen. as enemies. In order to do this it can be useful to try to think of a title for your essay. You should examine carefully the statements made in the essay question. We are all familiar with the teenagers who want to look. and highlight the main points you examine and the conclusions you reach? You should not assume that an essay has to include and cover all the possible points an interpretation may offer up.19. their parents and teachers. This is not to be confused with the essay question or title. therefore.18. This peer group can exert so much pressure that often teenagers do things in the group that they would not normally 150 . like an adult. your personality and lifestyle. A short. deciding how you will deal with them. However you wonder if that is really the reason. He holds it carelessly. Students often do not make the most of the good ideas they have because they get lost if the argument does not develop coherently. very specific and sometimes deliberately provocative. they do not know the ways of the adult world. For this reason. standing in the doorway of his school. puffs on a cigarette. He thinks of his father as a man and because he wants to be "a man" like his father. the process will involve the following. and the actual writing. By now. you will find out that he started when he was eleven. yet in plain view. Essay questions can be very general. Read through notes you may have made in class. and peer pressure. they try to adopt more adult attitudes and manners. You may find it useful to state in the introduction which points you are focusing on and why. they are not yet adults. They are no longer children. if children want attention from their parents or a toy or sweet. On the other hand. For teenagers. the teenager does not know how to act his or her age. Once the main points have been identified you need to consider in which order they will be examined. consequently the ways in which they have behaved in the past are inappropriate. As you gain more experience you will find methods and ways of working which suit you. and make notes about the literary text you are examining. he is an addicted smoker. act. Teenage smoking is caused by personal insecurity. They pay attention to their dress and the opposite sex. One thing that young teenagers perceive as "very adult" is smoking cigarettes. Perhaps a boy sees his father or older brother smoke.Ejercicio 7. they turn to their peer group for support. making sure you understand each word and what is being asked. however. this effort is often not fully conscious. consequently beginning a habit that most adults know is unhealthy. and imagery etc. he will probably say that he enjoys it. Keep your reader informed of the development of your argument. While it is true that teenagers are attempting to become adults. they have more to do with the ambiguous role of teenagers in society. For this reason. Let your reader know which direction is being taken and the reasons why. SD. Ejercicio 8. SD.2. her life was terribly boring because it wasn’t the same as other people’s . MI Ejercicio 8. SD 3. spacious and modern cafeteria. has ten times too much food and lasts ten hours. b) Summarize the story completing the following paragraph: A patient went to her doctor’s office because she was very unhappy and depressed . 1. SD. b) Graffiti is a legitimate art form and good graffiti art benefits the city. and she didn’t do any exciting 151 . is an example of this. do you want to smoke one with me?" The peer pressure here is reat so most normal boys will succumb. One says to the others.4. c.20. with added salt 2 and sugar. 10 Unlike McNuggets. First. The point of the story is that activities . Some say that College management completed the work started by the fast food chains in 8 the last century by destroying what was left of the traditional English puddings. if only for reflection and contrast. Yet. Despite/In spite of their differences. One of these things is smoking cigarettes. she used many products advertised on TV. whose menu was completely revised early this century. by all students of Education. b. the College refectory seems to have quietly and steadily transformed itself into an elegant. The fishburger is particularly high in fat.do. it is not uncommon in McNuggets to enter a restaurant and find yourself in the middle of a large birthday party. 1. desire to be like adults.” the doctor told her the solution to her problem was to get rid of her TV set . and she didn’t have any boyfriends . b) Graffiti should not be promoted as art. and graffitists should be punished. SD 4. she explained that although she did everything right . After he thought about her “symptoms.1. the woman watched TV a lot. In answer to his questions. UNIDAD 8 Ejercicio 8. both eateries offer the hungry visitor much that is stimulating and should be visited at least once. MI. In contrast. served on 9 Wednesdays. d. with music. according to others the new in-house catering team has enhanced and extended the health value and interest of the lunch menu with their exciting new organic options. MI. A case in point is the McBanquet offered to ten year olds: it caters for ten guests. SD. In contrast. 2. g Ejercicio 8. Second. but she wasn’t popular. SD. e. and peer pressure can cause many teenagers to start something that they will later regret. games and food out of all proportion to the number of partygoers6 . the decor and pretentions of the refectory are calculated to appeal to the serious academic rather than the six-year 5 old child. c. 1 The McNuggets’ menu is hardly an example of healthy eating. Imagine a group of guys playing pool together after school. Main idea and supporting details 1. We can see that personal insecurity.3. Ejercicio 7. MI. The Quorn and Vegetable Bake. the College refectory. a) Painting graffiti on public and private buildings should be treated as a crime. 7 Both McNuggets and the College refectory have undergone many changes since the millennium. she was worried about two things. On the contrary. it offers a choice of everything that should normally be avoided. 3 offers much more nutritious food. SD 2. At the same time. The 11 cashier’s desk at the far end of the servery is a perfect illustration of this point. 3. g. "I'm gong to buy a pack of cigarettes. 2. seamlessly combining ancient and modern. its kitchens and the way food is caught and 4 prepared have been transformed by a revolutionary new chef. Furthermore. f. d). c) Unidad 7 Establecen las relaciones entre los componentes de un texto. c). b). c) Unidad 3 Funciones gramaticales y sufijos 4. 40. d). d). d) Unidad 5. c). 32. 36. Referentes contextuales 6. a) Unidad 8. a) Unidad 3 Funciones gramaticales y sufijos 8. c) Unidad 7 Establecen las relaciones entre los componentes de un texto. 34. Búsqueda de información (scanning) 11 d). Inferencia 29. Estrategias de localización específica 152 . d) Unidad 2. c).Respuestas al ejemplo de examen extraordinario 1. c). c). 28 a). Identificación de tipos de texto. 33. d). Referentes contextuales 35. Estrategias de aprendizaje de palabras desconocidas 37. d) Unidad 4. c) Unidad 6. 38. Estrategias de lectura global 22. b) Unidad 3. 24. 14 b). 17. Unidad 8. recursos retóricos y conectores lógicos 7. 10. d) Unidad 8. 23. Estrategias lingüísticas 21. Inferencia 31. Identificación de idea principal 19. Identificación de la idea principal 2. 27. c) Unidad 6. a). a). a) Unidad 5. 3. b). 9. 26. d) Unidad 1. 15 a) Unidad 2. 21. 12 a). a) Unidad 2 Puntuación 30. c) Unidad 7 Establecen las relaciones entre los componentes de un texto. 13 c). a). a). 39. a). recursos retóricos y conectores lógicos 5. Estrategias lingüísticas 16. d) Unidad 6. recursos retóricos y conectores lógicos 25. a). d) Unidad 8. 20. Establecer relaciones entre elementos de un texto 18.