FOREIGN POLICY AND GOVERNMENT GUIDEInternational Business Publications, USA Washington DC, USA- Botswana -2- COUNTRY STUDY GUIDE UPDATED ANNUALLY We express our sincere appreciation to all government agencies and international organizations which provided information and other materials for this guide Databases & Information: International Business Publications, USA Cover Design: International Business Publications, USA International Business Publications, USA. has used its best efforts in collecting, analyzing and preparing data, information and materials for this unique guide. Due to the dynamic nature and fast development of the economy and business environment, we cannot warrant that all information herein is complete and accurate. IBP does not assume and hereby disclaim any liability to any person for any loss or damage caused by possible errors or omissions in the guide. This guide is for individual use only. Use this guide for any other purpose, included but not limited to reproducing and storing in a retrieval system by any means, electronic, photocopying or using the addresses or other information contained in this guide for any commercial purposes requires a special written permission from the publisher. 2008 4th Edition Updated Reprint International Business Publications, USA ISBN 1-4387-0584-0 For customer service and information, please contact: in the USA: International Business Publications, USA P.O.Box 15343, Washington, DC 20043 Phone: (202) 546-2103, Fax: (202) 546-3275. E-mail:
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[email protected] -3- COUNTRY STUDY GUIDE TABLE OF CONTENTS BOTSWANA STRATEGIC & DEVELOPMENT PROFILES ............................................................. 10 STRATEGIC PROFILE........................................................................................................................... 10 Geography ........................................................................................................................................... 11 People .................................................................................................................................................. 13 Government ......................................................................................................................................... 14 Economy .............................................................................................................................................. 15 Communications .................................................................................................................................. 18 Transportation ..................................................................................................................................... 18 Military ................................................................................................................................................ 18 Transnational Issues............................................................................................................................ 19 NARCOTICS ........................................................................................................................................... 19 Status of Country. ................................................................................................................................ 19 Country Actions Against Drugs ........................................................................................................... 20 U.S. Policy Initiatives and Programs .................................................................................................. 20 IMPORTANT INFORMATION ON BOTSWANA ............................................................................... 20 PROFILE ............................................................................................................................................. 20 PEOPLE AND HISTORY..................................................................................................................... 21 GOVERNMENT AND POLITICAL CONDITIONS ............................................................................. 22 ECONOMY .......................................................................................................................................... 23 Mining.................................................................................................................................................. 23 Private Sector Development and Foreign Investment ......................................................................... 24 DEFENSE............................................................................................................................................ 26 U.S.-BOTSWANA RELATIONS ........................................................................................................... 26 TRAVEL AND BUSINESS INFORMATION ........................................................................................ 27 GEOGRAPHY AND NATURE ................................................................................................................ 30 CLIMATE AND NATURE ........................................................................................................................ 30 Seasons ................................................................................................................................................ 31 Hardveld, Sandveld, and Ancient Lakes .............................................................................................. 31 Soils ..................................................................................................................................................... 32 Animal Life .......................................................................................................................................... 32 Plant Life ............................................................................................................................................. 33 HISTORY AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS ................................................................................ 34 EARLY HUNTING, PASTORAL, AND FARMING PEOPLE .............................................................................. 34 BANTU-SPEAKING FARMERS ..................................................................................................................... 34 IRON AGE CHIEFDOMS AND STATES ......................................................................................................... 35 NORTH-WESTERN BOTSWANA CHIEFDOMS ............................................................................................... 36 Rise of Tswana domination.................................................................................................................. 36 GROWTH OF TSWANA STATES .................................................................................................................. 36 TIMES OF WAR .......................................................................................................................................... 37 POST-WAR TSWANA COMMERCIAL PROSPERITY........................................................................................ 37 For additional analytical, marketing, investment and business opportunities information, please contact Global Investment & Business Center, USA (202) 546-2103. 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[email protected] -4A BRITISH PROTECTORATE ....................................................................................................................... 37 Threats of incorporation...................................................................................................................... 38 ADVANCE TO INDEPENDENCE ................................................................................................................... 38 BOTSWANA GAINS INTERNATIONAL STATURE.......................................................................................... 39 ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL GROWTH ........................................................................................................ 39 POLITICAL FIGURES AND RULERS.................................................................................................. 39 Masire Succeeds Seretse Khama ......................................................................................................... 39 Mogae Succeeds Masire ...................................................................................................................... 40 POPULATION ........................................................................................................................................... 41 RURAL SETTLEMENT ................................................................................................................................ 41 LARGE VILLAGES & "TRADITIONAL" TOWNS ........................................................................................... 41 "MODERN" TOWNS & CITIES .................................................................................................................... 41 DEMOGRAPHY .......................................................................................................................................... 42 GENDER RELATIONS ................................................................................................................................. 42 WOMEN IN THE SOCIETY ........................................................................................................................... 43 Selected International Conventions Affecting the Rights of Women.................................................... 43 Legal and Regulatory Context ............................................................................................................. 44 Constitution ......................................................................................................................................... 44 Family Relations.................................................................................................................................. 44 Economics and Commerce................................................................................................................... 45 Strategic Sectors .................................................................................................................................. 46 Population/Health/Nutrition................................................................................................................ 46 Agriculture........................................................................................................................................... 47 Infrastructure....................................................................................................................................... 47 Employment ......................................................................................................................................... 47 Credit................................................................................................................................................... 48 Ethnicity............................................................................................................................................... 48 Daily Life in Villages ........................................................................................................................... 50 LANGUAGE, CULTURE, TRADITIONS .............................................................................................. 51 LANGUAGES.............................................................................................................................................. 51 RELIGION .................................................................................................................................................. 54 CULTURE .................................................................................................................................................. 55 Music & Drama ................................................................................................................................... 56 Fine Arts and Crafts ............................................................................................................................ 56 LITERATURE ............................................................................................................................................. 58 FILMS AND TELEVISION ............................................................................................................................ 59 CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS ......................................................................................................................... 60 SPORTS, RECREATION, HEALTH ............................................................................................................... 60 EDUCATION .............................................................................................................................................. 60 Literacy................................................................................................................................................ 60 Primary & Secondary Education......................................................................................................... 61 Professional Education- ...................................................................................................................... 61 Higher Education................................................................................................................................. 61 US ASSIANTANCE IN EDUCATION REFORM ................................................................................. 62 Botswana: USAID's Assistance............................................................................................................ 63 Basic Education Consolidation Project (BEC) - 633-0254 ................................................................. 63 Indicators of Progress in Botswana..................................................................................................... 64 Other Donors with Programs in the Education Sector........................................................................ 65 POLITICAL SYSTEM & GOVERNMENT............................................................................................ 66 PRESIDENT ................................................................................................................................................ 67 For additional analytical, marketing, investment and business opportunities information, please contact Global Investment & Business Center, USA (202) 546-2103. 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[email protected] -5Political Parties ................................................................................................................................... 68 OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT .......................................................................................................... 69 Cabinet ................................................................................................................................................ 70 POLICE ............................................................................................................................................... 71 DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION .................................................................................................. 72 PRINTING DEPARTMENT................................................................................................................. 72 DEPARTMENT OF STATE HOUSE ................................................................................................... 72 Parliament ........................................................................................................................................... 73 PARLIAMENT ..................................................................................................................................... 74 The House of Chiefs............................................................................................................................. 75 Electoral System .................................................................................................................................. 75 The House of Chiefs............................................................................................................................. 76 MINISTRY OF COMMERCE .............................................................................................................. 76 MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.......................................................................................................... 79 Ministry of Minerals, Energy and Water ............................................................................................. 82 STUDYING COUNTRY THROUGH THE CONSTITUTION............................................................. 84 CHAPTER I The Republic ................................................................................................................... 84 CHAPTER IIProtection of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms of the Individual............................... 84 CHAPTER III Citizenship.................................................................................................................... 94 CHAPTER IV The Executive................................................................................................................ 94 CHAPTER V Parliament ................................................................................................................... 104 CHAPTER VI The Judicature ............................................................................................................ 117 CHAPTER VII The Public Service..................................................................................................... 123 CHAPTER VIII Finance .................................................................................................................... 127 CHAPTER IX Miscellaneous ............................................................................................................. 129 SCHEDULE TO THE CONSTITUTION ........................................................................................... 132 DEMOCRACY & NUMAN RIGHTS IN BOTSWANA....................................................................... 134 RESPECT FOR HUMAN RIGHTS ...................................................................................................... 135 Respect for the Integrity of the Person .............................................................................................. 135 RESPECT FOR CIVIL LIBERTIES ............................................................................................................... 136 a. Freedom of Speech and the Press.................................................................................................. 136 b. Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and Association ........................................................................... 137 c. Freedom of Religion ...................................................................................................................... 137 d. Freedom of Movement Within the Country, Foreign Travel, Emigration, and Repatriation......... 137 RESPECT FOR POLITICAL RIGHTS: THE RIGHT OF CITIZENS TO CHANGE THEIR GOVERNMENT .............. 138 Governmental Attitude Regarding International and Nongovernmental Investigation of Alleged Violations of Human Rights............................................................................................................... 138 DISCRIMINATION BASED ON RACE, SEX, RELIGION, DISABILITY, LANGUAGE, OR SOCIAL STATUS ....... 138 Women ............................................................................................................................................... 139 Children ............................................................................................................................................. 140 People with Disabilities ..................................................................................................................... 141 National/Racial/Ethnic Minorities..................................................................................................... 141 WORKER RIGHTS .................................................................................................................................... 141 a. The Right of Association ................................................................................................................ 141 b. The Right to Organize and Bargain Collectively........................................................................... 141 c. Prohibition of Forced or Compulsory Labor................................................................................. 142 d. Status of Child Labor Practices and Minimum Age for Employment of Children......................... 142 e. Acceptable Conditions of Work...................................................................................................... 142 STATUS OF RELIGIOUS FREEDOM ............................................................................................................ 143 Legal/Policy Framework ................................................................................................................... 143 Restrictions on Religious Freedom.................................................................................................... 143 For additional analytical, marketing, investment and business opportunities information, please contact Global Investment & Business Center, USA (202) 546-2103. Fax: (202) 546-3275. E-mail:
[email protected] ................................................................................................................................. 154 LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR INVESTMENT AND BUSINESS ACTIVITY.............................. 154 B........... E-mail: rusric@erols.............................. Fax: (202) 546-3275.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Company Registration........................................ INVESTMENT AND LEGAL CLIMATE ..................................................................................................... Political System .............. 153 A................................................... Particular Import Regulations ....................................... Financial System............................................. Costs...... 157 B................................................................................................................................................................. 150 Oil Industry............ Working Hours .................................. 157 A.................................................. 146 MINING ...................... 161 BRANCHES ................................................................................................ 156 B....................................................... 154 A......................................................................... marketing........................................... 167 For additional analytical.................................................................................................................... 144 PRIVATIZATION ............................................................................ Consumer Protection............. Economic System.......... Company Income Tax............................................................. 159 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND LICENSING REGULATIONS ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. General Import Policies .................................................... please contact Global Investment & Business Center......................................................................... Legal System........................ 157 F................................... 157 G......... 156 STRATEGIC LEGAL & BUSINESS INFORMATION .................................................................................. Export and Import Permits ....................................................................................... USA (202) 546-2103............................................................................................................. 160 FOREIGN CORPORATION ACQUISITIONS ................................................................ 147 Other Metals and Minerals....................................................................... 148 Diamond Mining............................................ 159 DIRECT INVESTMENT................................................................................................... 150 ENERGY & POWER GENERATION .................. 164 LABOR REGULATIONS ................. 145 AVAILABILITY OF FINANCE AND FUNDING SOURCES ....................... 154 C.......................................... De Facto Restrictions ..................... Environmental Laws .............................. 167 B................................................................................................................-6Forced Religious Conversion .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................com ............................ 161 INCORPORATION A BUSINESS ....................................................................... 156 C......................................................................................... 145 INTERNATIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS ......................................................................................... 167 A...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 148 Coal Mining........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 164 A......................................................................................................................................................................... Sector Exceptions ....... 143 STRATEGIC ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS INFORMATION ...... 156 A...... 153 C................................................................................................. 143 Societal Attitudes .......... 157 E............................. 144 ECONOMY & ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT............................................................................................................. 157 EXPORT-IMPORT AND TRADE REGULATIONS .................. Price Controls ........................................................................................................... 153 D............................................................................................................. 162 TAXATION IN BOTSWANA ............... 147 Governance.................................... 153 B......................................... 158 EXPORTS FROM BOTSWANA ................. 158 AGENTS & REPRESENTATIVES ...................................................................................................... 151 AGRICULTURE ..................................................... Taxation.......................................................... investment and business opportunities information.......................................... 146 MANUFACTURING ................. 161 CURRENCY EXCHANGE REGULATIONS ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 145 INFRASTRUCTURE .................................. Minimum Wages............................................ Sector Incentives and Restrictions on Foreign Investment... 150 CHEMICAL INDUSTRY ...................................................... 155 D................................................................................... Labor....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 151 POLITICAL.............................................................................................................................................. 156 D............ ....... 194 PUBLIC HOLIDAYS ............................................................... 183 Trade Regulations: ........................................................... 203 Okavango Delta .......................................................... 182 World Trade Organization ..... 169 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS ...................... 175 5 ................ Workmen's Compensation ........................................................... 188 Desertification and Drought.... 184 COUNTRY COMMERCIAL AND INVESTMENT BANKS ....................................................................... E-mail: rusric@erols................................................ Resource Management and Design Engineering Services................................................................ 169 N........... EXPORTS AND INVESTMENT ................................................................ 182 Lome Convention ................................ 194 US STATE DEPARTMENT SUGGESTIONS ............................. 174 4 ........................................................... investment and business opportunities information............................................................................................................................................................. 178 MARKETING PRODUCTS AND SERVICES...... 168 K....................................................... 183 Sales Tax.............................................. 181 Value Added Tax (VAT) ........-7C......... Labor Relations ................. 168 J......................... 183 VAT by 2003 ....................................................................... Sick Leave ................................................................................................................................................................ 168 I........................ 181 Southern African Customs Union (SACU).....................................................................Trade and Investment Opportunity: Hospital Equipment/ Pharmaceuticals........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Employee Record ......................... Maternity Leave...... 198 Tourism in Eastern/ Southern Botswana .............................. 168 G.................................................................................................Trade Opportunity: Computers (Hardware and Software) ...................... 199 Game Parks and Nature Reserves ................................... 181 Southern African Development Community (SADC) ............................................................................................................................................................................ 198 Gaborone: The Capital of Botswana ................................................................................................ 172 1 – Trade Opportunity: Mining Equipment ........................................................................................................................................ Termination of Employment........... Exchange Controls..............S.... Fax: (202) 546-3275....... 167 D............................................................. Annual Leave......................................................... 201 Chobe facilities at a glance: ............................ 172 2 .......................................................... Severance Benefits ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................Trade Opportunity: Consulting............................................................. 190 TRAVELING TO BOTSWANA.......................... Overtime .......................................................................................................................................................................Import Licenses........ 168 M.............................................. 175 6 ........................................................................................ 188 Challenges to investing in Botswana ............................................................................................... USA (202) 546-2103................................................................... 169 COMPANY DISSOLUTION ......... 179 TRADE REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS ........................................................ please contact Global Investment & Business Center........... 170 PRACTICAL INFORMATION FOR CONDUCTING BUSINESS..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Rest Period..................................................................................... 172 LEADING SECTORS FOR U.................................................com ........................................ 176 INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES....................... Paid Public Holidays ................................................................................................................ 196 PLACES TO SEE IN BOTSWANA....... 197 Tourism in Northern/ Western Botswana ................................................................................................................... 168 L........................................................................ 183 TRADE AND PROJECT FINANCING ................................................................. 185 INVESTMENT CLIMATE AND OPPORTUNITIES ................... 176 AGRICULTURAL TRADE... 167 E.......................................................................................................................................... 178 Major newspapers ........ marketing........................................ 167 F....................... 204 For additional analytical................................................................................................................................... 173 3 ......................................... Employment of Non-Citizens....................................................................................................... 185 Advantages of investing in Botswana .............................. and Documentation......................................................................................................................Trade Opportunity: Telecommunications Equipment and Supplies .................. 168 H............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................Trade and Investment Opportunity: Solar Energy Equipment ........................................ ................................................................... 225 SMALL SCALE MAPS ........................................................................................................com ........................................................................................................................................................................... 212 FRANCISTOWN ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 210 LIST OF ATTORNEYS IN THE CONSULAR DISTRICT OF BOTSWANA............................................................................................................................. 215 PRIVATE MEDICAL CLINICS .............................................. 219 MMINISTRY OF MINES ANNUAL REPORTS ............................................................................. 212 PRIVATE MEDICALPRACTITIONERS GABORONE ............................. 221 BULLETINS............. USA (202) 546-2103...................................................................................................... 217 WASHINGTON-BASED USG COUNTRY CONTACTS ...................................................-8Makgadikgadi and Nxai Nans.... investment and business opportunities information................................................................................................................................... 224 HYDROLOGICAL REPORTS....................................................................................................................................................... 204 Moremi Wildlife Reserve ..................................................... 219 Mashatu Game Reserve ................................................... 232 For additional analytical............................ 231 YOUTH ..................................... 230 SELECTED NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS .......................................................... 205 Tsodilo Hills .................................................................. 220 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY AND INDEX OF THE GEOLOGY OF BOTSWANA ... marketing..... 221 DISTRICT MEMOIRS ....................... 210 LARGEST LAW FIRMS......................................................................... 216 U........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... E-mail: rusric@erols..................................................................................................... 224 OTHER REPORTS....................... 228 REGIONAL GEOPHYSICAL MAPS....................... 210 LIST OF DOCTORS AND HOSPITALS.......................................................................................................................... 231 AGRICULTURE.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ............................................................... 228 HYDROGEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE MAPS............................................................................................ 228 GEOPHYSICAL MAPS AND REPORTS ............................................................................................................................................................. 207 Gemsbok National Park......................................................................... 230 PETROLEUM EXPLORATION PACKAGE............................................................................................................................... 230 GRAVITY .......................................................... 208 SUPPLEMENTS ................. 226 GEOLOGICAL MAPS AT OTHER SCALES .................................................................. 219 SPECIAL REPORTS AND MATERIALS ON MINERAL RESOURCES......................... 205 Trans-Kalahari Travel: .............................................. 215 COUNTRY GOVERNMENT AGENCIES .......................S....................... 217 Gemsbok National Park................................................................................ . 217 BOTSWANA'S DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS .......................................................................................... 220 MINERAL RESOURCES REPORTS............................ AND COUNTRY CONTACTS.............................................. 214 PRIVATE PHYSIOTHERAPY SERVICES ................................................ 215 U...................................................................................................... EMBASSY TRADE PERSONNEL ...................... 226 GEOLOGICAL MAPS 1:125 000 ...................................................................... 220 RECORDS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY........................... please contact Global Investment & Business Center....................... 218 Lake Ngami........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 208 Mashatu Game Reserve ................ 215 COUNTRY TRADE ASSOCIATION/CHAMBERS OF COMMERCE ............................................................................... Fax: (202) 546-3275....................................... 230 BOTSWANA GEOSCIENTISTS ASSOCIATION PUBLICATIONS.......................................................................................................................................................................... ENVIRONMENT... 230 MOLOPO FARMS PROJECT .................................................................................................................................................................... 208 Lake Ngami.......................... 214 PRIVATE DENTAL PRACTITIONERS ...................................... 205 Kutse and Central Kalahari Game Reserve.................. 216 COUNTRY COMMERCIAL BANKS.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................S....................................................................... 214 MAUN.................................. 215 HOSPITALS................................................................................ 214 LOBATSE....... ........................................ 241 BOTSWANA NETWORK OF AIDS SERVICE ORGANISATIONS (BONASO)....................... 253 KHAMA RHINO SANCTUARY TRUST.... 252 KAMANAKAO ASSOCIATION......................................... 258 POPULATION SERVICES INTERNATIONAL .............................................................................................................................................................. 256 METLHAETSILE WOMEN'S INFORMATION CENTRE ............................................................ USA (202) 546-2103.............................................................................. 237 BATSWANA AGAINST POVERTY ASSOCIATION (BAPA) ..........................................................................................com .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 245 COOPERATION FOR RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT AND EDUCATION (CORDE) ..................................................... 255 MENNONITE MINISTRIES......................................................... 243 THE BOTSWANA SOCIETY........................................................................................................-9DISABLED............ 245 EMANG BASADI . 238 BOTSWANA GIRL GUIDES ASSOCIATION ........................ 254 MEDIA INSTITUTE OF SOUTHERN AFRICA ......... 236 OTHER .................................... 261 For additional analytical................................................................................................................................... 239 BOTSWANA INSTITUTE FOR DEVELOPMENT POLICY ANALYSIS............................................ investment and business opportunities information................................................................................. 253 KURU DEVELOPMENT TRUST .......................................................... 233 MEDIA............................................................................. 235 SCIENCE.......................................................................................................................................................... 252 KALAHARI CONSERVATION SOCIETY (KCS)..... 246 ENVIRONMENTAL HERITAGE FOUNDATION (EHF)............ 233 DEVELOPMENT ARM OF THE CHURCH........................................... 244 CHILDLINE BOTSWANA ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 242 BOTSWANA ORIENTATION CENTRE.................................................................................................. 234 HEALTH.. 249 GHETTO ARTISTS PRODUCTIONS ............................. 254 LIFELINE BOTSWANA........................ 234 CULTURE AND ARTS ............... 236 SELECTED NGO ORGANIZATIONS..................................................... 233 SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT .............................................................................. 247 EXPORTERS ASSOCIATION OF BOTSWANA ................................... 250 HABITAT FOR HUMANITY................................................................................................................................................. 234 WOWEN IN DEVELOPMENT .............................................................................................................................. 244 BOTSWANA WORKCAMPS ASSOCIATION ..... 258 PERMACULTURE TRUST OF BOTSWANA .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 245 DITSHWANELO – THE BOTSWANA CENTRE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS ............ Fax: (202) 546-3275................................................................ 237 BOTSWANA FAMILY WELFARE ASSOCIATION.................. 239 BOTSWANA NATIONAL YOUTH COUNCIL........................................... E-mail: rusric@erols........................ 251 JUNIOR ACHIEVEMENT BOTSWANA................................... TECHNOLOGY AND TRAINING ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ please contact Global Investment & Business Center................................................................................................................... 256 MMEGI PUBLISHING TRUST .................................................................................. 251 KAGISANO SOCIETY – WOMEN’S SHELTER PROJECT ........................................................................................................................... 248 FORUM ON SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE ............. 237 BOBONONG BRIGADES DEVELOPMENT TRUST................................. 260 RURAL INDUSTRIES PROMOTIONS COMPANY ................................................. POPULATION AND HIV/AIDS....................... 260 SEROWE BRIGADES DEVELOPMENT TRUST .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 235 HUMAN RIGHTS .................................................................................. marketing.................................................................. 257 NATIONAL YOUTH CENTRE........................................... 248 FORESTRY ASSOCIATION OF BOTSWANA....................................................................................................... 0/sq mi 2005 estimate $16. investment and business opportunities information.bw +267 Parliamentary Republic 4. E-mail: rusric@erols. English Diamonds.Total .Total .5% 1.64 billion (114th) $11.2005 est.. Livestock Formerly the British protectorate of Bechuanaland Botswana adopted its For additional analytical. Fax: (202) 546-3275. USA (202) 546-2103.Per capita HDI Currency Time zone Internet TLD Calling code Type of Government: Currency: Major peoples: Religion: Climate: Literacy: Official Language: Principal Languages: Major Exports: Background: Gaborone 24°40′S 25°55′E Gaborone English (Official). Nickel. Copper. Kalanga.7/km² (223rd) 7.10 - BOTSWANA STRATEGIC & DEVELOPMENT PROFILES STRATEGIC PROFILE Capital Largest city Official language(s) Government .President Independence .Date Area . marketing. .765.000 (147th) 2.San.410 (60th) 0.Herero.8% English and (Se)Tswana Khoesan. Setswana (National) Parliamentary Republic Ian Khama From UK September 30.Density GDP (PPP) . Herero.Kalanga.370 km² (46th) 231.804 sq mi 2.Khoe African religion 50%. 1966 600. please contact Global Investment & Business Center.565 (131st) – medium Pula (BWP) (UTC+2) .6168 pulas=1 USD Batswana.Water (%) Population .com . Christian 50% Arid to semiarid 69. Kalahari Desert in southwest lowest point: junction of the Limpopo and Shashe Rivers 513 m highest point: Tsodilo Hills 1. salt.11 - new name upon independence in 1966. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. copper. soda ash. but not ratified: none of the selected agreements Area comparative: Land boundaries: Coastline: Maritime claims: Climate: Terrain: Elevation extremes: Natural resources: Land use: Irrigated land: Natural hazards: Environment current issues: Environment international agreements: For additional analytical. seasonal August winds blow from the west. Fax: (202) 546-3275. limited fresh water resources party to: Biodiversity. Mineral extraction. Hazardous Wastes. principally diamond mining. carrying sand and dust across the country..000 sq km slightly smaller than Texas total: 4. Four decades of uninterrupted civilian leadership. north of South Africa 22 00 S.360 km.34% 10 sq km periodic droughts. Zimbabwe 813 km 0 km (landlocked) none (landlocked) semiarid.01% other: 99.840 km. investment and business opportunities information. nickel. E-mail: rusric@erols. Law of the Sea. marketing. Botswana has one of the world's highest known rates of HIV/AIDS infection. coal. Ozone Layer Protection. Endangered Species. Climate Change. and significant capital investment have created one of the most dynamic economies in Africa. dominates economic activity. potash. silver arable land: 0. GEOGRAPHY Location: Geographic coordinates: Map references: Area: Southern Africa. warm winters and hot summers predominantly flat to gently rolling tableland. Wetlands signed. but also one of Africa's most progressive and comprehensive programs for dealing with the disease. 24 00 E Africa total: 600. though tourism is a growing sector due to the country's conservation practices and extensive nature preserves.489 m diamonds. desertification.65% permanent crops: 0. Desertification. Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol. which can obscure visibility overgrazing.370 sq km water: 15.370 sq km land: 585. South Africa 1. iron ore.com . progressive social policies.013 km border countries: Namibia 1. USA (202) 546-2103. . investment and business opportunities information.com . Fax: (202) 546-3275. E-mail: rusric@erols. marketing. please contact Global Investment & Business Center.12 - For additional analytical. USA (202) 546-2103. 63 deaths/1. E-mail:
[email protected] degree of risk: high For additional analytical.000 population note: there is an increasing flow of Zimbabweans into South Africa and Botswana in search of better economic opportunities at birth: 1.97 deaths/1.000 live births male: 45. Fax: (202) 546-3275.725/female 42. investment and business opportunities information.7 years female: 21.58 years male: 51.03 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.148) 65 years and over: 3.000 Age structure: Median age: Population growth rate: Birth rate: Death rate: Net migration rate: Sex ratio: Infant mortality rate: Life expectancy at birth: Total fertility rate: HIV/AIDS .684 male(s)/female total population: 1.000 live births total population: 50.503% 23.003) total: 20.815.9 deaths/1.9% (male 28.1 years 1. USA (202) 546-2103.003 male(s)/female total: 43.376) 15-64 years: 60.508 note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS.8% (male 330.73 children born/woman 37. and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2007 est.9 years male: 20.55 years female: 49.377/female 319. marketing.49 migrant(s)/1.. higher infant mortality and death rates. lower population and growth rates.000 population 13.3% (male 549.009 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0. this can result in lower life expectancy.17 births/1. please contact Global Investment & Business Center.com .034 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.adult prevalence rate: HIV/AIDS people living with HIV/AIDS: HIV/AIDS deaths: Major infectious 33.000 live births female: 42.) 0-14 years: 35.58 years 2. population concentrated in eastern part of the country PEOPLE Population: 1.02 deaths/1.000 population 5.13 - Geography note: landlocked.3% 350.879/female 545. E-mail: rusric@erols. other 8.1% (official). and typhoid fever vectorborne disease: malaria (2007) noun: Motswana (singular).6%. Kweneng. effective 30 September 1966 based on Roman-Dutch law and local customary law.6% (2001 census) Setswana 78.4% GOVERNMENT Nationality: Ethnic groups: Religions: Languages: Literacy: Country name: conventional long form: Republic of Botswana conventional short form: Botswana local long form: Republic of Botswana local short form: Botswana former: Bechuanaland parliamentary republic name: Gaborone geographic coordinates: 24 45 S. 25 55 E time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington. with reservations 18 years of age. Basarwa 3%. none 20. Francistown*.4% (2001 census) definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 79.6%. Sekgalagadi 2. Kalanga 11%. English 2.9% female: 82. Kalanga 7.14 - diseases: food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea. Selebi-Pikwe*. Vice President Seretse Ian KHAMA (since 13 July 1998).com .. unspecified 0. Badimo 6%. Batswana (plural) adjective: Motswana (singular). 30 September (1966) Suffrage: Executive branch: For additional analytical.2%. USA (202) 546-2103. universal chief of state: President Festus G. Fax: (202) 546-3275. Kgatleng. Kgalagadi. Vice President Seretse Ian KHAMA (since 13 July 1998) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president elections: president indirectly elected for a five-year term (eligible for a Government type: Capital: Administrative divisions: Independence: Constitution: Legal system: National holiday: Independence Day (Botswana Day). DC during Standard Time) 9 districts and 5 town councils*. other. Northwest. Ghanzi. MOGAE (since 1 April 1998). Batswana (plural) Tswana (or Setswana) 79%. Lobatse*.4%.8%. accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction. note . investment and business opportunities information. Jwaneng*. including Kgalagadi and white 7% Christian 71. other 1.8% male: 76. judicial review limited to matters of interpretation. unspecified 0. Gaborone*. MOGAE (since 1 April 1998).the president is both the chief of state and head of government head of government: President Festus G. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. Southeast. Central. Northeast. Southern 30 September 1966 (from UK) March 1965. marketing.9%. hepatitis A.4%. 15 - second term). the Botswana Progressive Union [D. WFTU. 4 are appointed by the majority party. UNCTAD. consisting of 4 elected subchiefs and 3 members selected by the other 12 members) and the National Assembly (63 seats. Through fiscal discipline and sound management Botswana has transformed itself For additional analytical. OPCW. WHO. IBRD. IMF. ILO.BDP 44. O. the President and Attorney-General. P. Botswana Congress Party or BCP [Otlaadisa KOOSALETSE]. SACU. IDA. CANAVAN embassy: address NA. UNIDO.7%. 57 members are directly elected by popular vote. UPU. G-77. election last held 20 October 2004 (next to be held in 2009). IPU.includes the United Action Party [Ephraim Lepetu SETSHWAELO]. Magistrates' Courts (one in each district) Botswana Alliance Movement or BAM [Ephraim Lepetu SETSHWAELO]. WMO. C. KWELE] Judicial branch: Political parties and leaders: Political pressure NA groups and leaders: International organization participation: ACP.7% in 2006. BCP 16. vice president appointed by the president election results: Festus G. Botswana National Front or BNF [Otswoletse MOUPO]. WCO. BNF 26. Gaborone mailing address: Embassy Enclave. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. UNMIS.BDP 51.com . the Independence Freedom Party or IFP [Motsamai MPHO]. marketing. IAEA. BCP 1 High Court. though growth slowed to 4. MOGAE elected president. BNF 12. members serve five-year terms) elections: National Assembly elections last held 30 October 2004 (next to be held in October 2009) election results: percent of vote by party . WTO chief of mission: Ambassador Lapologang Caesar LEKOA Diplomatic representation in chancery: 1531-1533 New Hampshire Avenue NW. E-mail: rusric@erols. AU. DC 20036 telephone: [1] (202) 244-4990 the US: FAX: [1] (202) 244-4164 Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Katherine H. ICRM. UN. Botswana Democratic Party or BDP [Festus G.. ISO. USA (202) 546-2103. IOC.6%.52% Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament consists of the House of Chiefs (a largely advisory 15member body with 8 permanent members consisting of the chiefs of the principal tribes. Gaborone telephone: [267] 353982 FAX: [267] 312782 Flag description: light blue with a horizontal white-edged black stripe in the center ECONOMY Economy overview: Botswana has maintained one of the world's highest economic growth rates since independence in 1966. seats by party . and 2. serve as ex-officio members. FAO. UNWTO. MIGA. other 5%. IFRCS. ICCt. percent of National Assembly vote . ITU. UNESCO. Botswana Peoples Party or BPP. Fax: (202) 546-3275. IFC. Court of Appeal. Box 90.1%. New Democratic Front or NDF note: a number of minor parties joined forces in 1999 to form the BAM but did not capture any parliamentary seats . Interpol. MOGAE]. Washington. investment and business opportunities information. K. IFAD. MELS Movement of Botswana or MELS. WIPO. ICAO. NAM. SADC. and 7 non-permanent members serving 5-year terms. AfDB. including capital expenditures of $NA 7. soda ash.4% industry: 46. An expected leveling off in diamond mining production overshadows long-term prospects. On the downside. HIV/AIDS infection rates are the second highest in the world and threaten Botswana's impressive economic gains. Unemployment officially was 23. salt. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. livestock processing.8% in 2004.8% Population below 30.real growth rate: GDP .1% of GDP livestock.4% 21.400 agriculture: 2. copper. financial services. millet. investment and business opportunities information.7% 288.9% (including 36% mining) services: 50.000 in 2006. Tourism.per capita (PPP): GDP composition by sector: Labor force: Unemployment rate: $9.3% poverty line: Distribution of family income Gini index: Inflation rate (consumer prices): Investment (gross fixed): Budget: Public debt: Agriculture products: Industries: Industrial production 63 1.697 billion 4. maize. Diamond mining has fueled much of the expansion and currently accounts for more than one-third of GDP and for 70-80% of export earnings.16 - from one of the poorest countries in the world to a middle-income country with a per capita GDP of more than $11. the government must deal with high rates of unemployment and poverty.8% of GDP revenues: $4. USA (202) 546-2103. marketing.7% $11. sunflowers.com . beans.72 billion power parity): GDP (official exchange rate): GDP .3% For additional analytical.400 formal sector employees 23. Fax: (202) 546-3275. E-mail: rusric@erols. groundnuts diamonds.. GDP (purchasing $18. and cattle raising are other key sectors.968 billion. textiles 6.256 billion expenditures: $3. potash. sorghum. but unofficial estimates place it closer to 40%. nickel. Two major investment services rank Botswana as the best credit risk in Africa. subsistence farming. 6.5. soda ash. textiles European Free Trade Association (EFTA) 87%.o.500 bbl/day NA bbl/day 16.17 - growth rate: Electricity production: Electricity consumption: Electricity exports: Electricity imports: Oil . metal and metal products Southern African Customs Union (SACU) 74%.699 billion kWh 0 bbl/day 11.8447 (2006).9499 . 4.b.1104 (2005). please contact Global Investment & Business Center. Zimbabwe 4% $7. Fax: (202) 546-3275.836 billion f.external: Economic aid recipient: Exchange rates: Fiscal year: $520 million $73 million Currency (code): pula (BWP) pulas per US dollar . fuel and petroleum products. nickel.6929 (2004).034 billion f.exports: Oil . diamonds.445 billion Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Debt .464 billion kWh 0 kWh 1. Southern African Customs Union (SACU) 7%. Zimbabwe 4% $3. copper..imports: Natural gas production: Natural gas consumption: Current account balance: Exports: Exports commodities: Exports partners: Imports: Imports commodities: Imports partners: 823 million kWh 2. transport equipment.b. 5. textiles. investment and business opportunities information. meat.com .698 billion $4.production: Oil consumption: Oil .o.31 March For additional analytical. 4. USA (202) 546-2103. E-mail: rusric@erols. marketing. EFTA 17%.000 bbl/day 0 cu m 0 cu m $1. wood and paper products. electrical goods. foodstuffs. machinery.3278 (2002) 1 April . 18 COMMUNICATIONS Telephones main lines in use: Telephones mobile cellular: Telephone system: 132.524 to 2. 2 international exchanges. please contact Global Investment & Business Center.914 km unpaved: 15.523 m: 55 under 914 m: 17 total: 888 km narrow gauge: 888 km 1.523 m: 1 (2006) total: 75 1. USA (202) 546-2103. shortwave 4 1 Radio broadcast stations: Television broadcast stations: Internet country code: Internet hosts: Internet users: . digital microwave radio relay links to Namibia.bw 5. Fax: (202) 546-3275. microwave radio relay links.000 823.355 km paved: 8. FM 13.000 TRANSPORTATION Airports: Airports .438 to 3. the official qualifications For additional analytical.067-m gauge total: 24. mobile cellular service is growing fast international: country code . Zimbabwe. E-mail:
[email protected] paved runways: 85 total: 10 2.437 m: 7 914 to 1.with unpaved runways: Railways: Roadways: Military branches: Military service Botswana Defense Force (includes an air wing) (2006) 18 is the apparent age of voluntary military service. and South Africa..441 km MILITARY Airports .047 m: 2 1. investment and business opportunities information.100 general assessment: the system is expanding with the growth of mobile cellular service and participation in regional development domestic: small system of open-wire lines.1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) AM 8.524 to 2. Zambia.499 60.com .267. satellite earth station . and a few radiotelephone communication stations. marketing.437 m: 3 914 to 1. Botswana-Zambia boundary NARCOTICS Botswana does not produce any of the harder drugs such as heroin. thereby de facto recognizing the short. The For additional analytical. and money-laundering associated with the drug trade. The Government of Botswana has tough legislation against drug production. and 5-10 years for more than 60 grams. was resolved amicably in 2003. drug control officials fear an increase of drug abuse in Botswana. concerns from international experts and local populations over the ecology of the Okavango Delta in Botswana and human displacement scuttled Namibian plans to construct a hydroelectric dam at Popavalle (Popa Falls) along the Angola-Namibia border.com .103 Manpower reaching military females age 18-49: 21. including the Situngu marshlands. and the 1971 UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances. chaired by a senior official in the Office of the President. Botswana's courts hand down stiff sentences for drug-related offences. especially with respect to cannabis because of its cheap street price.19 - age and obligation: Manpower available for military service: Manpower fit for military service: for determining minimum age are unknown males age 18-49: 350. In 1999 drug control officials seized cannabis transiting from South Africa. such as mandatory sentences of 1-5 years for possession of under 60 grams of cannabis. Fax: (202) 546-3275. Botswana is a party to the 1988 UN Drug Convention. STATUS OF COUNTRY. and it is not a significant drug transit country. please contact Global Investment & Business Center.5% TRANSNATIONAL ISSUES Disputes international: the alignment of the boundary with Namibia in the Kwando/Linyanti/Chobe River. Due to an increase in the number of drug-related arrests. marketing.315 males age 18-49: 21. and in 2004 Zimbabwe dropped objections to. trafficking. Botswana does cultivate marijuana but a vigorous eradication campaign keeps realized production down.. the government established a national drug control coordination council. Namibia has long supported.379 service age annually: Military expenditures percent of GDP: 3. Botswana has built electric fences to stem the thousands of Zimbabweans who flee to find work and escape political persecution. investment and business opportunities information. Those caught with drugs in Botswana can expect to face punishment including prison sentences.322 females age 18-49: 136. In 2003. but not clearly delimited. E-mail:
[email protected] males age 18-49: 136. as well as small amounts of cocaine and heroin.649 females age 18-49: 361. plans between Botswana and Zambia to build a bridge over the Zambezi River. USA (202) 546-2103. the 1961 UN Single Convention and its 1972 Protocol. methamphetamine or precursor chemicals. Inter-Agency Survey team has recommended Botswana as the site for a planned African International Law Enforcement Academy (ILEA). Education: Adult literacy--81%. Work force : 274.628). The United Nations Drug Control Program (UNDCP) has provided drug detection dogs to Botswana for use in drug searches. two narcotics squad officers participated in a regional drug enforcement seminar in South Africa sponsored by the U. and other donors. Religions: Christianity 70%. Khoi. 186. COUNTRY ACTIONS AGAINST DRUGS There has been a slight reduction in drug seizures transiting and entering the country. The Botswana Police report generally good cooperation on drug control with their regional partners.962). Hambukush. police seized four shipments of cocaine sent by mail from Peru and Brazil. Serowe (42. The police also made their first-ever interception of heroin.710 sq. Other countries. Setswana. Selebi-Phikwe (49. Basarwa ("San").S.9 years. Mahalapye (39.000.444).023).com . whites 10%.849). Herero.S. Terrain: Desert and savanna. have cooperated with and invited Botswana drug control officials to participate in destroying seized drugs. Government Type: Republic. Cities (2001 census): Capital--Gaborone (pronounced ha-bo-ro-neh). Ethnic groups: Tswana 79%. please contact Global Investment & Business Center.6%. Infant mortality rate--56/1. mi. Police seized 1200 kilograms of cannabis during 1999.). Drug Enforcement Agency.719).561). Lobatse (29. Kalanga 11%. Kgalagadi. marketing. 1966. Independence: September 30. Health (2004): Life expectancy--33. IMPORTANT INFORMATION ON BOTSWANA PROFILE OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Botswana Geography Area: 582.000. Maun (43. In 1999. other 4%.007. People Nationality: Noun and adjective--Motswana (sing.S. pop.000 sq. Other towns-Francistown (83. Batswana (pl. mostly produced in neighboring Zambia and Zimbabwe. Climate: Mostly subtropical.76 million. seizing a one-kilogram shipment from Pakistan sent by mail. For additional analytical. Languages: English (official).). Bayeyi. USA (202) 546-2103.). Discussions with the Government of Botswana on arrangements to establish an African ILEA in Botswana should begin shortly. which police presume were meant for transit to South Africa. Mochudi (36. Annual population growth rate (2002): 0. investment and business opportunities information.20 Botswana national police force participates enthusiastically in training opportunities provided by the U. In 1999. Kanye (40. and Namibia. Swaziland. Fax: (202) 546-3275. U. Molepolole (54. km.689). none 20%.776).S. Ikalanga. with the exception of Zambian officials. (224.. POLICY INITIATIVES AND PROGRAMS A U. about the size of Texas. There are no indications of senior government officials being involved in drug-related offences. E-mail: rusric@erols. Population : 1. parliamentary democracy. indigenous beliefs 6%. such as South Africa. PEOPLE AND HISTORY The Batswana. the British Government in 1885 put "Bechuanaland" under its protection.S. USA (202) 546-2103. In the 19th century. and U. Court of Appeal. A European-African advisory council was formed in 1951. Administrative subdivisions: Five town councils and nine district councils. Ketumile Masire. Trade (2003/4): Exports--$2. soda ash.9 billion: machinery. transport equipment. and died in office in 1980. cowpeas. hostilities broke out between the Batswana and Boer settlers from the Transvaal. In June 1964. inhabitants of the Bechuanaland Protectorate. coal. in South Africa. textiles. Real GDP growth rate : 5. a term also used to denote all citizens of Botswana. Botswana National Front (BNF)--12 seats. copper. tourism. the Batswana lived as herders and farmers under tribal rule. and soda ash. chemicals. EU. Partners--EU. Botswana Alliance Movement (BAM). local and customary courts. re-elected twice. white maize. meat products. investment and business opportunities information. salt. copper. After appeals by the Batswana for assistance. a leader in the independence movement and the legitimate claimant to traditional rule of the Bamangwato. Zimbabwe. Despite South African pressure. E-mail: rusric@erols. who was elected in his own right in 1984 and re-elected in 1989 and 1994. to newly established Gaborone in 1965. Basuotoland (now Lesotho). coal. fuels. advisory House of Chiefs. Natural resources: Diamonds. nickel. construction.. Economy Nominal GDP: $9. South Africa. cabinet. sorghum. Suffrage: Universal at 18. Judicial--High Court. Fax: (202) 546-3275.1% Per capita nominal GDP : $5. copper. Imports--$2. manufactured goods. was elected as the first president. The seat of government was moved from Mafikeng.9 billion: diamonds. 2004/5): Products--livestock.1% of GDP. Agriculture (2. Masire retired from office in For additional analytical.21 Constitution: March 1965. Botswana Congress Party (BCP)--1 seat. The presidency passed to the sitting vice president. Industry: Types--mining (38% of GDP): diamonds. Prior to European contact. Legislative-popularly elected National Assembly. food. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. textiles. Major suppliers--South Africa. marketing. The northern territory remained under direct administration and is today's Botswana. and Swaziland in 1909 asked for and received British assurances that they would not be included in the proposed Union of South Africa.com . food and beverage production. potash. chemical products production.336. the majority of Setswana-speaking people today live in South Africa. The 1965 constitution led to the first general elections and to independence in September 1966. Britain accepted proposals for democratic self-government in Botswana. nickel. Seretse Khama. hides. Botswana Peoples Party (BPP)--0 seats. beef processing. Proclamations in 1934 regularized tribal rule and powers. which came into the area from South Africa during the Zulu wars of the early 1800s. tourism. Branches: Executive--president (chief of state and head of government). refers to the country's major ethnic group (the "Tswana" in South Africa). Major political parties: Botswana Democratic Party (BDP)--48 seats. millet.2 billion. and the 1961 constitution established a consultative legislative council. nickel. gold. An expansion of British central authority and the evolution of tribal government resulted in the 1920 establishment of two advisory councils representing Africans and Europeans. skins. beans. while the southern territory became part of the Cape Colony and is now part of the northwest province of South Africa. industrial labor court. who was elected in his own right in 1999. Fax: (202) 546-3275. District commissioners have executive authority and are appointed by the central government and assisted by elected and nominated district councilors and district development committees. GOVERNMENT AND POLITICAL CONDITIONS Botswana has a flourishing multiparty constitutional democracy. The constitution has a code of fundamental human rights enforced by the courts. General elections are held every 5 years. Science and Technology--Pelonomi Venson Presidential Affairs and Public Administration--Phandu T. social. Mogae Vice President--Lt. and the Botswana Congress Party (BCP) won 1 seat. There has been ongoing debate about the political. E-mail: rusric@erols. exemplified by the Kgotla. The advisory House of Chiefs represents the eight principal subgroups of the Batswana tribe. The next general election will be held in October 2009. USA (202) 546-2103. in which the powers of traditional leaders are limited by custom and law..C. or village council. Gen. it is expanded following each census (every 10 years. the Botswana National Front (BNF) won 12. The opposition outpolled the ruling BDP in most urban areas. marketing. The National Assembly has 57 elected and 4 specially elected members. The cabinet is selected by the president from the National Assembly.22 1998. The openness of the country's political system has been a significant factor in Botswana's stability and economic growth. Chiefs and other leaders preside over customary traditional courts. Principal Government Officials President--Festus G. the most recent was conducted in 2001).com . the Botswana Democratic Party (BDP) won 44 of 57 contested National Assembly seats. Wildlife and Tourism--Onkokame Kitso Mokaila Communications. the ruling BDP currently holds all 4. Skelemani Trade and Industry--Daniel Neo Moroka For additional analytical. and four other members are elected by the sub chiefs of four of the districts. Each of the elections since independence has been freely and fairly contested and has been held on schedule. Mogae won a second term in elections held October 30. The country's minority groups participate freely in the political process. Botswana's High Court has general civil and criminal jurisdiction. (ret) Seretse Khama Ian Khama Cabinet Ministers Finance and Development Planning--Baledzi Gaolathe Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation--Mompati S. investment and business opportunities information. The presidency passed to the sitting vice president. Local government is administered by nine district councils and five town councils. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. Merafhe Environment. and Botswana has a good human rights record. Judges are appointed by the president and may be removed only for cause and after a hearing. 2004. it consists of a vice president and a flexible number of ministers and assistant ministers. The government's policies for the Basarwa (San) and other remote area dwellers continue to spark controversy. currently 14 and 6. respectively. In national elections in 2004. The president has executive power and is chosen by the National Assembly following countrywide legislative elections. A draft of any National Assembly bill of tribal concern must be referred to the House of Chiefs for advisory opinion. though all persons have the right to request that their case be considered under the formal British-based legal system. The roots of Botswana's democracy lie in Setswana traditions. There are three main parties and a number of smaller parties. and economic marginalization of the San (indigenous tribal population). Festus Mogae. Individuals elected by the National Assembly hold an additional 4 seats. followed by the smaller mines of Lethlakane and Damtshaa. Its mission to the United Nations is at 103 E. Exploration for other kimberlite pipes continues. Real GDP growth was expected to slow in 2005 to between 3% and 4% from its 5. Ltd. Botswana has had the fastest growth in per capita income in the world. Since the early 1980s. also with substantial government equity participation) operate in the country. making Debswana the world's leading diamond producer by value and volume. While development spending was budgeted to increase by 12. DeBeers prospectors discovered diamonds in northern Botswana in the late 1960s. investment and business opportunities information. In addition. Washington DC 20036 (tel. Economic growth averaged over 9% per year from 1967-97. New York NY 10017 (tel. Debswana negotiated 25-year lease renewals for all four of its mines with the Government of Botswana. and a negligible level of foreign debt. marketing. fax 202-244-4164). 202-244-4990. 37th Street.23 Minerals Resources and Water Affairs--Mbiganyi Charles Tibone Lands and Housing--Dikgakgamatso Seretse Local Government--Margaret Nasha Education--Jacob Nkate Health--Sheila Tlou Works and Transport--Lesego Motsumi Labour and Home Affairs--Moeng Pheto Agriculture--Johnnie Keemenao Swartz Ambassador to the United States--L. the bulk of the money was to be spent on ongoing projects and maintenance rather than new infrastructure. The first mine began production at Orapa in 1972. For additional analytical. 212-889-2277. including free anti-retroviral treatment and a nationwide Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission program.7% growth rate in 2004. ECONOMY Since independence. USA (202) 546-2103. Caesar Lekoa Ambassador to the United Nations--Samuel Otsile Outlule Botswana maintains an embassy at 1531-1533 New Hampshire Avenue NW. The government has maintained a sound fiscal policy. fax 212-725-5061). In December 2004. However. MINING Two large mining companies. Debswana (formed by the government and South Africa's DeBeers in equal partnership) and Bamangwato Concessions. What has become the single-richest diamond mine in the world opened in Jwaneng in 1982. economic development spending was cut by 10% in 2002/3 as a result of recurring budget deficits and rising expenditure on healthcare services. The Orapa 2000 Expansion of the existing Orapa mine was opened in 2000.com . (BCL.. which will be Debswana's sorting and marketing arm. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. The Debswana carat output for 2004 was a record 31 million carats. the country has been the world's largest producer of gem quality diamonds. E-mail: rusric@erols. The government recognizes that HIV/AIDS will continue to affect the economy and is providing leadership and programs to combat the epidemic. Four large diamond mines have opened since independence. Botswana has announced plans to establish a joint venture company with De Beers.3% in the 2005/6 fiscal year. Botswana's impressive economic record has been built on the foundation of wisely using revenue generated from diamond mining to fuel economic development through prudent fiscal policies and a cautious foreign policy. Fax: (202) 546-3275. Foreign exchange reserves were $5 billion at the end of December 2005. as part of its drive to diversify and increase local value added within the mining sector. despite three consecutive budget deficits in 2002-2004. equivalent to 22 months of imports of goods and services. and Latin America. USA (202) 546-2103. are present via franchise. The World Economic Forum rates Botswana as one of the two most economically competitive nations in Africa. opened in 1991 and supported by substantial government investment.9% in 2003/4. corporations. the Okavango Delta. Botswana abolished foreign exchange controls in 1999. landlocked location. With its proven record of good economic governance. The sovereign credit ratings by Moody's and Standard & Poor's clearly indicate that. Coal bed methane gas has been discovered in the northeastern part of the country.5% devaluation of the Pula in May 2005 resulted in a spike in inflation to an average annual rate of 11.000 tons of soda ash in 2002. East Asia. despite continued challenges such as small market size.S. has begun making a profit following significant restructuring. Overseas Private Investment Corporation. ahead of many European and Asian countries. which operates a copper-nickel mine at Selebi-Phikwe. E-mail: rusric@erols. U. financed by the U. Agriculture More than one-half of the population lives in rural areas and is largely dependent on subsistence crop and livestock farming. estimated by the developers at a commercially viable quantity of 12 trillion cubic feet. The country's inflation rate had remained stable and comparatively low over the 10 years preceding 2005.S. BCL is expected to significantly reduce operations within the next ten years. such as Kentucky Fried Chicken and Remax. including a new Foreign Direct Investment Strategy and National Export Development Strategy. Botswana's Central Kalahari Game Reserve also offers good game viewing and some of the most remote and unspoiled wilderness in southern Africa. This ranks Botswana as by far the best credit risk in Africa and puts it on par or above many countries in central Europe. is located in Botswana. which account for a third of GDP (down from nearly half of GDP in the early 1990s). Tourism Tourism is an increasingly important industry in Botswana. while others. Agriculture meets only a small portion of food needs and contributes a very small amount to GDP--primarily through beef exports--but it remains a social and cultural touchstone. The soda ash operation at Sua Pan. and cumbersome bureaucratic processes. Fax: (202) 546-3275. which fell well outside the Bank of Botswana's target rate of between 4-7%. and no prohibitions on foreign ownership of companies. such as H. began in mid-2004. The national herd is estimated between 2 and 3 million head. However. It produced 283. are present through direct investments.com . despite only modest growth of 2.J. PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT AND FOREIGN INVESTMENT Botswana seeks to further diversify its economy away from minerals. has had a troubled financial history but remains an important employer. Botswana remains For additional analytical. Heinz and AON Corporation. investment and business opportunities information.4% as of December 2005. Major U. In November 2005. rising fuel and utility prices along with the government's 12. One of the world's unique ecosystems. Botswana's parliament adopted both a Privatization Master Plan and a new Competition Policy that were aimed at fostering economic diversification.S. Foreign investment and management are welcomed in Botswana. marketing. Standard & Poor's once again assigned Botswana an "A" grade credit rating. Botswana was ranked as Africa's least corrupt country by Transparency International in 2005. has a low corporate tax rate (15%).. The Government of Botswana was considering additional policies to enhance competitiveness.24 BCL. Development of the gas field. Cattle raising in particular dominated Botswana's social and economic life before independence. accounting for almost 12% of GDP. The country offers excellent game viewing and birding both in the Delta and in the Chobe Game Reserve--home to one of the largest herds of freeranging elephants in the world. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. investment in Botswana remains at relatively low levels. but the cattle industry is experiencing a protracted decline. USA (202) 546-2103. and the all-weather TransKalahari Highway connects the country (and. and the members renegotiated the arrangement in 2001. In November 2003. It has a broad mandate to encourage growth. The Central Bank devalued the Pula by 12. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. comprised of Botswana. Botswana has nonetheless managed to incorporate much of its interior into the national economy. GBC is a commercially owned television station that broadcast programs to the Gaborone area only. which was launched on September 1. and opened negotiations with China and India in 2005. In addition to the government-owned newspaper and national radio network. Currently the SACU countries and the U. The Botswana Government eliminated all exchange controls in 1999. In 2000. SADC embraced the newly democratic South Africa as a member in 1994. calls for the elimination of all tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade by 2008 among the 11 signatory countries. Zimbabwe's membership has limited SADC's opportunities for cooperation with the United States. The exact formula for sharing revenues and the decision-making authority over duties--held exclusively by the Government of South Africa--became increasingly controversial. A new structure has now been formally ratified and a SACU Secretariat has been established in Windhoek. many of the SACU duties are declining. development. are negotiating a free trade agreement. the government-owned Botswana Television (BTV) was launched. Botswana's currency--the Pula--is fully convertible and is valued against a basket of currencies heavily weighted toward the South African Rand. marketing.. through it. Swaziland. E-mail: rusric@erols. SADC replaced the Southern Africa Development Coordination Conference (SADCC--launched in 1980. Botswana is the immediate past chair of the 14-nation Southern African Development Community (SADC). Because of history and geography. Botswana is currently also negotiating a free trade agreement with Mercosur and an Economic Partnership Agreement with the European Union as part of SADC. dates from 1910. Namibia and South Africa signed an MOU to simplify documentation to move cargoes to and from the Port of Walvis Bay in Namibia. SADC's Trade Protocol. which is Botswana's first national television station. Namibia.5% in May 2005 in a bid to maintain export competitiveness against the real appreciation of the Pula and restructured the exchange rate mechanism to a crawling peg system to ensure against future large-scale devaluations. making American products more competitive in Botswana. Under this arrangement. and is the world's oldest customs union. and Gaborone hosts the SADC Secretariat's headquarters. and there are 22 commercial Internet service providers. semi-arid country about the size of Texas. Botswana has long had deep ties to the economy of South Africa. Transportation and Communications A sparsely populated. The Southern Africa Customs Union (SACU). investment and business opportunities information. Profits and direct investment can be repatriated without restriction from Botswana. and economic integration in Southern Africa. sales. representatives of Botswana.com . Foreign publications are sold without restriction in Botswana. Following South Africa's accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO. Botswana has a 90-member American Business Council that accepts membership from American-affiliated companies. Namibia. Two cellular phone providers cover most of the country. Fax: (202) 546-3275. Lesotho. independent press (one daily and seven weekly newspapers).S. sharing out proceeds based on each country's portion of imports. and South Africa. there is an active. of which Botswana also is a member). Two privately owned radio stations began operations in 1999. For additional analytical. A fiber-optic telecommunications network has been completed in Botswana connecting all major population centers. An "inner circle" highway connecting all major towns and district capitals is completely paved. South Africa's commercially dominant Gauteng Province) to Walvis Bay in Namibia. South Africa has collected levies from customs. 2000. and excise duties for all five members. which focused its efforts on freeing regional economic development from dependence on apartheid South Africa.25 one of the best investment opportunities in the developing world. FOREIGN RELATIONS Botswana puts a premium on economic and political integration in Southern Africa. is contributing to HIV/AIDS prevention. which implements the U. continues to benefit along with its neighbors in the region from USAID's Initiative for Southern Africa. and good governance.S. U. The United States has been the largest single contributor to the development of the BDF. Botswana. Under the 1999 U. treatment. opened March 2003. after successful programs emphasizing education.. the BDF's missions have increasingly focused on border control and anti-poaching activities. PEPFAR assistance to Botswana. and reproductive health. environmental management. the President's Emergency Plan for Aids Relief and began receiving funding and assistance under this program in January 2004. marketing. and care interventions. It seeks to make SADC a working vehicle for economic development. Agency for International Development's (USAID) Initiative for Southern Africa (ISA). jointly financed. The academy. however. The Governments of Botswana and the United States entered into an agreement in July 2000 to establish an International Law Enforcement Academy (ILEA) in Gaborone. Following positive political changes in South Africa and the region. Government's Leadership and Investment in Fighting an Epidemic (LIFE) Initiative. is headquartered in Gaborone as well.500 law enforcement professionals from Sub-Saharan Africa have received training from ILEA since it began offering classes in 2001. The United States International Board of Broadcasters (IBB) operates a major Voice of America (VOA) relay station in Botswana serving most of the African Continent.S. Fax: (202) 546-3275. The U. The BDF was formed in 1977 and has approximately 13. Similarly. USA (202) 546-2103. It is considered an apolitical and professional institution. entrepreneurship. training. The academy's permanent campus.S.S. Over 1. which totaled $20 million in FY 2004 and doubled to $40 million in FY 2005. Botswana is one of the 15 focus countries for PEPFAR. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. Peace Corps returned to Botswana in August 2002 with a focus on HIV/AIDS-related programs after concluding 30 years of more broadly targeted assistance in 1997. training. and promotes efforts to make the region self-policing in terms of preventative diplomacy. Botswana joins the African consensus on most major international matters and is a member of international organizations such as the United Nations and the African Union (AU). E-mail: rusric@erols. For additional analytical.000 members. In 1995. CDC through the BOTUSA Project has undertaken many projects and has assisted many organizations in the fight against the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Botswana. The Regional Center for Southern Africa (RCSA).-BOTSWANA RELATIONS The United States considers Botswana an advocate of and a model for stability in Africa and has been a major partner in Botswana's development since its independence. provides training to police and government officials from Southern Africa and eventually from across the continent. and a large segment of its officer corps has received U. A defense council is appointed by the president.26 DEFENSE The president is commander in chief of the Botswana Defense Force (BDF).S. in Otse outside of Gaborone. investment and business opportunities information. conflict resolution. The BDF is a capable and well-disciplined military force.com . the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) started the BOTUSA Project in collaboration with the Botswana Ministry of Health in order to generate information to improve TB control efforts in Botswana and elsewhere in the face of the TB and HIV/AIDS co-epidemics. managed and staffed by the two nations. the USAID phased out a longstanding partnership with Botswana in 1996. 267353-982. Officials Ambassador--Katherine H. D. The IBB station is located in Selebi-Phikwe. TRAVEL AND BUSINESS INFORMATION COUNTRY DESCRIPTION: Botswana is a country in southern Africa with a stable democratic government and a growing economy. 37th St. Embassy’s website at http://usembassy. For general information about appropriate measures travelers can take to protect themselves in an overseas environment CRIME: Violent crime is relatively infrequent in Botswana. Washington. political rallies. 1531-1533 New Hampshire Ave. and street demonstrations and maintain security awareness at all times. Americans traveling abroad should regularly monitor the Department’s Internet web site.S. N.org/ for the most current visa information. fax (212) 725-5061. about 30 minutes outside of Gaborone. The Department of State urges American citizens to take responsibility for their own personal security while traveling overseas. Fax: (202) 546-3275. Margarett Davis International Board of Broadcasters--William Martin International Law Enforcement Agency--Stan Moran Peace Corps--Ken Puvak The U. to 8:00 p. There are also honorary consuls in Los Angeles. or for callers outside the U. fax (202) 244-4164 or the Permanent Mission of the Republic of Botswana to the United Nations.S. travelers may contact the Embassy of the Republic of Botswana. Gaborone (tel. about 400 kilometers northeast of Gaborone.S.S. a regular toll-line at 1202-501-4444. telephone (202) 2444990/1.m. the increased instance of armed For additional analytical.com . Facilities for tourism are widely available. See our Foreign Entry Requirements brochure for more information on Botswana and other countries. can be found. fax 267-356-947). USAID is located on Lebatlane Road. E-mail: rusric@erols. but appears to be on the rise in urban centers. marketing. Box 90.state. federal holidays). Visit the Embassy of Botswana’s web site at http://www. 10016. For additional information on entry requirements.S. Jones Centers for Disease Control--Dr. SAFETY AND SECURITY: Civil unrest and disorder are rare. 20036. Canavan Deputy Chief of Mission--Philip R. In addition.S. ENTRY/EXIT REQUIREMENTS: A passport with at least six months of validity remaining is required. 103 E. Eastern Time.m.. These numbers are available from 8:00 a..27 Principal U. Travel Warnings and Public Announcements. citizens are permitted stays up to 90 days without a visa. Prudent security measures such as house and car alarms and immobilizers should be used to deter residential burglaries and car theft.C.O. where the current Worldwide Caution Public Announcement. Information can also be obtained from the American Citizen Services section of the U. ILEA is located in Otse. For the latest security information. and Canada.. NY. CDC is located on Ditlhakore Way in Gaborone.gov/botswana/. San Francisco and Houston.S.botswanaembassy. DAO and ODC are located at the embassy. USA (202) 546-2103. and Canada. citizens should avoid crowds.W. U. Embassy is on Embassy Drive off Khama Crescent--P. U. Up-to-date information on safety and security can also be obtained by calling 1-888-407-4747 toll free in the U. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. Monday through Friday (except U. Drouin USAID Regional Center for Southern Africa Director--Erna Kerst Defense Attache--LTC Davis (Lee) Butler Office of Defense Cooperation--LTC Daniel M. New York. telephone (212) 889-2277.S. investment and business opportunities information. a popular Gaborone hiking venue. Malaria prophylaxis is not required in Gaborone but is suggested for travel to the north. USA (202) 546-2103. for example. remain the most common forms of crime in Botswana. in addition to reporting to local police. primarily the theft of money and personal property. investment and business opportunities information. Response times are often slow in less populated areas.who. Visit the website of the country’s For additional analytical. particularly after dark and when traveling alone.who. as to any major city. The Embassy/Consulate staff can. Petty street crime and crimes of opportunity. MEDICAL FACILITIES AND HEALTH INFORMATION: Medical facilities in Gaborone are adequate. Traumatic injury is the second major cause of death in Botswana.S. such as safe food and water precautions and insect bite protection. tedious stretches of two-lane highways. Traffic circulates on the left in Botswana. may be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s hotline for international travelers at 1-877-FYI-TRIP (1-877-394-8747) or via the CDC’s internet site at http://www. Most prescription drugs are available in Gaborone. but care is rendered only after a patient’s ability to pay is established. Embassy or Consulate. motor vehicle accidents take the lead. The information below concerning Botswana is provided for general reference only. Embassy personnel are advised against travel to the Kgale Hill area. particularly around the Chobe and Okavango National Parks. MEDICAL INSURANCE: The Department of State strongly urges Americans to consult with their medical insurance company prior to traveling abroad to confirm whether their policy applies overseas and whether it will cover emergency expenses such as a medical evacuation. Visitors to Gaborone. U.S. marketing. please contact the nearest U. INFORMATION FOR VICTIMS OF CRIME: The loss or theft abroad of a U. Professional private emergency rescue services operate air and ground ambulances throughout the country. and poor lighting make driving at night on rural highways particularly hazardous. contact family members or friends and explain how funds could be transferred. and the area surrounding the Gaborone Dam because of multiple incidents of violent crime. but available facilities in other areas are limited. travel by automobile outside of large towns may be dangerous. TRAFFIC SAFETY AND ROAD CONDITIONS: While in a foreign country. The combination of long.S.com .. high speed limits.cdc. Well-equipped emergency rooms and trained physicians are available in the capital but services are rudimentary elsewhere. Information on vaccinations and other health precautions. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. If you are the victim of a crime while overseas. For information about outbreaks of infectious diseases abroad consult the World Health Organization’s (WHO) website at http://www. Embassy or Consulate for assistance. Malaria is prevalent only in the north of the country. E-mail:
[email protected]. U.28 robbery and mugging in Botswana over the past two years warrants increased vigilance while walking in urban areas. Although the investigation and prosecution of the crime is solely the responsibility of local authorities. as elsewhere in the region.int/ith.gov/travel. and may not be totally accurate in a particular location or circumstance. American citizens are strongly urged to avoid these areas. For advanced care Americans often choose to travel to South Africa. passport should be reported immediately to the local police and the nearest U. assist you to find appropriate medical care. Further health information for travelers is available at http://www. citizens may encounter road conditions that differ significantly from those in the United States. While the roads in major population centers in Botswana are generally good.S. Fax: (202) 546-3275.int/en. consular officers can help you to understand the local criminal justice process and to find an attorney if needed. Freerange domestic animals and large numbers of pedestrians and hitchhikers in the roadways make fatal accidents a frequent occurrence. Please refer to our Road Safety page for more information. should avoid walking at night in unfamiliar areas. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has not assessed Botswana’sCivil Aviation Authority for compliance with International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) aviation safety standards. marketing. Embassy is located in Gaborone on Embassy Drive in the Government Enclave. hide.S. The mailing address is P. Penalties for breaking the law can be more severe than in the United States for similar offences. Travelers departing the country with a trophy must have a receipt from a store licensed to sell such items. the animals are wild and can pose a threat to life and safety. telephone +267 395-3982. tourists are advised that potentially dangerous areas sometimes lack fences and warning signs. ivory. Botswana's Wildlife Conservation and National Parks Act makes illegal the possession or removal from Botswana.. Persons violating Botswana laws.gov.gov/safety/programs_initiatives/oversight/iasa.S. skin.S. may be expelled. and the after-hours emergency telephone is +267 395-7111. prosecutable in the United States. are subject to this Act. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. egg. AVIATION SAFETY OVERSIGHT:As there is no direct commercial air service between the United States and Botswana. For additional analytical.S.faa. Penalties for possession. a U. use. citizen is subject to that country's laws and regulations. bone.S. USA (202) 546-2103. Box 90. investment and business opportunities information. Ivory and endangered rhinoceros horn products obtained in Botswana may not be removed from the country under any circumstances. and carved bones or teeth of animals protected by this law. Engaging in sexual conduct with children or using or disseminating child pornography in a foreign country is a crime.botswanatourism. Homosexual activity is illegal in Botswana. feather. and convicted offenders can expect long jail sentences and heavy fines. arrested or imprisoned. email consulargaboro@state. tooth.29 national tourist office and national authority responsible for road safety at http://www. law. and heed all instructions given by tour guides. plain and decorated ostrich eggs and eggshells.O. travelers may visit the FAA’s Internet website at http://www. Trophies may not be taken from the wild without a permit.bw. the U.gov. fax +267 318-0232. or other durable portion of an animal. The hunting of lions is explicitly prohibited and leopards and elephants are covered under a strict quota regime. The U. hair. hoof. Gaborone. even in the most serene settings. elephant hair jewelry may be removed only with the appropriate license from the Department of Wildlife and National Parks. whether the item has been processed or not. although widely sold. tusk. Violators are subject to arrest and may face a penalty of up to five years imprisonment and a substantial fine. Tourists should use common sense when approaching wildlife. Fax: (202) 546-3275.com . SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES: Botswana strictly enforces its laws controlling the trade in animal products. Exercise appropriate caution in all unfamiliar surroundings. Embassy or Consulate through the State Department’s travel registration website so that they can obtain updated information on travel and security within Botswana. which sometimes differ significantly from those in the United States and may not afford the protections available to the individual under U. REGISTRATION / EMBASSY LOCATION: Americans living or traveling in Botswana are encouraged to register with the nearest U. claw. Wild animals pose may pose a danger to tourists. Curio shops and vendors throughout the country sell items such as animal skins. without a government permit of any living or dead animal or trophy from an animal. A trophy is any horn. In addition. Tourists should bear in mind that. or trafficking in illegal drugs in Botswana are severe. even unknowingly. All of the souvenirs. E-mail: rusric@erols. For more information. CRIMINAL PENALTIES: While in a foreign country. observe all local or park regulations. but the three major peaks of the Tsodilo Hills. although early rains. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. only a few kilometers away. from May to August. At Kazungula. are not unusual. Day and night temperatures vary considerably. In the lower elevations of the north-east are the great salty clay deserts of the Makgadikgadi Pans. Zebra and wildebeest herds. The northern two-thirds of the country lie within the tropics. cold snaps. Day-time temperatures of 27°C can drop down to below freezing at night. The waters of the Okavango and Kasane areas act as moderators and eliminate such extreme temperatures. Temperatures in September to November can soar to 40°C during the day and cool off to 17°C at night. follow the thunder showers to take advantage of the water and fresh growth. are the most dramatic. will remain bone dry. In the southern Kalahari. USA (202) 546-2103. It's bounded on the south and south-east by South Africa.000 square km. investment and business opportunities information.30 - GEOGRAPHY AND NATURE With an area of 582. although the two countries don't actually share a common border. in particular. across the Limpopo and Molopo Rivers. temperatures may soar to above 40°C during the day and at night drop down to -5°C. the Okavango River flows in from Namibia and soaks into the sands. but due to the lands altitude and its distance from the oceans. are dry and cloudless. especially along the south-eastern boundary and in the far north-west. E-mail: rusric@erols. Rain arrives suddenly in the form of short and intense thunder storms that may be very localized. is the Kalahari (Kgalagadi). With the arrival of a cold front. with the highest figures recorded in the north-east of the country and a gradual decrease to below 300 millimeters in the south-west. In the northwest. Torrential rain may fall in one place. the climate is more temperate than tropical. marketing. humidity decreases from For additional analytical. The weather is influenced by prevailing high and low pressure cells that dominate the sub-continent and exert a major influence on the rain-bringing winds. Similarly. Much of the country consists of a vast and nearly level sand-filled basin characterised by shrub-covered savanna. forming the 15. while another. usually last for a few days. Although Botswana has no mountain ranges to speak of. It's about the same size as Kenya or France and somewhat smaller than Texas. from September onwards.Botswana. Zambia and Namibia . The winter months. The shifting dunes that comprise a traditional "desert' are only found in the area of the Bokspits in the far south-west. Zimbabwe.. including the entire central and south-westernregions. Early summer is usually hot with little relief from rain. Therefore. the almost uniform flat landscape is punctuated occasionally by low desert hills. Most of Botswana lies at an average elevation of 1000 metres. particularly in the less vegetated desert regions. Botswana's highest point is the 1491 meters Otse Mountain near Lobatse.com . Covering nearly 85% of Botswana. caused by Atlantic lows. CLIMATE AND NATURE Botswana has a dry. These. The average rainfall is 450 millimeters per annum. The rainy season is normally between December and April. In the north-east is Zimbabwe while Namibia wraps around the western and northern frontiers. semi-arid climate.meet at a single point at midstream in the Zambezi River.000 square km of convoluted channels and islands that comprise the Okavango Delta. Fax: (202) 546-3275. with the days generally warm and the nights cold. a semi-arid expanse of wind-blown sand deposits and long sandy valleys (which sporadically serve as steam channels) and ridges stabilized by shrubby trees and bushes. landlocked Botswana extends over 1100 km from the north to south and 960 km from east to west. four countries . in the country's north-western corner. temperatures may plummet suddenly. Botswana has a border crossing with Zambia. Winter (July .March) Frequent rain and thunderstorms. The HARDVELD region. The perennial Okavango river runs southwards into its delta across the Caprivi Strip from the highlands of Angola. opened up a new passage for the Zambezi to the sea over the Victoria Falls. Autumn (April . where most population and economic activity of concentrated. and as recently as 15. but very cold at night. E-mail: rusric@erols. the Ghanzi ridge extending from the Namibia highlands. in order to avoid the alltoo-common scenes of starvation witnessed in other parts of the Africa. The water which was backed up behind this ridge formed Lakes Makgadikgadi and Okavango.000-35. is superimposed on the sandveld in north-western Botswana. the present tributary of the Limpopo thought to have been the course of the old ZambeziLimpopo. Even 2. with very dry hot days and hot nights. HARDVELD. Spring (September November) The hottest time of the year.000 years ago.31 north to south and from east to west. marketing. This means that agriculture without irrigation is only viable in some years (about six seasons out of ten).Makgadikgadi ridge. had come from diamond pipes now on the other side of the Motloutse.August) Dry. This is perhaps the best time to travel in Botswana.com . consists of rocky hill ranges and areas of shallow sand cover in south-eastern and east-central Botswana. even during the wet months.000 years ago there were considerable areas of wetlands around Lake Makgadikgadi. During the dry winter months.. it often drops to below 30 percent. Flood water reaches down through the eastern side of the marshes to the For additional analytical.000 years ago. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. Present day drainage through the marshes of the Okavango Delta is complex and imperfectly understood. (See Page 12: Science (Geology)). potential evapotranspiration (loss of moisture through evaporation and transpiration by plants) far exceeds the rainfall. USA (202) 546-2103. The authorities have initiated a `drought watch` program. Most of its water evaporates from the 1400 sq km (4000 sq miles) of the delta wetlands. Through out the country. associated with the extension of the Great African Rift south-westwards to beneath the sandveld of the Okavango Delta area. AND ANCIENT LAKES The country is divided into three main environmental regions. but cooling off after rain spells. Droughts occur on an almost regular cyclical basis. A small number of out-cropping rocky hills extrude from the sandveld in the north and west. with the southern part of the country being most susceptible to drought. days and nights very hot. on early morning game drives and on boating excursions. investment and business opportunities information. Fax: (202) 546-3275.000-10. sunny and hot days. But warping of the earth's crust. The ancient lake beds of Botswana date from wet climatic periods when the Makgadikgadi Pans and Okavango Delta were lakes covering up to three times their present areas. SANDVELD. Lake levels are known to have been high 40. The ancient lakes of Okavango and Makgadikgadi are evidence of ancient tectonic movements in northern Botswana. consisting of ANCIENT LAKE BEDS in the base of the Kalahari basin. Rainfall is carefully monitored and drought relief system initiated well in advance. The third region of the country. Geologists believe that at an earlier date the Okavango and Chobe-Zambezi rivers flowed through the area of the Makgadikgadi to the middle Limpopo valley and thence to the sea. Support for this theory was given in 1967 by discovery that diamonds washed down the Motloutse valley. when humidity is at its lowest. SEASONS Summer (November . (There is also a small area of hardveld in the extreme west.) The SANDVELD region is the area of deep Kalahari sand covering the rest of the country.June) Days hot and nights are cooler. It also blocked off the old Zambezi-Limpopo course by a new ridge south-east of the Makgadikgadi. which is sometimes inadequate on the hardveld and regularly unable to support any cultivation on the sandveld. The sands are redder in the south.32 Boteti River. with a course flowing into the Orange River. with brownish rocky seloko soils on and around hills. vulture and eagle or kite near hills.. with more than 460 species including ostrich and bustard on the plains. Seloko soils are considered best for grain crops. The alluvial soils of the ancient lake beds range from grey loamy soils in the wetlands. so that 180 sq km (70 sq mile) Lake Ngami . Less and less water has been flowing through the western side of the Okavango marshes during the 20th century. to gray clayish soils to yellowish sandy soils around the wetlands and very chalky light gray soils round the pans. Very large mammals such as giraffe. Meanwhile the eastern Makgadikgadi Pans are annually flooded by the otherwise ephemeral Nata River from the Zimbabwe highlands. can be found across the savanna. The sandveld consists of very dry light red to yellowish sands.western corner of the country . investment and business opportunities information. while the southern tributaries of the pans are now dry fossil valleys. USA (202) 546-2103.since when it has stopped. ANIMAL LIFE Animal life is extremely varied in a thirstland environment.famous a century ago .the Okavango River above its delta. Bird life is prolific. There are also areas of gray to black cracking clay in former wet areas.is today dry and almost unrecognizable as a lake. but not from the ground as the dunes have been covered by grass and tree or bush vegetation. The Kalahari sandveld shows evidence of having been a barren sand desert in periods of the geological past. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. which cover about a fifth of the country. and there are active wildlife conservation groups. E-mail: rusric@erols. See Kalahari Conservation Society and others on Page 14: Tourism. Fax: (202) 546-3275. Back to contents SOILS The soils of the eastern hardveld consist of moderately dry red loamy mokata soils on the plains. The two great exceptions to this rule are vigorous channels fed by the rains of central Africa .where some dunes have been exposed by erosion. hippo and crocodile being found in the rivers and marshes of the north. Mashi or Linyanti) River flowing through its marshes along the northern border to join the Zambezi above the Victoria Falls. elephant. buffalo and lion are generally confined to the secure wild life areas.com . rhino. marketing. or mixed chalky and sandy chawana soils. Small grassland species have spread to agricultural areas carved For additional analytical. including parks and reserves. The Molopo River (with its Ramatlhabama tributary) on the southern border of Botswana. Most Botswana rivers are ephemeral channels rarely flowing above ground except in the summer rainy season. such as those around Pandamatanga where 'virgin land' maize farming is now being attempted on a commercial scale. The fertility of all soils being limited by rainfall. Dune patterns are still visible from the air. Other patches of "desertification" are evident from satellite imagery: notably the area around Hukuntsi where yellowish sands have been stripped bare by over-grazing. and scavengers such as jackals and hyaenas. Many large and small antelope. cormorant and herons in aquatic areas. About 150 species of mammal are found in Botswana. and graygreen saline soils on the pans. and woodland species such as goshawk and warbler. These range from 30 species of bats and 27 of rodents to over 30 species of large mammal. which flowed sporadically to Lakes Xau (Dow) and Mopipi and the Makgadikgadi Pans (also roughly 4000 sq km in area) till the 1980s . and the Chobe (Kwando. Botswana suffers less poaching than countries to the north.though rarely near centers of population or main roads. today rarely floods more than 80 km from their source. Mopane woodland includes. of which over 200 species have been described in detail. the vegetation is more characteristic of dry steppe than desert.com .e. Isolated stands of palm trees (mokolane) grow on aquatic grassland in the north. an invaluable source of liquid for humans andanimals in the thirstland. mhahu (Acacia fleckii). moselesele (Kalahari christmas-tree) and morukuru (tamboti). catfish and the tiger fish famous for its ferocious resistance to being caught on line. investment and business opportunities information.33 out of the woodlands. PLANT LIFE The Kalahari. The general vegetation of the country is savanna (grassland) with yellow or light brown grass cover (turning green after rains) and woody plants. Mopane woodland covers much of the northern and eastern third of the country. flies and mosquitoes. in the rivers of the north. setshi (candlepod acacia). The dry deciduous forest of the extreme north-east consists of mukwa (bloodwood) and mukusi (Zimbabwean teak). but this may only constitute five per cent of the total. The savanna ranges from Acacia shrub savanna in the south-west through acacia thorn bush and tree savanna 'parkland' into denser woodland and eventually forest as one moves north and east. Fax: (202) 546-3275. The principal fish. Plant life in the acacia shrub savanna includes tsamma melons.000 insect species have been scientifically named and described in southern Africa. wasps and ants remain among the least studied.. and morula (wild plum). while mogononono (silver terminalia) and moretlwa (wildraisin bush) are also found in acacia tree savanna. where there are some bare sand dunes. Botswana has a great variety of reptiles and amphibians. Cacti. are tilapia (African bream). aloes and prickly pears (motoroko). notably the quelea finch which flocks in hundreds of thousands and attacks grain fields. has often been called 'thirstland' to distinguish it from true desert. and a few species of evergreen tree are found on rocky hills. Tree savanna on rocky hills of the eastern hardveld merges northwards into Mopane (African ironwood) woodland. with the exception of the open grasslands immediately surrounding the Okavango delta and Makgadikgadi pans. Typical woody plants in bush savanna are mongana (blackthorn acacia). besides mopane and acacia. E-mail: rusric@erols. i. marketing. USA (202) 546-2103. the spectacular mowana or baobab ('upside-down tree') which may live up to four thousand years. mokotshong (African ebony) and varieties of acacia grow along river banks. Up to 80. For additional analytical. the sandveld west of the hardveld and south of the ancient lake beds. but moths and butterflies. A start in describing new Botswana species has been made on beetles and grasshoppers. which are commercially exploited for timber. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. Even in its south-western corner. while tall trees such as mzungula (sausage tree). A site in the Tsodilo hills (Depression Shelter). and the national language is called Setswana (aka 'Sechuana'). which have built up state revenues.. They took Khoe language to areas where only San languages had previously been spoken. in and around the extensive riverine lakes and wetlands that once covered the north of the country and were dotted elsewhere. where they had previously been herded by other Later Stone Age people for thousands of years. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. Some Khoe pastoralists migrated with their livestock through central Namibia as far south as they could. Later Stone Age farming 1 This section based in part on the research and other materials on the US Library of Congress For additional analytical. Fax: (202) 546-3275. with a culture characterized by archaeologists as 'Later Stone Age'. The country is named after its dominant ethnic group. have lived in Botswana for many thousands of years. BANTU-SPEAKING FARMERS Both farming of grain crops and the speaking of Bantu languages were carried southwards from north of the Equator over the course of millennia. Their hunting and gathering lifestyle was adapted to seasonal mobility in family groups over grassland and scrub.herding cattle and sheep on the rich pastures exposed by the retreating wetlands of the Okavango delta and Makgadikgadi lakes. rising from one of the poorest to lower-middle income level. and Zambia. to the Cape of Good Hope. In prehistoric and very recent times the Kalahari thirst lands of Botswana have been central in the historical geography of the region. marketing. EARLY HUNTING. AND FARMING PEOPLE Khoesan-speaking hunters and herders.P eople speaking Khoesan (Khoe and San) languages. as the intermediate territory between the savannas of the north and east and the steppes of the south and west. Angola. From West Africa. PASTORAL. Botswana was a poor and peripheral British protectorate known as Bechuanaland.34 - HISTORY AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS1 The history of Botswana does much more than cover a gap between the histories of neighboring South Africa and Zimbabwe. and on the sale of beef to Europe and the world market. It has had one of the fastest growing economies in the world. Between the 1880s and its independence in the 1960s. in villages and traditional rural towns as well as in rapidly growing new towns. by about 70BC. Namibia. Cattle and sheep had been brought from East Africa. contains archaeological evidence of continuous Khoesan occupation from about 17 000 BC. This new prosperity has been based on the mining of diamonds and other minerals. the Tswana or Batswana ('Bechuana' in older variant orthography). During the last centuries BC many Khoe-speaking people in northern Botswana converted their lifestyle to pastoralism . For most of that period Khoesan people subsisted as hunters and gatherers. to about 1650 AD. in the north-western corner of Botswana. their tools made of stone (and wood and bone). USA (202) 546-2103. Since the later 1960s Botswana has gained in international stature as a peaceful and increasingly prosperous democratic state.com . But there has also been an increasing gap between classes of new rich and new poor. however. There has been extensive development of educational and health facilities. investment and business opportunities information. E-mail: rusric@erols. Early Iron Age farming spread down the savanna to the Zambezi by around 20 B.) The Toutswe people were also hunting westwards into the Kalahari and trading eastwards with the Limpopo. From East Africa. E-mail: rusric@erols. In east-central Botswana. and a similar site in the western Transvaal near Pretoria has been dated as early as 300. were already being traded as far west as Tsodilo by 700. dated from around 550 AD. East coast shells. and had been converted to the use of iron tools on the upper Zambezi by around 380 BC. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. between about 600-700 and 1200-1300. occupied by western Early Iron Age farmers. Mapungubwe had been developing since about 1050 because of its control of the early gold trade coming down the Shashe. Khoe language was being spoken by pastoralists in the area. The Toutswe state appears to have been conquered by its Mapungubwe state neighbor. The earliest dated Iron Age site in Botswana is an iron smelting furnace in the Tswapong hills near Palapye. which was passed on for sale to sea traders on the Indian Ocean. The Moritsane culture is historically associated with the Khalagari (Kgalagadi) chiefdoms.. Archaeologists now have difficulty in interpreting the hundreds of rock paintings in the Tsodilo hills. with large corrals in the capital town and in scores of smaller hill-top villages. existing alongside Khoesan hunter and pastoralist sites in the Tsodilo hills. characterized by a site on Moritsane hill near Gabane. dated around 190 AD . centered on a hill at the Limpopo-Shashe confluence. There is also evidence of early farming settlement of a similar type in Botswana west of the Okavango delta. The site of Toutswe town was abandoned. Meanwhile farming culture of the western Iron Age type spread through northern and into south-eastern Botswana. the area within 80 or 100 kilometers of Serowe (but west of the railway line) saw a thriving farming culture. north of the Limpopo River. whose pottery mixed the old western style with new Iron Age influences derived from the eastern Transvaal (Lydenburg culture). but the new rulers kept other settlements going . as well as along the east coast. whose prowess was in cattle raising and hunting rather than in farming. USA (202) 546-2103. investment and business opportunities information. which were once assumed to be painted by 'Bushman' hunters remote from all pastoralist and farmer contact. IRON AGE CHIEFDOMS AND STATES From around 1095 south-eastern Botswana saw the rise of a new culture.C. Fax: (202) 546-3275. as it was superceded by the new state of Great Zimbabwe. have been dated from about 420 AD around Molepolole. The remains of beehive-shaped small houses made of grass-matting. It took hundreds of years for Iron Age farming culture and Bantu languages to replace Khoe pastoral culture in the Okavango-Makgadikgadi area. dominated by rulers living on Toutswe hill. The prosperity of the state was based on cattle herding.com . on the Boteti River. and with Khoesan cattle given in trade or tribute from the Boteti River. which supplied the state with hunting products. as late as the 19th century.. between 1200 and 1300. the westernmost dialect-group of Sotho (or Sotho-Tswana) speakers. marketing.probably associated with eastern Iron Age Bantu farming culture from the Limpopo valley. used as trade currency.notably Bosutswe. As early as 200 BC people there were making a kind of pottery known as Bambatha ware. which archaeologists think was Khoe pottery influenced by (western) Iron Age styles. caught by Khoean hunters. (Ancient cattleandsheep/goatcorrals are today revealed by characteristic grassgrowing on them. The farmers brought with them the speaking of western and eastern Bantu languages.35 reached through Angola. which flourished in control of the gold trade from the 13th For additional analytical. a hilltop town in the west. within recent living memory. But Mapungubwe's triumph was short-lived. in search of better hunting and the desirable large cattle of the west. relate how they were split apart from their Mbandu parent stock by 17th century Tswana cattle-raiding from the south. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. Oral traditions usually explain these migrations as responses to drought. E-mail: rusric@erols. The Butua state passed from the control of Chibundule (Torwa) rulers to Rozvi invaders from the north-east in about 1685. like 'flies across a milk-pail'. In the 1660's the military and trading power of the main Rolong kingdom at Taung (south of Botswana). Fax: (202) 546-3275.36 to the 15th centuries. for control of hunting and mineral tribute.walled command posts. with junior brothers breaking away to become independent chiefs. By the 17th century Rolong-Khalagari power stretched. the Butua state based at Kame near Bulawayo in western Zimbabwe from about 1450 onwards. USA (202) 546-2103. in conflict with Kora groups of southern Khoi over copper trade. with stone-walled villages and some large towns developing on hills . NORTH-WESTERN BOTSWANA CHIEFDOMS From about 850 AD farmers from the upper Zambezi. each clustered round its cattle corral. and for control of trade with the east coast. while Rolong chiefdoms spread westwards over Khalagari peoples. spreading their power in all directions. Oral traditions tell of Yeyi farmers and fishermen scattering among the Khoesan of the Okavango delta in the early 18th century. The old Chibundule rulers appear to have fled to the western Kalanga (in the area now in Botswana). ancestral to the Mbukushu and Yeyi peoples. The oral traditions of Mbukushu chiefs tell of migrations from the upper Chobe down the Okavango river later in the 18th century. marketing. Under Rozvi rule. After 1750 this grew into a powerful military state controlling Kalahari hunting and cattle raiding. Certainly its successor state. But after about 1700 the settlement pattern changed. Meanwhile other For additional analytical. The main Tswana (Central Sotho) dynasties of the Hurutshe. The oral traditions of Herero and Mbanderu pastoralists. GROWTH OF TSWANA STATES Kwena and Hurutshe migrants founded the Ngwaketse chiefdom among Khalagari-Rolong in south-eastern Botswana by 1700. around which it built stone. Kwena and Kgatla were derived from the Phofu dynasty. as far as Mbandu country across the central NamibiaBotswana frontier. which broke up in its western Transvaal home in the 1500-1600 period. where they became known as Wumbe. These states were probably competing for cattle wealth and subject populations. or from groups of Sotho attracted from the south such as the Nswazwi and Chizwina (Sebina) chiefdoms. controlled trade in salt and hunting dogs from the eastern Makgadikgadi pans. giving rise to a number of local Kalanga chiefdoms.. Fokeng chiefdoms spread southwards over Southern Sotho peoples. RISE OF TSWANA DOMINATION During the 1200-1400 period a number of powerful dynasties began to emerge among the Sotho in the western Transvaal. the 'uncle' of Chibundule. Khalagari chiefdoms either accepted Rolong rulers or moved westwards across the Kalahari. investment and business opportunities information. The archeology of the Transvaal shows that the farming population was expanding and spreading in small homesteads.com . the common people of Butua became known as the Kalanga. and copper production west of Kanye. These appear to have been responses to increased raiding in Angola for the Atlantic slave trade. Other Kalanga chiefdoms descended from Mengwe.with a few larger settlements as evidence of petty chiefdoms. It is not known how far west the power of Great Zimbabwe extended. reached as far south and west as the Tsodilo hills (Nqoma). as we have seen. was known as far away as the new Dutch settlers at the Cape of Good Hope. south-west of the Okavango straddling the Namibia border. across open countryside .evidence of the growth of states often hostile to each other. who had been expelled north. the Lozi in the north and the Ndebele in the north-east. By 1826 the Ngwaketse were being attacked by the Kololo. marketing. Ngwato and Ngwato were reconstituted in the 1840s after the wars passed.attacking the Tawana and raiding for cattle as far west as Namibia. had even settled as far north-west as Lake Ngami. called the Tawana. Those roads also brought Christian missionaries to Botswana. For additional analytical. In about 1835 they settled on the Chobe River. as trading and raiding for ivory. A BRITISH PROTECTORATE The Scramble for Africa in the 1880s resulted in the German colony of South West Africa. possibly by raiders from Maputo Bay. Kwena. Makaba II. a raiding army led by Mzilikazi. These wars are called the Difaqane by historians. The Kololo moved through Shoshong. and a group of those Kwena henceforth called Ngwato further north at Shoshong. TIMES OF WAR Southern Africa as a whole saw an increasing tempo of disruption. The states took firm control of commoners and subject peoples. The British in Cape Colony responded by using their missionary and trade connections with the Tswana states to keep the "missionaries' road" to Zimbabwe and the Zambezi open for British expansion.. The great Ngwaketse warrior king. and Boer trekkers who settled in the Transvaal to the east of Botswana. an army of refugees under the dynamic leadership of Sebetwane. Fax: (202) 546-3275.37 Kwena had settled around Molepolole. who settled in the Butua area of western Zimbabwe in 1838-40 after the conquest of the Rozvi. E-mail: rusric@erols. Meanwhile the Kololo were followed in their tracks by the Ndebele. to the Boteti River. But by the later 1870's the Kwena had lost control of trade to the Ngwato. please contact Global Investment & Business Center.com . was killed. the Cape Colony and Angola. In 1885 the British proclaimed a protectorate over their Tswana allies. He allied himself with British traders and missionaries. expelling the Ngwato northwards. where they were warded off in a battle with Herero. investment and business opportunities information. from which the Kololo state stretched northwards until its final defeat by its Lozi subjects on the upper Zambezi in 1864. USA (202) 546-2103. where they settled for a number of years . whose power extended to the frontiers of the Tawana in the north-west. cattle and slaves spread inland from the coasts of Mozambique. and was baptized by David Livingstone. By 1800 raiders from the Cape had begun to attack the Ngwaketse. By about 1770 a group of Ngwato. He also fought with the Boers. which threatened to join across the Kalahari with the independent Boer republic of the Transvaal.westwards. as far north as the Ngwato. POST-WAR TSWANA COMMERCIAL PROSPERITY The Tswana states of the Ngwaketse. migration and war from about 1750 onwards. under Khama III (ruled 1875-1923). organised in wards under their own chiefs paying tribute to the king. who tried to seize Africans who fled to join Sechele's state from the Transvaal. The most remarkable Tswana king of this period was Sechele (ruled 1829-92) of the Kwena around Molepolole. but the Kololo were pushed further north by a counter-attack. The states competed with each other to benefit from the increasing trade in ivory and ostrich feathers being carried by wagons down new roads to Cape Colony in the south. and the protectorate was extended to the Tawana and the Chobe River in 1890. in country occupied by Yeyi and previously frequented by Khalagari-Rolong and Kwena hunters and traders. . But the protectorate itself remained under the British crown.com . E-mail: rusric@erols. BDP) . in the form of the British South Africa (BSA) Company. The British government continued to regard the protectorate as a temporary expedient. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. after 1910. ADVANCE TO INDEPENDENCE From the later 1950s it became clear that Bechuanaland could no longer be handed over to South Africa. with Seretse Khama as its first president.in 1962. Hence the administrative capital remained at Mafeking (Mafikeng). so that state revenue would benefit from rising capital imports and mineral exports . The planning and execution of economic development took off in 1967-71 after the discovery of diamonds at Orapa. USA (202) 546-2103. Botswana remained financially dependent on Britain to cover the full cost of administration and development. The kings. was in order to satisfy the South African government which objected to Seretse Khama's marriage to a white woman at a time when racial segregation was being reinforced in South Africa under apartheid. and the remainder classified as crown (i. A new administrative capital was rapidly built at Gaborone. which used the road through the Bechuanaland Protectorate to colonize Zimbabwe (soon to be called Rhodesia) in 1890. This renegotiation was achieved in 1969. for which it provided migrant labor and the rail transit route to Rhodesia. the British government barred Seretse Khama from the chieftainship of the Ngwato and exiled him for six years. This. The supporters of Seretse Khama began to organize political movements from 1952 onwards. state) lands. For additional analytical. from 1895 until 1964. After long resistance to constitutional advance before economic development could pay for it. actually outside the protectorate's borders in South Africa.38 THREATS OF INCORPORATION British colonial expansion was privatized. to the new Union of South Africa. and there was a nationalist spirit even among older 'tribal' leaders. after an attempt to hand it over to the BSA Company was foiled by the delegation of three Tswana kings to London in 1895. the British began to push political change in 1964. as secret documents have since confirmed. The essential precondition of this was renegotiation of the customs union with South Africa. In 1966 the country became the Republic of Botswana. Short-lived attempts to reform administration and to initiate mining and agricultural development in the 1930s were hotly disputed by leading Tswana chiefs. and the Bechuanaland Democratic Party (later Botswana Democratic Party. five white settler farm blocks. A legislative council was eventually set up in 1961 after limited national elections. investment and business opportunities information. and white settlement remained restricted to a few border areas. Fax: (202) 546-3275.e. The territory remained divided into eight largely self-administering 'tribal' reserves. For its first five years of political independence. had to concede to the company the right to build a railway to Rhodesia through their lands. Ngwato 'tribal' negotiations for the start of copper mining reached agreement in 1959.governing in 1965. Bechuanaland became self. until it could be handed over to Rhodesia or. The Bechuanaland People's Party (BPP) was founded in 1960. marketing. however.rather than remaining a fixed percentage of total customs union income.led by Seretse Khama . It declined into a mere appendage of South Africa. The extent of Bechuanaland Protectorate's subordination to the interests of South Africa was revealed in 1950. under an elected BDP government under Seretse Khama as prime minister. Investment and administrative development within the territory were kept to a minimum. In a case that caused political controversy in Britain and the Empire. on the grounds that they would only enhance colonial control and white settlement. and must be developed towards political and economic self-sufficiency. and joined by Mozambique and Angola. one of the "Front Line States" seeking to bring majority rule to Zimbabwe. Namibia and South Africa. to look to the future of the region. liberal democratic alternative to South African apartheid. marketing. POLITICAL FIGURES AND RULERS MASIRE SUCCEEDS SERETSE KHAMA Seretse Khama died in July 1980 and was succeeded as president by his deputy since 1965. resulting in Zimbabwe independence in 1980. investment and business opportunities information. putting itself forward as a non-racial. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. Between 1984 and 1990 Botswana suffered from upheavals in South Africa when South African troops raided the 'Front Line States'. and continued with internal changes in South Africa culminating in its free elections of 1994. except South Africa (and Namibia). Botswana extended basic infrastructure for mining development and basic social services for its population. the Botswana Defence Force. All the states of southern Africa. From 1974 Botswana was. South Africa was obliged to step down from its objections to Botswana building a road. on relatively favorable terms of income to the state. but was For additional analytical.39 - BOTSWANA GAINS INTERNATIONAL STATURE From 1969 onwards Botswana began to play a more significant role in international politics.. was to coordinate disparate economies rather than to create a unified market in southern Africa. from which refugees flowed into Botswana. Two raids on Gaborone by the South African army in 1985 and 1986 killed 15 civilians. direct to Zambia avoiding the old railway and road route through Rhodesia. The economy continued to expand rapidly after a temporary slump in diamond and beef exports at the beginning of the 1980s. as expounded by Seretse Khama. to work together in developing identified sectors of their economies particularly the transport network to the ports of Mozambique. and urban insurrection in South Africa. ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL GROWTH With an economy growing annually between 12 and 13 percent.com . When Botswana began to form its own army. the Rhodesian army crossed the border and massacred 15 Botswana soldiers in a surprise attack at Leshoma (February 1978). E-mail: rusric@erols. with US aid finance. But its main contribution was in formulating the Southern African Development Coordination Conference. vice-president Quett (aka Sir Ketumile) Masire. together with Zambia and Tanzania. More diamond mines were opened. The later 1970s saw civil war in Rhodesia. Fax: (202) 546-3275. The expansion of mining output slowed in the 1990s. USA (202) 546-2103. The BDP was consistently reelected with a large majority. when "tribal" conservatives joined the socialists in BNF ranks attacking the "bourgeois" policies of government. founded 1965) became a significant threat after 1969. formed SADCC in 1980. The idea behind SADCC. A new era in regional relations began with the independence of Namibia in 1990. Botswana played its part in the final settlement of the Rhodesian war. though the Botswana National Front (BNF. and less economically successful nickel-copper mining commenced at Selebi-Phikwe. the BNF. and Swaziland) of the Southern African Customs Union (SACU). has been split in half by a leadership dispute. the Non-Aligned Movement. For additional analytical. As well as SADC. and the Commonwealth. and was succeeded by his vicepresident Festus Mogae. Botswana is also a member (with Lesotho.40 compensated for by the growth of manufacturing industry producing vehicles and foodstuffs for the South African market. Quett (Sir Ketumile) Masire retired as president. MOGAE SUCCEEDS MASIRE In April 2003. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. South Africa. Botswana handed over leadership of SADCC.. Gaborone. Namibia.com . which had begun to approach parity with the ruling BDP in the elections of 1994. the Republic of Botswana is a member of the United Nations. Fax: (202) 546-3275. investment and business opportunities information. the Organization of African Unity (OAU). marketing. But the secretariat of SADC remains housed in the capital of Botswana. E-mail: rusric@erols. now the Southern African Development Community(SADC). to South Africa in 1994. Since then the main opposition party. USA (202) 546-2103. Traditional architecture of thatch roofing and clay walling has given way to corrugated metal roofing and brick walls. The family had a home base in the village. More than half the population lives in rural village settlements of over a thousand people. live in the seven modern towns and cities classified as urban areas. "MODERN" TOWNS & CITIES Two of the seven "modern" towns of Botswana date from origins as small urban centers on the railway for white settler farming communities in the colonial period .. Finally. E-mail: rusric@erols. 2 This section based in part on the materials of the US Library of Congress For additional analytical. and are sub-divided into wards each of which mimics the village or town plan with its own central kgotla and kraal.41 - POPULATION2 RURAL SETTLEMENT The human and livestock population of Botswana is concentrated around the hill ranges of the eastern hardveld and along the perennial rivers of the north. Other villages have similarly burgeoned with new construction. while retaining locational identity with traditional village roots. Fax: (202) 546-3275. as well as by shopping malls and bars. In the appropriate season it cultivated 'lands' (fields) within a day or two's walk from the village. The new middle class is expressing its independence from traditional contraint. The typical rural settlement and land use pattern of the eastern highveld in the past may be characterized as having been concentric circles around a concentrated village nucleus. Private and public capital investment in village centers has also precluded communities from moving their whole village. the break-up of the family through longdistance labor migration. on the other hand. LARGE VILLAGES & "TRADITIONAL" TOWNS The villages and traditional towns of Botswana are still basically laid out around the kgotla (courtyard) and cattle kraal (corral) of a traditional ruler.especially on the paved approach roads to the traditional state capitals of Serowe. now exceeding one fifth. were pastured for most of the year at 'cattle-posts' a number of days walk from the village. when nearby cultivable land and pastures become depleted. particularly along the line of rail. investment and business opportunities information. Mochudi. beyond the cattle-posts. Molepolole.Francistown (1897) and Lobatse (1900). Both began to develop in size and function in the 1950s as employment in nonagricultural services expanded. traditional settlements have been sliced through by modern roads and facilities such as schools and offices. there were hunting lands. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. and the increased mobility offered by motor transport and options for new settlement offered by drilling of bore-holes (artesian wells) for water. USA (202) 546-2103. inherited from the late 19th century. including traditional towns with up to 40. The family cattle. Tlokweng and Ramotswa. usually based around livestock pens. Kanye. since the 1970s.000 people.com . has however fragmented in the 20th century with the decline of traditional political controls. A growing proportion of the population. But. as in a bygone age. by building large modern suburban houses outside the old wards . Maun. marketing. This "traditional" pattern. where most of its members spent most of the year. Approximately one third of the population lives in scattered rural settlements. really a village. as in most "feudal" societies. However these figures were drastically revised downwards in 2003 to take into accounts projected deaths from the AIDS pandemic.8 years for males. Zimbabwe.com .4 years for females and by ten years to 64.42 Gaborone. Francistown 88 000. Royal and aristocratic women were always at an advantage over commoner and servile women. Orapa (1971) being a small company town in the sandveld. Females exceeded males in age groupsover 15. the capital city. Selebi-Phikwe (1971) and Jwaneng (1979) are the only substantial mining towns. since when it has grown to over 185. The newest mining township. Maun 29 000. Christian wave of Westernization of "traditional" law around 1900.4 per cent a year. the population has grown at about 3. and one quarter in twenty 'traditional towns and large villages (Molepolole 1997 est. with 35. Selebi-Phikwe 46 000. etc. due to the falling death rate.).000. in the recognition of their property and succession rights. The 1991 census showed improved life expectancy of 67.from Angola. USA (202) 546-2103. Meanwhile the rate of labor migration abroad has been reduced by a combination of restrictions by South Africa and increased employment opportunities at home.000 absentees . A child was no longer. and most recently Namibia. The "traditional" expendibility of young men as soldiers in war (with high status given to survivors). closed off from spontaneous accretion by security fences. was founded in 1964. The 1991 census also showed that Botswana is one of the southern African countries experiencing a falling birth rate in response to improved infant life expectancy. marketing. Formal marriage (by marriage payments between families) and For additional analytical. Botswana had its first systematic national census in 1964. Kanye 35 000. Botswana also provided a home and eventual citizenship for numbers of refugees between the 1950s and the 1970s . Total population was estimated at 550.. and nearly half younger than 15. Approximately one fifth was under 5. DEMOGRAPHY After six previous censuses of variable quality.0 years at birth. Since 1964. South Africa. Gender relations among commoners were changed dramatically by the prevalence of male labor out-migration in the 1930s-50s. GENDER RELATIONS Gender relations should be seen in the context of changing class relations. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. thus exceeding one million soon after 1980 and doubling every twenty years. 183 000. Fax: (202) 546-3275. Serowe 32 000. They also benefited from the first. for example. 43 000. Jwaneng 15 000. up from the 1981 figures by eight years to 68. which is based on the soda ash deposits of the eastern Makgadikgadi Pans. investment and business opportunities information. Lobatse 30 000. with no note on the drastic reduction on previous statistics because of 2003 HIV/AIDS mortality projections. The age and gender composition of the population was weighted by an increasingly youthful population.53 million. The estimated total population is 1. is Sua (1991). below that age the gender ratio was more or less equal because of recently reduced male infantmortality. Mahalapye 31 000. One quarter of the population lives in six 'modern' towns and cities (Gaborone 1997 est. E-mail:
[email protected] years. The American CIA's World Factbook 2003 lists life expectancy in Botswana at 40.mostly adult male workers in South Africa. was converted to expendibility as migrant workers in the mines in the colonial period. The 1991 census showed that half the population is urban. the automatic "property" of the father.000. Orapa 10 000). Fax: (202) 546-3275. and a Herero community of about 25.43 female monogamy declined. There is also a nomadic San (Bushman) community of some 10. and two-thirds the average income in "traditional" towns and large villages. Registration and Social Welfare Matters. comprise more than 40% of the total. 2. Council of Women's Affairs acts as liaison between the Association of Botswana Women's Organizations and the Women's Affairs Division. located primarily in the west.500. Joyce Anderson. and half follow animist beliefs. of which the largest. Mbukushu and Yei.the feminization of evil. For additional analytical. Convention on the Political Rights of Women (adopted 1952) neither signed nor ratified. But ironically women are worse off than men in the "modern" sector than in the "traditional" sector. Coordinator)..com .) This is no doubt a major cause of rising feminine consciousness. of which 47% were below age 15 and 5% were age 60 or above. Kgalagadi. marketing.000 women in Botswana. with 8 sub-groups. Ministry of Labour and Home Affairs. The gains of royal and aristocratic women in Tswana "traditional" law were extended to commoner women.000. Society consists of three major ethnic groups. Approximately 30% of the population comprise non-Tswana minority communities. which was both cause and effect of the reforms in Tswana law. Botswana shares with Lesotho. But this hypothesis needs to be tested against historical records. but have an equal share of poverty (less than a quarter of the "modern" town income level) with households headed by men in rural areas. the Bmaangwato. The Bangwatese of the south-west are the largest of the other ethnic groups. Some observers have suggested a jealous male backlash against the widespread education of women. residing mainly in the south and west. E-mail: rusric@erols. and women often became de facto heads of household. but more boys post-elementary. women standing up for their interests as women can be seen among women aristocrats from around 1900 and among women commoners from around 1950. and the parts of South Africa between them. The country gained independence from the United Kingdom. including the Kalanga. 1965 1966 1981 Women received the right to vote. the unusual feature for Africa over the past century of more girls than boys going to school. Botswana today has women cabinet ministers and a woman high court judge. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (adopted 1979) neither signed nor ratified. Households headed by women have half the average income in "modern" towns. was established. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. Half of the population are Christian. In the biggest "tribal" state. investment and business opportunities information. seen in increasing accusations of witchcraft against women during the 20th century . (More girls in elementary classes. located in the Department of Culture. The Women's Affairs Division (Contact person: Mrs. the Ngwato. SELECTED INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS AFFECTING THE RIGHTS OF WOMEN 1.3 million. more than half the population are of Tswana origin. in 1990 the United Nations estimated there were 671. WOMEN IN THE SOCIETY In 1989 the total population was 1. USA (202) 546-2103. 5. political opinions. Boys below age 16 and girls below age 14 may not marry. 9. Despite variations between tribes. WILDAF is a regional network established to promote the development of strategies that link law and development to empower women. Botswana is a member of Women. to choose between customary and general law.com . devolution of property on death or other matters of personal law". 8. in certain cases. both recognized by Botswana law. burial. investment and business opportunities information. creed or sex. USA (202) 546-2103. Minimum Age for Marriage and Registration of Marriages (adopted 1962) neither signed nor ratified. and since general law costs money which many people cannot afford. colour or creed (sex omitted) (30 September 1966. According to custom. regardless of race. colour. Article 15(1) prohibits discriminatory law either of itself or its effect except ". Law and Development in Africa (WILDAF). please contact Global Investment & Business Center. minors above these ages can marry with parental consent. Convention Concerning Discrimination in Respect of Employment and Occupation (adopted 1958) neither signed nor ratified. 4..44 3. 6. LEGAL AND REGULATORY CONTEXT In Botswana. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (adopted 1966) neither signed nor ratified. CONSTITUTION Article 3 entitles every person in Botswana to the fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual. men may seek grounds for For additional analytical. 7. and provides the link between non-governmental agencies and international organizations). Convention Against Discrimination in Education (adopted 1960) neither signed nor ratified. Convention Concerning Maternity Protection (adopted 1952) neither signed nor ratified. Section (2) prohibits discriminatory treatment due to a person's race. political opinions. individuals are allowed. (The Women's Affairs Unit (WAU) of the Ministry of Home Affairs provides links between various ministries and departments concerned with policies and programs affecting women. Section 16 of the Act requires that the marriage be solemnized by a Marriage Officer or minister of religion. divorce.. However. tribe. Customary law marriage is potentially polygamous. International Covenant on Economic. the majority of whom live in rural areas. Convention on the Consent to Marriage.with respect to adoption. as amended 1987). Bogadi is effectively the transference of a woman's reproductive powers to her husband's family.FAMILY RELATIONS Persons wishing to marry can choose between customary and common/statutory systems. in some tribes such as the Bangwato it is no longer a legal requirement although some families continue to give it. The Marriage Act applies common/statutory law. place of origin. Convention Concerning Equal Remuneration for Men and Women Workers For Equal Value (adopted 1951) neither signed nor ratified. Social and Cultural Rights (adopted 1966) neither signed nor ratified.. place of origin. E-mail: rusric@erols. Fax: (202) 546-3275. marriage. since most people are unaware of this option. marketing. marriage according to custom has two requirements agreement between families of prospective spouses and a transfer of bogadi (bride-wealth). customary law is the system most relevant to the status of women. both of whom must be appointed by the Minister. USE AND INHERITANCE OF PROPERTY Women have rights to their personal property. investment and business opportunities information. but it gives the husband sole power of administering the property. however. preferring the father over the mother of a legitimate child when bogadi has been paid. Irretrievable breakdown of marriage is recognized as a ground for divorce if at least one of the above elements are present and if past attempts at reconciliation have failed. marketing. Botswana follows a patrilineal system of descent. if failing. The Customary Law Act states the welfare of the children is the determining factor for custody and guardianship. repeated adultery. customary courts. Single women above the marriageable age are often allocated their own property. and much is left to the discretion of family heads and formal courts. But it is the husband who controls property of value. The Matrimonial Causes Act (1973) lists grounds a plaintiff may invoke to prove such a breakdown: adultery. Women may choose between marriage in or out of community of property. The Deeds Registry Act provides that immovable property may not be registered in the name of a woman married in community of property. child maintenance obligations are enforced by family elders and. Generally. Marriages outside of community of property give women full legal capacity to contract and acquire property. does not cover estates to which customary law applies. In general. Under customary law. USA (202) 546-2103. Inheritance under general law is governed by common law and various statutes. and refusal to perform household chores. it is an ongoing process. ECONOMICS AND COMMERCE OWNERSHIP. sorcery. Mothers are able to receive maintenance for only the first child. and are entitled to use family property such as fields and household implements. But the Deeds Registry Act deprives the wives who do not earn incomes from sharing in family property at the end of the marriage. but both property regimes are unsatisfactory to women. Women are dissatisfied with the customary system and prefer the magistrate's court. Common law permits general freedom of testation. For additional analytical. The Succession (Rights of the Surviving Spouse and Inheritance Family Provisions) Act of 1970 gives the surviving spouse the right to inherit some of the property of the deceased and provides that the dependents may claim maintenance from the estate should they be insufficiently provided for in the will. The Act. Community of property gives women the right to a half share in the joint estate. Changes in favor of equal inheritance for women have taken place among the Bakgatla. Under common/statutory law action for divorce can only be brought under the ground of irretrievable breakdown of marriage. and behavior of the defendant which is such that the plaintiff cannot "reasonably" be expected to live with the defendant. and preferring the mother or her guardian where the child is illegitimate. Problems arise when persons marry under both legal systems. but in general changes in customary inheritance laws are taking place unevenly. mainly land and cattle. which they can hold and dispose of independently.. desertion for at least two years.45 divorce based on infidelity. yet often use both systems simultaneously. The wife may not enter into contracts with regard to the joint property without her husband's consent. customary rules are similar to general law. it is unclear whether dissolving marriage under one system automatically dissolves the consequences under the other. living apart for two years and consent by the defendant of the decree being granted. E-mail: rusric@erols. Fax: (202) 546-3275. but there are limitations. property devolution under traditional practices is not death centered.com . please contact Global Investment & Business Center. A wife can divorce her husband on grounds of infidelity or cruelty only if his behavior is excessive. barrenness. divorce is harder for women to obtain because wives are expected to persevere. however. 5%. marketing. Food and Nutrition.46 LABOR MARKETS Government policy advocates equal pay. There is. domestic employees. The Botswana Agricultural College is the main instrument for agricultural training. Rural Training Centres (RTCs) train men and women in various agricultural skills to improve subsistence farming and income-generating activities. are entitled to 4 paid public holidays. the Ministry of Health issued general family planning policy guidelines. Family planning clinics sometimes require minors to obtain parental consent before administering contraception. Fax: (202) 546-3275. the Employment Act allows different treatment of women (i) women may not work underground unless not engaged in manual work. Girls are subsequently limited to enter the traditionally female areas of nursing and teaching or non-manual. Botswana has experienced a 330% increase in the number of primary school pupils. Since independence. Geometrical Mechanical Drawing). in 1990. (ii) women may not be employed in any agricultural or industrial undertaking during the night without their consent.. In 1987. except for sterilization or if the woman is too ill to offer consent. Math. However. Under the Employment Act (Domestic Employees) Regulation of 1987. and Home Management yield girls a Cambridge pass but have minimal vocational value. In practice. USA (202) 546-2103. Approximately 85% of the population live within a 15-mile radius of a health-care facility. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. Although the Ministry of Education's initial policy of expelling pregnant girls has been changed. From 1985-1988 female enrollment was 24. low-status jobs which are poorly paid and have fewer career choices. but without amending the statutory minimum of 25% in the Employment Act. POPULATION/HEALTH/NUTRITION The average life expectancy for women and men in Botswana is 62 years and 58 years respectively. may work up to 60 hours a week. Some men delegate to their wives which courses to attend. and are not covered by minimum wage regulations. Accounting. Agricultural Science. Part XII: Employment of Females).com . and during maternity leave they need be paid only one-fourth of their normal earnings (Employment Act. however. E-mail: rusric@erols. and (iii) women may not resume work before the expiration of six weeks following confinement. the Botswana government increased maternity leave pay for civil servants to 50%. At the secondary level. Section 60 of the Botswana Penal Code makes it an offence for any person to administer or to cause a woman. Of a total of five. investment and business opportunities information. 85% of all primary school-age children attended. the issue of schoolgirl pregnancy remains a problem. high female enrollment in classes such as General Science. a shortage of 2.000 plus primary school classrooms. in accordance with health policy. women and men of reproductive age are entitled to use family planning methods (except sterilization) without partner or family consent. who are mostly women. two have Rural Home Instruction Programs designed specifically for female farmers. husbands try to prevent wives from taking contraceptives and health officials are reluctant to intervene in such disputes. sex-linked stereotypes of school subjects (1985 study) restrict women's attendance and their performance in "male" subjects (such as Physical Science. STRATEGIC SECTORS EDUCATION The government's aim is to provide nine years of education for all citizens. In October 1987. to take any poison or other noxious thing with the intent to For additional analytical. Meanwhile. pregnant or not. Hospital officials state women above the age of majority are not required to have their husbands' consent for operations. The results demonstrate a marked increase from 1970 to 1990. although most small-scale farmers are women the Field Service District Agricultural Officers are all male.) 364 farming households to one Agricultural Demonstrator. this number also represents a decrease in the estimated economic activity rate from 1970.000 farming families approximately 35% are female-headed households. Fax: (202) 546-3275. In 1970. AGRICULTURE Over 70% of Botswana's people live in rural areas. who would otherwise have to process daily food by hand.com . The Rural Industrial Innovation Centre (RIIC) is a non-profit association whose objectives include providing technical training to rural Botswana to enable farmers to be more productive and self-sufficient. especially ones run by government structures. with a ratio of (approx. Women are responsible for practically all cropping activities except plowing. Botswana is divided into 225 extension areas. Training programs. the figure jumped to 152. Most farming families hardly produce sufficient food for themselves. Most able-bodied men emigrate to towns. women generally did not own the transport and were required to make payment in cash or kind. (3) production. 98.000 of the female population aged 15 and over were considered economically active. managerial workers (56 women/100 men). Women and children are responsible for food processing. However. the high labour input demand by legume crops such as cowpeas goes mostly into harvesting which is generally undertaken by women. labourers (29 women/100 men (4) agriculture. The Ministry of Agriculture is the largest provider of extension services to farmers. 45% of all households are female-headed. forestry workers (105 women/100 men). please contact Global Investment & Business Center. a significant amount of time is spent on pounding cereal. are well organized yet stereotyped into male roles and thus difficult for women to relate to. A sorghum milling research and development effort is having a positive effect on women and children. service workers (197 women//100 men). sales. management and other related agricultural activities is very high. and 4% of these are defined as women living alone. For additional analytical.47 procure a miscarriage. investment and business opportunities information. However. (2) clerical.000 economically active women representing 36% of the total economically active workforce. transport workers. the majority being women and children. The estimated gender differentials in the four categories of general occupations are (1) administrative. INFRASTRUCTURE A 1983 survey of informal sector producers in four villages indicated 40% of women and 35% of men had access to transportation for business activities. marketing. Technology is causing changes in task responsibility: introducing plough planters in row planting is shifting the role of planting from women to men since men traditionally use "machinery". hunting. Legal abortions are performed in hospitals in accordance with an unclear Ministry of Health policy. E-mail: rusric@erols. Consequently. whereas in 1990.. or enter into a reciprocal work arrangement with the transport owner. 27% of the staff are female. USA (202) 546-2103. of the estimated 84. EMPLOYMENT FORMAL SECTOR The World's Women Statistical Publication of the UN grouped the findings of women's economic activity from 1970 to 1990. from 55% of women being active in the formal sector to 42% in 1990. the percentage of women engaged in key production. Ngwato (Bangwato. a term still used officially today. embroidering. In the financial sector. Kgatla (Bakgatla) and Tlokwa (Batlokwa). hawking cooked food. A 1983 survey of four villages indicated 62% of producers in the sector were women. loan application for women is directly related to their social status. also referring to its population as "Batswana". meat. selling grass and vegetable gardening is extremely important. ETHNICITY The dominant ethnic identity in Botswana is Tswana. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. but women spend more income on household items while men spend it on cattle.central areas. Acceptance of collateral. marketing. USA (202) 546-2103. Fax: (202) 546-3275. The Small Projects Programme. Yet women remain marginalized because they lack such collateral (income is spent on other items). (The advantages of cattle.48 - These figures demonstrate a much higher percentage of women working in the service and agricultural sectors which confirms their movement to the informal sector.com . Generally. Most Botswana nationals today still acknowledge membership of one of these eight "tribal" state identities . an effort at agricultural extension. The National Financial Assistance Policy has made a special 10% inducement provision for women in small-scale agricultural projects since less than 10% of the grantees are women. under British colonial rule. knitting. Bamangwato or Bagamangwato) in east. rendering it difficult for women to perform in the "open economy". where a Tswana autonomous region called Bophuthatswana. draught power. management associations. The populations of these states were given the official colonial status of "tribes".. INFORMAL SECTOR The majority of persons engaged in the informal sector are women. Except among the For additional analytical.Tawana (Batawana) in the north-west. particularly in agriculture and food processing projects. with its whole population being characterized as Batswana (singular. and being used in bogadi or ensuring burial while multiplying over time). inheritance and land holding rights are guided by the law. basket-making. E-mail: rusric@erols. Malete (Balete or Bamalete) and Rolong (Barolong) in the south-east. existed between 1976 and 1994. Most (69%) began participation because they needed the income. CREDIT There are few bank branches outside district capitals in rural Botswana. cooperatives and companies. The dominant group within each traditional state was Tswana. include providing milk. Most rural residents prefer to save money by investing in cattle. for many women income earned through sewing. pottery.) Tswana ethnic dominance in Botswana can be dated to the eight Tswana states which ruled most of the area in the 19th century. securities. Kwena (Bakwena) and Ngwaketse (Bangwaketse). Motswana) whatever their original ethnic origin. The National Development Bank does not have special arrangements for funding women but the collateral requirements for loans include assets not otherwise acceptable to many commercial banks. Nevertheless. investment and business opportunities information. probably less than half the population is "ethnic Tswana" by origin. is aimed at overcoming problems linked to increasing agricultural production at the village level and specifically excludes cattleoriented projects. women in Botswana apply for loans for food production projects as groups-syndicates. such as livestock and equipment. (There being a greater number of "ethnic Tswana" in South Africa. Though no attempt to count population by ethnic origin has been made since 1946. approximately 40% of credit extended to men involves substantial female participation in the project. Fax: (202) 546-3275.incorporated with other ethnic groups elsewhere. as well as being found semi. The Kalanga living in the north of the Central District. with close relatives in the Caprivi Strip (Namibia) and Zambia. the other major ethnicities are Tswapong (Batswapong). speak languages characterized as Khoe (or Khwe) and San. Khalagari (who could be referred to as 'Western Sotho') people and their language. USA (202) 546-2103. with close relatives across the border in Namibia. Khoesan communities with their own headmen include now Tswana. and Afrikaans-speaking Khoesan cattlefarmers on the Molopo River in the south (related to Orlam-Nama people in South Africa and Namibia).speaking or Kalangaspeaking Khoesan cattle-farmers on the Nata and Boteti Rivers in the north. anyway closely related to Tswana ('Central Sotho'). with most of its subjects only coming to see themselves as Tswana in the second half of the 20th century. and other Tswana minority groups were given such citizen status. North America.and this remains the official Tswana term for the 'desert' named for the people. Many Kalanga have hung onto their own "tribal" identity while adopting Setswana culture and becoming fully integrated into Botswana national society. nevertheless retained their 'tribal' identity by being excluded from the Tawana "tribal" reserve by the British. Small and scattered groups of Khoesan people inhabit the south. investment and business opportunities information. and those around Francistown. These Khoesan (otherwise Basarwa. Besides those of Khalagari origin. that of the Khalagari (Bakhalagari).. A very small ethnic Tswana group ruled over a large majority of Yeyi (Bayeyi). Within south-east Botswana the other main ethnic identity. but are probably by origin less than one fifth ethnically "pure" Tswana. consisting of Afrikaners and fewer English settled in border farms. The Ngwato of east-central Botswana constitute in numbers and territory the largest traditional "tribal" state. sometimes written "Yei" and Mbukushu (Hambukushu). The Subiya (Basubiya) along the Chobe. The Tswapong and Birwa living on the edges of the Limpopo valley are related in kinship and language to the Pedi ("Northern Sotho") peoples across the river in South Africa.49 Tawana of Ngamiland.b. The Tawana state of north-west Botswana can be seen as having had the least successful "tribal" identity. who were given only servile status under Tswana headmen.com . marketing. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. Zambia and Ghana) has been drawn to the main towns toservice Botswana's remarkable post-colonial development. has become soincorporated within Tswanadom as to be now almost indistinguishable. and poorer groups without recognised headmen employed by Tswana and white or Herero settler cattle-farmers . See article by John Bock. have become so acculturated that even their name is now usually rendered in the Tswana form as Kgalagadi . Since then a larger "expatriate" population from Europe. still called Kalahari in English. rather than as free citizens in their own wards with their chiefs recognised by the Tawana rulers as headmen. Birwa (Babirwa) and Kalanga (Bakalanga). most non-Tswana groups were left in their own wards with their own chiefs subordinate to the Tswana rulers.western districts of Botswana. are related to the Kalanga and other Shona peoples of Zimbabwe.).or attempting to hunt and gather in game areas. etc. South Asia and elsewhere in Africa (n. They include some communities with their own headmen. For additional analytical.'Bushmen'. Only the Mbanderu (Ovambanderu) and Herero (Ovaherero). White settlement in Botswana. totalled less than 3000 people in the colonial period. E-mail: rusric@erols. while many houses in the north-west are made of reed. supplemented by tomato and potato or onion and oranges usually purchased from stores. Botswana has not experienced significant ethnic friction since independence. for more than a century. Furniture and crockery are usually of Western type. DAILY LIFE IN VILLAGES Western dress has been common among people in Botswana. effective against the winter cold. set round an open fireplace and surrounded by low clay walling. Most cooking in villages is on open wood fires. and the last racial national census was in1964. The American CIA World Factbook 2003's Botswana page's note on Ethnicity is: "Batswana 95%. Basarwa. seeds. and bottled or canned soft drinks and lager beers. melons. and Kgalagadi 4%. Most recently built houses are square with metal roofs. bi-lingual in Setswana and English and expressing clear national identity over "tribal" identity. Fax: (202) 546-3275. Traditional dress having consisted of tailored leather and fur clothing.50 Though the cultural-linguistic demands of educated Kalanga and others continue. Common diet and cuisine consist of sorghum and maize porridge. sorghum or maize beer. wild plums. For additional analytical. (traditionally consisting of occasional wildlife or goat. E-mail: rusric@erols. usually with two or three small houses with cylindrical clay walls and conical thatch roofs. Beverages include forms of soured milk." This is obviously based on a confusion over the term 'Batswana' which is officially used refer to all citizens of Botswana. beans and pulses and traditional spinach. except at the poorest level. and lighting by candle and paraffin (kerosene) lantern. though coal fires have become general in poorer urban households without electricity. There has been the growth of a new middle class and new working class. Families in rural villages live in traditional compounds. and thus to all speakers of Setswana as their national language. investment and business opportunities information. Meat consumption. though traditional sleeping mats and large traditional pots (for cooling liquids) also remain popular. In fact the only full ethnic national census was in 1936. and beef but rarely) has become more common with the opening of small butcheries selling beef. white 1%. and sandals or soft leather shoes.. largely resident in the modern towns. Kalanga.. marketing. USA (202) 546-2103.com . please contact Global Investment & Business Center. Consumption of chemically preserved canned drinks has greatly increased with the spread of cash income. GWI-KHWE (GWIKHWE.000 in all countries (1995 WA). and Bobonong. National language.000 in the combined ethnic groups of Gabake-Ntshori. MASARWA. Tshu-Khwe. Central. Khoisan. TATI BUSHMAN) [GZZ] (8.10). Continental. Indo-European. 6.000 in all countries or more. GUMAHI. Dialects listed are probably separate languages. G/WIKHWE) (3. Southern Africa. Central. TATI. Germanic.000 to 30. Southern Africa. TLETLE) [DET] Khoisan. Tshu-Khwe. Related to Shua. Southern Africa. GANA-KHWE ( GXANA. GWIKWE. Motsetse region. Dialects listed are probably separate languages. TRADITIONS LANGUAGES AFRIKAANS [AFK] 20. May be inherently intelligible with Gawi-Khwe. Spoken as mother tongue by all the Boers and some Africans of Bantu descent. Phikwe. Co-dialect with Kwe-Etshori. Volta-Congo. west of Gana-Khwe. Fax: (202) 546-3275. southwest of Lobatse and Ghanzi. Along the South African border. NigerCongo. S. GWI. CHUWARE. Tati is reported to be endangered. KANI-KHOE. GANI-KHWE (GANIKHWE. Central. Khwai River. DETI-KHWE (DETI. /KHESSÁKHOE. investment and business opportunities information. For additional analytical. Zambia. Tshu-Khwe. Also in South Africa. Namibia. Low. Dutch. ENGLISH [ENG] 322. BUKA-KHWE (BOGA. Dialects: BUKA-KHWE. May be inherently intelligible with GanaKhwe. GANÁDE (GANADI) [GNE] Khoisan. northeast of Tswapong. on the South African border. May be the same as Gana-Khwe.000. TSH'EREKHWE. northeast of the Xoo. GAAKHWE. Ghanzi and Central districts.000 (1993 Johnstone). BUGA.000 in 1995. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. east of Ga/wi-Khwe. together with Gana-Khwe). KANAKHOE) [GNK] 3. Central. Narrow Bantu.com . Central. USA (202) 546-2103. Southern Africa. TETE. Bantoid. West. BUGAKHWE. Atlantic-Congo. TETI. Survey needed. Northwest. TshuKhwe. HIECHWARE. Southwest. GXANNA. BUKA. E-mail: rusric@erols. Kwe-Etshori. Mababe. Related to Shua. Southern Africa. Reported to be endangered. Dialects: K'ERE-KHWE. Dialect: KHUTE. Khoisan. Zimbabwe. Khoisan. GCWI. GANAKHWE (KANAKHOE). Malawi. Ghanzi District. Hiotshuwau. west of Naro. GABAKE-NTSHORI (G//ABAKE. Southern Africa. marketing. Christian. Tshu-Khwe. East of Kalanga. Tshu-Khwe.000. CULTURE.365. Possibly also in Angola. Tshu-Khwe. TANNEKWE) Khoisan. Near the Handa and the Xun. North Central. May be inherently intelligible with Gwi-Khwe. Hiechware). Southern Africa. MOHISA. RIVER BUSHMAN) [BUZ] 9. Central. G//ABAKE-NTSHORI. East central around Selebi.51 - LANGUAGE. Khoisan. Northeast. Traditional religion. BIRWA [BRL] 10. Southwest. G//ABAKETSHORI. GWI. Benue-Congo.000 in Botswana (1995 LBT).000 together with Gawi-khwe (1995 LBT). Dialects: DOMKHOE. Shona (S. Central. BOGAKHWE. Also in South Africa. Southern. Central.. Northwest. Central. A separate language from Tswana. BOLAONGWE. SARWA. Niger-Congo. SEKALANA) 160.600 in Zimbabwe (1972 Barrett). Tshu-Khwe. CUA.500 (GR). Nomadic and sedentary pastoralists. Survey needed. HANDÁKWE-DAM. Khoisan. Nomadic. HIECHWARE (CHWARE. Related to !Xoo.000. Resistance to pressures to adopt Tswana language and culture is led by men. Central. Kweneng District. Northwest District. Older speakers are returning to Namibia. Reported to be diminishing in numbers. Niger-Congo. Gaborone. Khoisan.000 in Botswana (1976 P. Hiechware. Kweneng. HERERO (OCHIHERERO. 1. Around the Okavango. TYUA. Southern Africa. KHALAKADI. Bantoid. Traditional religion. USA (202) 546-2103. CHUWAU) 9.000 in Namibia 159. KALANGA (CHIKALANGA. KGALAGADI (KHALAGARI. They mainly have their own villages or areas within larger towns. adjectives.000 to 1. Lobatse. Johnstone). 321. Traditional religion. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. /HUA. CV. Narrow Bantu.000 in Zimbabwe.. Atlantic-Congo. HANDÁDAM. Hukuntsi. Northwest and Ghanzi Districts. It may be 2 separate languages. Indirect Object. Plains. genitives. Northeast. KXHALAXADI.com . Kang. Dialect: LILIMA (HUMBE). including Tsabong. VoltaCongo.201). E-mail: rusric@erols. Southern. Mababe. 4.600 in all countries. TSHUWAU. Khwai River. Holoholo) of Zaïre. DAMARA) 18. Central. Jweneng. Central. Benue-Congo. Different from Kalanga (KiKalanga. Dialect: MBANDIERU. Sotho-Tswana. along the South Africa border. Christian. R. Volta-Congo. comparative locatives. Bantoid. Semi-arid desert. passives formed by suffix -w. Verb Affixes mark person and number.000 in Botswana. Bantoid. SHAGA. Atlantic-Congo. Mochadi.000 in Botswana. QALAQARZI) 35. Some speakers use Tswana. For additional analytical. younger ones staying in Botswana. Northeast. Erroneously called 'Damara'. KANANA. Herero . Near the Buka Khwe and the Xun. Object. PHALENG. Benue-Congo. Khoisan. Northeast border with Zimbabwe and Francistown. Northeast and Central districts. HIOTSHUWAU (TYUA. Tshu-Khwe. /HÛ) [HUC] 1. Typology: SVO. SEKALAÑA. Christian.000 in all countries. Central. Some can read Tswana or English. KGALAGADI. marketing. Southern Africa. Dialects: MGOLOGA. and Northwest districts. Southern Africa. PEDI. word order distinguishes Subject. HUA (/HUA-OWANI. causatives formed by suffix -is. Atlantic-Congo. Ngologa is the largest dialect. HAITSHUARI) 3. SESARWA.52 HANDÁ (ANI. Northeast. west and south of Francistown. Volta-Congo. Northwest. Narrow Bantu. Southern. and Hiotshuwau are separate languages (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977. Central. tonal. HIOCHUWAU. or Afrikaans as second language. Fax: (202) 546-3275. scattered among the Yeye and Mbukushu. Traditional religion.000 in Botswana. S. Related to Buka. investment and business opportunities information. articles. TS'IXA.000 in all countries. Southern. Niger-Congo. numerals. 141. Tswana. Tshu-Khwe. relatives after noun heads. Central. Christian. TS'EXA) 3. Small groups in Namibia. Narrow Bantu.587 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). question word final. Hua. They are mainly refugees from Namibia. 161. South and central. Southern Africa. Kgalagadi. S. Khoisan. English. Shona. Southern Kalahari Desert. Southern. Benue-Congo. HANDA-KHWE. and north. TSHWA. Southern. Kwe-Etshori. TYHUA. 5. Hiechware. Northeast. Northern. Central. Central. Northwest District. Survey needed. Speakers use the name 'Ju/'hoan' for themselves. north of Chobe National Park. Kgalagadi District. Their name for their language is 'Chikwahane'. 90. NAMAKWA. but a separate language. NAMAQUA. HOTTENTOT. Central. Fax: (202) 546-3275. Central and Northwest districts. NOO-KHWE (NOO. Northern. AIKWE. Tshu-Khwe. and Hiotshuwau are separate languages MBUKUSHU (MBUKUSHI. Southern Africa. DAMAQUA. Also in Namibia. MAMPUKUSH.000 including Kung-Tsumkwe (1995 LBT). Benue-Congo. Close to Kwangali. to the Angolan border. SUPIA. BERGDAMARA. Southeastern. Also in Namibia. Also in South Africa. For additional analytical. Bantoid. Also in Namibia. GOVA. Kwe-Etshori. just east of Herero. Khoisan.904 in Namibia (1960). Southern. GIOKWE SHUA (SHUA-KHWE. north of Kung-Gobabis. Nama. MASHUAKWE. NHAURUN.000 in all countries (1989 UBS). Khoisan. AIKWE. DAMA. "KLIPKAFFER". Related to Shua.500 in Ts'aokhoe dialect (1995 LBT). Ghanzi District. "KLIPKAFFERN". TAISE.500 in Zambia. USA (202) 546-2103. Benue-Congo. North Central. Niger-Congo. TSHUMAKWE) [SHG] 19. OREE-KHWE (OREE. 146. Bantoid. Traditional religion.000 Naro (1992 R.000 in Botswana.000 in Botswana. Southern Africa. Traditional religion. SUBIYA. Subia. Also in Zambia and a few in Namibia. Nata. north of Naro. Southern Africa. CHIKWAHANE. Northwest District. CHIIKUHANE) 12. east of GwiKhwe. 23. ZHU'OASI. on Namibia and Angola borders. Southern. K. Central. AIS) SUBIA (ECHISUBIA. KOSSEE-TSHORI) [KSO] Khoisan.53 KOSSEE (KOSSEE-NTSHORI. DZU'OASI. JU'HOAN. Central. NAMA (NAMAN. south of Makopong. XO. Central. Atlantic-Congo. Khoisan. Northeast. Ghanzi District. THIMBUKUSHU. MBUKUHU. Traditional religion. KWE-ETSHORI (KWEE. Central. TAMA. Narrow Bantu. KUNG-TSUMKWE (XÛ.000 to 8. on South Africa border. KOKO) 5. 20. Tonga is probably a separate language. 'Subiya' is the Tswana name. NARO (NHARON. ANEKWE. DAMARA.000 in all countries. Atlantic-Congo. KUNG. Tshu-Khwe.com .400 in all countries. Khoisan. Dialects: DZU'OASI. along Namibia border. including 100 Danisin.. E-mail: rusric@erols. AIYE (AAYE). KAUKAU. Dialects: AMKWE. around Kachikau. Kwangwa. Dialects: SHUA-KHWE (MASHUAKWE). Vossen) and 3. Christian. 30. GIINKWE. KOREE-KHOE). Tshu-Khwe. Christian. Niger-Congo. JU'OASI. and northwest of Yei. Southern Africa. 6. into Caprivi. Northwest District. Southern Africa. KAKUYA BUSHMAN NASIE. ROOI NASIE. XUN. TSHUMKWE) 4. marketing.000 in Botswana. HAISE (XAISE. NOOKHWE). investment and business opportunities information. The people call themselves 'kxau'ei'. Southern Africa. AIEN. Christian. HAIS. KWE-TSHORI) [KWQ] Near Francistown.500 in all countries including 6. Volta-Congo.000 in Angola. Work in progress. BERDAMA. Khoisan. KWE. NOGAU (AGAU). AISAN) 9. KUNG-GOBABIS (AUEN. Far north Zambia border area. Volta-Congo. K. Christian. NHAURU. 5. IGINGKWE. A few across the border in Namibia. MAMBUKUSH. Narrow Bantu. Traditional religion.000 in Botswana together with the Tshwa group. KUSSO) 12. TAMMA.000 in Namibia. Southern Africa. Survey needed. KHOEKHOEGOWAP) 200 to 1. Southwest.000 in all countries (1993 UBS). TAMAKWA. Dialect: NOGAU. Khoisan. please contact Global Investment & Business Center.000 in Botswana. Tshu-Khwe. YEEI. adjectives. Agriculturalists. KAKIA (MASARWA).000 in all countries or more. Niger-Congo. Atlantic-Congo. passives. KWENA. Not closely related to other languages. Dialects: TLAHAPING (TLAPI). Kgalagadi. Sotho-Tswana. SECHUANA. hunters. 2. relatives before or after. Northwest. CUANA. Benue-Congo. People older than 10 who have been to school or have lived with speakers of other languages use Tswana. YEI.54 TSWANA (CHUANA. was that of the High God called 3 This section based in part on the materials of the US Library of Congress For additional analytical.000 meters. NUSAN. Altitude: 850 to 1. periphrastic comparatives. pastoralists: cattle. genitives. word order distinguishes Subjects.000 to 4. Central. USA (202) 546-2103.000 to 4. MBARAKWENA. marketing. verb affixes mark person. Benue-Congo. number.350 in Zimbabwe. or Gwi-Khwe as second languages for common topics. Herero. E-mail: rusric@erols. KIHAZI. Delta. often called a "cult". 4 prefixes. YEYI. articles. CVN. and Tswana are largely inherently intelligible but have generally been considered separate languages. Braille Scripture in progress. Fax: (202) 546-3275. since it implies the coherence proper to fully institutionalized religions with set places of worship and a hierarchy of officiants. gender of Subject and Object. CIYEI. postpositions. quesion word initial. Indirect Objects. Atlantic-Congo. 2.000 in Botswana (1995 LBT). XATIA. Primary school is taught in Tswana. KHWE) 11. 25% literate in Tswana or English. 3 suffixes. non-tonal. R. Tswana. one suffix. Motivation for literacy is high. XOO (NG/AMANI) [NMN] 3. Speakers work for the Batawana. The only coherent religion in Botswana in this sense. Volta-Congo. NGUEN. ROLONG.822. RELIGION3 "Traditional" religion is rather a misnomer. National language. Southern. 9. Christian. Dialects: AUNI. XUN (WATER BUSHMEN.000 in Botswana.com . Yeye. relatives after noun heads. KOBA. Southern Africa. KGATLA. KUBA) 20. Christian. adjectives. CVCV. 3. Sedentary hunter-gatherers. northern Kgalagadi District. Hua. reduplication on periphrastics for causatives. Narrow Bantu. SEYEI. Bantoid. COANA. Near the Buka Khwe and the Xun. Nusan are in Botswana.000 in Angola. a subgroup of Tswana. Khoisan. Spoken throughout the country. Central. objects.300 in Namibia. Southern. CVC. Savannah.000 in all countries (1995). 65% literacy rate for those over 20. and a few west of Subia on the Zambia border. S. BEETJUANS) 1. Bantoid. Typology: SVO. numeals after noun heads. Northwest District. Southern Africa. Northern Sotho. Niger-Congo. Nusan: traditional religion. Young people use Tswana or English as second language. 70% of the population. 29. 11. western Southern District. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. 3. YEYE (SEYEYI. Southern Gantsi district. gender.. traditional religion. Okavango swamp. Southern. including 215 in Xatia. Some in Namibia. indirect objects. NGWATU. Typology: SVO. Objects.000 in Namibia. Plains.070. Southern Sotho. word order distinguishes subjects. and is obligatory. peasant agriculturalists. Christian. numerals.000 in Botswana. 50 in Namibia (1995). Fishermen. 90% to 95% of children complete standard 7 in primary school. Central. question word initial. investment and business opportunities information. Naro. CV. Tshu-Khwe. Khoisan. Plains. Volta-Congo.000 in South Africa. CVV. prepositions.000 in all countries. noun affixes indicate case.932. 2 prefixes. verb affixes mark number. Narrow Bantu. tonal. and the Kgatla state church by the Dutch Reformed Mission (DRM). linked by the kinship ties of their rulers speaking linked dialects of a common language. But the recognition of multiculturalism in Botswana has been blocked. That national culture is based largely upon Setswana (Tswana language) culture. wedding and birth have been adapted to Christianity and remain extremely important in Botswana life. Fax: (202) 546-3275. Methodist and Anglican churches.55 Ngwale or Mwari worshipped among Venda and Kalanga. Christianity was established as the official religion of the five major Tswana states. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. For additional analytical. marketing. But Tswana rulers were hardly priest-kings and certainly not god-kings as among the Lunda and Luba of south-central Africa. Ngwaketse. Lutheran. Seventh Day Adventist. Such'tribal' federalism continued into the colonial period. and Tawana churches were served by the London Missionary Society (LMS). CULTURE It is a truism to say that all countries are multicultural but at the same time are linked to global culture. until the later 1990s.com . and represented by spirit mediums who spoke in His/ Her voice. beginning in the later 18th century and reaching maturity by the time of British colonization at the end of the 19th century. based in South Africa. USA (202) 546-2103. and the Roman Catholics among the middle class. E-mail:
[email protected] same word used in the plural (badimo) for ancestor (also used in reference to spirit possession in Moffat's Bible translation in a place where the English Bible refers to "devils"). as well as United Reformed (Congregational & Methodist). Hindu and Bahai congregations in major towns. Kwena. Rites of burial. among the working class.. There are also numerous other small Zionist and Apostolic churches in rural villages. Traditional rites of adolescent initiation for males have been retained in a few places . by the need to develop a unifying national culture. The story of Livingstone's conversion of Kgosi (king) Sechele of the Kwena was told in Livingstone's Missionary Travels. The Tswana states. Dutch Reformed. and attendance in the old churches has rapidly declined since the 1950s. investment and business opportunities information. and predominantly expatriate Muslim. Tswana national culture can be traced back to the incorporation of diverse peoples under a string of Tswana states. Christianity was brought by European and African missionaries from the south. The two most active and popular churches are now the Zion Christian Church (both Star and Dove branches). notably respect for patriarchal ancestors. Ngwato. During the last part of the 19th century. have either declined or been assimilated within popular Christian beliefs. Tswana rulers attempted to control reverance for royal ancestors. Its origins before the 18th century are unresearched. rain-making ceremonies. Roman Catholic) in the early 20th century. Indigenous religious and medical practices. Allegiance to the old "tribal" state churches was disrupted by incoming missions (Anglican. and embraces elements of postcolonial English culture. Quaker. notably the Scottish Congregationalist Robert Moffat and his son-in-law Dr.circumcision now being conducted in hospital. It represents the growth of a distinct Botswana nationality defined within state borders. were brought together in allianceagainst common enemies between the 1850s and the 1890s. David Livingstone. male circumcision camps etc. and has been retold by a modern secular stage play by David Pownall. The High God in Setswana is referred to as Modimo . The 1980s-90s have seen some revival of teaching of music and art in schools. irrespective of the individual's regional or ethnic origin and home language. Distinctive baskets from north-west Botswana have carved out an export market in the United States since the 1970s. The dominant national culture of Botswana today reflects the dual heritage and intermingling of Tswana and English cultural dominions. the government of Botswana followed Zambia in proclaiming a national policy of 'nonracialism' rather than 'multiracialism'. USA (202) 546-2103. In practice the two languages and cultures are subtly mixed and alternated in urban and official situations.56 Everyone within the colonial boundaries of Botswana came to be regarded as a Motswana. MUSIC & DRAMA Traditional Tswana music was generally based on the human voice and string instruments. there is a more relaxed and permissive attitude in Botswana towards multiculturalism in general and multilingualism in particular.though the typical Botswana diamond is clear and cloudless.. Only well-made and finely designed crafts are accepted. Blue and yellow colored diamonds from Botswana are found on fingers and necks across the globe . Traditional music and dance generally declined during the last decades of the colonial period. (For the same reasons. guaranteeing a unique and beautiful item.) But by the end of the 1990s. now that the universal acceptance of national identity is no longer seen as a problem. Multiculturalism.000 individual craft producers scattered in remote areas and more than a dozen contemporary handicraft workshops by purchasing products and reselling them through both a retail and an export operation. subnational separatism and national disunity. Membership of Botswana's ruling circles is marked by equal facility in both languages and cultures. Words derived from Setswana in foreign dictionaries include Kalahari. Hence many outsiders assumed that Botswana was a monocultural entity with only one 'tribe'. with school dance troupes welcoming official visitors. marketing. But it was not until the end of colonialism that the old Tswana states were incorporated into a unitary state. Meanwhile Botswana makes its contributions to global culture. as such culture was suspected of being antithetical to modernity and development. The most successful (and controversial for MargaretThatcher) design of a British Airways tailplane in the late 1990s was by an artist from the Kuru Project in the Kalahari. with a general lack of drumming. Fax: (202) 546-3275.com . regardless ofethnic origin. between 1964 and 1969. It was seen as promoting 'tribalism'. FINE ARTS AND CRAFTS CRAFTS Since 1970 Botswana has been assisting over 5.e. full of reflected light. and Tilapia. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. investment and business opportunities information. E-mail: rusric@erols. has been taboo since the 1960s. Tsetse. The 1970s saw the emergence of didactic drama to raise popular awareness of development issues. in the form of official recognition of different local languages for use in schools and on the radio. under a powerful central government. All items are made by For additional analytical. some reached only by narrow sandy tracks and over one thousand kilometers from the capital. Botswana crafts begins operation by traveling to remote village areas. i. but music on radio is dominated by black South African and imported African-American 'soul' music. Purchases are made by direct cash payment to provide the rural poor immediately with much needed cash income. Since independence there has been a revival of interest. animal hair and clay. Tiro ya Diatla and Lentswe la Oodi Weavers have gained international reputations for their tapestriesdepicting village life.. USA (202) 546-2103. more and more are being produced for the commercial market. passed down through generations. These production centers are creating a variety of products from wool. As an integral part of Botswana agricultural culture. rings and necklaces are fashioned by rural producers from such materials as palm fiber. the baskets of Botswana are equal to the finest art forms found in the world. dancing for healing and entertainment. annual competitions and exhibitions. ashtrays and sugar bowls from hard mopane wood.57 hand. still live in the harsh environment of the Kalahari Desert and western Ngamiland. Their craft skills. investment and business opportunities information. glass beads. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. adzes. Orders placed for large numbers can only be filled with items of a similar nature and style. known as the Basarwa in Botswana. Although baskets are still very much the common sight in rural Botswana. E-mail: rusric@erols. open bowl-shaped baskets are used by the women for carrying items on their heads and for winnowing grain after it has been pounded. monitor lizards. hippos and birds. Thamaga carvers create whimsical animals like giraffes. including crocodiles. several weaving workshops provide much needed employment opportunities for Botswana women. For additional analytical. The main producers of baskets are the women of the Bayei and Hambukushu tribes in northwestern Botswana. Many wood-working artisans are found throughout Botswana. Expansion and diversity of weaving techniques. bowls. and personal adornment of the body. mopane wood. masks. these artisans create animal figures. and baboons and oxen or tractors pulling carts. marketing. guinea fowls. not on a production line. Fax: (202) 546-3275. Although very few still rely completely on hunting and gathering to survive. Red-hot pokers and knives create detailed designs and whimsical expressions. Today. never working in organizedproduction centers. never exact replicas. and jewelry pieces. Closed baskets with lids are used for storing grain. increased production and sale of these items also provides them with a crucial source of cash income. designs and the use of color are encouraged through upgrading courses. by a producer workingindividually. are an integral part of their traditional practices of hunting and gathering. BASKETS The most famous of all the craft products of Botswana is the basket. Using clay from the surrounding hills of Gabane. WOODEN CRAFTS In south-eastern Botswana. While the Bushmen continue to use their craft products in daily life. such as axes. most continue to engage in these activities part-time. craftsmen carve wooden figures representing the creatures of the Okavango Delta. and sometimes sorghum beer. African wildlife and traditional geometric designs. Simple hand tools. BUSHMEN CRAFTS The Bushmen. Hand-turned or bicycle lathes produce such items ascandlesticks. CONTEMPORARY CRAFTS In villages and towns along the line of rail. No two products are identical. baskets have been made and used traditionally for thousands of years. Both traditional and contemporary pottery are also available.In remote villages in northern Botswana. working under the shade of trees or makeshift shelters. Pelegano Pottery produces some of the most unique ceramic pieces found in Africa today.com . seeds. Large. Sterling silver jewelry incorporating traditional basket designs and reproductions of Bushmen rock-paintings from Tsodilo Hills as well as bracelets. and knives are still used to carve out human and animal shapes or figures from soft and hard woods. Raditladi continued the tradition in the 20th century with translations into Setswana of Shakespeare plays.the archetype of safari adventures much of which. these dolls are all sewn by hand by the Herero living in the northern rural regions of Botswana. Fax: (202) 546-3275. The second big-seller on Botswana was one of the best. They also make musical instruments. used for storing aromatic herbs are decorated with beads. fashion decorative but functionaltools. Tortoise shell powder puffs. E-mail: rusric@erols. most noticeably axes. Sol Plaatje and L. famed for their blacksmithing and woodcarving skills. HAMBUKUSHU CRAFTS The Hambukushu of Etsha came to Botswana as refugees from Angola. Four styles are designed. reprinted many times in the last half of the 19th century was The Lion Hunter by Roualeyn Gordon Cumming . necklaces. Under the influence of German missionaries. puberty. arriving with a wide variety of craftwork skills. The Hambukushu women are equal to their men in possessing a variety of craftwork skills. bracelets. marketing. USA (202) 546-2103. Like their Bayei neighbors. By using the natural resources in the surrounding environment of the Okavango Delta.58 Beads also play an important part in the Bushmen material culture. adulthood. They create exquisite necklaces. such as thumb pianos and different types of drums carved from wooden logs. Milk jugs. They adorn their leather products with beads either of colorful glass or ones crafted from ostrich eggshells. and bracelets from palm leaves. traditional wigs from tree roots and sitting mats from papyrus. colorful. The first bigseller on Botswana. and headbands. and many petticoated outfits. plus the ancestral costume.Missionary Travels by David For additional analytical. the women weave elaborate baskets.the Herero doll. and in the case of Raditladi his own original plays and love poetry. and other educational as well as evangelical texts.. are produced today and are available.stately Herero women can be seen wearing these elegant. tall.sellers of the whole 19th century and has been rarely out of print since . Both the dignity and sense of humor of the Herero is translated into a wonderful collector's item .D. in modern eyes. Like the patchwork dresses wornby the women. The Herero remain avid pastoralists. investment and business opportunities information. are carved from a single piece of hard wood with a sharp bladed adze. some Hambukushu women still practice the intricate art of beadwork. adzes and knives in wooden sheaths. Their traditional crafts. hoes. representing different stages in a woman's life: pre-puberty. Even today. the Herero women switched from wearing heavy leather clothing and pointed head-dresses to cloth patchwork dresses and skillfully arranged head-scarves (called taku). HERERO CRAFTS People of the Herero tribe arrived in Botswana at the turn of the 19th Century from Namibia (South West Africa) and now live in the northwestern regions of the country. Beads knotted with hair from wildebeest tail to make bracelets. The men.com . centering around cattle raising and milking. Containers for storing cooking fat are made from wet pieces of cow skin that have hardened into round shapes. LITERATURE The tradition of publishing in Setswana in the 19th century began with the Holy Bible (completed by 1857) and continued with translations of works such as The Pilgrim's Progess. used for storing sour milk. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. 19th century published literature in English on Botswana is largely travel literature. reads like sheer blood lust. Setswana novel writing has been revived since the 1980s by authors such as Mantsetsa Marope. fashioning skirts and aprons out of black and white glass beads and natural twine. who incorporated Botswana into his novels Meridiana and Adamantia. tells of expatriate life as seen through the eyes of a young Motswana girl. and Gaele Sobott-Mogwe's Color me Blue written for children. with a sequel (1989) and a further sequel called Fei zhou he shang (1991). Her writings about Botswana include her autobiographical Return to the Fairy Hill and the excellent children's novel The Family at Ditlhabeng. the first major work of fiction on or near Botswana was Mhudi by the pioneer Motswana writer Sol Plaatje. Among post-colonial works of non-fiction there are political biographies of Seretse Khama and Fish Keitseng. investment and business opportunities information. Her novel A Question of Power.It must be still counted a great work because of the insights it contains on life at that time. Fax: (202) 546-3275. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. Hammersmith) in 1980. was performed in Edinburgh (at the Traverse) in 1979 and London (at the Lyric. Other novels in English include Andrew Sesinyi's popular Love on the Rocks (1983). reflect the loneliness of genius and the mores of life in the rural town of Serowe. National Geographic Society. Her novel When Raid Clouds Gather is clearly set in Serowe. The Government's Botswana TV station is scheduled to begin transmission in late 1999. titled Dreams of the Kalahari.but not actually made here . written in English. The first two were filmed in the For additional analytical.) Norman Rush's book of short stories called Whites and his prize-wining novel called Mating do likewise through American eyes. FILMS AND TELEVISION The most important filming in Botswana has so far been of wildlife documentaries. (Rush was local director of the US Peace Corps volunteer scheme in the early 1980s. growing up in Maun and being beaten by nuns in Bulawayo. The Tribe That Lost Its Head and Richer Than All His Tribe.S. All three starred a South African actor called N!xau. The biggest fiction film ever made supposedly about Botswana . set at Kolobeng in the 1840s.a love story set in the wars of the 1830s. The Botswana citizen best known internationally as an author is the late Bessie Head (1937-86). as well as at literary biographies of Sol Plaatje and Bessie Head. USA (202) 546-2103. No major feature films have yet actually been shot in Botswana. Apart from works by Jules Verne. whose perceptive novels and short stories. E-mail: rusric@erols. It may be read in conjunction with a volume by the late historian Michael Crowder. based on his experience as the official press officer 1949-50 trying to manage British colonial publicity over the Seretse Khama marriage crisis. Nicholas Montserrat published two novels on Botswana.was The Gods Must Be Crazy (1980). the classic memoirs are those of Sir Charles Rey. including those released through the U. has achieved cult status among some feminists. The Flogging of Phineas McIntosh. about teetering on the edges of 'insanity'.com .) A play by David Pownall (a British writer with Zambian theatre experience) called Livingstone and Sechele. Caitlin Davies' novel Jamestown Blues (1997).. Maun-based Davies is currently Botswana's liveliest and most productive freelance journalist. The best written of late colonial official memoirs is No Time Like the Past by Michael Fairlie (1990). 'Bechuanaland Diaries 1929-37 '(published by the Botswana Society in 1988). a Tale of Colonial Folly. Among pieces on the colonial period. originally published in the 1930s . The novelist Carolyn Slaughter has published an autobiographical novel about the 1950-60s. (Scion of a famous writing family. Bechuanaland 1933 (also 1988). and political autobiobiographies by Mike Dingake and Motsamai Mpho. set in an isolated salt mining township.59 Livingstone (1857). marketing. Around the time of independence the Scottish writer Naomi Mitchison discovered Botswana. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. and district museums founded by local community initiatives at Mochudi (Phutadikobo). Notwane (present champions). Ngamiland and Ghanzi district below the norm. HEALTH Soccer is the national sport. involving groups from all over Botswana and foreign musicians and actors. Also the fiction film Sands of the Kalahari starring Stuart Whitman and a troupe of baboons is filmed in Botswana. Maun (Nghabe). with very few opportunities for hunting. Fax: (202) 546-3275. There is a 500-seater theatre in Gaborone. CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS There is a National Museum and Art Gallery in Gaborone. Botswana ranks fifth in Africa on the UN Development Program's Human Development Index reflecting the country's successful attempts to raise educational attainment and life expectancy. About 300. and FC Satmos. to Kweneng. Rural literacy rates range from North-East and Central districts above the norm. national literacy rates are guesstimates based on deducting the proportion of people over 10 years old who have never been to school and are assumed to be illiterate. holds regular lectures and publishes an annual journal (Botswana Notes and Records)and books. Other district museums have long been planned for Kanye and Ghanzi. Other sources put the rate down to 68 per cent. and softball are other significant minority interests in towns.) The 1981 census estimated a literacy rate of 74 per cent of the population. the Botswana Society. Police XI. marketing. many in association with schools. used by amateur theatrical and musical groups. the highest secondary school enrolment 4 This section based in part on the materials of the US Library of Congress For additional analytical. and the third in Hong Kong. RECREATION. Township Rollers.com .. Serowe (Khama III Memorial). but can normally be found by a bit of web trawling. Prisons XI. E-mail: rusric@erols. BDF XI. That national team is the Zebras. EDUCATION4 LITERACY As in other countries. (Rather than having a census which actually tests literacy. and hosts visiting professional productions from abroad. Francistown (Supa-Ngwao). Tennis. and the Kuru Development Project. Foreigners are restricted to photo-safaris. Tafic. There are many opportunities for recreation in the great outdoors. the "Maitisong" at Maruapula School. Molepolole (Sebele I Memorial). (Lobatse) Extension Gunners. Gaborone United. It has a regular Saturday evening public program. USA (202) 546-2103.000 continue to secondary school level. The national learned and semi-scientific society. SPORTS. Soccer results seem to be off-line at present. The National Library Service has relatively well-stocked branches. There is an annual Maitisong Festival held for two weeks every April at many venues in town.000 children or 90% of the country's primary school age population attend primary school while 76. More women than men are literate. Jwaneng Comets. investment and business opportunities information. ("The Gods Must be Crazy" is also the name of the TNT Botswana Travel Page. The local league consists of (Mochudi) Centre Chiefs. golf.60 Northern Transvaal. Mogoditshane Fighters. played on fields and at stadiums across the country every Saturday. the importation of expatriate teachers to improve secondary levels of mathematics and science. specifically tourism. integrating vocational skills into the secondary curriculum. though most have been since taken over by government. For additional analytical. The government is trying to develop institutions which offer vocational training in the various employment sectors. The "brigades" have largely been incorporated into the formal system of education since the 1980s as providing the basic level of technical and vocational skills. (Most have dropped out after a few years of education.000 students in various disciplines. Besides the provision of higher teacher training. which also lists individual school web-sites.. building and construction and textiles. The main Ministry of Education page(s) being still under construction as of April 1999.). has been under tight control of government "manpower planners". USA (202) 546-2103. the university has been geared to the training of high level personnel for government administration and private enterprise. Qualitative changes in education since independence have concentrated on teacher training and certification of teachers. at least in theory.000 and the Botswana Polytechnic. HIGHER EDUCATION University development. International interest was aroused in the 1970s by an alternative system of education. Despite its relatively good school enrolment.secondary technical and vocational training. Tertiary education is provided at the University of Botswana which has a current enrolment of 5. investment and business opportunities information. and on limited provision of post. E-mail: rusric@erols. reflecting pupils' repetition of school years. There are some 70 centers offering vocational training for up to 8. marketing. PRIMARY & SECONDARY EDUCATION Education is. on improved building standards and provision of equipment and textbooks. PROFESSIONAL EDUCATIONPrivate and community initiatives have been significant in the development of education (including secondary schools and museums). at first from 1964 through funding of a university in faraway Lesotho and then after 1970 through a campus in Gaborone which became the University of Botswana in 1982. universal and free up to junior secondary level. The curriculum has been modified along the lines of other ex-British African countries. Great leaps forward have been made in the quantitative provision of schooling. Less than 10 per cent of children of school-going age are not in school. "education-with-development" has had little impact on the general curriculum within Botswana schools except in the rhetoric of making the curriculum more "practical". But old problems remain. See the Ministry of Education's Curriculum Development & Evaluation Department. Meanwhile enrolments in urban areas are usually more than 100 per cent of age cohorts. away from its original South African model. Fax: (202) 546-3275.com .61 in Africa. Swaneng also gave rise to 'brigades' offering temporary employment and basic technical skills in various construction trades to school-leavers. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. However. developed by the educationist Patrick van Rensburg at Swaneng Hill near Serowe. to support their families economically: a few of the poorest children in the most "remote" western and north-western rural areas have never have been in school. the country still has a shortage of skilled labor and a lack of professional management expertise. Since independence. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. In the 1980s. Proceeds from the diamond industry. the most recent elections in October 1994 signaled a changing political climate and a high level of voter dissatisfaction. it won only 65 percent of the new seats. particularly of diamonds. Botswana never experienced a strong European presence. while significant gains were achieved by the Botswana National Front (BNF). most particularly in managing the economy and achieving significant improvements in the quality of life for its people. the country became the world's largest producer of quality diamonds. unemployment among school leavers. However. two-thirds of which is covered by the Kalahari desert. and the persistent shortage of skilled artisans in the country. and provide in-service teacher training.62 US ASSIANTANCE IN EDUCATION REFORM HISTORICAL. as well as programs to prepare teacher college tutors. The new policy extended basic education from nine to ten years and diversified the curricula by introducing basic commercial and technical courses to prepare students for the job market. the devastating effects of HIV/AIDS threatens to undermine the government's efforts to improve the social and economic well-being of Botswanans. the government took steps to make primary school universal and to expand the percentage of school-age children enrolled at the secondary level. given the problems of limited space at institutions of higher learning. Fax: (202) 546-3275. To improve primary education. The government has made extraordinary progress. E-mail: rusric@erols. AND ECONOMIC BACKGROUND Botswana is a landlocked country. Under British protection. Botswana's economy has grown at a rate of 8 to 14 percent per year. Unlike previous years when the BDP won over 90 percent of the parliamentary seats. In 1964 the British government accepted proposals that led to self-government and full independence in 1966. investment and business opportunities information. with the ruling Botswana Democratic Party (BDP) winning all elections. develop curricula. In addition. POLITICAL. The Botswana looked to Britain for help and the British government proclaimed the area of Botswana (then Bechuanaland) to be a protectorate.com . Indicators of the social/economic context Botswana Population (millions) GNP per capita ($) 1. High urban and rural unemployment and increasing income inequalities were among the factors that contributed to the change. and wise economic management have placed Botswana in a strong financial position. Contact with Europe began in the 19th century when missionaries settled the area. USA (202) 546-2103. given limited growth opportunities in the formal employment sector. Since 1966 the Republic of Botswana has maintained a politically stable multi-party democracy. Unlike its southern neighbors. local tribal government evolved. the government determined it would need more primary school teachers. extensive international grant and loan aid..4 2790 Sub-Saharan Africa -846 For additional analytical. marketing. The 1994 Revised National Policy on Education outlined the strategy for the development of more responsive education and training. Hostilities broke out between the Botswana and Afrikaners from the Transvaal (South Africa) in 1885. The government hopes that commercial and technical education will increasingly be appreciated by Botswanans as viable alternatives to higher formal academic education. This growth has been almost exclusively due to mining. Commercial and technical education will also prepare school leavers for self-employment in the informal sector. STATUS OF BOTSWANA'S EDUCATION REFORM As a major focus of its educational reform program in the 1980s. 1985-91). E-mail: rusric@erols. and coordinated basic education program covering the first 10 years of public education. Fax: (202) 546-3275. These helped bring about major advances in access to and delivery of quality basic education programs.8 44 -- For additional analytical. and to consolidate a 10-year basic education program. consolidated. investment and business opportunities information.7 population Indicators of the primary education system (1991-93) Total enrollment (thousands) Gross enrollment rate Girls as portion of gross enrollment Pupil:teacher ratio Public expenditure on education ($) 301 116 51 29 244. and has provided systemwide reform assistance since 1991. Nature of project assistance -77. BASIC EDUCATION CONSOLIDATION PROJECT (BEC) . BEC is also helping the ministry to plan. Repetition and dropout rates have declined..8 BOTSWANA: USAID'S ASSISTANCE USAID's assistance to education in Botswana began nearly 10 years earlier than in most other African countries. USA (202) 546-2103. The projects focused on improving teaching quality by improving the institutions that train teachers. USAID undertook the Primary Education Improvement Project (PEIP. The projects also assisted the government to revise the curricula.9 44.and in-service curriculum for primary teacher education. 1981-92) and the Junior Secondary Education Improvement Project (JSEIP.com .63 - Infant deaths per 1000 live births Annual population growth rate 35 3. PEIP strengthened the capacity of the MOE and the University of Botswana to plan. In the 1980s. develop. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. and evaluate an integrated. The university established a Department of Primary Education. Because USAID has been assisting the education sector since 1981. as has the system's capacity to accommodate students as they progress through grade levels.8 Literates as percentage of adult 70 54. In 1991 USAID initiated its Basic Education Consolidation (BEC) project to help sustain the educational gains of the 1980s. and implement an effective pre. marketing. The curricula will incorporate the objectives of teacher training and student assessment to assure a coherent and focused basic education system. primary teacher training colleges have improved their programs. Enrollments have increased. The project assisted the MOE to strengthen its curriculum development and implementation process. and in-service education networks have been developed.4 97 2. implement. The rate of girls' enrollment and of female teachers has grown. the student-level impact of reform is more pronounced in Botswana than in other countries.633-0254 Purpose To enhance and increase the capacity of the MOE. 6 million in project assistance 1991-95 Institutional contract with the Academy for Educational Development (AED) Contract mechanisms Current status USAID/Washington will close Botswana's Mission and bring the BEC Project to a close in September 1995.and short-term technical assistance in the areas of curriculum development. USAID's Regional Center for Southern Africa (RCSA) will be the headquartered in Gaborone. INDICATORS OF PROGRESS IN BOTSWANA System-Level Impacts Policy • • • • • • • • • • • 1994 Revised National Policy on Education extended the duration of basic education from 9 to 10 years Criterion-referenced testing system to measure student achievement and competencies tested Continuous assessment (CA) program implemented to track student performance Teacher training programs reorganized at primary teacher training colleges In-service education networks developed Department of Primary Education established at University of Botswana Planning. and monitoring. implementation. E-mail: rusric@erols. marketing. consolidated. teacher training. Thereafter. and coordinated basic education program begun Process to integrate curriculum development. please contact Global Investment & Business Center.7% junior secondary school teachers trained/retrained (42. Project assistance covers the local costs of running the project. Fax: (202) 546-3275. investment and business opportunities information. USAID's support for training includes funding U. implementing. and short-term and in-country training.-based master's degree study.com .64 The project provides support to the Departments of Curriculum Development and Evaluation and Teacher Education in the form of long. and student assessment begun 40% increase in trained/retrained primary school teachers over life of program 74% of 9. Funding level and duration • • • $12.S.. project research.772 primary school teachers female 78. and evaluation. USA (202) 546-2103. and evaluating an integrated.9% female) Institutional Student-Level Impacts For additional analytical. investment and business opportunities information.8% dropout rate for Form 1 and 2 in 1993 Quality/ Efficiency OTHER DONORS WITH PROGRAMS IN THE EDUCATION SECTOR • • • • • • • • • Canada-University of Botswana Cuba-secondary science and math teachers Germany-vocational trade schools Netherlands-University of Botswana Norway-guidance education Sweden-literacy and primary education UNICEF-early childhood education United Kingdom-secondary school teacher training World Bank-junior secondary education For additional analytical.com . please contact Global Investment & Business Center.65 Access • • • • • Equity • • Girls' primary school enrollment 53% in 1993 (50% target) Girls' enrollment in Forms 1 and 2 is 54. marketing. Fax: (202) 546-3275.6% 3. E-mail: rusric@erols.. USA (202) 546-2103.3% of total enrollment 192 primary schools constructed Sufficient capacity for 100% progression from Standard 7 to Form 1 81% progression rate from Standard 7 to Form 1 Primary school repetition rate 2. USA (202) 546-2103.com . marketing. please contact Global Investment & Business Center.66 - POLITICAL SYSTEM & GOVERNMENT For additional analytical. E-mail: rusric@erols.. Fax: (202) 546-3275. investment and business opportunities information. The President candidate. 1998. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. freedom of the press and freedom of association. investment and business opportunities information. 1966..com . There is an independent judiciary with a High Court presided over by the Chief Justice. 1998. and decided in accordance with customary law. Bechuanaland attained self governance in 1965 and became independent Republic of Botswana on 30 September. serving as Commander of the Botswana Defence Force. and affords all citizens equal rights. whose declared supporters form the majority of Parliament members. Fax: (202) 546-3275. USA (202) 546-2103. PRESIDENT President of Botswana Vice President Preceded by Born Political party Incumbent Assumed office 1 April 2008 Mompati Merafhe Festus Mogae 27 February 1953 (age 55) BDP Lieutenant General Seretse Khama Ian Khama (or Ian a Sêrêtsê. while others are dealt with according to statute law by Magistrates' Courts and the High Court. born February 27. there is a House of chiefs with 15 members. 1997 that he would retire from his command on March 31. The Constitution provides for a unicameral legislature. He is the first born son of Sir Seretse Khama (the country's foremost independence leader who was President from 1966 to 1980) and Lady Khama. In addition to National Assembly. 1953[1]) is the President of Botswana and the Paramount Chief of the Bamangwato tribe. Khama was appointed as the new Vice-President. or their representatives. when Vice-President Festus Mogae succeeded Masire as President.67 After 80 years of British Protectorate. The Botswana Constitution established a nonracial democracy which maintains freedom of speech. takes the office as President and selects his Ministers from among the members of National Assembly. E-mail: rusric@erols. Khama. announced on December 16.[2] On April 1. it fueled political speculation about Khama. Because this was the same date as the planned retirement of President Quett Masire. Khama did not hold a seat in the National For additional analytical. marketing. Some cases are heard by local chiefs and headmen. However. the National Assembly. In international affairs. The President has the power to dissolve Parliament. and has the prerogative of mercy. At his swearing-in ceremony in Gaborone. by car.986 votes against 86 votes for the candidate of the opposition Botswana National Front. commander-in-chief of the armed forces of the Republic. the President is head of the executive. On July 13. and the President is also an integral part of the legislature.68 Assembly. In his short appearance he met presenters Jeremy Clarkson. ministers and assistant ministers. receiving 512 votes against 219 for Kedikilwe. Khama is a qualified pilot. 2003 at a party congress. Khama. on April 1. The President is the personification of the State. although he was replaced as Minister of Presidential Affairs and Public Administration at that time. investment and business opportunities information. the Bechuanaland Peoples Party (BPP) under the leadership of Dr Kgalemang Motsete . he appeared on British television in the BBC's Top Gear motoring programme. the President as the Head of State has the power to declare war and sign peace treaties and to recognize foreign states and governments. as he had long said he would do. Khama remained Vice-President as well as Minister of Presidential Affairs and Public Administration. and attended Sandhurst Military Academy.[5][6] Mogae granted Khama a one-year leave later in the year. was elected as Chairman of the BDP on July 22. select or dismiss the Vice President. USA (202) 546-2103. James May and Richard Hammond as they prepared to cross the Makgadikgadi Pan in northern Botswana. Khama said that there would be continuity in policy and no "radical changes". He returned to his duties as Vice-President on September 1. commander-in-chief of the armed forces of the Republic. and so could not immediately take office as Vice-President. As a result of the disappointment with the Legislative Council. POLITICAL PARTIES The first political party in Botswana was short-lived and limited in scope as it was .com . he defeated the previous Chairman. paving the way for Khama to eventually succeed Mogae as President. select or dismiss the Vice President. already a member of the BDP Central Committee. Mogae stepped down. handing power to Khama. marketing. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. In early July 1998 he overwhelmingly won a by-election in Serowe North. But the first modern nationalist parties emerged in the early 1960's. and has the prerogative of mercy. the President as the Head of State has the power to declare war and sign peace treaties and to recognize foreign states and governments. ministers and assistant ministers. E-mail: rusric@erols. he took his seat in the National Assembly and was sworn in as Vice-President.an accomplished music composer and educationist was the first mass party to agitate for full independence not later than 1964. Khama had been backed for the post by President Mogae. In law. and he emphasized his commitment to democracy. although he said that "a change in style and special emphasis on a number of issues" might be evident. In law. receiving 2. the President is head of the executive. and the President is also an integral part of the legislature. and he appointed former Foreign Minister Mompati Merafhe as the new Vice-President. a decision that the opposition Botswana Congress Party and the Botswana Council of Non-Governmental Organizations sharply criticized. 2008. 2000. The President is the personification of the State.poet cum playwright Leetile Disang Raditladi. Ponatshego Kedikilwe.. The next general election is scheduled for 2009 In 2007. Following the victory of the Botswana Democratic Party (BDP) in the general election of October 1999.the Federal Party founded by one of Botswana's truly outstanding literary figures .[15] He immediately undertook a major cabinet reshuffle.[10][13] and the outcome was viewed as crucial. Fax: (202) 546-3275. Khama's leave became effective on January 1. The President has the power to dissolve Parliament. For additional analytical. 2000. In international affairs. or their representatives. There is an independent judiciary with a High Court presided over by the Chief Justice. 13 political parties have been registered: Botswana Congress Party Botswana Democratic Party Botswana Labor Party Botswana National Front Botswana Peoples Party Botswana Progressive Union Botswana Workers Front Independence Freedom Party Mels Movement of Botswana Social Democratic Party United Action Party United Democratic Front United Socialist Party After 80 years of British Protectorate. Some cases are heard by local chiefs and headmen. investment and business opportunities information. Fax: (202) 546-3275. The Botswana Constitution established a nonracial democracy which maintains freedom of speech. led by Dr Kenneth Koma .com .69 Former treason trialist (under the Union of South Africa Terrorism Act) Mr. Matante. The BNF wasthe official opposition party. As of July 2003. The President candidate. 1966. For additional analytical. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. The Constitution provides for a unicameral legislature. whose declared supporters form the majority of Parliament members. Dr Motsete attempted to retain a small group of the BPP's old guard but lost power to Mr.. enhanced and realised. The Botswana National Front was formed in 1967. and decided in accordance with customary law. the National Assembly.a widely read socialist intellectual. Quett Ketumile Masire (Botswana's second President) The party enjoyed widespread support and was popular with Batswana and also enjoyed the support of the chiefs. marketing. Motsamai Mpho was the secretary general. the wealthy and the educated. In addition to National Assembly. USA (202) 546-2103. the moderate. The Bechuanaland Democratic Party was next to be formed under theleadership of Mr Seretse Khama (later Sir Seretse) who became the first President of the Republic of Botswana. Internal dissention on the eve of the first national elections in 1965 resulted in a split and the birth of a new party . and affords all citizens equal rights. The party's vice president was an eloquent master farmer and former journalist -Mr. principles and objectives are upheld. Motsamai Mpho. there is a House of chiefs with 15 members. freedom of the press and freedom of association. while others are dealt with according to statute law by Magistrates' Courts and the High Court. OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT PRESIDENT’S BASIC FUNCTIONS: To provide overall national leadership and direction (conceptual and operational) on all matters of national importance so that the national ideals. E-mail: rusric@erols. Bechuanaland attained self governance in 1965 and became independent Republic of Botswana on 30 September. takes the office as President and selects his Ministers from among the members of National Assembly.the Bechuanaland Independence Party under the leadership of Mr. which is selected by him from Members of Parliament.com . mass communication. at overall national level. To provide/special support services in the vital fields of human resource management. legal service. marketing. investment and business opportunities information. the inter-related ministerial policies and operations to ensure optimal utilisation of all resources and effective attainment of national objectives and goals. To develop and maintain sound inter-national policies and relations which will foster national progress and international peace and stability. There are 10 ministers and three assistant Ministers who run For additional analytical. Magetse P/Bag 001 Gaborone +267 350-800 +267 312-525 CABINET The President normally acts on the advice of the Cabinet of Ministers. USA (202) 546-2103. to ensure that the Government executing agencies effectively attain their developmental and service objectives and goals.70 • To effectively coordinate. please contact Global Investment & Business Center.. monitor and evaluate. printing etc. Fax: (202) 546-3275. E-mail: rusric@erols. • Contact person: Mr. • • To provide effective national security and stability through which the much desired national progress can be attained. CABINET OFFICE The Cabinet Office. preparing agenda for Cabinet meetings. Masogo P/Bag 011 Gaborone +267 358-700 +267 372-287 POLICE Section 6 of the Botswana Police Act stipulates that the force shall be employment in and throughout the country to protect life and property. repress internal disturbances. investment and business opportunities information. recruitment and development. Public service administration and management. USA (202) 546-2103. Traffic. Its functions include circulating memoranda and other documents required by Cabinet. General Duties. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. The Police Department is divided into three divisions. Police officers may carry arms. In brief. Contact person: Mr K. PUBLIC SERVICE MANAGEMENT DIRECTORATE The overall purpose of the Directorate of Public Service Management (DPSM) is to improve the overall performance and effectiveness of the Public Service. The Police services are divided into eight branches namely. apprehend offender. Criminal Investigation Department. namely North. prevent and detect crime.level performance efficiency.71 ministries and departments of government. Fax: (202) 546-3275. duly enforce all written laws with which it is directly charged and generally maintain peace. It operates as an instrument in the coordination of policy at the highest level of Government. maintain security and public tranquillity. South Central and South. Police College and Departmental Management. public service manpower planning. as Members of Parliament. complement. E-mail: rusric@erols. bring offenders to justice. Ministers are also responsible to the National Assembly but the President may appoint or dismissministers without consulting the National Assembly or Cabinet. The police shall also perform such military duties within Botswana as may be required of it under the authority of the President as Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. Mbulawa P/Bag 0012 Gaborone +267 351-161 For additional analytical. under the direction of the President. comprises the Cabinet Secretariat the Cabinet Business Committee and the Cabinet Economic Committee. Cabinet Ministers. marketing. Public service performance productivity and improvement. The are also responsible for training and developing the Public sector manpower to achieve the goals of self-sufficiency in manpower and high.. For the performance of their duties under this act. The divisions are headed by Divisional Commander. Telecommunications and Transport. Special Support Group. Contact person: Mr. The Cabinet Secretariat serves Ministers collectively in the conduct of Cabinet business. recording discussions taken and safeguarding the security of Cabinet documents. grading and deployment. They also ensure optimal utilisation of the available manpower. participate in Parliamentary debates but are normally bound by the ethic of collective responsibility. headed by the Secretary to the Cabinet.com . Special Branch. the DPSM's functions are. marketing. Presidential and National Commission. which are all comprised of sections and units. Makgekgenene P/Bag 0060 Gaborone +267 352-541 PRINTING DEPARTMENT The Department's main functions is to provide a comprehensive and secure printing service to all Government Ministries / Departments as well as to serve as a Government Publisher and Distributor. Photocomposing. The Government Gazette. N Koloi For additional analytical. Botswana Law Reports. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. Bookshop. For operational purposes it is divided into sections i. Government Annual Economic Reports.. the role of the department is to win and retain the consent of the people to the policies. The department consists of three main media organs. Contact person: Mr. and the Maintenance. The department also supervises development projects and maintenance work taking place at the State House. The responsibilities of the division includes the planning of the frequencies of the transmitters and making specifications for studio and transmitter equipment. The Engineering division comprises of the Transmitter and Studio Sections. Costing and Estimating Units which are to be established soon. As government owned broadcasting and printing media. investment and business opportunities information. Fax: (202) 546-3275. Lithographic Machine Printing. by keeping and Maintaining their dairies for the day to day engagements. Contact person: Mr. aims and objectives of the government and provide feedback. USA (202) 546-2103. Under The Information division is the Botswana Press Agency and the Publication section. in accordance with the national development aims and goals. South Africa in 1961 during the British Protectorate Government. Segwe P/Bag 0081 Gaborone +267 353-202 +267 312-001 DEPARTMENT OF STATE HOUSE The functions of the department is to provide administrative support at the State House such as coordinating the executive and political activities of the President and the First Lady. Print Finishing and Bookbinding. The Broadcasting division consists of Culture & Entertainment and News and Current Affairs. They also include the technical production and transmission of Radio Botswana programmes. Information Division. E-mail: rusric@erols. decoration maintenance for the President and the First Lady at their residential place. The responsibilities are as follows: To provide security. Contact person: Mr. Laws of Botswana. Some of the Government Printer's publications are The Daily news Newspaper. The other role of the media is to educate and entertain the people. The department is also responsible for providing public relations support to the President and the First lady by ushering their VIP visitors and controlling movement of visitors at the State House.e.com . Graphic Reproduction.72 DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION The department of Information and Broadcasting was established in Mafikeng. Government Statistics Report. Broadcasting Division and the engineering division of Radio Botswana. Production Unit. all its committees. or whenever there is an important national issue. consisting of the President and the National Assembly. USA (202) 546-2103. Fax: (202) 546-3275. Ensuring at all times efficient and effective provision of the full range of Ceremonial.73 P/Bag 001 Gaborone +267 353-391 PARLIAMENT The supreme legislative authority in Botswana is Parliament. aspirations and needs of the people as a whole. secretarial. E-mail: rusric@erols. NATIONAL ASSEMBLY In order to effectively and efficiently provide parliament with the overall and full range of management. Arising from the above stated overall objectives the Office of the Clerk of the National Assembly aims at achieving the following specific objectives: Developing and implementing long and short term Office of Clerk ofNational Assembly administrative policies and strategies both developmental and operational based on constitutional provisions.. policies and development plans. loans etc. editorial and publications support services of parliament to all its committees and house of chiefs. To facilitate parliament role of serving as a medium for representing and articulating the will. national laws. conduct of parliamentary business including that of the house of chiefs and of self -conduct of members. summon or dissolve it anytime. the house of chiefs and their respective members. Developing and enforcing parliamentary procedures. rules and regulations. Ensuring at all times efficient and effective provision of the full range of secretariat. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. administrative and logistical support services. Protocol and public relations services to Parliament. and where tribal and customarymatters are involved Parliament is obliged to act in consultation with theHouse of Chiefs.com . investment and business opportunities information.the overall objectives of Clerk of National Assembly are as follows: To facilitate parliament to serve as an overall "guardian'' of the nation by ensuring that all public funds are used for intended authorized purposes through the public accounts committee. For additional analytical. Archives and Language translation and interpretation services for Parliament. The main functions of Parliament are (a) to pass laws regulating the life ofthe nation and (b) to scrutinize government policy and administration andto monitor government expenditure. and at the end of the life of Parliament when he dissolves it to call a General Election which leads to a new Parliament. Ensuring at all times efficient and effective provision of the full range of Research. the House of Chiefs and all other concerned.. Library. Normally the President addresses the National Assembly at the opening of a new Parliament every five years. To facilitate the parliament in its role of ensuring that the country'scustomary and cultural heritage is preserved and blended in the laws of Botswana through national representation by the chiefs in the house of chiefs. as well as authorized raising of national revenue through taxation. The President is a member of the National Assembly and has the power to address. principal. Information. marketing. Ensuring at all times efficient and effective management and administration of all Human and material resources of parliament and the house of chiefs. loans etc. all its committees. USA (202) 546-2103. E-mail: rusric@erols. House of chiefs and their members. in order to ensure that Parliament. Developing and enforcing parliamentary procedures. the house of chiefs and their respective members.com • • • • • • .. Ensuring at all times efficient and effective management and administration of all Human and material resources of parliament and the house of chiefs. principal. Ensuring at all times efficient and effective provision of the full range of secretariat.74 - Ensuring at all times efficient and effective provision of the full range of support services to the Parliament. Library. • • Arising from the above stated overall objectives the Office of the Clerk of the National Assembly aims at achieving the following specific objectives: • Developing and implementing long and short term Office of Clerk of National Assembly administrative policies and strategies both developmental and operational based on constitutional provisions. Ensuring at all times efficient and effective provision of the full range of Ceremonial. House of chiefs and their members. Fax: (202) 546-3275. Information. rules and regulations. To facilitate parliament role of serving as a medium for representing and articulating the will. To facilitate the parliament in its role of ensuring that the country's customary and cultural heritage is preserved and blended in the laws of Botswana through national representation by the chiefs in the house of chiefs. investment and business opportunities information. PARLIAMENT In order to effectively and efficiently provide parliament with the overall and full range of management. aspirations and needs of the people as a whole. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. secretarial. in order to ensure that For additional analytical. administrative and logistical support services. marketing. Protocol and public relations services to Parliament. Archives and Language translation and interpretation services for Parliament. as well as authorised raising of national revenue through taxation. Ensuring at all times efficient and effective provision of the full range of support services to the Parliament. national laws. conduct of parliamentary business including that of the house of chiefs and of self -conduct of members. the House of Chiefs and all other concerned. editorial and publications support services of parliament to all its committees and house of chiefs. policies and development plans. the overall objectives of Clerk of National Assembly are as follows: • To facilitate parliament to serve as an overall "guardian'' of the nation by ensuring that all public funds are used for intended authorised purposes through the public accounts committee. all its committees and the House of Chiefs run and operate efficiently and smoothly at all times and at the highest level possible. Ensuring at all times efficient and effective provision of the full range of Research. USA (202) 546-2103. the Judicial Service For additional analytical. E-mail: rusric@erols. Unlike the 12 members. investment and business opportunities information. marketing. North East.g • • • Tribal organisation or Tribal property The organisation. Fax: (202) 546-3275. Box 240 Gaborone
[email protected] +267 373-200 +267 353-101 THE HOUSE OF CHIEFS The House of Chiefs is composed of fifteen (15) members as provided in the constitution as follows: • • Eight ex-official members who are the chiefs from eight tribes Four elected members. Kgalagadi and Ghanzi. Chobe.com . each of which returns one member to the National Assembly. Contact person: Public Relations Officer P. Three specially elected members are elected by both the ex-officio and the elected members in the House of Chiefs. The House of Chiefs has no legislative powers or veto powers but act as an advisory body to parliament and government but all bills affecting the following should go through the House of Chiefs before being discussed e. powers or Administration of Customary courts Customary law or the ascertainment or recording of customary law Contact person: Public Relations Officer P O Box 240 Gaborone +267 373-200 +267 313-103 ELECTORAL SYSTEM For electoral purposes. and these are elected every five years or when a vacancy occurs. all its committees and the House of Chiefs run and operate efficiently and smoothly at all times and at the highest level possible. To ensure suitablerepresentation. Botswana is divided into constituencies. the specially elected members should have proficiency in English as a requirement • Other qualifications are: • • • Must not be politicians and should not have been involved in active politics in the past 5 years. Must not be civil servants Must be Batswana age 21 or above When the President dissolves parliament all other members cease to be members except the exofficio members.75 Parliament.O.. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. They are elected from amongst themselves from the four districts namely. summon or dissolve it anytime. THE HOUSE OF CHIEFS The House of Chiefs consists of eight ex-officio members. To provide an efficient trade and commercial service to all sections of For additional analytical. The President is a member of the National Assembly and has the power to address. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. industry. Normally the President addresses the National Assembly at the opening of a new Parliament every five years. The main functions of Parliament are (a) to pass laws regulating the life ofthe nation and (b) to scrutinize government policy and administration andto monitor government expenditure. Francistown. or has not been declared insolvent inany part of the Commonwealth. man or woman. marketing.. USA (202) 546-2103.com . Bangwato.76 Commission is required at intervals of not less than five years and not more than ten years to appoint a Delimitation Commission to determine whether any alteration to existing constituency boundaries is necessary. The ex-officio members are the substantive holders of the office of Chief of the Barolong. Bangwaketse and Batawana. The ex-officio members remain members of the House of Chiefs for aslong as they continue to perform their chiefly functions. Batlokwa.provided the individual is not disqualified by reason of having been certified insane or unsound mind. or at least once a year. and creation of employment opportunities by production activities especially in rural areas. The elected members are persons elected from among their own numberby persons holding office of Sub-Chief in the Chobe. wildlife and tourism by making optimal use of local resources and creation of employment. The supreme legislative authority in Botswana is Parliament. thetime and place of convening being determined by the Chairman of the House. Fax: (202) 546-3275. or whenever there is an important national issue. There is no definite schedule of the meetings of the House of Chiefs. investment and business opportunities information. Membership ofelected and specially elected members is renewed every five yearsfollowing the dissolution of Parliament. or being under a sentence of imprisonment exceeding six months. commerce industry. wildlife and tourism by making optimal use of local resources and creation of employment. which comes after every five years. consisting of the President and the National Assembly. who is entitled to vote and has reached the ageof 18 can stand for election . Ghanziand Kgalagadi districts. and where tribal and customary matters are involved Parliament is obliged to act in consultation with the House of Chiefs. however sits whenever the Government or the National Assembly has referred a bill to it or whenever it has important business to transact. and at the end of the life of Parliament when he dissolves it to call a General Election which leads to a new Parliament. Bakgatla. four elected and three specially elected members. does not have adeath sentence imposed on him. The role of Ministry of Commerce and Industry is to enhance socio-economic progress through development trade. as well as to provide efficient trade and commercial service to all sections of the community particularly those in rural areas. E-mail: rusric@erols. MINISTRY OF COMMERCE The overall purpose of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry is to enhance socioeconomic progress through development of trade. Specially elected members are elected by theex-officio and elected members of the House among people who have notbeen actively engaged in politics in the preceding five years. Anyone. while that of ex-officio members is more or less permanent in the House. Bakwena. The House of Chiefs. Balete. developing local entrpreneurship.com . The department is made up of the following Divisions: Departmental Management responsible for manpower development and administering the financial resources of the department.3%.77 the community particularly those in rural areas and creation of employment opportunities by production activities especially in rural areas. Moremi (Permanent Secretary) +267 3601-200 +267 371-538 The main responsibility and function of the Consumer Unit is to empower consumers and to provide efficient. Dambe (Director) +267 311-233 +267 375-239 The department of Industry is responsible for promoting the development of industry and transfer of technology through a variety of public policy instruments aimed at diversifying the economy. Provide consumers with useful and quality information to consumers. effective and professional services in educating and protecting consumers by providing quality information and safeguarding against the sale of defective. E-mail: rusric@erols. licensing and disease surveillance. Contact person: Mrs. USA (202) 546-2103. problem animal control. Business management Development Services responsible for coordination of all business management training of entrepreneurs across the country. D. M. T. to monitor and ensure that the market is not dumped with unsafe and harmful products. The objectives are to empower consumers by educating them about their rights and responsibilities in the marketplace. investment and business opportunities information. All together these areas amount to some 40% of the surface area of Botswana (National Parks 7. Integrated Field Services responsible for providing various management and technical training to the citizen small scale and informal sector. Game Reserves 10. Wildlife Management Areas 22%). Contact person: Ms. Tibone (Director) +267 311-477 +267 312-238 The Department of Wildlife and National Parks is responsible for wildlife conservation and utilization in Botswana. N. It also investigates and mediates consumer complaints regarding unfair and unethical practices in the marketplace. Fax: (202) 546-3275. and to ensure the conservation of the For additional analytical.. C. Industrialisation Support Services responsible for administering government support schemes to industry. education. Contact person: Mrs. marketing. Game Reserves and Wildlife Management Areas.6%. research. This includes responsibility for all National Parks. and do market and consumer research as to provide factual reports and information to consumers. unsafe and harmful products as well as deceptive and unethical practices in the market place. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. • • • • Policies and Programmes Coordination responsible for developing and reviewing policies and appraising industrial project. The objectives of the Department is to ensure the conservation of biodiversity throughout Botswana in the interest of present and future generations. and increasing the participation of Botswana at all levels of industry. increasing employment opportunities. NGOs and the private sector in the realisation of the full economic potential of wildlife resources outside protected areas.78 indigenous wildlife and habitat in the National Parks and Reserves through minimal interference. management. b) Licensing and Inspection: responsible for the enforcement of laws and regulations relating to the operations of tourism enterprises and ensuring their proper adherence to acceptable standards. utilisation and administration. and enforcing laws and regulations relating to the operations of tourism enterprises and ensuring their proper adherence to acceptable standards. Seeletso (Secretary) +267 371-405 +267 312-354 The Department of Tourism is responsible for the development and promotion of tourism in an environmentally sustainable manner. and to raise public awareness and appreciation of Botswana's unique wildlife resources. investment and business opportunities information. • • The department of Tourism has the following divisions: For additional analytical. The Department of Tourism more specific objectives include: • • • • facilitating the generation of income. Fax: (202) 546-3275.. E-mail: rusric@erols. enhancing public awareness. a) Departmental Management: responsible for providing effective and competent leadership and guidance in resource planning. Government revenue. and the private sector in the development and promotion of tourism. employment creation for citizens through investment promotion in tourism and growth of tourism sector. c) Marketing: responsible for developing and implementing an appropriate tourism marketing strategy and managing Botswana's publicity campaign locally. in Botswana and for the formulation and Implementation of tourism policies and programmes. through the development and promotion of tourism.com . and to enforce the laws relating to wildlife resources. T. In this regard its overall objective is to develop and promote Botswana's natural resources and to facilitate their commercial exploitation to the optimal advantage of national socio-economic development. G. NGOs. To promote continuos research in all areas related to management of wildlife resources. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. and appreciation of the importance of and the socioeconomic benefits derivable from it. regionally and internationally to increase awareness of Botswana's marketing and tourist products and services. promoting the involving and participation of local authorities. marketing. For comprehensive overview of Botswana's tourist offering. G. please visit the Tourism section of this site. Contact person: Mr. etc. local communities. promoting environmental protection and conservation as well as the sustainable utilisation of tourism resources with a view to ensuring that local communities derive a dependable livelihood from resources within their environment. G. It also involves communities. USA (202) 546-2103. foreign exchange earnings. Trade Promotion. and i) Policies and Programmer Coordination: responsible for coordinating tourism policy formulation. investment and business opportunities information. To ensure maximum diversity and expansion of commercial and industrial enterprises on both product and geographical location scenarios. and Botswana's Commercial Representation abroad. It aims at facilitating smooth establishment and operation of businesses in Botswana by advising the government and non-government organisations to simplify relevant official procedures to stimulate local and foreign investment. g) Natural Resources Conservation: responsible for promoting the conservation and sustainable utilisation of Botswana's tourism resources. G. The department offers the following services: Investment Promotion. Fax: (202) 546-3275. and the appropriate measures for addressing them. Tsheko (Director) +267 351-790 +267 305-375 MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE The responsibilities of the Ministry of Agriculture cover sectors of livestock. Department of Cooperative For additional analytical. marketing. Department of Animal Health and Production.com . h) Education and Training: responsible for determining in consultation with public and private sector stakeholders. product development and diversification and facilitating strategic tourism planning and management.79 d) Research and Statistics: responsible for establishing a reliable statistical database. conservation and cooperative development. Department of integrated Agricultural Research. e) Casino Control: responsible for licensing casino operations and ensuring their proper adherence to acceptable operational standard f) Financial Assistance Policy (FAP): responsible for promoting investment in the tourism sector and use the FAP assistance programme to encourage both local and foreign investors to create jobs for Batswana by establishing new tourism projects or expanding existing ones. skills training and capacity building needs of the tourism sector. USA (202) 546-2103. the tourism and hospitality education. arable agriculture.. This ensures a growing number of Batswana being involved in ownership and control of the commercial and industrial activities by encouraging them to take economic risks and assisting in effective implementation of the localisation policy. and increasing business for Botswana entrepreneurs and ensure regular supply of goods and services by undertaking constant promotional activities such as "Buy Botswana" and other campaigns. D. E-mail: rusric@erols. Kombani (Director) +267 353-024 +267 308-675 Department of Trade and Investment Promotion is charged with the responsibility of coordinating trade and investment promotion activities of the Ministry. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. Contact person: Mr. Contact person: Mr. tourism market research. review and implementation as well as the effective management and implementation of approved tourism development programmes and projects. especially the environment and its biodeversity. These portfolio responsibilities have led to the creation of the Department of Crop Production and Forestry. Agricultural Resources Board Secretariat. For additional analytical. National Veterinary Laboratory. Overall Administrative Coordination. Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Control. Raborokgwe (Director) P/Bag 003 Gaborone +267 350-635 Cooperative Societies in Botswana consist of Producer Cooperatives. Maintenance and Upkeep Services. and Animal Production. Key projects in this department include: livestock marketing facilities livestock water development animal disease emergency control services to livestock owners improvements to disease control The overall objective of this department is to control nationally and economically important animal diseases. a full range of administrative resources and support services to all other departments of the ministry. Tumelo (Permanent Secretary) P/Bag 003 Gaborone +267 350-603 +267 356-027 The overall objective of the Department is to provide and coordinate ministerial level. as well as improving sustainable livestock production and management practices. Savings and Credit Cooperatives and Secondary Cooperatives.com . Department of Ministry Management. Meat Hygiene and Quality Control. Fax: (202) 546-3275. Material and Supplies Service. USA (202) 546-2103. Contact person: Mr. Veterinary Field Services. D. Marketing Cooperatives. G. Contact person: Mr. M. as well as prevent and control disease outbreak through strict adherence of high standard of animal health. Personnel Administrative Services. marketing. Key project of this department is Cooperative Development. investment and business opportunities information. Public Relations and External Liaison. Contact person: Dr. the Department of Ministry Management is responsible for the following major functions. and the support divisions of Agricultural Planning and Statistics and Agricultural Information and Public Relations Division. S. and thus attain ministry's national objectives. providing Financial Support Services. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. In order to achieve the above objectives. Developing Administrative Capabilities within the Ministry and Management of the Department. E-mail: rusric@erols. Multipurpose Cooperatives. The department continues to encourage the establishment and strengthening of all categories. S. Consumer Cooperatives.80 Development. Administrative Support Services.. S. such as Foot and Mouth disease and Anthrax. V. Moruti (Under Secretary) P/Bag 003 Gaborone +267 350-574 +267 356-027 The Department of Animal Health and Production is one of the biggest in the Ministry of Agriculture comprising five Divisions. to enable them to effectively carry out their functions. 81 The overall objective is to provide a range of services to farmers in rural areas. publications. The Division also trains its extension staff in making and using audio-visual media and service all the audio visuals of the Ministry. especially in livestock marketing. policy analysis and project planning services to the whole Ministry. photography. soil and water management. K. exhibitions. audio-visual. marketing. The Division coordinates and initiates sectoral policy studies / consulatancies to improve the performance of the agricultural sector through. namely. diversification. agricfacts. It also represents the Ministry in several multilateral and regional economic and trade organisations. inter alia. radio programmes. campaigns. Key projects in this department include: agricultural research research programme support Research thrusts are in the areas of crop and livestock improvement. graphics and Printing. and acts as the key link between departments and other Ministries. crop pests and disease management and pasture and forage crop improvement. Contact person: Mr. L.com . Mmopi (Commissioner) P/Bag 003 Gaborone +267 350-730 The mandate of the Department of Agricultural Research is to generate improved crop and livestock production technologies through research to promote a productive and sustainable agricultural sector. optimising utilization of locally available animal feed resources. sustainable resource utilization and economic viability. Fax: (202) 546-3275. M. In designing programs to carry out its mandate the Department has taken cognisance of the agricultural policy objectives of food security. sustainable utilization of range resources. broadcasting and Carpentry and painting workshop. notice boards. slides.. For additional analytical. supply of inputs and consumer goods by improving the working conditions of staff through the availability of offices and houses. USA (202) 546-2103. K. Mazhani (Acting Director) P/Bag 033 Gaborone +267 328-780 E-mail: dar@info. E-mail: rusric@erols. Sigwele (Director) P/Bag 003 Gaborone +267 350-606 The Division supports the Ministry staff by designing and producing extension media such as leaflets. booklets. H. It achieves all its above mentioned tasks through its seven sections. targeting of resource allocation. investment and business opportunities information. farm management. photographs. K. Contact person: Dr. please contact Global Investment & Business Center.bw The Division of Agricultural planning and statistics provides statistical monitoring and evaluation. Key projects in this division include: MOA Computerisation MOA Consultancies Contact person: Mr. public address systems and conducting of intensive educational campaigns throughout the country on a variety of agricultural opics. The Permanent Secretary assisted by the Deputy Permanent Secretary provides administrative leadership under the political direction of the Minister. USA (202) 546-2103. Soil Conservation and Forestry Development. energy and water resources. and Division of Forestry Beekeeping and Range Ecology. Tibi (Director) P/Bag 003 Gaborone +267 350-598 +267 307-057 MINISTRY OF MINERALS. E-mail: rusric@erols. Lands use Monitoring and Planning. Energy Affairs Division and the North South Carrier Water Project Unit. directs and coordinates the overall national politics on minerals. energy and water resources. Small Projects Programme. It formulates short and long term strategies for implementing the approved national policies and programmes on minerals. Minerals Affairs Division. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. This Ministry formulates. The overall objectives is to promote productivity of the sub-sector in Botswana through provision of subsidies. Mpotokwane P/Bag 0018 Gaborone +267 365-6600 +267 372-738 For additional analytical. W. Fax: (202) 546-3275. Emergency Plant Protection. The Ministry Headquarters provides leadership and policy directions to the departments and parastatals. Contact person: Mrs.com . ENERGY AND WATER The Ministry of Minerals. K. V. investment and business opportunities information. For this purpose the Permanent Secretary utilises specialised divisions within the Ministry Headquarters. Division of Crop Production. private and international agencies working in the filed of minerals. It provides effective national leadership and liaises with other related sectors within government and other parastatal. inputs and introduction of appropriate technologies. For prospecting licenses and mining leases contact the Geological Survey and Mines Department respectively. S.. Mines and Water Affairs) and parastatals (Botswana Power Corporation and Water Utilities Corporation). commercial and industrial development. Molefe (Chief Agriculture Information Officer) P/Bag 003 Gaborone +267 350-587 Under the Department of Crop Production and Forestry there are the following divisions: Division of Land Use and Planning. Specific programmes and projects to fulfill these responsibilities are carried out by Ministries' departments (Geological Survey. namely the Planning Unit. Key projects of this Department include: Arable Land Development Programme (ALDEP). energy and water resources. It provides clean water as a direct means of improving people's lives and an essential input for agricultural. Horticultural Development. Contact person: Mr.82 - Contact person: Mr. Energy and Water has the portfolio responsibility to coordinate development and operational activities in the energy water and minerals sector. marketing. Irrigation Development. With respect to mineral policies the department will assist in developing sound national policy on mineral development and operation. The department of mines will formulate and provide technical guidelines.com . commercial. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. P. plans.bw The Department's mandate is to collect. financial and other benefits to Botswana arising from the exploitation of mineral resources. assess.. conservation and protection of water resources. performance standards for mining. Machacha (Director) P/bag 14 Lobatse +267 332-495 E-mail: geosurv@global. marketing. mineral processing and metallurgical operations and advice government accordingly. advise on and disseminate all geoscientific data related to the rocks. archive. Contact person: Dr Tombale +267 351-601 +267 300-581 E-mail: dwa@global. Contact person: T. it also evaluates industrial mineral prospects that could support local industry and reduce Botswana's reliance on imported raw materials. The department will provide professional guidance on matters pertaining to mine safety and control of pollution arising from mining activities. The department assesses. Fax: (202) 546-3275. It provides a service to mineral exploration companies actively involved or interested in prospecting in Botswana. industrial and other uses in the whole country. and liaises with the riparian users of nation and international rivers on the saving. develops and manages water resources for short. develop and maintain water resources for domestic. agricultural. plan. investment and business opportunities information. E-mail: rusric@erols. Contact person: Ribson C. It also administers the water law and other related legislations. USA (202) 546-2103. In order to provide effective leadership for water resources planning. It carries out geo-scientific surveys and research on a long-term basis in order to provide a better understanding of the geological framework of Botswana.bw For additional analytical. It also undertakes research on the major groundwater systems of Botswana to ensure proper utilisation and protection of such systems. and to enhance socio-economic. medium and long term purposes. Gabonowe (Director of Mines) P/Bag 0049 Gaborone +267 365-7000 The overall objective of the Department of Water Affairs is to assess. the department will assist and advises in the formulation of water resources development and management policies.83 The overall objectives of the Department of mines are to establish and maintain an effective organization to administer mineral exploitation legislation. development and management. minerals and water resources of Botswana. 2. creed or sex. (c) for the purpose of suppressing a riot. the provisions of this Chapter shall have effect for the purpose of affording protection to those rights and freedoms subject to such limitations of that protection as are contained in those provisions. For additional analytical. and (c) protection for the privacy of his home and other property and from deprivation of property without compensation. liberty. Fax: (202) 546-3275.com . of expression and of assembly and association. E-mail: rusric@erols. political opinions.84 - STUDYING COUNTRY THROUGH THE CONSTITUTION CHAPTER I THE REPUBLIC 1. or (d) in order to prevent the commission by that person of a criminal offence. CHAPTER IIPROTECTION OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS OF THE INDIVIDUAL 3. marketing. that is to say— (a) in execution of the sentence or order of a court. being limitations designed to ensure that the enjoyment of the said rights and freedoms by any individual does not prejudice the rights and freedoms of others or the public interest. 4. place of origin.. whether established for Botswana or some other country. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. of such force as is reasonably justifiable— (a) for the defence of any person from violence or for the defence of property. investment and business opportunities information. Public Seal The Public Seal of the Republic shall be such device as may be prescribed by or under an Act of Parliament. that is to say. (b) in execution of the order of a court of record punishing him for contempt of that or another court. security of the person and the protection of the law. (b) freedom of conscience. or if he dies as the result of a lawful act of war. whatever his race. Declaration of Republic Botswana is a sovereign Republic. in respect of a criminal offence of which he has been convicted. the right. namely— (a) life. but subject to respect for the rights and freedoms of others and for the public interest to each and all of the following. Fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual Whereas every person in Botswana is entitled to the fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual. 5. USA (202) 546-2103. insurrection or mutiny. (2) A person shall not be regarded as having been deprived of his life in contravention of subsection (1) of this section if he dies as the result of the use. colour. Protection of right to life (1) No person shall be deprived of his life intentionally save in execution of the sentence of a court in respect of an offence under the law in force in Botswana of which he has been convicted. to such extent and in such circumstances as are permitted by law. (b) in order to effect a lawful arrest or to prevent the escape of a person lawfully detained. Protection of right to personal liberty (1) No person shall be deprived of his personal liberty save as may be authorized by law in any of the following cases. (d) for the purpose of bringing him before a court in execution of the order of a court. (e) upon reasonable suspicion of his having committed. Protection from slavery and forced labour (1) No person shall be held in slavery or servitude. or for the purpose of effecting the expulsion. extradition or other lawful removal of that person from Botswana. (2) No person shall be required to perform forced labour. (f) under the order of a court or with the consent of his parent or guardian. 6. his presence would otherwise be unlawful. then. a criminal offence under the law in force in Botswana. investment and business opportunities information. a criminal offence under the law in force in Botswana. (b) labour required of any person while he is lawfully detained that. including in particular such conditions as are reasonably necessary to ensure that he appears at a later date for trial or for proceedings preliminary to trial. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. in a language that he understands. or to such extent as may be reasonably justifiable for the taking of proceedings against that person relating to the making of any such order. the expression "forced labour" does not include— (a) any labour required in consequence of the sentence or order of a court. for the purpose of his care or treatment or the protection of the community. (4) Any person who is unlawfully arrested or detained by any other person shall be entitled to compensation therefor from that other person. or being about to commit. (i) for the purpose of preventing the unlawful entry of that person into Botswana. E-mail: rusric@erols. addicted to drugs or alcohol.85 (c) in execution of the order of a court made to secure the fulfilment of any obligation imposed on him by law. or (b) upon reasonable suspicion of his having committed. or (k) for the purpose of ensuring the safety of aircraft in flight. without prejudice to any further proceedings that may be brought against him. (3) Any person who is arrested or detained— (a) for the purpose of bringing him before a court in execution of the order of a court. USA (202) 546-2103. (j) to such extent as may be necessary in the execution of a lawful order requiring that person to remain within a specified area within Botswana or prohibiting him from being within such an area. in the case of a person who has conscientious objections to service as a member of a For additional analytical. and if any person arrested or detained as mentioned in paragraph (b) of this subsection is not tried within a reasonable time. (h) in the case of a person who is. of the reasons for his arrest or detention.com . (3) For the purposes of this section. in consequence of any such order. or to such extent as may be reasonably justifiable for restraining that person during any visit that he is permitted to make to any part of Botswana in which. or being about to commit. or for the purpose of restricting that person while he is being conveyed through Botswana in the course of his extradition or removal as a convicted prisoner from one country to another. for his education or welfare during any period ending not later than the date when he attains the age of 18 years.. is reasonably necessary in the interests of hygiene or for the maintenance of the place at which he is detained. shall be brought as soon as is reasonably practicable before a court. or a vagrant. and who is not released. though not required in consequence of the sentence or order of a court. (g) for the purpose of preventing the spread of an infectious or contagious disease. he shall be released either unconditionally or upon reasonable conditions. or is reasonably suspected to be. (c) any labour required of a member of a disciplined force in pursuance of his duties as such or. Fax: (202) 546-3275. of unsound mind. marketing. (2) Any person who is arrested or detained shall be informed as soon as reasonably practicable. public morality. 8. charge or tax made or levied in respect of its remission) to any country of his choice outside Botswana. or (iii) in order to secure the development or utilization of the mineral resources of Botswana. the whole of that amount (free from any deduction. and for the purpose of obtaining prompt payment of that compensation. investment and business opportunities information. the legality of the taking of possession or acquisition of the property. E-mail: rusric@erols. and the amount of any compensation to which he is entitled. that is to say— (a) the taking of possession or acquisition is necessary or expedient— (i) in the interests of defence. property for a purpose beneficial to the community. (d) any labour required during any period of public emergency or in the event of any other emergency or calamity that threatens the life and well-being of the community. interest or right. for the determination of his interest or right. within a reasonable time after he has received any amount of that compensation.com . or (e) any labour reasonably required as part of reasonable and normal communal or other civic obligations. (4) Nothing contained in or done under the authority of any law shall be held to be inconsistent with or in contravention of subsection (2) of this section to the extent that the law in question authorizes— (a) the attachment. public order. (2) Nothing contained in or done under the authority of any law shall be held to be inconsistent with or in contravention of this section to the extent that the law in question authorizes the infliction of any description of punishment that was lawful in the country immediately before the coming into operation of this Constitution. or other. public safety. to the extent that the requiring of such labour is reasonably justifiable in the circumstances of any situation arising or existing during that period or as a result of that other emergency or calamity. marketing. public health. by order of a court. or (b) the imposition of reasonable restrictions on the manner in which any amount of compensation is to be remitted. (ii) in order to secure the development or utilization of that. either direct or on appeal from any other authority.86 naval. (3) Subsection (1)(b)(i) of this section shall be deemed to be satisfied in relation to any 30 of 1969 Law applicable to the taking of possession of minerals or the acquisition of rights to minerals if that law makes provision for the payment at reasonable intervals of adequate royalties.. For additional analytical. and no interest in or right over property of any description shall be compulsorily acquired. Protection from inhuman treatment (1) No person shall be subjected to torture or to inhuman or degrading punishment or other treatment. any labour that that person is required by law to perform in place of such service. except where the following conditions are satisfied. (2) No person who is entitled to compensation under this section shall be prevented from remitting. Fax: (202) 546-3275. of any amount of compensation to which a person is entitled in satisfaction of the judgment of a court or pending the determination of civil proceedings to which he is a party. town and country planning or land settlement. USA (202) 546-2103. 7. and (b) provision is made by a law applicable to that taking of possession or acquisition— (i) for the prompt payment of adequate compensation. and (ii) securing to any person having an interest in or right over the property a right of access to the High Court. Protection from deprivation of property (1) No property of any description shall be compulsorily taken possession of. for the purpose of dealing with that situation. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. military or air force. public order. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. Fax: (202) 546-3275. rate or due. for the purpose of its administration for the benefit of the persons entitled to the beneficial interest therein. for the purpose of any census or in order to secure the development or utilization of any property for a purpose beneficial to the community. Protection for privacy of home and other property (1) Except with his own consent. for the benefit of other persons entitled to the beneficial interest in the property. a person who has not attained the age of 21 years. marketing. the thing done under the authority thereof is shown not to be reasonably justifiable in a democratic society. or the compulsory acquisition in the public interest in or right over property. for the purposes of the carrying out thereon of work of soil conservation or the conservation of other natural resources or work relating to agricultural development or improvement (being work relating to such development or improvement that the owner or occupier of the land has been required. or (b) to the extent that the law in question makes provision for the taking of possession or acquisition of— (i) enemy property. (ii) by way of penalty for breach of the law whether under civil process or after conviction of a criminal offence under the law in force in Botswana. no person shall be subjected to the search of his person or his property or the entry by others on his premises. pledge or contract. and has without reasonable excuse refused or failed.com . to carry out). a person of unsound mind. for the purpose of its administration for the benefit of the creditors of the insolvent or body corporate and. (ii) property of a deceased person. or by order of a court. a prodigal. the development and utilization of mineral resources. 9. subject thereto. (iii) property of a person declared to be insolvent or a body corporate in liquidation. (6) Nothing contained in or done under the authority of any law shall be held to be inconsistent with or in contravention of subsection (1) of this section to the extent that the law in question makes provision for the compulsory taking of possession in the public interest of any property. or (vii) for so long only as may be necessary for the purposes of any examination. (v) in circumstances where it is reasonably necessary to do so because the property is in a dangerous state or injurious to the health of human beings. tenancy. interest or right is held by a body corporate established by law for public purposes in which no moneys have been invested other than moneys provided by Parliament. E-mail: rusric@erols. (vi) in consequence of any law with respect to the limitation of actions. (iii) as an incident of a lease. where that property. bill of sale. mortgage. public safety. town and country planning. or a person who is absent from Botswana. For additional analytical. and except so far as that provision or. public morality. for the purpose of vesting the property in persons appointed as trustees under the instrument creating the trust or by a court.87 (5) Nothing contained in or done under the authority of any law shall be held to be inconsistent with or in contravention of subsection (1) of this section— (a) to the extent that the law in question makes provision for the taking of possession or acquisition of any property— (i) in satisfaction of any tax. charge. USA (202) 546-2103. for the purpose of giving effect to the trust. in the case of land. public health. (iv) in the execution of judgments or orders of a court in proceedings for the determination of civil rights or obligations. investment and business opportunities information. (2) Nothing contained in or done under the authority of any law shall be held to be inconsistent with or in contravention of this section to the extent that the law in question makes provision— (a) that is reasonably required in the interests of defence. as the case may be. animals or plants. investigation. trial or inquiry or.. or (iv) property subject to a trust. save upon the order of a superior court in the course of appeal or review proceedings relating to the conviction or acquittal. 10. investment and business opportunities information. and except with his own consent the trial shall not take place in his absence unless he so conducts himself as to render the continuance of the proceedings in his presence impracticable and the court has ordered him to be removed and the trial to proceed in his absence. Fax: (202) 546-3275. in a language that he understands and in detail. (d) shall be permitted to defend himself before the court in person or. if he so requires and subject to payment of such reasonable fee as may be prescribed by law. as the case may be. and to obtain the attendance and carry out the examination of witnesses to testify on his behalf before the court on the same conditions as those applying to witnesses called by the prosecution. (e) shall be afforded facilities to examine in person or by his legal representative the witnesses called by the prosecution before the court. (3) When a person is tried for any criminal offence. marketing. the case shall be afforded a fair hearing within a reasonable time by an independent and impartial court established or recognized by law. at his own expense. then. rate or duty or in order to carry out work connected with any property that is lawfully on those premises and that belongs to that Government. anything done under the authority thereof is shown not to be reasonably justifiable in a democratic society. a local government authority or a body corporate established by law for a public purpose to enter on the premises of any person in order to inspect those premises or anything thereon for the purpose of any tax. (5) No person who shows that he has been tried by a competent court for a criminal offence and either convicted or acquitted shall again be tried for that offence or for any other criminal offence of which he could have been convicted at the trial for that offence. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. (c) shall be given adequate time and facilities for the preparation of his defence. constitute such an offence. For additional analytical. at the time it took place. authority or body corporate. (2) Every person who is charged with a criminal offence— (a) shall be presumed to be innocent until he is proved or has pleaded guilty. the accused person or any person authorized by him in that behalf shall. unless the charge is withdrawn. be given within a reasonable time after judgment a copy for the use of the accused person of any record of the proceedings made by or on behalf of the court. (7) No person who is tried for a criminal offence shall be compelled to give evidence at the trial.. and no penalty shall be imposed for any criminal offence that is severer in degree or description than the maximum penalty that might have been imposed for that offence at the time when it was committed. and (f) shall be permitted to have without payment the assistance of an interpreter if he cannot understand the language used at the trial of the charge. (c) that authorizes an officer or agent of the Government of Botswana.88 (b) that is reasonably required for the purpose of protecting the rights or freedoms of other persons. of the nature of the offence charged. USA (202) 546-2103. E-mail: rusric@erols. Provisions to secure protection of law (1) If any person is charged with a criminal offence. for the purpose of enforcing the judgment or order of a court in any civil proceedings. (6) No person shall be tried for a criminal offence if he shows that he has been pardoned for that offence.com . by a legal representative of his own choice. or (d) that authorizes. the search of any person or property by order of a court or entry upon any premises by such order. and except so far as that provision or. (b) shall be informed as soon as reasonably practicable. (4) No person shall be held to be guilty of a criminal offence on account of any act or omission that did not. as the case may be. USA (202) 546-2103. Fax: (202) 546-3275. so. public morality. (e) subsection (8) of this section to the extent that the law in question authorizes a court to convict a person of a criminal offence under any customary law to which. and freedom. freedom to change his religion or belief. practice and observance. such person is subject. the case shall be given a fair hearing within a reasonable time.89 (8) No person shall be convicted of a criminal offence unless that offence is defined and the penalty therefor is prescribed in a written law: Provided that nothing in this subsection shall prevent a court of record from punishing any person for contempt of itself notwithstanding that the act or omission constituting the contempt is not defined in a written law and the penalty therefor is not so prescribed. For additional analytical. 11.com . (10) Except with the agreement of all the parties thereto. teaching. investment and business opportunities information. Protection of freedom of conscience (1) Except with his own consent. public safety. (14) In this section "criminal offence" means a criminal offence under the law in force in Botswana. (11) Nothing in subsection (10) shall prevent the court or other adjudicating authority from excluding from the proceedings persons other than the parties thereto and their legal representatives to such extent as the court or other authority— (a) may consider necessary or expedient in circumstances where publicity would prejudice the interests of justice or in interlocutory proceedings. is subject to that law). no person shall be hindered in the enjoyment of his freedom of conscience. (b) subsection (2)(d) or (2)(e) of this section to the extent that the law in question prohibits legal representation before a subordinate court in proceedings for an offence under customary law (being proceedings against any person who. by virtue of that law. and both in public and in private. E-mail: rusric@erols. the provisions of subsection (1).. (c) subsection (2)(c) of this section to the extent that the law in question imposes reasonable conditions that must be satisfied if witnesses called to testify on behalf of an accused person are to be paid their expenses out of public funds. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. all proceedings of every court and proceedings for the determination of the existence or extent of any civil right or obligation before any other adjudicating authority. public order. and for the purposes of this section the said freedom includes freedom of thought and of religion. the welfare of persons under the age of 18 years or the protection of the private lives of persons concerned in the proceedings. marketing. however. either alone or in community with others. and where proceedings for such a determination are instituted by any person before such a court or other adjudicating authority. (d) subsection (5) of this section to the extent that the law in question authorizes a court to try a member of a disciplined force for a criminal offence notwithstanding any trial and conviction or acquittal of that member under the disciplinary law of that force. (9) Any court or other adjudicating authority prescribed by law for the determination of the existence or extent of any civil right or obligation shall be established or recognized by law and shall be independent and impartial. subsection (2)(d) and (e) and subsection (3) of this section shall not apply in relation to his trial for a criminal offence under the law regulating the discipline of persons held in such detention. shall be held in public. to manifest and propagate his religion or belief in worship. under that law. or (b) may be empowered by law to do so in the interests of defence. (13) In the case of any person who is held in lawful detention. (12) Nothing contained in or done under the authority of any law shall be held to be inconsistent with or in contravention of— (a) subsection (2)(a) of this section to the extent that the law in question imposes upon any person charged with a criminal offence the burden of proving particular facts. including the announcement of the decision of the court or other authority. that any court so trying such a member and convicting him shall in sentencing him to any punishment take into account any punishment awarded him under that disciplinary law. the thing done under the authority thereof is shown not to be reasonably justifiable in a democratic society. public order. Protection of freedom of expression (1) Except with his own consent. or teachers. as the case may be. employees of local government bodies. wireless. as the case may be. to establish and maintain places of education and to manage any place of education which it wholly maintains. public safety. public morality or public health. (3) Except with his own consent (or. including the right to observe and practise any religion without the unsolicited intervention of members of any other religion. public order. freedom to communicate ideas and information without interference (whether the communication be to the public generally or to any person or class of persons) and freedom from interference with his correspondence. public safety. public morality or public health. ceremony or observance relates to a religion other than his own. or (c) that imposes restrictions upon public officers. rights and freedoms of other persons or the private lives of persons concerned in legal proceedings. his right to assemble freely and associate with other persons and in particular to form or belong to trade unions or other associations for the protection of his interests. broadcasting or television. (2) Nothing contained in or done under the authority of any law shall be held to be inconsistent with or in contravention of this section to the extent that the law in question makes provision— (a) that is reasonably required in the interests of defence. and no such community shall be prevented from providing religious instruction for persons of that community in the course of any education provided at any place of education which it wholly maintains or in the course of any education which it otherwise provides. freedom to hold opinions without interference.90 (2) Every religious community shall be entitled. Fax: (202) 546-3275. if he is a minor. maintaining the authority and independence of the courts. and except so far as that provision or. or (b) for the purpose of protecting the rights and freedoms of other persons. at its own expense. marketing. For additional analytical.. 13. E-mail: rusric@erols. the thing done under the authority thereof is shown not to be reasonably justifiable in a democratic society. public morality or public health. telegraphy. (2) Nothing contained in or done under the authority of any law shall be held to be inconsistent with or in contravention of this section to the extent that the law in question makes provision— (a) that is reasonably required in the interests of defence. and except so far as that provision or. (4) No person shall be compelled to take any oath which is contrary to his religion or belief or to take any oath in a manner which is contrary to his religion or belief. [Ch0000s12] 12. investment and business opportunities information. that is to say. USA (202) 546-2103. that is to say. Protection of freedom of assembly and association (1) Except with his own consent. regulating educational institutions in the interests of persons receiving instruction therein. posts. public order. the consent of his guardian) no person attending any place of education shall be required to receive religious instruction or to take part in or attend any religious ceremony or observance if that instruction. public safety. no person shall be hindered in the enjoyment of his freedom of expression. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. or regulating the technical administration or the technical operation of telephony.com . or (b) that is reasonably required for the purpose of protecting the reputations. (5) Nothing contained in or done under the authority of any law shall be held to be inconsistent with or in contravention of this section to the extent that the law in question makes provision which is reasonably required— (a) in the interests of defence. freedom to receive ideas and information without interference. preventing the disclosure of information received in confidence. no person shall be hindered in the enjoyment of his freedom of assembly and association. USA (202) 546-2103. (2) Any restriction on a person's freedom of movement that is involved in his lawful detention shall not be held to be inconsistent with or in contravention of this section. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. the thing done under the authority thereof is shown not to be reasonably justifiable in a democratic society. marketing. For additional analytical. or of members necessary to constitute an association of trade unions qualified for registration) and conditions whereby registration may be refused on the grounds that any other trade union already registered. (d) for the imposition of restrictions upon the movement or residence within Botswana of public officers. Fax: (202) 546-3275. (c) for the imposition of restrictions on the entry into or residence within defined areas of Botswana of persons who are not Bushmen to the extent that such restrictions are reasonably required for the protection or well-being of Bushmen. Protection of freedom of movement (1) No person shall be deprived of his freedom of movement. investment and business opportunities information. is shown not to be reasonably justifiable in a democratic society.. (3) Nothing contained in or done under the authority of any law shall be held to be inconsistent with or in contravention of this section to the extent that the law in question makes provision— (a) for the imposition of restrictions that are reasonably required in the interests of defence. or association of trade unions already registered. as the case may be. (5) On any review by a tribunal in pursuance of this section of the case of a person whose freedom of movement has been restricted. his case shall be reviewed by an independent and impartial tribunal presided over by a person. as the case may be. employees of local government bodies. public order. and except so far as that provision or. or (e) for the removal of a person from Botswana to be tried outside Botswana for a criminal offence or to undergo imprisonment in some other country in execution of the sentence of a court in respect of a criminal offence under the law in force in Botswana of which he has been convicted. public morality or public health or the imposition of restrictions on the acquisition or use by any person of land or other property in Botswana and except so far as that provision or. E-mail: rusric@erols. as the case may be. appointed by the Chief Justice. and for imposing reasonable conditions relating to the requirements for entry on such a register (including conditions as to the minimum number of persons necessary to constitute a trade union qualified for registration. public safety. is sufficiently representative of the whole or of a substantial proportion of the interests in respect of which registration of a trade union or association of trade unions is sought. the right to enter Botswana and immunity from expulsion from Botswana. unless it is otherwise provided by law. that authority shall not be obliged to act in accordance with any such recommendations. or (d) for the registration of trade unions and associations of trade unions in a register established by or under any law. and for the purposes of this section the said freedom means the right to move freely throughout Botswana. the tribunal may make recommendations. qualified to be enrolled as an advocate in Botswana.91 (b) that is reasonably required for the purpose of protecting the rights or freedoms of other persons. . as the case may be. or teachers. (c) that imposes restrictions upon public officers. concerning the necessity or expediency of continuing the restriction to the authority by which it was ordered but.com 14. the thing done under the authority thereof. the right to reside in any part of Botswana. (4) If any person whose freedom of movement has been restricted by order under such a provision as is referred to in subsection (3)(a) of this section (other than a restriction which is applicable to persons generally or to general classes of persons) so requests at any time during the period of that restriction not earlier than six months after the order was made or six months after he last made such request. (b) for the imposition of restrictions on the freedom of movement of any person who is not a citizen of Botswana. (7) Nothing contained in or done under the authority of any law shall be held to be inconsistent with or in contravention of this section to the extent that the law in question makes provision whereby persons of any such description as is mentioned in subsection (3) of this section may be subjected to any restriction on the rights and freedoms guaranteed by sections 9. divorce. etc. no person shall be treated in a discriminatory manner by any person acting by virtue of any written law or in the performance of the functions of any public office or any public authority. attributable wholly or mainly to their respective descriptions by race. colour or creed whereby persons of one such description are subjected to disabilities or restrictions to which persons of another such description are not made subject or are accorded privileges or advantages which are not accorded to persons of another such description. 16. marketing. tribe.92 - 15. being such a restriction as is authorized by section 9(2). (4) Subsection (1) of this section shall not apply to any law so far as that law makes provision— (a) for the appropriation of public revenues or other public funds. no law shall make any provision that is discriminatory either of itself or in its effect. is reasonably justifiable in a democratic society. 13 and 14 of this Constitution. E-mail: rusric@erols. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. (b) with respect to persons who are not citizens of Botswana. investment and business opportunities information. or 14(3). 12(2) 13(2). (c) with respect to adoption. Protection from discrimination on the grounds of race. place of origin. (7) and (8) of this section. 11(5). (1) Subject to the provisions of subsections (4). USA (202) 546-2103. or (b) to the extent that the law repeals and re-enacts any provision which has been contained in any written law at all times since immediately before the coming into operation of this Constitution. (6) Subsection (2) of this section shall not apply to anything which is expressly or by necessary implication authorized to be done by any such provision of law as is referred to in subsection (4) or (5) of this section. Derogation from fundamental rights and freedoms For additional analytical. burial. political opinions. devolution of property on death or other matters of personal law. having regard to its nature and to special circumstances pertaining to those persons or to persons of any other such description. conduct or discontinuance of civil or criminal proceedings in any court that is vested in any person by or under this Constitution or any other law. marriage. (5) Nothing contained in any law shall be held to be inconsistent with or in contravention of subsection (1) of this section to the extent that it makes reasonable provision with respect to qualifications for service as a public officer or as a member of a disciplined force or for the service of a local government authority or a body corporate established directly by any law. (3) In this section.. (9) Nothing contained in or done under the authority of any law shall be held to be inconsistent with the provisions of this section— (a) if that law was in force immediately before the coming into operation of this Constitution and has continued in force at all times since the coming into operation of this Constitution. or (e) whereby persons of any such description as is mentioned in subsection (3) of this section may be subjected to any disability or restriction or may be accorded any privilege or advantage which. (8) Nothing in subsection (2) of this section shall affect any discretion relating to the institution. 12. the expression "discriminatory" means affording different treatment to different persons. Fax: (202) 546-3275. (d) for the application in the case of members of a particular race. 11.com . as the case may be. (5) and (7) of this section. (2) Subject to the provisions of subsections (6). community or tribe of customary law with respect to any matter whether to the exclusion of any law in respect to that matter which is applicable in the case of other persons or not. 93 (1) Nothing contained in or done under the authority of any law shall be held to be inconsistent with or in contravention of section 5 or 15 of this Constitution to the extent that the law authorizes the taking during any period when Botswana is at war or any period when a declaration under section 17 of this Constitution is in force. a legal representative and he and any such legal representative shall be permitted to make written or oral representations or both to the tribunal appointed for the review of his case. his case shall be reviewed by an independent and impartial tribunal established by law and presided over by a person. be furnished with a statement in writing in a language that he understands specifying in detail the grounds upon which he is detained. appointed by the Chief Justice. supported by the votes of a majority of all the voting members of the Assembly. unless before the expiration of that period. the tribunal may make recommendations. Fax: (202) 546-3275. is being or is likely to be contravened in relation to him. or (b) in any other case. by resolution. that authority shall not be obliged to act in accordance with any such recommendations. unless it is otherwise provided by law. a notification shall be published in the Gazette stating that he has been detained and giving particulars of the provision of law under which his detention is authorized. For additional analytical. extend its approval of the declaration for periods of not more than six months at a time. investment and business opportunities information. (c) not more than one month after the commencement of his detention and thereafter during his detention at intervals of not more than six months. if not sooner revoked.com . at the expiration of a period of 21 days beginning with the date of publication of the declaration. E-mail: rusric@erols. (4) The National Assembly may by resolution at any time revoke a declaration approved by the Assembly under this section. by Proclamation published in the Gazette. of measures that are reasonably justifiable for the purpose of dealing with the situation that exists during that period. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. a declaration approved by a resolution of the National Assembly under subsection (2) of this section shall continue in force until the expiration of a period of six months beginning with the date of its being so approved or until such earlier date as may be specified in the resolution: Provided that the National Assembly may. marketing. and (d) he shall be afforded reasonable facilities to consult and instruct. Declarations relating to emergencies (1) The President may at any time. qualified to be enrolled as an advocate in Botswana. (2) A declaration under subsection (1) of this section. 17. to the authority by which it was ordered but. supported by the votes of a majority of all the voting members of the Assembly.. it is approved by a resolution passed by the National Assembly. shall cease to have effect— (a) in the case of a declaration made when Parliament is sitting or has been summoned to meet within seven days. if any person alleges that any of the provisions of sections 3 to 16 (inclusive) of this Constitution has been. without prejudice to any other action with respect 18. as soon as reasonably practicable and in any case not more than five days after the commencement of his detention. (2) Where a person is detained by virtue of such an authorization as is referred to in subsection (1) of this section the following provisions shall apply— (a) he shall. (3) Subject to the provisions of subsection (4) of this section. declare that a state of public emergency exists. USA (202) 546-2103. concerning the necessity or expediency of continuing his detention. (b) not more than 14 days after the commencement of his detention. at the expiration of a period of seven days beginning with the date of publication of the declaration. at his own expense. Enforcement of protective provisions (1) Subject to the provisions of subsection (5) of this section. then. (3) On any review by a tribunal in pursuance of this section of the case of a detained person. 6 and 7. (2) The High Court shall have original jurisdiction— (a) to hear and determine any application made by any person in pursuance of subsection (1) of this section. unless the context otherwise requires— "court" means any court of law having jurisdiction in Botswana other than a court established by a disciplinary law. nothing contained in or done under the authority of the disciplinary law of that force shall be held to be inconsistent with or in contravention of any of the provisions of this Chapter other than sections 4. and shall if any party to the proceedings so requests. refer the question to the High Court unless. includes any person who. "member". issue such writs and give such direction as it may consider appropriate for the purpose of enforcing or securing the enforcement of any of the provisions of sections 3 to 16 (inclusive) of this Constitution. [Repealed. (3) If in any proceedings in any subordinate court any question arises as to the contravention of any of the provisions of sections 3 to 16 (inclusive) of this Constitution. "disciplined force" means— (a) a naval.94 to the same matter which is lawfully available. (5) Rules of court making provision with respect to the practice and procedure of the High Court for the purposes of this section may be made by the person or authority for the time being having power to make rules of court with respect to the practice and procedure of that court generally. "legal representative" means a person entitled to practise in Botswana as an advocate or attorney. CHAPTER III CITIZENSHIP [Ch0000s20to29]20 to 29 inclusive. investment and business opportunities information. or (b) to determine any question arising in the case of any person which is referred to it in pursuance of subsection (3) of this section. in relation to a disciplined force. (b) a police force. and may make such orders. (3) In relation to any person who is a member of a disciplined force raised otherwise than as aforesaid and lawfully present in Botswana. nothing contained in or done under the authority of the disciplinary law of that force shall be held to be inconsistent with or in contravention of any of the provisions of this Chapter. in his opinion. Office of President For additional analytical. military or air force. Interpretation and savings (1) In this Chapter. and in sections 4 and 6 of this Constitution a court established by a disciplinary law. 19. E-mail: rusric@erols. or (c) a prison service. the raising of the question is merely frivolous or vexatious. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. marketing. (2) In relation to any person who is a member of a disciplined force raised under an Act of Parliament. (4) Parliament may confer upon the High Court such powers in addition to those conferred by this section as may appear to be necessary or desirable for the purpose of enabling that court more effectively to exercise the jurisdiction conferred upon it by this section.] CHAPTER IV THE EXECUTIVE PART I The President and the Vice-President (ss 30-41) 30.com . the person presiding in that court may.. "disciplinary law" means a law regulating the discipline of any disciplined force. that person may apply to the High Court for redress. USA (202) 546-2103. Fax: (202) 546-3275. is subject to that discipline. under the law regulating the discipline of that force. 31.95 There shall be a President of the Republic of Botswana who shall be the Head of State. (5) Where. (2) The first President shall be deemed to have assumed office at the coming into operation of this Constitution.com . (d) the returning officer shall declare to be elected as President any candidate for whom support has been declared in accordance with paragraph (a) above by not less than such number of persons elected as Members of the National Assembly in the Parliamentary election as corresponds to more than half the total number of seats for Elected Members in the Assembly. and for the purposes of that poll any Parliamentary candidate who declared support in accordance with paragraph (a) for a particular Presidential candidate shall use the same voting colour and symbol. (6) Where— (a) any candidate in an election of a President dies during the period commencing with the taking of the poll in the Parliamentary election and ending when the result of the election has been ascertained and that candidate would. as may have been allocated under any law for the time being in force in Botswana to that Presidential candidate for the purposes of the Presidential election. (4) Parliament may make provision whereby the time for nominating Presidential candidates may be extended in the event of there being no qualified candidate nominated at the expiration of the time for the delivery of such nominations. in such manner as may be prescribed by or under an Act of Parliament. more than one qualified candidate is validly nominated and any of those candidates dies before the commencement of the poll in the Parliamentary election. Election of President after dissolution of Parliament (1) Whenever Parliament is dissolved an election shall be held to the office of President in such manner as is prescribed by this section and. (2) Nominations in the election of a President shall be delivered to the returning officer on such day and at such time as may be prescribed by or under any law for the time being in force in Botswana. marketing. declare in such manner as may be prescribed by or under an Act of Parliament which of the candidates in the election of President he supports. by or under an Act of Parliament. (b) such a declaration shall not be made in relation to any Presidential candidate unless that candidate has signified. Fax: (202) 546-3275. the poll in the Parliamentary election shall be countermanded. E-mail: rusric@erols. (3) The following provisions shall then apply— (a) a person nominated as a Parliamentary candidate may. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. or For additional analytical. have been entitled to have been declared elected as President under subsection (3) of this section. in such manner as may be prescribed by or under an Act of Parliament. investment and business opportunities information. and if there is no such person the returning officer shall declare that no candidate has been elected. his consent to the making of a declaration in his favour by that Parliamentary candidate.. (c) where the Parliamentary election is contested in any constituency a poll shall be taken in that constituency at which the votes shall be given by ballot. 1966 holds the office of Prime Minister under the Constitution. fresh nominations of Parliamentary candidates shall take place in every constituency and a fresh election of a President shall be held in accordance with the foregoing provisions of this section. but the nomination of a Parliamentary candidate shall be valid notwithstanding that the nomination paper does not contain such a declaration. but for his death. USA (202) 546-2103. the nomination of a candidate in an election of a President shall not be valid unless it is supported. by not less than 1000 persons registered as voters for the purpose of elections to the Assembly. 32. subject thereto. at the expiration of the time for the delivery of nominations in the election of a President. if any. First President (1) The first President shall be the person who immediately before 30th September. at the time of his nomination and subject to the provisions of paragraph (b). marketing. (b) any person who. (10) If the office of President becomes vacant in accordance with subsection (8) of this section the seats of the Specially Elected Members of the Assembly shall also become vacant. and the election of a person to the office of President shall take place before the election of the Specially Elected Members. shall be regarded as a citizen by descent. (8) Without prejudice to the provisions of section 92 of this Constitution. and (c) is qualified to be elected as a Member of the National Assembly. the new National Assembly shall meet on such day (not being more than 14 days after the result of the election is ascertained or. (2) Notwithstanding any other law to the contrary. and shall elect a person to the office of President in such manner as is prescribed by section 35(5) of this Constitution and subject thereto by or under an Act of Parliament. as the case may be. at the first sitting of the Assembly after the resultant by-elections have been decided and the Members thereby elected have taken their seats.. to be registered as a citizen of Botswana. although his father was a citizen of Botswana at the time of that person's birth. he— (a) is a citizen of Botswana by birth or descent. Fax: (202) 546-3275. (b) has attained the age of 30 years. (7) A person elected to the office of President under this section shall assume that office on the day upon which he is declared elected. 01:01 Citizenship Act. 33. For additional analytical.com . the declaration that no candidate has been elected) as the Speaker shall appoint. that the President does not enjoy the support of the majority of the Elected Members of the Assembly. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. for the purposes of this section and section 39— (a) the term "citizen by birth" shall be understood to include only those persons who became citizens of Botswana prior to the amendment of the law relating to citizenship by the Cap. Qualification for election as President (1) A person shall be qualified for election as President if. by virtue of his having been born outside Botswana. the office of President shall become vacant. E-mail: rusric@erols. under the law relating to citizenship in force at that time. and shall not be qualified unless. "Presidential candidate" means a candidate for the office of President. "the Parliamentary election" means the general election to elect those Members of the National Assembly who are referred to in section 58(2)(a) of this Constitution following any dissolution of Parliament.96 (b) the returning officer declares in accordance with the provisions of subsection (3)(d) of this section that no candidate has been elected. investment and business opportunities information. (9) Any Elected Member of the Assembly may give notice to the President that he intends to move in the Assembly a motion under subsection (8) and notwithstanding any other provision of this Constitution the President shall not after receipt of any such notice be empowered to dissolve Parliament before the conclusion of the sitting of the Assembly mentioned in the said subsection (8). Such an election shall take place before the election of the Specially Elected Members of the National Assembly. and in the voting on that question the Specially Elected Members of the Assembly shall have no vote. If it appears as a result of the voting on that question that the President does not enjoy the support of a majority of the elected Members of the Assembly. in the event of there being one or more successful election petitions following a general election. "the returning officer" means the returning officer specified in section 38 of this Constitution. had. move. an Elected Member of the National Assembly may. USA (202) 546-2103. (11) In this section— "Parliamentary candidate" means a candidate in the Parliamentary election. until such time as a new President assumes office in accordance with this section or section 32 of this Constitution. meet on the seventh day after the office of President becomes vacant. in respect of any period for which it is in force. USA (202) 546-2103. cause him to be disqualified for election thereto. and shall elect a person to the office in such manner as is prescribed by the next following subsection and. s. (2) If the office of President— (a) becomes vacant in circumstances in which there is no Vice-President. For the purposes of this subsection. resigns or ceases to hold office. by reason of physical or mental infirmity unable to perform the functions of his office. (e) a person elected as President under this section shall assume the office of President on the day upon which he is declared to be elected. the National Assembly shall. Vacancy in office of President 16 of 1997. the functions of the office of President shall. Fax: (202) 546-3275. subject thereto. and the Speaker may adjourn the meeting at which a second or subsequent ballot is to be taken for such number For additional analytical. or (b) is vacant whilst the Vice-President is absent from Botswana or is. subject to the provisions of this section. marketing. the Vice-President shall assume office as President with effect from the date of the death. unless Parliament is dissolved. (g) only one ballot shall be taken at any sitting of the Assembly. 3. and any person who receives the votes of more than one half of the total number of persons entitled to vote shall be declared elected as President.. (c) at the election every Member of the Assembly except the Speaker and the Attorney-General shall be entitled to vote. or on such earlier day as may be appointed by the Speaker. by not less than 10 Members of the National Assembly entitled to vote in that election. hold office for an aggregate period not exceeding 10 years beginning from the date of his first assumption of office of President after the commencement of this Act. in which case not more than two further ballots may be taken. (1) Whenever the President dies. 35. (3) The President shall cease to hold office of President at the expiry of the period prescribed under subsection (1) of this section. investment and business opportunities information. (4) If the office of President becomes vacant. (f) not more than three ballots shall be taken unless in the opinion of the Speaker the holding of further ballots is likely to result in the election of a President. by or under an Act of Parliament. shall.com . (1) The President shall. (3) Any person performing the functions of the office of President by virtue of subsection (1) or (2) of this section shall not exercise the power of the President to revoke the appointment of Vice-President or to dissolve Parliament. be performed by such Minister as the Cabinet shall appoint. (5) In an election of a President under this section— (a) the Speaker shall preside at the meeting and conduct the election. (2) The President shall cease to hold the office of President if at any time during his tenure of office any circumstances arise that would. and notwithstanding that it may be prorogued. 2. or when the person elected at the next election of President following a dissolution of Parliament assumes office. (b) a person may be a candidate if and shall not be a candidate unless he has been nominated as a candidate with his consent prior to the sitting of the National Assembly at which the election takes place. if he were not a member of the National Assembly. s. Tenure of office of President 16 of 1997.97 34. (d) the votes of the Members of the Assembly who are entitled to vote shall be given by ballot in such manner as not to disclose how any particular Member voted. be conclusive and shall not be questioned in any court. E-mail: rusric@erols. a certificate of the Chief Justice that the Vice-President is by reason of physical or mental infirmity unable to discharge the functions of his office. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. resignation or ceasing to be President. and the VicePresident or other Minister may discharge those functions until his authority is revoked by the President. by reason of physical or mental infirmity. in respect of any period for which it is in force. in the case of a Presidential election held in accordance with section 32(6) of this Constitution. a certificate of the Chief Justice that— (a) the President is incapable by reason of physical or mental infirmity of discharging the functions of his office and the infirmity is of such a nature that the President is unable to authorize another person under this section to perform the functions of his office. 36. by such member of the Assembly (not being the President or Vice-President or a Minister or Assistant Minister) as the Assembly may elect for that purpose.com . authorize— (a) the Vice-President. those functions may be exercised by the Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly or. (1) Whenever the President is absent from Botswana or considers it desirable to do so by reason of illness or any other cause he may. some other Minister. unable to perform the functions of his office. (5) For the purposes of this section. or (b) the Vice-President is by reason of physical or mental infirmity unable to discharge the functions of his office. not being more than two. etc. (3) A person performing the functions of the office of President under this section shall not exercise the power of the President to revoke the appointment of the Vice-President or to dissolve Parliament. by directions in writing. or (b) during any period when there is no Vice-President or the Vice-President is absent from Botswana or the Vice-President is. shall. the foregoing general election shall be void. be conclusive and shall not be questioned in any court: For additional analytical. illness. Discharge of functions of President during absence. (6) No business other than the election of a President shall be transacted at a meeting of the National Assembly under subsection (4) of this section or under section 32(6) of this Constitution and such a meeting or any sitting thereof shall not be regarded as a meeting or sitting of the Assembly for the purposes of any other provision of this Constitution. as he thinks fit. (7) At any time when the office of Speaker is vacant or the holder of that office is unable by reason of absence or illness to exercise the functions vested in him by this section and section 32(6) of this Constitution. or (b) during any period when there is no Vice-President or the Vice-President is absent from Botswana or is. Fax: (202) 546-3275. unable to perform the functions of his office. (4) A person performing the functions of the office of President by virtue of subsection (2) of this section shall cease to perform those functions if he is notified by the President that the President is about to resume those functions. (2) If the President is incapable by reason of physical or mental infirmity of discharging the functions of his office and the infirmity is of such a nature that the President is unable to authorize another person under this section to perform those functions— (a) the Vice-President.98 of days (in addition to the days on which and to which the meeting is adjourned). USA (202) 546-2103.. investment and business opportunities information. (h) if there is no candidate duly nominated for the first ballot in accordance with paragraph (b) or if after the number of ballots permitted under paragraph (f) have been taken no candidate has been declared elected Parliament shall stand dissolved or. to discharge such of the functions of the office of President as he may specify. shall perform the functions of the office of President. such Minister as the Cabinet shall appoint. E-mail: rusric@erols. marketing. by reason of physical or mental infirmity. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. if there is no Deputy Speaker or the Deputy Speaker is unable by reason of absence or illness to exercise those functions. take and subscribe such oaths as may be prescribed by Parliament. Returning officer at elections of President (1) The Chief Justice shall be the returning officer for the purposes of elections to the office of President. which appointment shall be endorsed by the said Elected Members. before entering upon the duties of that office. shall be referred to and determined by the returning officer whose decision shall not be questioned in any court. s. the President may appoint a person. 37. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. (ii) if he ceases to be a Member of the Assembly otherwise than by reason of a dissolution of Parliament. 38. E-mail: rusric@erols. or (b) any person has been validly elected as President under those sections. 4. (iii) upon the assumption by any person of the office of President. from among the Members of the Assembly. (1) There shall be a Vice-President who shall be appointed by the President from among the Elected Members of the National Assembly who are citizens of Botswana by birth or descent. investment and business opportunities information. Oath of President A person assuming the office of President shall.. or (ii) if the holder of the office ceases to be a Member of the National Assembly for any other reason than a dissolution of Parliament. (2) Any question which may arise as to whether— (a) any provision of this Constitution or any law relating to the election of a President under section 32 or 35 of this Constitution has been complied with.99 Provided that any such certificate as is referred to in paragraph (a) of this subsection shall cease to have effect if the President notifies any person under subsection (4) of this section that he is about to resume the functions of the office of President. (2) The Vice-President shall continue in office until a person elected at the next election of President under section 32 or 35 of this Constitution assumes office: Provided that the office of Vice-President shall become vacant— (i) if the appointment of the holder of the office is revoked by the President. (5) Where the Vice-President is performing the functions of the office of President in accordance with section 35 or 36 of this Constitution he may appoint a person. or For additional analytical. marketing.com . to perform the functions of the office of Vice-President and any person so appointed may discharge those functions accordingly: Provided that a person appointed under this subsection shall cease to perform the functions of the office of Vice-President— (i) if his appointment is revoked by the Vice-President. to perform the functions of the office of VicePresident and any person so appointed may discharge those functions accordingly: Provided that a person appointed under this subsection shall cease to perform the functions of the office of Vice-President— (i) if his appointment is revoked by the President. 39. Vice President 16 of 1997. (4) If the Vice-President is absent from Botswana or is incapable by reason of illness or any other cause of discharging the functions of his office. from among the Members of the Assembly. (ii) if he ceases to be a Member of the Assembly otherwise than by reason of a dissolution of Parliament. (3) The Vice-President shall not enter upon the duties of his office unless he has taken and subscribed the oath of allegiance and such oath for the due execution of his office as may be prescribed by Parliament. or (iv) upon the President giving him notice that the Vice-President is about to resume his functions. Fax: (202) 546-3275. USA (202) 546-2103. Protection of President in respect of legal proceedings (1) Whilst any person holds or performs the functions of the office of President no criminal proceedings shall be instituted or continued against him in respect of anything done or omitted to be done by him either in his official capacity or in his private capacity and no civil proceedings shall be instituted or continued in respect of which relief is claimed against him in respect of anything done or omitted to be done in his private capacity. by the President. Salary and allowances of President (1) The President shall receive such salary and allowances as may be prescribed by resolution of the National Assembly.. USA (202) 546-2103. which shall be a charge on the general revenues of the Republic. E-mail: rusric@erols. PART II The Cabinet (ss 42-46) 42. and (ii) if occasion arises for making an appointment to the office of a Minister or an Assistant Minister while Parliament is dissolved a person who was a Member of the Assembly before the dissolution may be appointed as a Minister or an Assistant Minister. Ministers and Assistant Ministers (1) There shall be such offices of Minister of the Government (not exceeding six or such other number as Parliament may from time to time provide) as may be established by Parliament or. by the President. (3) Appointments to the office of Minister or Assistant Minister shall be made by the President from among Members of the National Assembly: Provided that— (i) not more than four persons may be appointed as Minister or Assistant Minister from amongst persons who are not Members of the Assembly but are qualified for election as such. upon the expiration of his term of office. 43. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. marketing. investment and business opportunities information. (3) A person who has held the office of President shall receive such pension or. the term of any person in the office of President shall not be taken into account in calculating any period of time prescribed by that law which determines whether any such proceedings as are mentioned in subsection (1) of this section may be brought against that person. (2) The salary and allowances of the President shall not be altered to his disadvantage during his period of office. (6) In this section references to Members of the Assembly shall. be construed as references to those persons who immediately before the dissolution were Members of the Assembly. Fax: (202) 546-3275. which shall be a charge on the Consolidated Fund. or in the case of a Minister or Assistant Minister appointed from among persons who are not Members of the Assembly who becomes a Member of the Assembly before the expiration of four months from the date of his appointment— For additional analytical. such gratuity as may be prescribed by resolution of the National Assembly. subject to the provisions of any Act of Parliament. 41. [ 40. subject to the provisions of any Act of Parliament.100 (iii) if the Vice-President ceases to perform the functions of the office of President. (2) There shall be such offices of Assistant Minister (not exceeding three or such number as Parliament may from time to time provide) as may be established by Parliament or. Tenure of office of Ministers and Assistant Ministers The office of any Minister or Assistant Minister shall become vacant— (a) in the case of a Minister or Assistant Minister appointed from among the Members of the National Assembly. in the event of Parliament being dissolved.com . (2) Where provision is made by law limiting the time within which proceedings of any description may be brought against any person. . if before the expiration of four months from the date of his appointment— (i) circumstances arise (other than a dissolution of the Assembly) that. (d) upon the assumption by any person of the office of President. the Vice-President. he is not a Member of the Assembly. (3) Nothing in this section shall prevent Parliament from conferring functions on persons or authorities other than the President. investment and business opportunities information. Command of armed forces (1) The supreme command of the armed forces of the Republic shall vest in the President and he shall hold the office of Commander in Chief. Fax: (202) 546-3275. (b) in the case of a Minister or Assistant Minister appointed from among persons who are not Members of the Assembly. or (ii) he does not become a Member of the Assembly. Vice-President and the Ministers. at the first sitting of the Assembly after a general election. in accordance with such instructions as may be given to him by the President. and shall have such other functions as the President may from time to time direct.com . unless it is otherwise provided.101 (i) if he ceases to be a Member of the National Assembly otherwise than by reason of a dissolution of the National Assembly. Secretary to the Cabinet (1) There shall be a Secretary to the Cabinet whose office shall be a public office. 48. (2) In the exercise of any function conferred upon him by this Constitution or any other law the President shall. (3) The Cabinet may act notwithstanding any vacancy in its membership. (2) The powers conferred on the President by subsection (1) of this section shall include— For additional analytical. for conveying decisions of the Cabinet to the appropriate person or authority. 45. for arranging the business for. [Ch0000s46] 46. (b) in the absence of the President. Oaths to be taken by Ministers and Assistant Ministers The Vice-President. would cause him to vacate his seat in the Assembly. Functions of President (1) The executive power of Botswana shall vest in the President and. (2) There shall preside at meetings of the Cabinet— (a) the President. marketing. 44. (c) if the holder of the office is removed from office by the President. shall be exercised by him either directly or through officers subordinate to him. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. such Minister as the President may designate. Cabinet (1) There shall be a Cabinet which shall consist of the President. E-mail: rusric@erols. act in his own deliberate judgment and shall not be obliged to follow the advice tendered by any other person or authority. PART III Executive Functions (ss 47-56) 47. a Minister or an Assistant Minister shall not enter upon the duties of his office unless he has taken and subscribed the oath of allegiance and such oath for the due execution of his office as may be prescribed by Parliament. or (ii) if. USA (202) 546-2103. or (c) in the absence of the President and the Vice-President. if he were such a Member. subject to the provisions of this Constitution. and keeping the minutes of. (2) The Secretary to the Cabinet shall have charge of the Cabinet Office and shall be responsible. the Cabinet. (4) The powers of the Attorney-General under subsection (3) may be exercised by him in person or by officers subordinate to him acting in accordance with his general or special instructions. (2) The Attorney-General shall be the principal legal adviser to the Government of Botswana. (2) The President shall. investment and business opportunities information. under the direction of the President. by directions in writing and subject to such conditions as he may think fit. Attorney-General (1) There shall be an Attorney-General whose office shall be a public office. subject to the provisions of this Constitution. consult the Cabinet on matters of policy and the exercise of his functions. Fax: (202) 546-3275. the assignment of responsibility to the Vice-President or any Minister and the specification of the functions of an Assistant Minister. (4) Parliament may regulate the exercise of the powers conferred by or under this section. (5) An Assistant Minister shall— (a) assist the President or the Vice-President in the discharge of such of the functions of the office of President or Vice-President as the President may specify. (4) A Minister shall be responsible. or (b) assist such Minister in the discharge of the functions assigned to him under subsection (4) of this section as the President may specify. 51. the dissolution of Parliament. 50. for such business of the government of Botswana (including the administration of any department of Government) as the President may assign to him. be responsible to the National Assembly for all things done by or under the authority of the President. (3) The obligation of the President to consult his Cabinet and for the Cabinet to accept responsibility under this section shall not apply to the exercise by the President of his powers in relation to the appointment or removal of the Vice-President. under the directions of the President. E-mail: rusric@erols. Functions of Cabinet Ministers and Assistant Ministers (1) The Cabinet shall be responsible for advising the President with respect to the policy of the Government and with respect to such other matters as may be referred to it by the President and shall. and (c) to discontinue at any stage before judgment is delivered any such criminal proceedings instituted or undertaken by himself or any other person or authority. to make appointments on promotion to any office in the armed forces and to dismiss any member of the armed forces. Ministers and Assistant Ministers. the Prerogative of Mercy. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. Functions of Vice-President The Vice-President shall be the principal assistant of the President in the discharge of his executive functions and shall be responsible. 49.. (3) The Attorney-General shall have power in any case in which he considers it desirable to do so— (a) to institute and undertake criminal proceedings against any person before any court (other than a court-martial) in respect of any offence alleged to have been committed by that person. for such business of the government of Botswana (including the administration of any department of Government) as the President may assign to him. (b) to take over and continue any such criminal proceedings that have been instituted or undertaken by any other person or authority.102 (a) the power to determine the operational use of the armed forces. Vice-President or any Minister in the execution of his office. so far as practicable and subject to the provisions of this Constitution.com . delegate to any member of the armed forces any of the powers mentioned in subsection (2) of this section. (3) The President may. USA (202) 546-2103. marketing. (b) the power to appoint members of the armed forces. For additional analytical. Fax: (202) 546-3275. by instrument in writing under his hand. and.com Advisory Committee on Prerogative of Mercy (1) There shall be an Advisory Committee on the Prerogative of Mercy which shall consist . he shall exercise general direction and control over that department and. E-mail: rusric@erols. or (ii) if the President. 54. For additional analytical. of the execution of any punishment imposed on that person for any offence. any appeal from any judgment in any criminal proceedings before any court. (2) A member of the Committee appointed under subsection (1)(a) or (c) of this section shall hold his seat thereon for such period as may be specified in the instrument by which he was appointed: Provided that his seat shall become vacant— (i) in the case of a person who. if he ceases to be the Vice-President or a Minister. Prerogative of Mercy The President may— (a) grant to any person convicted of any offence a pardon. nothing in this subsection shall prevent the withdrawal of those proceedings by or at the instance of that person or authority and with the leave of the court. the Attorney-General shall not be subject to the direction or control of any other person or authority. as far as is practicable. the member of the Committee appointed under subsection (1)(a) of this section shall preside. in the absence of the President. (b) grant to any person a respite. of— (a) the Vice-President or a Minister appointed by the President by instrument in writing under his hand. appointed by the President by instrument in writing under his hand.103 (5) The powers conferred on the Attorney-General by paragraphs (b) and (c) of subsection (3) shall be vested in him to the exclusion of any other person or authority: Provided that where any other person or authority has instituted criminal proceedings. 53. (4) The Committee may act notwithstanding any vacancy in its membership and its proceedings shall not be invalidated by the presence or participation of any person not entitled to be present at or to participate in those proceedings. (b) the Attorney-General. Permanent Secretaries Where any Minister has been charged with responsibility for any department of Government. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. 52. subject to such direction and control. USA (202) 546-2103. either free or subject to lawful conditions. (c) substitute a less severe form of punishment for any punishment imposed on any person for any offence. marketing. (7) In the exercise of the functions vested in him by subsection (3) of this section.. so directs. (3) The Committee shall not be summoned except by the authority of the President who shall. or any case stated or question of law reserved for the purpose of any such proceedings. either indefinite or for a specified period. and (d) remit the whole or part of any punishment imposed on any person for any offence or of any penalty or forfeiture otherwise due to the Government on account of any offence. investment and business opportunities information. to any other court shall be deemed to be part of those proceedings: Provided that the power conferred on the Attorney-General by subsection (3)(c) of this section shall not be exercised in relation to any appeal by a person convicted in any criminal proceedings or to any case stated or question of law reserved at the instance of such a person. the department shall be under the supervision of a Permanent Secretary whose office shall be a public office. attend and preside at all meetings of the Committee. (6) For the purposes of this section. at the date of his appointment. was the VicePresident or a Minister. and (c) a person qualified to practise in Botswana as a medical practitioner. he ceases to be a Member of the Assembly otherwise than by reason of a dissolution of Parliament or if he is required by virtue of section 68(2) to (3) of this Constitution. E-mail: rusric@erols. the Committee may regulate its own procedure. (c) when the Assembly first sits after any dissolution of Parliament. if he were not Speaker. 55. Speaker (1) There shall be a Speaker of the National Assembly who shall be elected by the Members of the Assembly from among persons who are Members of the Assembly or from among persons who are not Members of the Assembly.104 (5) Subject to the provisions of this section. investment and business opportunities information. the Vice-President. (2) The President. 59.com . that person shall. [Ch0000s56] 56.. to be considered at a meeting of the Advisory Committee on the Prerogative of Mercy. having been elected from among the Members of the National Assembly. 2. CHAPTER V PARLIAMENT PART I Composition (ss 57-70) 57. and after obtaining the advice of the Committee he shall decide whether to exercise any of his powers under section 53 of this Constitution. 2. Fax: (202) 546-3275. Composition of National Assembly (1) The President shall be ex-officio a member of the National Assembly. would disqualify him for election as such. (3) The Speaker shall vacate his office— (a) if. (b) if any circumstances arise that. to cease to perform his functions as a Member of the Assembly. Parliament There shall be a Parliament of Botswana which shall consist of the President and a National Assembly. Functions of Advisory Committee on Prerogative of Mercy (1) Where any person has been sentenced to death for any offence. (2) The President may consult with the Committee before deciding whether to exercise any of his powers under the said section 53 in any case not falling within subsection (1) of this section. and shall be entitled to speak and to vote in all proceedings of the National Assembly. USA (202) 546-2103. Constitution of offices Subject to the provisions of this Constitution and of any Act of Parliament. the President shall cause a written report of the case from the trial judge. marketing. the powers of constituting and abolishing offices for Botswana shall vest in the President. s. or For additional analytical. s. be a member of the Assembly in addition to the members referred to in subsections (1) and (2) of this section. an Assistant Minister or a public officer shall not be qualified to be elected as Speaker. (2) In addition to the President the National Assembly shall consist of— 27 of 1992. by virtue of holding that office. a Minister. [Ch0000s58] 58. (3) If a person who is not a member of the National Assembly is elected to the office of Speaker of the National Assembly. together with such other information derived from the record of the case or elsewhere as he may require. (b) four Specially Elected Members who shall be elected in accordance with the provisions of the Schedule to this Constitution and subject thereto in accordance with the provisions of any Act of Parliament. 12 of 2002. (a) 57 Elected Members who shall be elected in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution and subject thereto in accordance with the provisions of any Act of Parliament. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. and (c) the Attorney-General. Disqualifications for membership of National Assembly (1) No person shall be qualified to be elected as a Member of the National Assembly who— (a) is. under any acknowledgement of allegiance. or is under a sentence of imprisonment (by whatever name called) exceeding six months imposed on him by such a court or substituted by competent authority for some other sentence imposed on him by such a court. (e) if he is removed from office by a resolution of the Assembly supported by the votes of not less than two-thirds of all the Members of the Assembly. Fax: (202) 546-3275. investment and business opportunities information. s. or has made a composition with his creditors and has not paid his debts in full.105 (d) if he is removed from office by a resolution of the Assembly supported by the votes of not less than two-thirds of all the Members thereof. Ministers or Assistant Ministers. (f) is under sentence of death imposed on him by a court in any part of the Commonwealth. to read English well enough to take an active part in the proceedings of the Assembly. (b) if any circumstances arise that. (c) is certified to be insane or otherwise adjudged or declared to be of unsound mind under any law for the time being in force in Botswana. (2) The Members of the National Assembly shall elect a person to the office of Deputy Speaker when the Assembly first sits after any dissolution and. if he were not Deputy Speaker. (c) if he is required. (3) The Deputy Speaker shall vacate his office— (a) if he ceases to be a Member of the National Assembly. the VicePresident. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. and (d) he is able to speak. (d) if he is elected as Speaker. or (f) when the Assembly first sits after any dissolution of Parliament.I. Qualifications for election to National Assembly Subject to the provisions of section 62 of this Constitution. (b) has been declared insolvent or adjudged or otherwise declared bankrupt under any law for the time being in force in Botswana and has not been discharged. S. 119/1993. E-mail: rusric@erols.. 60. Deputy Speaker (1) There shall be a Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly who shall be elected from among the persons who are Members of the Assembly other than the President. (b) he has attained the age of 18 years. 16 of 1997. by virtue of his own act. or is acting in any public office by virtue of a contract of service expressed to continue for a period exceeding six months. at the first sitting of the Assembly after the office becomes vacant. (e) subject to such exceptions as may be prescribed by Parliament.com . by virtue of section 68(2) to (3) of this Constitution. otherwise than by reason of a dissolution of Parliament. USA (202) 546-2103. to cease to perform his functions as a Member of the Assembly. 61. 5. if the office becomes vacant otherwise than by reason of the dissolution of the Assembly. and shall not be qualified to be so elected unless— (a) he is a citizen of Botswana. unless incapacitated by blindness or other physical cause. holds any public office. would disqualify him for election as such. obedience or adherence to a foreign power or state. marketing. (d) is a Member of the House of Chiefs. (4) No business shall be transacted in the National Assembly (other than an election to the office of Speaker) at any time when the office of Speaker is vacant. a person shall be qualified to be elected as a Member of the National Assembly if. For additional analytical. [Ch0000s62] 62. and. (c) he is qualified for registration as a voter for the purposes of the election of the Elected Members of the National Assembly and is so registered. or was at any time during that period. after the appointment of the Delimitation Commission and before the Commission has submitted its report under section 65. the Judicial Service Commission may. not later than 1st March. or has at any time sponsored or supported. the holder of an office in any political organization that sponsors or supports. or (c) he is. the office of Chairman or any other member of the Commission falls vacant or the holder of the office becomes unable for any reason to discharge his functions as a member of the Commission.. (2) Parliament may provide that a person shall not be qualified for election to the National Assembly for such period (not exceeding five years) as may be prescribed if he is convicted of any such offence connected with elections to the Assembly as may be prescribed. the Judicial Service Commission shall. USA (202) 546-2103. marketing. (3) The Chairman of a Delimitation Commission shall be selected from among persons who hold or have held high judicial office. subject to For additional analytical. (b) he is. Fax: (202) 546-3275. or was at any time during that period. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. (7) If. and thereafter at intervals of not less than five nor more than 10 years. investment and business opportunities information. Constituencies Botswana shall be divided into as many constituencies as there are Elected Members of the National Assembly and each of those constituencies shall return one Member to the National Assembly. (2) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (1) of this section.com . a candidate for election as a Member of the National Assembly: Provided that no person shall be disqualified from holding the office of Chairman or member of a Delimitation Commission by reason only of the fact that he has been the Speaker of the National Assembly if he was elected to that office from amongst persons who were not Members of the National Assembly. (4) No person shall be qualified to be appointed as Chairman or member of a Delimitation Commission who— (a) is a Member of the National Assembly. or was at any time during that period. at any time when— (a) Parliament has made provision altering the number of seats of Elected Members in the National Assembly. were he not Chairman or member of the Delimitation Commission. appoint a Delimitation Commission consisting of a Chairman and not more than four other members. 64. or in connection with. (b) is or has been within the preceding five years actively engaged in politics. E-mail: rusric@erols. 63. or (b) a comprehensive national population census is held in Botswana. Delimitation Commission (1) The Judicial Service Commission shall. or is acting in. and no account shall be taken of a sentence of imprisonment imposed as an alternative to or in default of the payment of a fine. the conduct of any elections to the Assembly or the compilation or revision of any electoral register for the purposes of such elections. would disqualify him for appointment as such. a Member of the National Assembly. or (c) is a public officer. any office the functions of which involve any responsibility for. as soon as practicable thereafter. (3) For the purposes of this section two or more terms of imprisonment that are required to be served consecutively shall be regarded as a single term of imprisonment for the aggregate period of those terms. (6) The office of Chairman or other member of the Delimitation Commission shall become vacant if circumstances arise that. appoint a Delimitation Commission. 1969.106 (g) holds. (5) A person shall be deemed to be actively engaged in politics or to have been so engaged during the relevant period if— (a) he is. nominated as a candidate for election to the National Assembly. “All Party Conference” means a meeting of all registered political parties convened from time to time by the Minister. Fax: (202) 546-3275. appoint another person to be a member of the Commission: Provided that a member appointed under this section because of the inability of some other member to discharge his functions shall cease to be a member of the Commission when.com . (7) In the exercise of its functions under this section the Delimitation Commission shall not be subject to the direction or control of any other person or authority. that other member is able to resume his functions as a member of the Commission. and (c) five other persons who are fit.107 the provisions of subsections (3) to (5) of this section. (1) There shall be an Independent Electoral Commission which shall consist of— (a) a Chairman who shall be a judge of the High Court appointed by the Judicial Service Commission. E-mail: rusric@erols. (2) Where the All Party Conference fail to agree on all or any number of persons referred to in subsection (1)(c) of this section up to dissolution of Parliament. (b) a legal practitioner appointed by the Judicial Service Commission. geographical features. (4) The President shall as soon as practicable after the submission of the report of the Delimitation Commission. s. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. density of population. 2. by Proclamation published in the Gazette. subject to its rules of procedure. (2) The boundaries of each constituency shall be such that the number of inhabitants thereof is as nearly equal to the population quota as is reasonably practicable: Provided that the number of inhabitants of a constituency may be greater or less than the population quota in order to take account of natural community of interest. (3) In this section "population quota" means the number obtained by dividing the number of inhabitants of Botswana (as ascertained by reference to the latest comprehensive national population census in Botswana) by the number of constituencies into which Botswana is divided under section 63 of this Constitution. USA (202) 546-2103. in the opinion of the Judicial Service Commission. Appointment of Independent Electoral Commission 18 of 1997. investment and business opportunities information. (8) A Delimitation Commission shall stand dissolved upon the date on which its report is delivered to the President. act notwithstanding any vacancy in its membership or the absence of any member and its proceedings shall not be invalidated by the presence or participation of any person not entitled to be present at or to participate in those proceedings: Provided that any decision of the Commission shall require the concurrence of a majority of all its members. declare the boundaries of the constituencies as delimited by the Commission. means of communication. appointed by the Judicial Service Commission from a list of persons recommended by the All Party Conference. Report of Commission (1) Whenever a Delimitation Commission has been appointed the Commission shall as soon as practicable submit to the President a report which shall state whether any alteration is necessary to the boundaries of the constituencies in order to give effect to subsection (2) of this section or in consequence of any alteration in the number of seats of Elected Members in the National Assembly and where any alteration is necessary shall include a list of the constituencies delimited by the Commission and a description of the boundaries of those constituencies. For additional analytical. (5) A Proclamation made under subsection (4) of this section shall come into force at the next dissolution of the National Assembly after it is made. proper and impartial. the Judicial Service Commission shall appoint such person or persons as are necessary to fill any vacancy. marketing. (3) For the purposes of this section. 65.. (6) The Commission may by regulation or otherwise regulate its own procedure and may. and the boundaries of Tribal Territories and administrative districts. 65A. (c) ensuring that elections are conducted efficiently. (6) A person shall not be qualified to be appointed as a member of the Independent Electoral Commission if— (a) he has been declared insolvent or adjudged or otherwise declared bankrupt under any law in force in any part of the Commonwealth and has not been discharged.108 (4) The first appointments of the Chairman and the Members of the Commission shall be made not later than 31st January. (3) The functions of the Secretary shall. be to exercise general supervision over the registration of voters for elections of— (a) the Elected Members of the National Assembly. s. one of whom shall be the Chairman or the said legal practitioner. USA (202) 546-2103. 1999. (2) The Secretary shall be appointed by the President. (4) A person shall not be qualified to be appointed as Secretary to the Independent Electoral Commission if— (a) he is not a citizen of Botswana. submit a report on the exercise of its functions under the preceding provisions of this section to the Minister for the time being responsible for matters relating to such elections. freely and fairly. Fax: (202) 546-3275. (7) A person appointed a member of the Commission shall not enter upon the duties of the office of Commissioner until he has taken and subscribed the oath of allegiance and such oath for the due execution of his office as may be prescribed by an Act of Parliament. lay it before the National Assembly. Appointment of Secretary to Independent Electoral Commission 18 of 1997.com . (b) he has been declared insolvent or adjudged or otherwise declared bankrupt under any law in force in any part of the Commonwealth and has not been discharged. (b) giving instructions and directions to the Secretary of the Commission appointed under section 66 in regard to the exercise of his functions under the electoral law prescribed by an Act of Parliament. or has made a composition with his creditors and has not paid his debts in full. 3. (8) The Commission shall regulate its own procedure and proceedings. and that Minister shall. (9) The Chairman shall preside over all proceedings. (1) There shall be a Secretary to the Independent Electoral Commission referred to in section 65A (in this section referred to as “the Secretary”). marketing. or has made a composition with his creditors and has not paid his debts in full. and thereafter subsequent appointments shall be made at the last dissolution of every two successive lives of Parliament. not later than seven days after the National Assembly first meets after he has received the report. and over the conduct of such elections. (5) The Chairman and the members of the Commission shall hold office for a period of two successive lives of Parliament.. and conduct of a referendum. and (b) the members of any local authority. (13) The Commission shall on the completion of any election conducted by it. and (d) performing such other functions as may be prescribed by an Act of Parliament. E-mail: rusric@erols. (11) All issues shall be decided by the decision of the majority of the members present and voting. subject to the directions and supervision of the Independent Electoral Commission. or (c) he has been convicted of any offence involving dishonesty in any country. the legal practitioner referred to in subsection (1)(b) shall preside over the proceedings. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. (12) The Commission shall be responsible for— (a) the conduct and supervision of elections of the Elected Members of the National Assembly and members of a local authority. investment and business opportunities information. properly. (10) The quorum shall be four members. For additional analytical. and in his absence. 66. or (b) he has been convicted of any offence involving dishonesty in any country. 67. or For additional analytical. (6) For the purposes of the exercise of his functions under subsection (3) of this section. and any such suspension may at any time be revoked by the President and shall cease to have effect if the tribunal advises the President that the Secretary ought not to be removed from office. (b) has attained the age of 18 years.109 (5) A person shall not enter upon the duties of the office of Secretary until he has taken and subscribed to the oath of allegiance and such oath for the due execution of his office as may be prescribed by an Act of Parliament. upon his making application in that behalf at such time and in such manner as may be prescribed by any law. (9) If the President considers that the question of removing the Secretary ought to be investigated then— (a) he shall appoint a tribunal which shall consist of a Chairman and not less than two members who hold or have held high judicial office. (11) If the question of removing the Secretary from office has been referred to a tribunal under subsection (9) of this section. and no other person may be so registered. and (c) has either resided in Botswana for a continuous period of at least 12 months immediately preceding the date on which he applies for registration as a voter or was born in Botswana and is domiciled in Botswana on the date on which he applies for registration as a voter. (10) Where a tribunal appointed under subsection (9) advises the President that the Secretary ought to be removed for inability to perform the functions of his office or for misbehaviour. to be registered as a voter for the purposes of elections of Elected Members of the National Assembly. his principal residence) in Botswana and has been absent therefrom for some temporary purpose only shall be deemed for the purposes of the said paragraph (c) to have been resident in Botswana during such absence. s. the President may suspend him from performing the functions of his office.. USA (202) 546-2103. presiding officer or returning officer relating to the exercise by that officer of his functions under any law regulating the registration of voters or the conduct of elections. E-mail: rusric@erols. the President shall remove him from office. investment and business opportunities information. the Secretary may give such directions as he considers necessary or expedient to any registering officer. be entitled. and any officer to whom directions are given under this subsection shall comply with those directions. marketing. (2) A person who has not continuously resided in Botswana for the period mentioned in paragraph (c) of subsection (1) of this section but has during the whole period retained his residence (or if he has more than one residence. or if he has more than one residence in Botswana in the constituency in which he has his principal residence. (3) A person shall be entitled to be registered as a voter— (a) in the constituency in which he has his residence.com . unless he is disqualified for registration as a voter under any law. (8) A holder of the office of Secretary may be removed from office only for inability to perform the functions of his office (whether arising from infirmity of body or mind or from any other cause) or for misbehaviour. and shall not be so removed except in accordance with the provisions of this section. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. 18 of 1997. The franchise (1) A person who— (a) is a citizen of Botswana or of any other country to which this section is applied by Parliament. shall. Fax: (202) 546-3275. (7) Subject to the provisions of this section. (b) the tribunal shall enquire into and report on the facts thereof to the President and advise the President whether the Secretary ought to be removed from office under this section for inability to perform the functions of his office or for misbehaviour. a person holding office as Secretary shall vacate that office on attaining the age of 65 years or such other age as may be prescribed by an Act of Parliament. 4(a). marketing. 68. or in which he was born in Botswana. E-mail: rusric@erols. so. (4) If at any time before the Member of the Assembly vacates his seat such circumstances as aforesaid cease to exist. from time to time extend that period for further periods of 30 days to enable the Member to pursue an appeal against the decision. however. Fax: (202) 546-3275. he shall not vacate his seat until the expiration of a period of 30 days thereafter: Provided that the Speaker may. by reason of the expiration of any period for entering an appeal or notice thereof or the refusal of leave to appeal or for any other reason. 4(b). For additional analytical.. investment and business opportunities information. such circumstances continue to exist and no further appeal is open to the Member of the Assembly. if any circumstances arise that.com . at the request of the Member. or 18 of 1997. s. (b) if he is absent from the sittings of the Assembly for such period and in such circumstances as may be prescribed in the rules of procedure of the Assembly. 69. and he may resume the performance of his functions as a Member of the Assembly. and no other person may so vote. or convicted of an election offence and it is open to the Member to appeal against the decision (either with the leave of the court or other authority or without such leave). (5) Every person who is registered in any constituency as a voter for the purposes of elections of the Elected Members of the National Assembly shall. (b) any person has been validly elected as Speaker of the Assembly or. (b) in the case of a person who does not have a residence in Botswana but is able to register in person. he shall forthwith cease to perform his functions as a Member of the Assembly but. he shall forthwith vacate his seat. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. Determination of questions as to membership of National Assembly (1) The High Court shall have jurisdiction to hear and determine any question whether— (a) any person has been validly elected as an Elected Member of the National Assembly or the seat of any such Member has become vacant. (c) subject to the provisions of subsections (2) to (3) of this section. it ceases to be open to the Member to appeal.110 18 of 1997. (3) If. his seat shall not become vacant by reason of those circumstances. 4(b). (2) If circumstances such as are referred to in paragraph (c) of the preceding subsection arise in relation to a Member of the Assembly by virtue of the fact that he is declared insolvent. (c) in the case of a person who is not resident in Botswana and is unable to register in person. on the determination of any appeal. has vacated the office of Speaker. having been so elected. Tenure of office of Members (1) The seat of an Elected Member or a Specially Elected Member of the National Assembly shall become vacant— (a) upon the dissolution of Parliament. at such place as may be prescribed by Parliament and registration at such place shall be treated as registration in the constituency in which he last resided. or in which he was born. adjudged to be of unsound mind. or if. (4) A person shall be entitled to be registered as a voter in one constituency only. would cause him to be disqualified for election thereto. subject to the next following subsection. in the constituency in which he last resided. if he were not a Member of the Assembly. be entitled so to vote in that constituency in accordance with the provisions made by or under a law in that behalf. USA (202) 546-2103. sentenced to death or imprisonment. that extensions of time exceeding in the aggregate 150 days shall not be given without the approval of the Assembly signified by resolution. unless he is disqualified by Parliament from voting in such elections on the grounds of his having been convicted of an offence in connection with the elections or on the grounds of his having been reported guilty of such an offence by the court trying an election petition or on the grounds of his being in lawful custody at the date of the election. s. E-mail: rusric@erols. and every Member of the National Assembly before taking his seat therein. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. after such interval as may be prescribed in the rules of procedure of the Assembly. marketing. Oaths to be taken by Speaker and Members The Speaker. 72. (b) the circumstances and manner in which the conditions upon which any such application may be made. before assuming the duties of his office. 70.. Presiding in Assembly There shall preside at any sitting of the National Assembly— (a) the Speaker.com . (3) The person presiding in the National Assembly shall have neither an original vote nor a casting vote and if upon any question before the Assembly the votes are equally divided the motion shall be lost. investment and business opportunities information. [Ch0000s73] 73. the Deputy Speaker. For additional analytical. any question proposed for decision in the National Assembly shall be determined by a majority of the votes of the Members present and voting. (b) in the absence of the Speaker. If objection is taken by any Member of the National Assembly present that there are present in the Assembly (besides the person presiding) less than one third of the Members of the Assembly and. the person presiding ascertains that the number of Members present is less than one third. PART II General Provisions Relating to Procedure in National Assembly (ss 71-76) 71. USA (202) 546-2103. or (c) in the absence of the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker. shall take and subscribe before the Assembly the oath of allegiance. (2) There shall be such other offices in the department of the Clerk of the Assembly as may be prescribed by resolution of the National Assembly and such offices shall be offices in the public service. 75. (2) The Attorney-General shall have no vote. practice and procedure of the High Court in relation to any such application. (3) Parliament may make provision with respect to— (a) the persons who may apply to the High Court for the determination of any question under this section. he shall thereupon adjourn the Assembly. Voting in Assembly (1) Save as otherwise provided in this Constitution.111 (2) Any question whether any person has been validly elected as a Specially Elected Member of the National Assembly or whether the seat of any such Member has become vacant shall be determined by the Speaker. s. Fax: (202) 546-3275. 2(a) and (b). Quorum in Assembly 1 of 1999. Unqualified persons sitting or voting Any person who sits or votes in the National Assembly knowing or having reasonable grounds for knowing that he is not entitled to do so shall be liable to a penalty not exceeding P50 or such other sum as may be prescribed by Parliament for each day on which he so sits or votes 74. and (c) the powers. Clerk of the Assembly (1) There shall be a Clerk of the National Assembly and an Assistant Clerk of the National Assembly and their offices shall be offices in the public service. such Member of the Assembly (not being the President or Vice-President or a Minister or Assistant Minister) as the Assembly may elect for that sitting. Ghanzi and Kgalagadi districts. (2) The Specially Elected Members of the House of Chiefs shall be elected by the exofficio and Elected Members of the House of Chiefs in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution from among persons who are not and have not been within the preceding five years actively engaged in politics. Bakwena. Ex-officio Members of the House of Chiefs The ex-officio Members of the House of Chiefs shall be such persons as are for the time being performing the functions of the office of Chief in respect of the Bakgatla. under any acknowledgement of allegiance. unless incapacitated by blindness or other physical cause. respectively. to read English well enough to take an active part in the proceedings of the House. the National Assembly may regulate its own procedure. E-mail: rusric@erols. he— (a) is a citizen of Botswana. respectively. For additional analytical. Bamangwato. 78. (2) The National Assembly may act notwithstanding any vacancy in its membership (including any vacancy not filled when the Assembly first meets after any dissolution) and the presence or participation of any person not entitled to be present or to participate in the proceedings of the Assembly shall not invalidate those proceedings. [Ch0000s79] 79. Barolong. by virtue of his own act. Batawana and Batlokwa Tribes. and (d) is qualified for registration as a voter for the purposes of the election of the Elected Members of the National Assembly and is so registered. (b) has attained the age of 21 years.. Bamalete. marketing. USA (202) 546-2103. Elected and Specially Elected Members of House of Chiefs (1) The Elected Members of the House of Chiefs shall be elected from among their own number by the persons for the time being performing the functions of the office of Sub-Chief in the Chobe. North East. obedience or adherence to a foreign power or state. and shall not be qualified to be so elected unless. (4) Subject to the provisions of subsections (5) and (6) of this section a person shall be qualified to be elected as a Specially Elected Member of the House of Chiefs if. Composition of House of Chiefs (1) There shall be a House of Chiefs for Botswana. Regulation of procedure in Assembly (1) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution. investment and business opportunities information. or has made a composition with his creditors and has not paid his debts in full.112 in the Assembly. (2) The House of Chiefs shall consist of— (a) eight ex-officio Members. and (c) three Specially Elected Members. (c) is able to speak and. (5) No person shall be qualified to be elected as a Specially Elected Member of the House of Chiefs who— (a) is.com . (3) A person shall be deemed to be or to have been actively engaged in politics for the purposes of subsection (2) of this section in any circumstances in which he would be deemed to be or to have been so engaged for the purposes of section 64(4)(b) of this Constitution. which shall be recoverable by action in the High Court at the suit of the AttorneyGeneral. Bangwaketse. PART III The House of Chiefs (ss 77-85) 77. (c) is certified insane or otherwise adjudged or declared to be of unsound mind under any law for the time being in force in Botswana. (b) four Elected Members. 76. Fax: (202) 546-3275. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. (b) has been declared insolvent or adjudged or otherwise declared bankrupt under any law in force in any part of the Commonwealth and has not been discharged. however. 80. Tenure of office of Elected Members and Specially Elected Members (1) An Elected Member of the House of Chiefs shall vacate his seat in the House— (a) on a dissolution of Parliament. from time to time extend that period for further periods of 30 days to enable the Member to pursue an appeal against the decision. so. or is under a sentence of imprisonment (by whatever name called) exceeding six months imposed on him by such a court or substituted by competent authority for some other sentence imposed on him by such a court. (4) If. or if by reason of the expiration of any period for entering an appeal or notice thereof or the refusal of leave to appeal or for any other reason. sentenced to death or imprisonment or convicted of an election offence and it is open to the Member to appeal against the decision (either with leave of the court or other authority or without such leave). USA (202) 546-2103. marketing. (f) holds.113 (d) subject to such exceptions as may be prescribed by Parliament. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. take and subscribe before the House of Chiefs the oath of allegiance. 82. or in connection with. at the request of the Member. and no account shall be taken of a sentence of imprisonment imposed as an alternative to or in default of the payment of a fine. the conduct of any elections to the National Assembly or the compilation or revision of any electoral register for the purposes of such elections. would disqualify him for election as such. subject to the next following subsection. investment and business opportunities information. he shall not vacate his seat until the expiration of a period of 30 days thereafter: Provided that the Chairman of the House may. or (b) if he ceases to be a person for the time being performing the functions of an office of Sub-Chief in the district from which he has been elected. E-mail: rusric@erols. or (g) is disqualified for election to the National Assembly by virtue of provision made in pursuance of section 62(2) of this Constitution. or (c) subject to the provisions of subsection (3) of this section. For additional analytical. he shall forthwith cease to perform his functions as a Member of the House but. (6) For the purposes of this section two or more terms of imprisonment that are required to be served consecutively shall be regarded as a single term of imprisonment for the aggregate period of those terms. holds any public office.. on the determination of any appeal. (e) is under sentence of death imposed on him by a court in any part of the Commonwealth. such circumstances continue to exist and no further appeal is open to the Member of the House. Secretary to House of Chiefs There shall be a Secretary to the House of Chiefs whose office shall be an office in the public service. or is acting in any public office by virtue of a contract of service expressed to continue for a period exceeding six months. Oath of allegiance Every Member of the House of Chiefs shall. (b) if he is absent from the sittings of the House for such period and in such circumstances as may be prescribed in the rules of procedure of the House. it ceases to be open to a Member to appeal. before taking his seat therein. adjudged to be of unsound mind. (2) A Specially Elected Member of the House of Chiefs shall vacate his seat in the House— (a) on the dissolution of Parliament. 81. any office the functions of which involve any responsibility for. Fax: (202) 546-3275. or is acting in. he shall forthwith vacate his seat. if he were not a Specially Elected Member of the House of Chiefs. (3) If circumstances such as are referred to in paragraph (c) of the preceding subsection arise in relation to a Member of the House by virtue of the fact that he is declared insolvent. that extensions of time exceeding in the aggregate 150 days shall not be given without the approval of the House signified by resolution.com . if any circumstances arise that. (e) the manner in which the Elected Members and Specially Elected Members of the House shall be elected. (c) the manner in which the views of the House shall be recorded and. or to send messages thereon to the National Assembly.com 84. order and good government of Botswana. (2) Any resolution which has been submitted to the National Assembly in accordance with the last foregoing subsection shall forthwith be laid before the Assembly by the Clerk of the Assembly. PART IV Powers of Parliament (ss 86-89) 86. Parliament shall have power to make laws for the peace. E-mail: rusric@erols. if necessary. make rules for all or any of the following matter— (a) the appointment or election and tenure of office of a Chairman of the House. . (6) A person attending the proceedings of the House of Chiefs by virtue of the provisions of subsection (3) or (4) of this section shall be entitled to take part in the proceedings of the House relating to the matter in respect of which he attends as if he were a Member of the House: Provided that he shall not be entitled to vote in the House. and without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing power. Mode of exercising legislative powers For additional analytical. or to any other person or body. the National Assembly. subject to the approval of the President.114 (5) If at any time before the Member of the House vacates his seat such circumstances as aforesaid cease to exist. Functions of House of Chiefs (1) The House of Chiefs shall consider the copy of any Bill which has been referred to it under the provisions of section 88(2) of this Constitution and the House shall be entitled to submit resolutions thereon to the National Assembly. 87. his seat shall not become vacant by reason of those circumstances. and any proceedings therein shall be valid notwithstanding that some person who was not entitled to do so sat or voted in the House or otherwise took part in the proceedings. (4) Any Minister may consult the House of Chiefs in respect of any matter on which he desires to obtain the opinion of the House. Rules of Procedure of House of Chiefs Subject to the provisions of this Constitution. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. (5) The House of Chiefs shall be entitled to discuss any matter within the executive or legislative authority of Botswana of which it considers it is desirable to take cognizance in the interests of the tribes and tribal organizations it represents and to make representations thereon to the President. 83. and he may resume the performance of his functions as a Member of the House. the House of Chiefs may. and for that purpose the Minister or his representative may attend the proceedings of the House. [Ch0000s85] 85. Fax: (202) 546-3275. or his representative. expressed to a Minister. make rules regulating its own procedure and in particular. (b) the time and place at which the House shall meet. House of Chiefs may transact business notwithstanding vacancies The House of Chiefs shall not be disqualified for the transaction of business by reason of any vacancy among the Members thereof including any vacancy not filled when the House is first constituted or is reconstituted at any time.. (3) Any Minister who is responsible for a Bill such as is referred to in subsection (1) of this section. investment and business opportunities information. may attend the proceedings of the House when the copy of the Bill is being considered. marketing. (d) the regulation and orderly conduct of the proceedings of the House. Legislative powers Subject to the provisions of this Constitution. USA (202) 546-2103. . issue or withdrawal. the Bill shall be returned to the National Assembly. (b) the organization. (b) proceed upon any motion (including any amendment to a motion) the effect of which. marketing. issue or withdrawal from any public fund of Botswana of any moneys not charged thereon or any increase in the amount of such payment. or (d) tribal organization or tribal property. in the opinion of the person presiding. E-mail: rusric@erols. (2) When a Bill is presented to the President for assent he shall either assent or withhold his assent. after reference in the cases specified in section 88(2) of this Constitution to the House of Chiefs. (2) The National Assembly shall not proceed upon any Bill (including any amendment to a Bill) that. would. which recommendation may be signified by the Vice-President or a Minister. (c) customary law. (3) Where the President withholds his assent to a Bill. (7) All laws made by Parliament shall be styled "Acts" and the words of enactment shall be "enacted by the Parliament of Botswana". (iii) for the payment. recognition. investment and business opportunities information.com .115 (1) Subject to the provisions of section 89(4) of this Constitution the power of Parliament to make laws shall be exercised by Bills passed by the National Assembly. (6) No law made by Parliament shall come into operation until it has been published in the Gazette. the National Assembly shall not— (a) proceed upon any Bill (including any amendment to a Bill) that. and assented to by the President. (4) If where the President withholds his assent to a Bill the Assembly resolves within six months of the Bill being returned to it that the Bill should again be presented for assent. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. USA (202) 546-2103. unless he sooner dissolves Parliament. Alteration of Constitution For additional analytical. or the ascertainment or recording of customary law. and (ii) a period of 30 days has elapsed from the date when the copy of the Bill was referred to the House of Chiefs. in the opinion of the person presiding. Sub-Chiefs or Headmen. powers or administration of customary courts. the President shall assent to the Bill within 21 days of its being again presented to him. Introduction of Bills (1) Except upon the recommendation of the President. removal of powers of Chiefs. if enacted. in the opinion of the person presiding. but Parliament may postpone the coming into operation of any such law and may make laws with retrospective effect. alter any of the provisions of this Constitution or affect— (a) the designation. (ii) for the imposition of any charge upon the revenues or other funds of Botswana or the alteration of any such charge otherwise than by reduction. unless— (i) a copy of the Bill has been referred to the House of Chiefs after it has been introduced in the National Assembly. 89. would be to make provision for any of those purposes. 88. Fax: (202) 546-3275. (5) When a Bill that has been duly passed and presented for assent is assented to in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution it shall become law and the President shall thereupon cause it to be published in the Gazette as a law. makes provision for any of the following purposes— (i) for the imposition of taxation or the alteration of taxation otherwise than by reduction. or (iv) for the composition or remission of any debt to the Government of Botswana. (3) In so far as it alters any of the provisions of— (a) Chapter II. (2) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution.. Chapter VI. with or without modification. Sessions of Parliament (1) Each session of Parliament shall be held at such place within Botswana and shall commence at such time as the President may appoint. 91(2).com . Prorogation and Dissolution (ss 90-93) 90. (3). E-mail: rusric@erols. (4) and (5). (4) In so far as it alters any of the provisions mentioned in subsection (3)(b) of this section no Bill shall be presented to the President for his assent unless after its passage by the Assembly it has been submitted to the electors qualified to vote in the election of the Elected Members of the National Assembly. 91. a Bill for an Act of Parliament under this section shall not be passed by the National Assembly unless— (i) the final voting on the Bill in the Assembly takes place not less than three months after the previous voting thereon in the Assembly. sections 30 to 44 inclusive. USA (202) 546-2103. (3) Subject to the provisions of subsection (4) of this section. or sections 117 to 120 inclusive and section 127 in its application to any of the provisions mentioned in this paragraph. and (ii) at such final voting the Bill is supported by the votes of not less than two-thirds of all the Members of the Assembly. (4) At any time when Botswana is at war. (2) A Bill for an Act of Parliament under this section shall not be introduced into the National Assembly unless the text of the Bill has been published in the Gazette not less than 30 days before it is so introduced. (b) sections 57. Prorogation and dissolution of Parliament (1) The President may at any time prorogue Parliament. and. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. (5) In this section— (a) references to any provision of this Constitution include references to any provision of a law that alters that provision. investment and business opportunities information. and 92.116 (1) Subject to the provisions of this section Parliament may alter this Constitution. Parliament may from time to time extend the period of five years specified in subsection (3) of this section for not more than 12 months at a time: For additional analytical. of that provision. the suspension or repeal of that provision and the making of a different provision in lieu thereof. 90(2) and (3). the President may at any time dissolve Parliament. shall continue for five years from the date of the first sitting of the National Assembly after any dissolution and shall then stand dissolved. and section 127 in its application to any of the provisions mentioned in this paragraph. Parliament. the majority of the electors voting have approved the Bill. sections 77 to 79 inclusive and section 85. and 56. Fax: (202) 546-3275. Chapter VII. modification or re-enactment. marketing. on a vote taken in such manner as Parliament may prescribe. 47 to 51 inclusive. (2) There shall be a session of Parliament at least once in every year so that a period of six months shall not intervene between the last sitting of Parliament in one session and the first sitting thereof in the next session. (3) Whenever Parliament is dissolved a general election of the Elected Members of the Assembly shall be held within 60 days of the date of the dissolution and a session of Parliament shall be appointed to commence within 30 days of the date of that general election. 63 to 66 inclusive. unless sooner dissolved. 86 to 89 inclusive. and (b) references to the alteration of any provision of this Constitution include references to the amendment. PART V Summoning. s. the President considers that. marketing. again stand dissolved on the day before the day on which the election is held. 93. 92. Vote of no confidence in the Government If the National Assembly at any time passes a resolution supported by a majority of all the Members of the Assembly who are entitled to vote declaring that it has no confidence in the Government of Botswana. CHAPTER VI THE JUDICATURE PART I The High Court (ss 95-98) Jurisdiction and composition (1) There shall be for Botswana a High Court which shall have unlimited original jurisdiction to hear and determine any civil or criminal proceedings under any law and such other jurisdiction and powers as may be conferred on it by this Constitution or any other law. Provided that the office of a judge of the High Court shall not be abolished while there is a substantive holder thereof. 2(a)(ii). (6) The Chief Justice may make rules with respect to the practice and procedure of the High Court in relation to the jurisdiction and powers conferred on it by subsection (5) of this section. issue such writs and give such directions as it may consider appropriate for the purpose of ensuring that justice is duly administered by any such court. save as otherwise provided by Parliament. (5) The High Court shall have jurisdiction to supervise any civil or criminal proceedings before any subordinate court or any court martial and may make such orders. Fax: (202) 546-3275. (3) The High Court shall be a superior court of record and. s. (2) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution. USA (202) 546-2103.117 Provided that the life of Parliament shall not be extended under this subsection for more than five years. if not sooner dissolved. . (5) If. shall have all the powers of such a court. (4) The High Court shall sit in such places as the Chief Justice may appoint. For additional analytical. owing to the existence of a state of war or of a state of emergency in Botswana or any part thereof. it is necessary to recall Parliament. the President may summon the Parliament that has been dissolved to meet and that Parliament shall be deemed to be the Parliament for the time being. Votes of two-thirds of the Assembly Any reference in this Constitution to the votes of two-thirds of the Members of the Assembly shall be construed as a reference to the votes of two-thirds of the Members of the Assembly excluding the person presiding and the Attorney-General. Sittings of National Assembly (1) The President may at any time summon a meeting of the National Assembly. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. E-mail: rusric@erols. 2 of 2002.. 2(a)(i). unless the President earlier resigns his office or dissolves Parliament. the sittings of the National Assembly in any session of Parliament after the commencement of that session shall be commenced at such times and on such days as the Assembly shall appoint. Parliament shall stand dissolved on the fourth day following the day on which such resolution was passed. investment and business opportunities information.com 95. (2) The judges of the High Court shall be the Chief Justice and such number of other judges of the Court as may be prescribed by Parliament: 2 of 2002. after a dissolution of Parliament and before the holding of the general election of the Elected Members of the National Assembly. PART VI Interpretation (s 94) 94. but the general election of the Elected Members of the National Assembly shall proceed and the Parliament that has been recalled shall. as the case may be. please contact Global Investment & Business Center.118 2 of 2002. may appoint a person qualified for appointment as a judge of the High Court to act as a judge of that court: 2 of 2002. 3(c)(ii). 3(b). in a Commonwealth country or in any country outside the Commonwealth that may be prescribed by Parliament or a court having jurisdiction in appeals from such a court. or 2 of 2002. s. subject to the provisions of section 97(4) and (5) of this Constitution. for the purposes of subsection (3) of this section. may. s. investment and business opportunities information. (7) Any person appointed under subsection (6) of this section to act as a judge of the High Court shall. notwithstanding the assumption or resumption of the functions of the office of Chief Justice by the holder of that office. the President. until a person has been appointed to and has assumed the functions of that office or until the Chief Justice has resumed those functions. until his appointment is revoked by the President. s. 3(d). acting after consultation with the Chief Justice. acting in accordance with the advice of the Judicial Service Commission. s. s. Fax: (202) 546-3275. (ii) a person appointed under this subsection. Appointment of judges of High Court (1) The Chief Justice shall be appointed by the President. or is for any reason unable to perform the functions of his office. USA (202) 546-2103. s. if no such period is specified. (i) a person may be appointed under this subsection notwithstanding that he has attained the age of 70 years or such other age as may be prescribed for the purposes of section 97 of this Constitution. or has held office. acting in accordance with the advice of the Judicial Service Commission: For additional analytical. who is not a judge of the High Court. 2 of 2002. continue to act as a judge of the High Court for so long thereafter and to such extent as may be necessary to enable him to deliver judgment or to do any other thing in relation to proceedings that were commenced before him previously thereto. (2) The other judges of the High Court shall be appointed by the President.com 96. is satisfied that the state of business in the High Court requires that the number of judges of the court should be temporarily increased. (4) In computing. or 2 of 2002. continue to act for the period of his appointment or. or if the President. 3(b). 2 of 2002. 3(a). E-mail: rusric@erols. 3(b). (d) he is a Chief Magistrate who has held that office for not less than five years. s. 3(c)(i). 2(b). s. (5) If the office of Chief Justice is vacant or if the Chief Justice is for any reason unable to perform the functions of his office. s. 2 of 2002. 3(e). s. as a judge of a court having unlimited jurisdiction in civil and criminal matters in Botswana.. marketing. 2 of 2002. (7) The Chief Justice may appoint a Rules of Court Advisory Committee to assist him in reviewing and overhauling the rules made under subsection (6) and to advise on proposals to update and amend such rules. or if any such judge is appointed to act as Chief Justice. acting in accordance with the advice of the Judicial Service Commission. s. Provided that a person may be so appointed notwithstanding that he has attained the age of 70 years or such other age as may be prescribed for the purposes of section 88 of this Constitution. then. (b) he is qualified to practise as an advocate or attorney in such a court and has been qualified for not less than ten years to practise as an advocate or attorney in such a court. (6) If the office of any judge of the High Court is vacant. (3) A person shall not be qualified to be appointed as a judge of the High Court unless— (a) he holds. 2 of 2002. 2 of 2002. 3(d). the period during which any person has been qualified to practise as an advocate or attorney any period during which he has held judicial office after becoming so qualified shall be included. . 3(e). those functions shall be performed by such one of the judges of the High Court or such other person qualified for appointment as a judge of the High Court as the President may appoint for that purpose: Provided that— 2 of 2002. (c) he is qualified to practise as an advocate or attorney and he has had the experience in the teaching of law in a recognised university for not less than ten years. and any such suspension may at any time be revoked by the President and shall in any case cease to have effect if the tribunal advises the President that the judge ought not to be removed from office. (2) A judge of the High Court may be removed from office only for inability to perform the functions of his office (whether arising from infirmity of body or mind or from any other cause) or for misbehaviour. if any. acting in accordance with the advice of the Judicial Service Commission. may permit a judge who has attained that age to continue in office for such period as may be necessary to enable him to deliver judgment or to do any other thing in relation to proceedings that were commenced before him before he attained that age. (c) the Chief Justice and the other judges of the High Court: Provided that Parliament may make provision for the office of President of the Court of Appeal to be held by the Chief Justice ex-officio. Fax: (202) 546-3275. (2) The judges of the Court of Appeal shall be— (a) the President of the Court of Appeal. (3) If the President considers that the question of removing a judge of the High Court under this section ought to be investigated then— (a) he shall appoint a tribunal which shall consist of a Chairman and not less than two other members. For additional analytical. (1) Subject to the provisions of this section. (b) the tribunal shall enquire into the matter and report on the facts thereof to the President and advise the President whether the judge ought to be removed from office under this section for inability as aforesaid or for misbehaviour. (b) such number. s. (5) If the question of removing a judge of the High Court from office has been referred to a tribunal under subsection (3) of this section. a person holding the office of a judge of the High Court shall vacate that office on attaining the age of 70 years or such other age as may be prescribed by Parliament: Provided that the President. s. Oaths to be taken by judges of High Court A judge of the High Court shall not enter upon the duties of his office unless he has taken and subscribed such oath for the due execution of his office as may be prescribed by Parliament. and shall not be so removed except in accordance with the provisions of this section. Tenure of office of judges of High Court 2 of 2002. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. PART II Court of Appeal (ss 99-102) 99. who hold or have held high judicial office.com . USA (202) 546-2103.119 Provided that the President. (3) The office of a Justice of Appeal shall not be abolished while there is a substantive holder thereof. E-mail: rusric@erols. investment and business opportunities information. Composition and jurisdiction (1) There shall be a Court of Appeal for Botswana which shall have such jurisdiction and powers as may be conferred on it by this Constitution or any other law. of Justices of Appeal as may be prescribed by Parliament. acting in accordance with the advice of the Judicial Service Commission.. marketing. 98. the President may suspend the judge from performing the functions of his office. may permit a person whose appointment to act as a judge of the High Court has expired or been revoked to continue to act as such a judge for such period as may be necessary to enable him to deliver judgment or to do any other thing in relation to proceedings that were commenced before him previously thereto. (4) Where a tribunal appointed under subsection (3) of this section advises the President that a judge of the High Court ought to be removed from office for inability as aforesaid or for misbehaviour. the President shall remove such judge from office. 5. 4. and 2 of 2002. 97. the period during which any person has been qualified to practise as an advocate or attorney any period during which he has held judicial office after becoming so qualified shall be included. 6(b). please contact Global Investment & Business Center. (6) If the office of a Justice of Appeal is vacant or if any Justice of Appeal is appointed to act as Chief Justice or President of the Court of Appeal or is for any reason unable to perform the functions of his office. investment and business opportunities information. may. s. unless that office is held ex-officio by the Chief Justice. shall be appointed by the President. (i) a person may be appointed under this subsection notwithstanding that he has attained the age of 70 years or such other age as may be prescribed for the purposes of section 101 of this Constitution. USA (202) 546-2103. (2) The Justices of Appeal. acting in accordance with the advice of the Judicial Service Commission. then. continue to act as a judge of the Court of Appeal for so long thereafter and to such extent as may be necessary to enable him to deliver judgment or to do any other thing in relation to proceedings that were commenced before him previously thereto.120 (4) The Court of Appeal shall be a superior court of record and save as otherwise provided by Parliament shall have all the powers of such a court. (c) he is qualified to practise as an advocate or attorney and he has had experience in the teaching of law in a recognised university for not less than ten years. (5) If the office of President of the Court of Appeal is vacant or if the President of the Court of Appeal is for any reason unable to perform the functions of his office. may permit a person whose appointment to act as a Justice of Appeal has expired For additional analytical. (7) Any person appointed under subsection (6) of this section to act as a Justice of Appeal.. (b) he is qualified to practise as an advocate or attorney in such a court and has been qualified for not less than ten years to practise as an advocate or attorney in such a court. (ii) a person appointed under this subsection. Provided that a person may be so appointed notwithstanding that he has attained the age of 70 years or such other age as may be prescribed for the purposes of section 101 of this Constitution. or has held office as. acting in accordance with the advice of the Judicial Service Commission. shall subject to the provisions of section 101(4) and (5) of this Constitution. those functions shall be performed by such one of the other judges of the Court of Appeal or such other person qualified for appointment as a judge of the Court of Appeal as the President may appoint for that purpose: Provided that— 2 of 2002. if any. or 2 of 2002. marketing. s. notwithstanding the assumption or resumption of the functions of the office of President of the Court of Appeal by the holder of that office. a judge of a court having unlimited jurisdiction in civil and criminal matters in Botswana. Appointment of judges of Court of Appeal (1) The President of the Court of Appeal shall. as the case may be. acting in accordance with the advice of the Judicial Service Commission. may appoint a person qualified for appointment as a Justice of Appeal to act as a Justice of Appeal: 2 of 2002. or 2 of 2002. for the purposes of subsection (3) of this section. until his appointment is revoked by the President. s. (4) In computing.com . acting in accordance with the advice of the Judicial Service Commission: Provided that the President. be appointed by the President. who is not a judge of the Court of Appeal. if no such period is specified. 100. (3) A person shall not be qualified to be appointed as a judge of the Court of Appeal unless— (a) he holds. 6(b). s. 6(a). the President. until a person has been appointed to and has assumed the functions of that office or until the President of the Court of Appeal has resumed those functions. E-mail: rusric@erols. continue to act for the period of his appointment or. 6(a). Fax: (202) 546-3275. in a Commonwealth country or in any country outside the Commonwealth that may be prescribed by Parliament or a court having jurisdiction in appeals from such a court. (1) Subject to the provisions of this section. and (iii) the appointment as President of the Court of Appeal or as Justice of Appeal serving for a fixed period under paragraph (ii) above shall not affect the date at which he is due to retire. (3) If the President considers that the question of removing a judge of the Court of Appeal under this section ought to be investigated then— (a) he shall appoint a tribunal which shall consist of a Chairman and not less than two other members. 102. (b) the tribunal shall enquire into the matter and report on the facts thereof to the President and advise the President whether the judge ought to be removed from office under this section for inability as aforesaid or for misbehaviour. Composition and procedure 2 of 2002.com . (2) A judge of the Court of Appeal may be removed from office only for inability to perform the functions of his office (whether arising from infirmity of body or mind or from any other cause) or for misbehaviour. (1) There shall be a Judicial Service Commission for Botswana which shall consist of— (a) the Chief Justice who shall be Chairman. (5) If the question of removing a judge of the Court of Appeal from office has been referred to a tribunal under subsection (3) of this section. 8(a). acting in accordance with the advice of the Judicial Service Commission. USA (202) 546-2103. and shall not be so removed except in accordance with the provisions of this section. 7.. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. may permit a judge who has attained that age to continue in office for such period as may be necessary to enable him to deliver judgment or to do any other thing in relation to proceedings that were commenced before him before he attained that age. (ii) a person may be appointed as President of the Court of Appeal or as a Justice of Appeal for a fixed period of three years notwithstanding that he has attained the age referred to in this subsection or that he will before the expiry of his appointment have attained that age. 101. s. the President shall remove such judge from office. marketing. Oaths to be taken by judges of Court of Appeal A judge of the Court of Appeal shall not enter upon the duties of his office unless he has taken and subscribed such oath for the due execution of his office as may be prescribed by Parliament. Tenure of office of judges of Court of Appeal 2 of 2002. who hold or have held high judicial office. PART III Judicial Service Commission (ss 103-104) 103. Fax: (202) 546-3275. E-mail: rusric@erols. (4) Where a tribunal. For additional analytical. (b) the President of the Court of Appeal (not being the Chief Justice or the most Senior Justice of the Court of Appeal). investment and business opportunities information. appointed under subsection (3) of this section. and any such suspension may at any time be revoked by the President and shall in any case cease to have effect if the tribunal advises the President that the judge ought not to be removed from office. advises the President that a judge of the Court of Appeal ought to be removed from office for inability as aforesaid or for misbehaviour.121 or been revoked to continue to act as such a judge for such period as may be necessary to enable him to deliver judgment or to do any other thing in relation to proceedings that were commenced before him previously thereto. a person holding the office of a judge of the Court of Appeal shall vacate that office on attaining the age of 70 years or such other age as may be prescribed by Parliament: Provided that— (i) the President. the President may suspend the judge from performing the functions of his office. s. the Chairman shall have a casting vote. For additional analytical. the High Court shall give its decision upon the question and the court in which the question arose shall. Reference to High Court of cases involving interpretation of Constitution (1) Where any question as to the interpretation of this Constitution arises in any proceedings in any subordinate court and the court is of the opinion that the question involves a substantial question of law. and (f) a person of intergrity and experience not being a legal practitioner appointed by the President. 8(a). PART IV Interpretation of the Constitution (ss 105-106) 105. and in the event of an equality of votes. s. Fax: (202) 546-3275. marketing. if any party to the proceedings so requests. investment and business opportunities information. 8(b). s. (b) all offices of magistrate. (5) The Commission may regulate its own procedure and.com . (d) the Chairman of the Public Service Commission. dispose of the case in accordance with that decision. (3) A member of the Commission shall not enter upon the duties of his office until he has taken and subscribed such oath for the due execution of his office as may be prescribed by Parliament.122 (c) the Attorney-General. (6) The decisions of the Commission shall be by the vote of a majority of the members present. USA (202) 546-2103. Appointment.. but shall be eligible for re-nomination or re-appointment. (2) The offices to which this section applies are— (a) the office of Registrar of the Court of Appeal and High Court. (4) The Judicial Service Commission shall not be subject to the direction or control of any other person or authority in the exercise of its functions under this Constitution. subject to any appeal. of judicial officers (1) Power to appoint persons to hold or act in offices to which this section applies. (2) A member nominated under paragraph (e) or appointed under paragraph (f) of subsection (1) shall hold office for a period of two years. the court may. for another term of office for two years: Provided that— (i) a member nominated under paragraph (e) may be removed from office by the rest of the members of the Commission acting together only for inability of the member to discharge the functions of his office whether arising from infirmity of mind or body or any other cause or for gross misbehaviour. to exercise disciplinary control over persons holding or acting in such offices and to remove such persons from office shall vest in the President acting in accordance with the advice of the Judicial Service Commission. 2 of 2002.. 2 of 2002. subject to that procedure. (2) Where any question is referred to the High Court in pursuance of this section. and shall. 104. etc. s. refer the question to the High Court. (e) a member of the Law Society nominated by the Law Society. may act notwithstanding any vacancy in its membership or the absence of any member and its proceedings shall not be invalidated by the presence or participation of any person not entitled to be present at or to participate in those proceedings. as the case may be. (3) In this section references to a court do not include references to a court martial. 8(b). 2 of 2002. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. or (ii) a member appointed under paragraph (f) may be removed from office by the President only for inability of the member to discharge the functions of his office whether arising from infirmity of mind or body or any other cause or for gross misbehaviour. (c) such other offices of President or member of any court or connected with any court as may be prescribed by or under an Act of Parliament. E-mail: rusric@erols. Appeal to Court of Appeal An appeal shall lie as of right to the Court of Appeal from any decision of the High Court which involves the interpretation of this Constitution. or (c) if he is removed from office in accordance with the provisions of subsection (6) of this section. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. E-mail: rusric@erols. power to specify the qualifications and disqualifications for holding such public offices as he may constitute shall vest in the President.123 [Ch0000s106] 106. (9) If the office of Chairman of the Public Service Commission is vacant or if the person holding that office is for any reason unable to perform the functions of his office.. Power to specify qualifications for certain offices Subject to the provisions of this Constitution and of any Act of Parliament. (3) A person shall not be qualified for appointment as a member of the Public Service Commission if he is a Member of the National Assembly or a public officer. investment and business opportunities information. (b) if any circumstances arise that. [Ch0000s109] 109. USA (202) 546-2103. and (b) the tribunal shall enquire into the matter and report on the facts thereof to the President and recommend to him whether the member ought to be removed under subsection (6) of this section. (6) Subject to subsection (7) of this section a member of the Public Service Commission may be removed from office by the President for inability to discharge the functions of his office (whether arising from infirmity of body or mind or any other cause) or for misbehaviour. until a person has been appointed to and has assumed the functions of that office or until the person holding that office has resumed those functions. Fax: (202) 546-3275. would cause him to be disqualified for appointment as such. (2) The members of the Public Service Commission shall be appointed by the President. (8) A member of the Public Service Commission shall not be removed from office except in accordance with the provisions of this section.com . (5) Subject to the provisions of this section. then— (a) the President shall appoint a tribunal which shall consist of a Chairman and not less than two other members selected by the Chief Justice from among persons who hold or have held high judicial office. then. or is or has within the two years immediately preceding his appointment been actively engaged in politics. marketing. (7) If the President considers that the question of removing a member of the Public Service Commission under subsection (6) of this section ought to be investigated. For additional analytical. as the case may be. and the President shall act in accordance with that recommendation. Public Service Commission (1) There shall be a Public Service Commission for Botswana which shall consist of a Chairman and not less than two nor more than four other members. the office of a member of the Public Service Commission shall become vacant— (a) at the expiration of three years from the date of his appointment. (4) For the purposes of this section a person shall be deemed to be or to have been actively engaged in politics in circumstances in which he would be deemed to be or to have been so engaged for the purposes of section 64(4)(b) of this Constitution. other than a decision of the High Court under section 69(1) of this Constitution: Provided that no appeal shall lie from a determination of the High Court under this section dismissing an application on the ground that it is frivolous or vexatious. [Repealed. those functions shall be performed by such one of the other members of the Commission as may be designated in that behalf by the President. PART V Judicial Committee (s 107: repealed) 107. if he were not a member of the Commission.] CHAPTER VII THE PUBLIC SERVICE [Ch0000s108] 108. (16) A member of the Commission shall not. (15) Any decision of the Commission shall require the concurrence of a majority of all the members thereof. etc. during the tenure of his office or during the three years immediately following such tenure. USA (202) 546-2103. the President may appoint a person who is qualified for appointment as a member of the Commission to act as a member. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. subject thereto. subject to the provisions of subsection (5)(b) of this section.. Fax: (202) 546-3275. (2) Subject to the provisions of subsection (3) every decision of the Public Service Commission under the provisions of this section shall be final. and any person so appointed shall. (2) The provisions of this section shall not apply in relation to the following offices. 113 and 114 of this Constitution. (14) Except as may be otherwise provided in its rules or procedure. that is to say— (a) the office of judge of the Court of Appeal or of the High Court. High Commissioner or other principal representative of Botswana in any other country or accredited to any international organization. Appointment. E-mail: rusric@erols. the Commission may act notwithstanding any vacancy in its membership or the absence of any member and its proceedings shall not be invalidated by the presence or participation of any person not entitled to be present at or to participate in those proceedings. continue to act until the office in which he is acting is filled. (13) Provision may be made by or under an Act of Parliament prescribing the procedure of the Commission and.124 (10) If at any time there are less than two members of the Public Service Commission besides the Chairman or if any such member is appointed to act as Chairman or is for any reason unable to perform the functions of his office. Appeals to President (1) Any person other than a member of the Botswana Police Force or the Prison Service who has been removed from office or subjected to any other punishment by the exercise of any powers conferred on any person under the provisions of section 110 of this Constitution may appeal to the Public Service Commission who may dismiss such appeal or allow it wholly or in part. marketing. 110. 111. or as the case may be. until the holder thereof resumes his functions or until his appointment to act is revoked by the President. (b) any office to which section 104 or 112 of the Constitution applies.. (12) A member of the Commission shall not enter upon the duties of his office until he has taken and subscribed the oath of allegiance and such oath for the due execution of his office as may be prescribed by Parliament. investment and business opportunities information. be eligible for appointment to any public office other than that of Ambassador. the Commission may regulate its own procedure. (3) Before any person or persons as may have been prescribed under the provisions of subsection (1) exercise power to appoint to or to act in any public office any person who holds or is acting in any office the power to make appointments to which is vested by this Constitution in the President acting in accordance with the advice of the Judicial Service Commission such person shall consult with the Judicial Service Commission. to exercise disciplinary control over persons holding or acting in such offices and to remove from such offices shall vest in such person or persons as may be prescribed by Act of Parliament.com . (3) Notwithstanding anything contained in subsection (2) if the Public Service Commission dismisses an appeal or allows it in part only the person who appealed may appeal to the President. power to appoint persons to hold or to act in any office in the public service. of public officers (1) Subject to the provisions of this section and of sections 111. For additional analytical. (11) Except as provided in subsection (13) of this section the Public Service Commission shall not be subject to the direction or control of any other person or authority in the exercise of its functions under this Constitution. and (b) the tribunal shall enquire into the matter and report on the facts thereof to the President and advise the President whether the person holding the office of Attorney-General ought to be removed from office under this section for inability as aforesaid or for misbehaviour. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. USA (202) 546-2103. 114. High Commissioner or other principal representative of Botswana in any other country or accredited to any international organisation. Fax: (202) 546-3275. subject to the provisions of sections 113 and 114 of this Constitution. (3) If the President considers that the question of removing a person holding the office of Attorney-General from office ought to be investigated then— (a) he shall appoint a tribunal which shall consist of a Chairman and not less than two other members. 113. the President may suspend that person from performing the functions of his office. a person holding the office of AttorneyGeneral shall vacate his office when he attains the age of 60 years or such other age as may be prescribed by Parliament. and (f) any other superscale office (other than an office to which this Constitution makes specific provision for appointment or an office to which appointment is made under the provisions of section 104 of this Constitution) which may be prescribed by Act of Parliament. (e) Commissioner of Police. Tenure of office of Attorney-General (1) Subject to the provisions of this section. (d) Permanent Secretary. For additional analytical. (2) A person holding the office of Attorney-General may be removed from office only for inability to perform the functions of his office (whether arising from infirmity of body or mind or any other cause) or for misbehaviour and shall not be so removed except in accordance with the provisions of this section. and any such suspension may at any time be revoked by the President and shall in any case cease to have effect if the tribunal advises the President that the person ought not to be removed from office. investment and business opportunities information. (2) The offices to which this section applies are— (a) Ambassador.com . E-mail: rusric@erols. Tenure of office of Auditor-General (1) Subject to the provisions of this section. the President shall remove such person from office. (5) If the President appoints a tribunal to hear an appeal in accordance with subsection (4) of this section the tribunal shall hear the appeal and shall advise the President whether or not the appeal should be allowed either wholly or in part. (c) Attorney-General. a person holding the office of Auditor-General shall vacate his office when he attains the age of 60 years or such other age as may be prescribed by Parliament. (5) If the question of removing a person holding the office of Attorney-General from office has been referred to a tribunal under this section. [ 112. Powers of President in relation to certain public offices (1) The power to appoint a person to hold or act in offices to which this section applies and to remove from office and to exercise disciplinary control over persons holding or acting in such offices shall. marketing. who hold or have held high judicial office. (b) Secretary to the Cabinet. the Chairman of which shall be a person who holds or has held high judicial office or is qualified to be appointed as a judge of the High Court. (4) Where a tribunal appointed under subsection (3) of this section advises the President that a person holding the office of Attorney-General ought to be removed from office for inability as aforesaid or for misbehaviour.125 (4) If any person appeals to the President in accordance with the provisions of subsection (3) of this section the President shall either dismiss the appeal or shall order that it be heard by a tribunal appointed by the President.. and the President shall act in accordance with that advice. vest in the President. and (b) in so far as those benefits are wholly or partly in respect of a period of service as a public officer that commenced after the date on which this Constitution comes into operation. who hold or have held high judicial office. the National Assembly may. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. the Assembly does not remove the Auditor-General from office. gratuities or other like allowances for persons in respect of their service as public officers or as members of the armed forces or for the widows. remove the Auditor-General from office. for the purposes of this section. marketing. USA (202) 546-2103. reduced in amount or suspended and the law regulating the amount of any such benefits. Pensions laws and protection of pensions rights (1) The law to be applied with respect to any pensions benefits that were granted to any person before the coming into operation of this Constitution shall be the law that was in force at the date on which those benefits were granted or any law in force at a later date that is not less favourable to that person.. suspend that person from performing the functions of his office. and any such suspension may at any time be revoked by the Assembly by resolution and shall in any case cease to have effect if. E-mail: rusric@erols. be the law that was in force immediately before that date. Fax: (202) 546-3275. (4) If the question of removing a person holding the office of Auditor-General from office has been referred to a tribunal under this section. investment and business opportunities information. dependants or personal representatives of such persons in respect of such service. by resolution. or any law in force at a later date that is not less favourable to that person. upon consideration of the report of the tribunal in accordance with the provisions of this section.126 (2) A person holding the office of Auditor-General may be removed from office only for inability to perform the functions of his office (whether arising from infirmity of body or mind or any other cause) or for misbehaviour and shall not be so removed except in accordance with the provisions of this section. by resolution. the law for which he opts shall. (2) The law to be applied with respect to any pensions benefits (not being benefits to which subsection (1) of this section applies) shall— (a) in so far as those benefits are wholly in respect of a period of service as a public officer that commenced before the date on which this Constitution comes into operation. (7) In this section references to service as a public officer include references to service as a public officer of the former Protectorate of Bechuanaland. children. (6) References in this section to the law with respect to pensions benefits include (without prejudice to their generality) references to the law regulating the circumstances in which such benefits may be granted or in which the grant of such benefits may be refused. (3) If the National Assembly resolves that the question of removing a person holding the office of Auditor-General from office under this section ought to be investigated then— (a) the Assembly shall. upon such consideration. compensation. (b) the tribunal shall enquire into the matter and report on the facts thereof to the Assembly. be deemed to be more favourable to him than the other law or laws.com . (3) Where a person is entitled to exercise an option as to which of two or more laws shall apply in his case. the law regulating the circumstances in which any such benefits that have been granted may be withheld. (c) the Assembly shall consider the report of the tribunal at the first convenient sitting of the Assembly after it is received and may. 115. (5) In this section "pensions benefits" means any pensions. For additional analytical. by resolution. appoint a tribunal which shall consist of a Chairman and not less than two other members. be the law in force on the date on which that period of service commenced. (4) All pensions benefits shall (except to the extent to which under any law providing for the funding of pensions benefits they are a charge on a fund established by that law and have been duly paid out of that fund to the person or authority to whom payment is due) be a charge on the Consolidated Fund. (4) In this section "the appropriate Commission" means— (a) in the case of benefits for which any person may be eligible in respect of the service in the public service of a person who. USA (202) 546-2103. in the decision to withhold them. the amount of the benefits to be granted to him shall be the greatest amount for which he is eligible unless the appropriate Commission concurs in his being granted benefits of a smaller amount. Fax: (202) 546-3275. (b) in any other case.127 116. (2) No moneys shall be withdrawn from any public fund of Botswana other than the Consolidated Fund unless the issue of those moneys has been authorized by or under a law. (b) where the issue of those moneys has been authorized by an Appropriation Act. under the law for the time being in force in Botswana. (1) Where under any law any person or authority has a discretion— (a) to decide whether or not any pensions benefits shall be granted. (5) In this section "pensions benefits" means any pensions. reduce them in amount or suspend them. Consolidated Fund All revenues or other moneys raised or received for the purposes of the Government of Botswana (not being revenues or other moneys that are payable by or under any law into some other fund established for a specific purpose or that may by or under any law be retained by the department of Government that received them for the purposes of defraying the expenses of that department) shall be paid into and form one Consolidated Fund. 118. E-mail: rusric@erols. (4) The deposit of any moneys forming part of the Consolidated Fund with a bank or with the Crown Agents for Overseas Governments and Administrations or the investment of any such moneys in securities in which. Withdrawals from Consolidated Fund or other public funds (1) No moneys shall be withdrawn from the Consolidated Fund except— (a) to meet expenditure that is charged upon the Fund by this Constitution or by any Act of Parliament. CHAPTER VIII FINANCE 117. reduced in amount or suspended unless the appropriate Commission concurs in the refusal to grant the benefits or. those benefits shall be granted and may not be withheld. or (b) to withhold.. Power of Commissions in relation to pensions. as the case may be. (3) No moneys shall be withdrawn from the Consolidated Fund except in the manner prescribed by Parliament. gratuities or other like allowances for persons in respect of their service as public officers (including service as public officers of the former Protectorate of Bechuanaland) or for the widows. investment and business opportunities information. the Judicial Service Commission. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. compensation. children. by a supplementary estimate approved by resolution of the National Assembly or by a law enacted in pursuance of section 120 of this Constitution. etc. trustees are authorized to invest.com . or the making of advances to such extent and in such circumstances as may For additional analytical. immediately before he ceased to be a public officer. dependants or personal representatives of such persons in respect of such service. (2) Where the amount of any pensions benefits that may be granted to any person is not fixed by law. was subject to the disciplinary control of the Judicial Service Commission or that have been granted in respect of such service. marketing. (3) The appropriate Commission shall not concur under subsection (1) or subsection (2) of this section in action taken on the ground that any person who holds or has held the office of a judge of the Court of Appeal or of the High Court or the Auditor-General or Attorney-General has been guilty of misbehaviour unless he has been removed from office by reason of such misbehaviour. the Public Service Commission. reduce in amount or suspend any such benefits that have been granted. other than allowances. before or not later than 30 days after the commencement of each financial year. a supplementary estimate shall be laid before the National Assembly as soon as possible for the purpose of replacing the amount so advanced. E-mail: rusric@erols. shall not be regarded as a withdrawal of those moneys from the Fund for the purposes of this section. to make advances from that Fund to meet that need. or (b) that any moneys have been expended on any head of expenditure in excess of the amount appropriated for the purposes included in that head by the Appropriation Act or for a purpose for which no amount has been appropriated by the Appropriation Act. Authorization of expenditure in advance of appropriation Parliament may make provision under which. the President may authorize the withdrawal of moneys from the Consolidated Fund for the purpose of meeting expenditure necessary to carry on the services of the Government until the expiration of four months from the beginning of that financial year or the coming into operation of the Appropriation Act. providing for the appropriation of the sums so approved. (3) The salary payable to the holder of any office to which this section applies and his terms of office. Fax: (202) 546-3275. (4) Where any supplementary expenditure has been approved in a financial year by a resolution of the National Assembly in accordance with the provisions of subsection (3) of this section. a supplementary estimate showing the sums required or spent shall be laid before the National Assembly and the heads of expenditure shall be included in a supplementary Appropriation Bill. a supplementary Appropriation Bill shall be introduced in the National Assembly. (2) The heads of expenditure contained in the estimates for a financial year (other than expenditure charged upon the Consolidated Fund by this Constitution or any other law) shall be included in a Bill to be known as an Appropriation Bill which shall be introduced into the Assembly to provide for the issue from the Consolidated Fund of the sums necessary to meet that expenditure and the appropriation of those sums for the purposes specified in the said Bill.. estimates of the revenues and expenditure of Botswana for that year. if satisfied that there has arisen an urgent and unforeseen need for expenditure for which no other provision exists. Contingencies Fund (1) Parliament may make provision for the establishment of a Contingencies Fund and for authorizing the President. 122. (2) The salaries and any allowances payable to the holders of the offices to which this section applies shall be a charge on the Consolidated Fund. marketing. Remuneration of certain officers (1) There shall be paid to the holders of the offices to which this section applies such salaries and such allowances as may be prescribed by Parliament. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. [Ch0000s121] 121. For additional analytical. which shall be introduced or moved in the Assembly.com . (3) If in any financial year it is found— (a) that the amount appropriated by the Appropriation Act for the purposes included in any head of expenditure is insufficient or that a need has arisen for expenditure for a purpose for which no amount has been appropriated by the Appropriation Act. not later than the end of the financial year next following. 120. 119. USA (202) 546-2103. (2) Where any advance is made from the Contingencies Fund.128 be prescribed by Parliament. investment and business opportunities information. or in a motion or motions approving such expenditure. shall not be altered to his disadvantage after his appointment. whichever is the earlier. Authorization of expenditure (1) The Minister for the time being responsible for finance shall cause to be prepared and laid before the National Assembly. if the Appropriation Act in respect of any financial year has not come into operation by the beginning of that financial year. Reappointments and concurrent appointments 125. records. Public debt (1) There shall be charged on the Consolidated Fund all debt charges for which Botswana is liable.. (2) The resignation of any person from any office established by this Constitution shall take effect on the date or at the time indicated in the writing signifying the resignation or. (2) For the purposes of this section debt charges include interest. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. the repayment or amortization of debt. member of the Public Service Commission. CHAPTER IX MISCELLANEOUS Resignations (1) Any person who is appointed or elected to any office established by this Constitution may resign from that office by writing under his hand addressed to the person or authority by whom he was appointed or elected: Provided that in the case of a person who holds office as President his resignation from that office shall be addressed to the Chief Justice. (5) In the exercise of his functions the Auditor-General shall not be subject to the direction or control of any other person or authority. USA (202) 546-2103. sinking fund charges. member of the Delimitation Commission. if it is so provided by Parliament in the case of any body corporate directly established by law. investment and business opportunities information. Auditor-General and Attorney-General. 123. be deemed to be more advantageous to him than any others for which he might have opted. E-mail: rusric@erols. the accounts of that body corporate shall be audited and reported on by such person as may be specified by or under that law. who shall cause them to be laid before the National Assembly. whose office shall be a public office. (2) The public accounts of Botswana and of all officers. marketing. and the service and redemption of debt thereby created. (5) This section applies to the offices of judge of the Court of Appeal. courts and authorities of the Government of Botswana shall be audited and reported on by the Auditor-General and for that purpose the Auditor-General or any person authorized by him in that behalf shall have access to all books. 126. and in the case of a Member of the House of Chiefs his resignation from that office shall be addressed to the Chairman of the House. at the time the writing is received by the person or authority to whom it is addressed or by any person authorized by that person or authority to receive it. reports and other documents relating to those accounts: Provided that. judge of the High Court. if no such date or time is so indicated. in the case of a person who holds office as Speaker or Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly his resignation from that office shall be addressed to the Assembly. member of the Judicial Service Commission. the salary or terms for which he opts shall.129 (4) Where a person's salary or terms of office depend upon his option. (3) The Auditor-General shall submit his reports to the Minister responsible for finance. in the case of an Elected or Specially Elected Member of the Assembly his resignation shall be addressed to the Speaker. [Ch0000s124] 124. Auditor-General (1) There shall be an Auditor-General. (4) The Auditor-General shall perform such other duties and exercise such other powers in relation to the accounts of the Government or the accounts of other public authorities or other bodies as may be prescribed by or under any Act of Parliament. for the purposes of subsection (3) of this section. and all expenditure in connection with the raising of loans on the security of the revenues or the Consolidated Fund of the former Protectorate of Bechuanaland or Botswana. Fax: (202) 546-3275.com . For additional analytical. - 130 (1) Where any person has vacated any office established by this Constitution, he may, if qualified, again be appointed or elected to hold that office in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution. (2) Where a power is conferred by this Constitution upon any person to make any appointment to any office, a person may be appointed to that office notwithstanding that some other person may be holding that office, when that other person is on leave of absence pending the relinquishment of the office; and where two or more persons are holding the same office by reason of an appointment made in pursuance of this subsection, then, for the purposes of any function conferred upon the holder of that office, the person last appointed shall be deemed to be the sole holder of the office. [Ch0000s127] 127. Interpretation (1) In this Constitution unless the context otherwise requires— "the Assembly" means the National Assembly; "Botswana" means the territory that, on 29th September, 1966, was comprised in the former Protectorate of Bechuanaland; "Chief" and "Sub-Chief" have the meanings assigned to those expressions in the Chieftainship Act; "financial year" means the period of 12 months ending on 31st March in any year or on such other day as Parliament may prescribe; "the Gazette" means the Botswana Government Gazette; "high judicial office" means the office of a judge of a court of unlimited jurisdiction in civil and criminal matters in Botswana, a Commonwealth country or in any country outside the Commonwealth that may be prescribed by Parliament or the office of judge of a court having jurisdiction in appeals from such a court; "the House" means the House of Chiefs; "oath" includes affirmation; "the oath of allegiance" means such oath of allegiance as may be prescribed by law; "public office" means, subject to the provisions of subsections (2) and (3) of this section, an office of emolument in the public service; "public officer" means a person holding or acting in any public office; "the public service" means the civil service of the Government; "session" means the sittings of the National Assembly beginning when it first sits after the coming into operation of this Constitution or after Parliament is prorogued or dissolved at any time and ending when Parliament is prorogued or is dissolved without having been prorogued; "sitting" means a period during which the National Assembly is sitting without adjournment and includes any period during which it is in committee; "subordinate court" means any court established for Botswana other than— (a) the Court of Appeal; 2 of 2002, s. 9(a). (b) the High Court; 2 of 2002, s. 9(b). (c) a court martial; or 2 of 2002, s. 9(c). (d) the Industrial Court. (2) In this Constitution, unless the context otherwise requires, references to offices in the public service shall be construed as including references to the offices of judges of the Court of Appeal and judges of the High Court and the offices of members of all subordinate courts (being offices the emoluments attaching to which, or any part of the emoluments attaching to which, are paid directly out of moneys provided by Parliament). (3) For the purposes of this Constitution a person shall not be considered to be a public officer by reason only that he is in receipt of any remuneration or allowance as the President, Vice-President, a Minister or Assistant Minister, Speaker, Deputy Speaker or Member of the Assembly, a Member of the House of Chiefs or a member of any Commission established by this Constitution. For additional analytical, marketing, investment and business opportunities information, please contact Global Investment & Business Center, USA (202) 546-2103. Fax: (202) 546-3275. E-mail:
[email protected] - 131 (4) For the purposes of this Constitution, a person shall not be considered as holding a public office by reason only of the fact that he is in receipt of a pension or other like allowance in respect of service under the Government of Botswana or the former Protectorate of Bechuanaland. (5) In this Constitution, unless the context otherwise requires, a reference to the holder of an office by the term designating his office shall be construed as including a reference to any person for the time being lawfully acting in or performing the functions of that office: Provided that nothing in this subsection shall apply to references to the President or VicePresident in section 35, 36 or 39 of this Constitution. (6) In this Constitution, unless it is otherwise provided or required by the context, a reference to the power to make appointments to any office shall be construed as including a reference to the power to make appointments on promotion and transfer and to confirm appointments and to the power to appoint a person to act in or perform the functions of that office at any time when the office is vacant or the holder thereof is unable (whether by reason of absence or infirmity of mind or body or any other cause) to perform the functions of that office. (7) References in this Constitution to the power to remove a public officer from his office shall be construed as including references to any power conferred by any law to require or permit that officer to retire from the public service: Provided that nothing in this subsection shall be construed as conferring on any person or authority power to require a judge of the Court of Appeal or the High Court, the AuditorGeneral or the Attorney-General to retire from the public service. (8) Any provision in this Constitution that vests in any person or authority power to remove any public officer from his office shall be without prejudice to the power of any person or authority to abolish any office or to any law providing for the compulsory retirement of public officers generally or in any class of public officer on attaining an age specified therein. (9) Where power is vested by this Constitution in any person or authority to appoint any person to act in or perform the functions of any office if the holder thereof is himself unable to perform those functions, no such appointment shall be called in question on the ground that the holder of the office was not unable to perform those functions. (10) No provision of this Constitution that any person or authority shall not be subject to the direction or control of any other person or authority in the exercise of any functions under this Constitution shall be construed as precluding a court of law from exercising jurisdiction in relation to any question whether that person or authority has performed those functions in accordance with this Constitution or any other law. (11) Where any power is conferred by this Constitution to make any Act, order, regulation or rule, or to give any direction or instruction, the power shall be construed as including the power, exercisable in like manner to amend or revoke any such Act, order, regulation, rule, direction or instruction. (12) Any reference in this Constitution to a law made before 30th September, 1966 shall be construed as a reference to that law as it had effect on 29th September, 1966. S.I. 51/1993. (13) The Cap. 01:04 Interpretation Act, 1889 shall apply, with the necessary adaptations, for the purpose of interpreting this Constitution and otherwise in relation thereto as it applies for the purpose of interpreting and in relation to Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. For additional analytical, marketing, investment and business opportunities information, please contact Global Investment & Business Center, USA (202) 546-2103. Fax: (202) 546-3275. E-mail:
[email protected] - 132 SCHEDULE TO THE CONSTITUTION ELECTION OF SPECIALLY ELECTED MEMBERS OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY (Section 58(2)(b)) 1. (1) In this Schedule— "by-election" means an election to fill a vacancy among the Specially Elected Members occurring otherwise than upon a dissolution of Parliament; "general election" means an election to fill the vacancies among the Specially Elected Members occurring upon a dissolution of Parliament; "the Speaker" means the Speaker of the National Assembly; and "prescribed" means prescribed by rules made under paragraph 2 of this Schedule. (2) At any time when the office of Speaker is vacant or the holder of that office is unable by reason of absence or illness to exercise the functions vested in him by this Schedule those functions may be exercised by the Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly or, if there is no Deputy Speaker or the Deputy Speaker is unable by reason of absence or illness to exercise those functions, by such Member of the Assembly (not being the President or Vice-President or a Minister or Assistant Minister) as the Assembly may elect for that purpose. 2. Subject to the provisions of this Schedule the National Assembly may make rules for the election of its Specially Elected Members. 3. Elections of Specially Elected Members shall be conducted by the Speaker and, subject to the provisions of this Schedule and of any rules made under paragraph 2 thereof, shall be conducted in such manner as he may direct. 4. (1) The President shall nominate four candidates for election in the case of a general election and he shall nominate one candidate for election in the case of a by-election. (2) The names of the four candidates or, as the case may be, the name of the one candidate nominated for election by the President under the foregoing subparagraph shall be presented to the National Assembly in such manner as may be prescribed, and any Elected Member of the Assembly (other than the President if he is an Elected Member) shall thereupon be entitled to nominate four candidates for election in the case of a general election and one candidate for election in the case of a by-election. (3) A list of the candidates nominated for election by the President and the Elected Members of the National Assembly under the foregoing provisions of this paragraph shall be prepared, and each Elected Member of the Assembly shall be entitled to vote— (a) in the case of a general election, for four candidates; and (b) in the case of a by-election, for one candidate, on the list so constituted. (4) The vote of every Elected Member of the National Assembly shall be given by ballot in such a manner as not to disclose how he has voted. (5) An Elected Member of the National Assembly shall not cast more than one vote for any one candidate. 5. (1) The Speaker shall cause elections of Specially Elected Members to be held— (a) in the case of a general election, as soon as practicable after the holding of a general election of the Elected Members of the National Assembly and before the Assembly first meets after that general election; and (b) in the case of a by-election, as soon as practicable after a vacancy has occurred among the Specially Elected Members. (2) A meeting of the Elected Members of the National Assembly that is held for the purpose of a general election shall be summoned by the Speaker. (3) No other business than the holding of a general election may be transacted at any meeting of the Elected Members of the National Assembly summoned under subparagraph (2) of For additional analytical, marketing, investment and business opportunities information, please contact Global Investment & Business Center, USA (202) 546-2103. Fax: (202) 546-3275. E-mail:
[email protected] - 133 this paragraph and such a meeting shall not be regarded as a meeting of the Assembly for the purposes of any other provision of this Constitution. 6. When the votes have been cast, whether at a general election or at a by-election, a list shall be prepared showing the persons for whom votes have been cast in order according to the number of votes received by each of them, the person or persons who received the highest number of votes being placed first and those who received any lower number of votes being placed in descending order. 7. In the case of a general election, and subject to the provisions of paragraph 9 of this Schedule, those persons shall be deemed to have been elected as Specially Elected Members who stand in the first and each succeeding place on the list until the number of persons to be elected as Specially Elected Members has been completed. 8. In the case of a by-election, and subject to the provisions of paragraph 10 of this Schedule, the person who stands in the first place on the list shall be deemed to have been elected. 9. Where, by reason of an equality of votes between them, the number of candidates in any place on the list who would otherwise be deemed to have been elected under paragraph 7 of this Schedule exceeds the number of persons remaining to be elected as Specially Elected Members after the persons in the preceding places have been elected, none of the candidates in that place or in any succeeding place shall be deemed to have been elected and a further election shall be held to fill the vacancies still remaining among the Specially Elected Members; and the provisions of this Schedule shall apply in relation to that further election as if it were a general election where the total number of Specially Elected Members was equal to the number of vacancies still remaining to be filled. 10. Where, in a by-election, two or more candidates equally receive the highest number of votes, no candidates shall be deemed to have been elected and a further by-election shall be held, in accordance with the provisions of this Schedule, at which only those candidates who received the highest number of votes in the original by-election may again stand as candidates. For additional analytical, marketing, investment and business opportunities information, please contact Global Investment & Business Center, USA (202) 546-2103. Fax: (202) 546-3275. E-mail:
[email protected] - 134 - DEMOCRACY & NUMAN RIGHTS IN BOTSWANA Botswana is a longstanding, multiparty democracy. Constitutional power is shared between the President and the 44-member, popularly elected Lower House of Parliament. In March former President Sir Ketumile Masire retired and was succeeded by Vice President Festus Mogae, in accordance with constitutional procedures. The ruling Botswana Democratic Party (BDP) continued to dominate the National Assembly, holding 31 of 44 seats. The opposition Botswana Congress Party (BCP), a group that broke away from the Botswana National Front, holds 11 seats, while the BNF holds the remaining 2 seats. The Government respects the constitutional provisions for an independent judiciary. The civilian Government exercises effective control over the security forces. The military, the Botswana Defense Force (BDF), is responsible for external security. The Botswana National Police (BNP) are responsible for internal security. Members of the security forces occasionally committed human rights abuses. The economy is market oriented with strong encouragement for private enterprise. Despite effective economic and fiscal policies, Botswana suffered economic losses due to the Asian financial crisis in 1997-98, which led to a significant reduction in the world demand for diamonds, the source of over two-thirds of the country's export income. Linkage of the national currency, the pula, to the South African rand, caused a 30 percent devaluation of the pula. Consequently, the per capita gross domestic product fell to $2,500 in 2003 from $2,800 in 1997. Over 50 percent of the population is employed in the informal sector, largely subsistence farming and animal husbandry. Rural poverty remains a serious problem, as does a widely skewed income distribution. The Constitution provides for citizens' human rights, and the Government generally respects those rights in practice, although there were some continuing problems. There were credible reports that the police sometimes mistreated criminal suspects in order to obtain evidence or coerce confessions. The authorities have taken action in some cases against persons responsible for abuses. In many instances, the judicial system did not provide timely fair trials due to a serious backlog of cases. Opposition leaders have claimed that the Government limits their ability to broadcast freely on the radio. The Government's response has been that prominent coverage of the activities of important officials is more newsworthy. Women continued to face legal and societal discrimination, and violence against women is a serious problem. The Government and nongovernmental organizations (NGO's) continued to work to formulate a longterm plan of action to implement a national policy on women designed to address these problems. Some citizens, including groups not numbered among the eight "principal tribes" identified in the Constitution because they live in remote areas, still do not enjoy full access to social services and, in practice, are marginalized in the political process. Trade unions continued to face some legal restrictions, and the Government did not always ensure that labor laws were observed in practice. The Government's 1995 plan to construct a separate detention facility for asylum seekers whose refugee claims have been rejected continued to be delayed by a dispute between two government ministries over development of the property. The Government refers to the facility as the Center for Illegal Immigrants. Until the center is completed, refused asylum seekers continue to be detained in prison. Refugees and asylum seekers refused under Botswana's "first country of asylum" policy are housed at Dukwe Refugee Camp. For additional analytical, marketing, investment and business opportunities information, please contact Global Investment & Business Center, USA (202) 546-2103. Fax: (202) 546-3275. E-mail:
[email protected] Women's facilities are separate but mostly colocated with men. imposed by customary courts for vandalism. and freedom from arbitrary arrest. investment and business opportunities information.135 - RESPECT FOR HUMAN RIGHTS RESPECT FOR THE INTEGRITY OF THE PERSON A. and degrading treatment or punishment. although instances of abuse occur. Their trial. E-mail: rusric@erols. except in murder cases. the presumption of innocence. Suspects must be informed of their legal rights upon arrest. ARBITRARY ARREST. inhuman. although overcrowding is a problem. Over 40 opposition-allied civilians died as a result of fighting with the SADC troops. theft. where it is mandated. or Degrading Treatment or Punishment The Constitution explicitly forbids torture. including the right to remain silent. While coerced confessions are inadmissible in court. The House of Chiefs is an advisory body only. particularly of young offenders in villages. In general. and generally to be charged before a magistrate within 48 hours. The Government permits prison visits by human rights monitors after a detailed inquiry procedure. beatings and other forms of extreme physical abuse remained rare. Customary courts continued to impose corporal punishment sentences in the form of lashings on the buttocks.com .. Prison conditions meet minimum international standards. DETENTION. Fax: (202) 546-3275. Inhuman. USA (202) 546-2103. The Government has refused to adopt a motion submitted by the House of Chiefs to reinstate flogging across the back rather than the buttocks. B. In September troops from the BDF. Detention without bail is highly unusual. the authorities have taken disciplinary or judicial action against persons responsible for abuses. which may be renewed every 14 days. Women prisoners are treated the same as men. For additional analytical. There were credible reports that police sometimes used intimidation techniques in order to obtain evidence or elicit confessions. and other infractions. The authorities respected these provisions in practice. Police charged six members of the BDF military intelligence unit implicated in the 2002 suffocation death of a burglary suspect in police custody. to be allowed to contact a person of their choice. There are no reports of sexual abuse of women prisoners. was delayed when their attorney was appointed to become an acting circuit court judge. Torture and Other Cruel. evidence gathered through coercion or abuse may be used in prosecution. hooliganism. Most citizens charged with noncapital offenses are released on their own recognizance. however. intervened in Lesotho to quell an army mutiny and opposition protests. POLITICAL AND OTHER EXTRAJUDICIAL KILLING There were no reports of political or other extrajudicial killings. In the past. some are released with minimal bail. D. OR EXILE Under the Constitution. as part of a Southern African Development Community (SADC) military task force. There were periodic press reports of floggings. "every person in Botswana" is entitled to due process. c. scheduled to begin in September. In some cases. A magistrate may order a suspect held for 14 days through a writ of detention. and the authorities generally respect this prohibition in practice. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. DISAPPEARANCE There were no reports of politically motivated disappearances. police sometimes suffocated criminal suspects with a plastic bag. marketing. Women in custody are placed in the charge of female officers. Tribal judges. The judiciary consists of both a civil court (including magistrates' courts. These courts handle minor offenses involving land. people seek justice in the civil courts. The Government does not provide counsel for the indigent. There were no reports of political prisoners. investment and business opportunities information. Constitutional protections are not applied to illegal immigrants. Most citizens encounter the legal system through the customary courts. Botswana has a long tradition of vigorous. However. but not criminal. many defendants may not be informed of their rights in pretrial or trial proceedings. except in capital cases. FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND THE PRESS The Constitution provides for freedom of expression. Fax: (202) 546-3275. However. The quality of decisions reached in the traditional courts varies considerably.136 Detainees have the right to hire attorneys of their choice. Most trials in the regular courts are public. but it detains and incarcerates them with convicted felons (see Section 2. OR CORRESPONDENCE The Constitution provides for the protection of privacy and the security of the person. In communities where chiefs and their decisions are respected. fair trials in many cases due to severe staffing shortages and a backlog of pending cases. DENIAL OF FAIR PUBLIC TRIAL The Constitution provides for an independent judiciary. F. provides free legal services in civil. and authorities do not always follow judicial safeguards. ARBITRARY INTERFERENCE WITH PRIVACY. under the authority of a traditional leader. provides free legal services. and the Government generally respects this right in practice. but its capacity is limited.).d. The law provides for the right to a fair trial. the University of Botswana Legal Assistance Center. From September through the first week in November. and unimpeded public discourse. and a Court of Appeal) and a customary (traditional) court system. and the Government generally respects these rights. Those charged with noncapital crimes are tried without legal representation if they cannot afford an attorney. HOME. but in practice most are unable to afford legal counsel. the defendant does not have legal counsel and there are no precise rules of evidence. determine sentences. In customary courts. marketing. One NGO. otherwise. As a result. The Government does not use forced exile. poor police training and poor communications in rural villages make it difficult for detainees to obtain legal assistance. both individual and corporate. although trials under the National Security Act (NSA) may be held in secret. appointed by the tribal leader or elected by the community. plaintiffs tend to take their cases to the customary court. and the Government respects this provision in practice.com . RESPECT FOR CIVIL LIBERTIES A. the Botswana Center for Human Rights. the civil courts remained unable to provide for timely. although the constitutionality of denying them due process has not been tested in court. and property disputes. USA (202) 546-2103. matters. E-mail: rusric@erols. E. Another NGO. Of the 80 backlogged cases. a High Court. opposition leaders have claimed that the For additional analytical.. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. However. 48 were set for trial and 39 completed as of year's end. which may be appealed through the civil court system. candid. The Government neither forcibly repatriates nor deports failed asylum seekers. marital. FAMILY. the Government suspended all civil cases and ordered all circuit court judges to try criminal cases only. The broadcast media remain a government monopoly with radio the most important medium of information in this highly dispersed society. The only television station is privately owned and broadcasts to viewers in the capital city. The Government permits relocated Basarwa to return to the CKGR.137 Government limits their ability to broadcast freely on the radio. EMIGRATION. When the Basarwa arrived at the new settlements. B. Some human rights organizations claimed that the Government has pressured several Basarwa (Bushmen) communities within the Central Kalahari Game Reserve (CKGR) into relocating to partially built settlements outside of the Reserve. USA (202) 546-2103. and that Radio Botswana's editing of their press releases constitutes a form of censorship. marketing.. Although conditions later improved. but they complain--with some justification--that their broadcast time is limited significantly. The new law creates a national broadcast board and provides for issuance of broadcast licenses and copyright protection of broadcast material. to limit publication of national security information. and the Government respects this right in practice. investment and business opportunities information. FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT WITHIN THE COUNTRY. FREEDOM OF PEACEFUL ASSEMBLY AND ASSOCIATION The Constitution provides for these rights. and mandatory government accreditation of journalists. None of the controversial provisions of the 1997 draft legislation were retained. E-mail: rusric@erols. FREEDOM OF RELIGION The Constitution provides for freedom of religion. Government officials maintained that the "voluntary" resettlement was necessary in order to provide the Basarwa with better public services and to avoid conflicts between wildlife and humans within the CKGR. which depends heavily on the official Botswana Press Agency (BOPA) for its material. Radio Botswana follows government policies and draws most of its stories from BOPA. restrictive domestic ownership requirements. FOREIGN TRAVEL. It reports without fear of closure or censorship. AND REPATRIATION There are no formal barriers to domestic and international travel or migration. they remain very basic. which included provisions for a government-dominated press council. but does not provide services within the reserve. However.com . Opposition leaders have access to the radio. The Government cooperates with the office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and other humanitarian organizations in assisting refugees. The independent press is small. Independent radio and television from neighboring South Africa are received easily. The Government adopted a new broadcast law in July in consultation with media representatives. C. Botswana has maintained a policy of considering resettlement requests only from refugees from bordering countries. D. and the Government respects them in practice. On occasion the Government has taken steps. under loosely defined provisions of the NSA. The Government subsidizes a free daily newspaper. but lively and is frequently critical of the Government and the President. The Government contends that prominent coverage of senior officials is more newsworthy. For additional analytical. This law replaced draft legislation offered in 1997. Academic freedom is not restricted. services and facilities were substandard or nonexistent. the Government has permitted failed asylum seekers to remain in the country but they must stay either at the Dukwe Refugee Camp or in jail. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. Fax: (202) 546-3275. These provisions are implemented in practice by government authorities. for example. is restricted constitutionally to the eight "principal tribes" of the Tswana nation. The BDP continued to dominate Parliament following the October 1994 elections. please contact Global Investment & Business Center.138 There were no confirmed reports of the forced return of persons to a country where they feared persecution. sex. Fax: (202) 546-3275. investigating and publishing their findings on human rights cases. which holds 11 of the opposition seats in Parliament. RESPECT FOR POLITICAL RIGHTS: THE RIGHT OF CITIZENS TO CHANGE THEIR GOVERNMENT The Constitution provides citizens with the right to change their government peacefully.com . or social status. the impact of excluding other groups of citizens is largely symbolic. RELIGION. grant asylum. Botswana received more than 1. at year's end the Government had not decided whether to deport them. The President is elected by Parliament and is limited to two 5-year terms in office. GOVERNMENTAL ATTITUDE REGARDING INTERNATIONAL AND NONGOVERNMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF ALLEGED VIOLATIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS Domestic and international human rights groups operate without government restriction. race. Kalanga. an advisory upper chamber of Parliament with limited powers. OR SOCIAL STATUS The Constitution forbids discrimination on the basis of ethnicity. other groups. Masire stepped down in March and was succeeded by Vice President Mogae. there are only 4 women among the 44 members of the National Assembly. Although the UNHCR screened these persons. creed. Male refugees linked to the DTA requested asylum based on their claim that they were being forced into the Namibian army to fight in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. ensuring the election of its presidential candidate. Baloi. SEX. Humbukush. The BNF was the only opposition party to win seats in the last elections. but some non-Setswana speakers view it as important in principle. nationality. E-mail: rusric@erols. DISABILITY. Government officials are generally cooperative and responsive to such inquiries. investment and business opportunities information. and only 2 female ministers and 1 deputy minister in the Cabinet. then incumbent President Sir Ketumile Masire. DISCRIMINATION BASED ON RACE. in accordance with the Constitution. The House of Chiefs. Consequently. Given the limited authority of the House of Chiefs. For additional analytical. or Lozi are not represented there.300 Namibian refugees from late October through midDecember. Although women constitute just over 50 percent of the population. However. while the BNF retained only 2 seats. Many were armed and linked to the Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (DTA). and citizens exercise this right in practice through periodic. and fair elections held on the basis of universal adult (18 years of age) suffrage. A measure to force MPs who change parties to stand for reelection in a by-election was stalled in Parliament at year's end. marketing." Herero. or try them for importation of illegal arms. the Basarwa "bushmen. a rebel movement based in the Caprivi Strip of Namibia. In practice women are underrepresented in the political process. Refugees and asylum seekers refused under Botswana's "first country of asylum" policy are housed at Dukwe Refugee Camp until they are resettled or repatriated.. free. Members of the National Assembly are required to speak English. LANGUAGE. USA (202) 546-2103. a split within the party during the year led to the creation of the BCP. The case was pending at year's end. restrict civil and economic opportunities for women. The law was a step toward equalizing a husband's and a wife's legal control over property held in community of property. Under a law adopted by Parliament in 2002. Reports of sexual exploitation. (2) women. Well-trained urban women enjoy growing entry level access to the white-collar job market. and powersharing and For additional analytical. Women legally enjoy the same civil rights as men. Women have. however. investment and business opportunities information. and other forms of sexual assault by imposing minimum sentencing requirements where none existed previously. However. but the number of opportunities decreases sharply as they rise in seniority. in practice discrimination persists. abuse. many of which are attributed to traditional practices. A number of laws. marketing. E-mail: rusric@erols. however.. the couple jointly owns property. Domestic abuse is one area of concern. and the Government acknowledged in April that. but the right to manage it is reserved almost exclusively to the husband. accused of murdering her husband. The maximum sentence remains life imprisonment. requiring her husband's consent to buy or sell property. apply for credit. sexual assault has become an even more serious offense. prioritized as follows: (1) women and poverty. In response Parliament on April 16 passed legislation effective April 30. Consultants have been reviewing existing laws to identify provisions that may discriminate against women and plan to submit a report to the Ministry of Labor and Home Affairs in 1999. please contact Global Investment & Business Center.139 WOMEN Violence against women remains a serious problem. given the high incidence of HIV/AIDS. The plan identifies 6 critical areas of concern. and public awareness of the problem generally is growing. Greater public awareness and improved legal protection have led more victims of domestic violence and sexual assault to report incidents to the authorities. USA (202) 546-2103. One of two pending cases of domestic homicide went on trial in November. the right to marriage "out of common property. The national police force has begun training in handling domestic violence problems for police officers to make them more responsive in such cases. societal attitudes toward other forms of domestic violence remain lax. and criminal sexual assault are increasing. Polygyny is still legal under traditional law with the consent of the first wife. claims to be the victim of battered woman syndrome and not criminally liable for her actions. women married under an intermediate system referred to as in "community of property? are permitted to own immovable property in their own names. Rape is another grave national problem.com . and increasingly are exercising. The minimum sentence for rape is now 10 years. with men in positions of authority pressuring women to provide sexual favors. but it rarely is practiced. Sexual exploitation and harassment continue to be problems as well. with the minimum increasing to 15 years with corporal punishment if the offender is HIV positive and to 20 years with corporal punishment if the offender knew of his HIV status." in which case they retain their full legal rights as adults. There were 1. Discrimination against women is most acute in rural areas where women work primarily in subsistence agriculture. In community of property. their husbands still retain considerable control over jointly-held assets of the marriage. The defendant. men have the right to "chastise" their wives. Fax: (202) 546-3275. and enter into legally binding contracts. Police rarely are called to intervene in cases of domestic violence.183 rapes reported in 1997 with 239 individuals convicted. which increased penalties for rape. A woman married under traditional law or in "common property" is held to be a legal minor. incest. The Government and interested NGO's meet regularly to implement the long-term plan of action described in the National Policy on Women adopted in 2002. although the Government has become far tougher in dealing with criminal sexual assault. Under customary law and in common rural practice. shifting the focus of public attention to the students' conduct from that of the teachers. A number of women's organizations has emerged to promote the status of women.140 decisionmaking. incorporating the seven major global goals identified at the 1990 U. (5) the girl child. In August a peaceful protest at a senior secondary school in northeastern Botswana turned violent when 500 students rioted over allegations of sexual misconduct by male teachers with female students. the Government has allocated the largest portion of its recurrent budget to the Ministry of Education. Reports of rape and sexual assault of young women. The Adoption Act also is being reviewed to ensure that adopted children are provided for and not exploited as cheap labor. However. although it is not compulsory. The rights of children are addressed in the Constitution and the 1981 Children's Act. Lands and Housing. In the aftermath. and (6) violence against women.. Fax: (202) 546-3275. economic and legal status of women. The Government launched a 10-year program of action for children in 1997. USA (202) 546-2103. The Government has entered into a dialog with many of these groups. Separate committees were appointed to investigate both the riots and the students' claims of teachers' sexual misconduct. budgeting. Major women's NGO's include the Emang Basadi Women's Association.000 in fines or face prosecution for "malicious damage to government property. In 2002 the Ministry of Labor and Home Affairs transferred responsibility for children to the Social Welfare Department in the Ministry of Local Government. and cases of incest and "defilement" of young girls appear with greater frequency in the news. in large part for the construction of primary and secondary schools so that children have ready access to education. Under the act Botswana has a court system and social service apparatus designed solely for juveniles. The Women's Affairs Department of the Ministry of Labor and Home Affairs. which promotes the social. marketing. 10 students were expelled and 12 others were suspended. but is reportedly a national concern.N. While some women's rights groups reportedly felt that the Government has been slow to respond concretely to their concerns.com . investment and business opportunities information. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. women's NGO's state that they are encouraged by the direction of change and by the increasingly collaborative relationship with government authorities. (3) education and training of women. There is no societal pattern of abuse against children. 60 students were ordered to pay over $7. However. CHILDREN The Government provides 7 years of primary education for children. World Summit for Children. girls are denied schooling because of religious or customary beliefs. E-mail: rusric@erols. For additional analytical. which provides legal assistance to poor women. The problem of sexual harassment among teachers is not limited to northeastern Botswana. (4) women and health. and planning decisions." The parents of the expelled and suspended students vowed not to pay the fines and appeared prepared to fight the school administration in court. particularly those doing their national service in remote regions of the nation are common. the Metlhaetsile Women's Information Centre. in conjunction with the United Nations Development Program. For the past 2 years. is implementing a "market plan" to ensure that the gender program and overall policy on women are incorporated into policymaking. and the Botswana Council of Women. Laws pertaining to children are under review to align them with the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. in the interim. in some cases. The national literacy rate is 69 percent: 70 percent for females and 67 percent for males. although incest and other forms of child abuse have received increased attention from the media and from local human rights groups. . such as the white and Asian communities. The industrial or wage economy is small. the Botswana Federation of Trade Unions (BFTU). and the NGO community only recently has begun to address the needs of the disabled. The Government funded NGO's that provide rehabilitation services and supported small-scale work projects by disabled workers. For additional analytical. Each of the eight principal tribes is represented in the advisory House of Chiefs. Their isolation. while the other groups are permitted only a subchief. Unions may join international organizations. and unions are concentrated largely in mineral extraction and to a lesser extent in the railway and banking sectors. Legal strikes are theoretically possible after an exhaustive arbitration process. USA (202) 546-2103. Other than the lack of schooling in their own language and representation in the House of Chiefs. In 1997 Parliament adopted a national policy that provides for integrating the needs of disabled persons into all aspects of government policymaking. and the BFTU is affiliated with the ICFTU. ignorance of civil rights.141 PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES The Government does not discriminate on the basis of physical or mental disability. marketing. The Government does not require accessibility to public buildings and public conveyances for people with disabilities. WORKER RIGHTS A. the nomadic Basarwa remain marginalized. who is not a member of the House. In practice all workers. and has been criticized by the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU). NATIONAL/RACIAL/ETHNIC MINORITIES The Tswana majority. Botswana's Bantu minorities and nonindigenous minorities. investment and business opportunities information. although employment opportunities for the disabled remain limited. but in practice none of the country's strikes has been legal. they have lost access to their traditional land and are vulnerable to exploitation. Unions are independent of the Government and are not closely allied with any political party or movement. but the law requires elected union officials to work full time in the industry that the union represents. Unions may employ administrative staff. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. has a tradition of peacefully coexisting with "minor" tribes. However. THE RIGHT OF ASSOCIATION The Constitution provides for the right of association. The Minister of Labor must approve any affiliation with an outside labor movement. The law also severely restricts the right to strike. with the exception of government employees. THE RIGHT TO ORGANIZE AND BARGAIN COLLECTIVELY The Constitution provides for collective bargaining for unions that have enrolled 25 percent of a labor force. B.com . E-mail: rusric@erols. are not subject to discrimination. Government workers may form associations that function as quasi-unions but without the right to negotiate wages. and lack of representation in local or national government have stymied their progress. but unions may appeal to the courts if an application for affiliation is refused. Fax: (202) 546-3275. are free to join or organize unions of their own choosing. but there are no obstacles to the formation of other labor federations. This rule severely limits union leaders' professionalism and effectiveness. In reality only the mineworker unions have the organizational strength to engage in collective bargaining. There is only one major confederation. of which the Constitution recognizes eight principal tribes. USA (202) 546-2103. Botswana has only one export processing zone. Formal sector jobs almost always pay well above minimum wage levels. and UNICEF that the child labor problem is limited to young children in remote areas who work as cattle tenders. officials of the Ministry of Local Government. which is less than 50 percent of what the Government calculates is necessary to meet the basic needs of a family of five. are exploited easily. C. but this is not mandatory. maids. and most children take advantage of this opportunity. with the occasionally notable exception of the construction industry. but labor offices rarely do more than order 2-months' severance pay. For additional analytical. marketing. Because research on the issue of child labor is limited. it is difficult to state whether child labor laws are enforced effectively.). investment and business opportunities information. there is general agreement among the Labor Commissioner. D. or babysitters. Only persons over age 16 may be hired to perform night work. ACCEPTABLE CONDITIONS OF WORK The minimum daily wage for full time labor is $3. E. and it is subject to the same labor laws as the rest of the country. Lands. including mining.. employers generally provide for worker safety. primarily Zambians and Zimbabweans. Illegal immigrants. exclusive of overtime.com . and no juvenile under age 15 may be employed in any industry. However. Dismissals may be appealed to labor officers or civil courts. Nevertheless. STATUS OF CHILD LABOR PRACTICES AND MINIMUM AGE FOR EMPLOYMENT OF CHILDREN Although education is not compulsory. Most modern private and public sector jobs are on the 40hour workweek.142 Workers may not be fired for union-related activities. located in the town of Selebi-Phikwe. District and municipal councils have child welfare divisions. Fax: (202) 546-3275. However. and each of the country's districts has at least one labor inspector. The Ministry of Labor referred trade disputes to the Industrial Court during the year. although its application to children is not specified. the Government's institutional ability to enforce its workplace safety legislation remains limited by inadequate staffing and unclear jurisdictions between different ministries. Workers who complain about hazardous conditions cannot be fired.c. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. and no person under age 16 is allowed to perform hazardous labor. the Government provides 7 years of free primary education to every child. The Ministry of Labor recommends a monthly minimum wage of $53 (250 pula) for domestics. which are responsible for enforcing child labor laws. Only an immediate family member may employ a child age 13 or younger. The Ministry of Labor is responsible for enforcing the minimum wage. frequently pay below the minimum wage. The law permits a maximum 48-hour workweek. as they would be subject to deportation if they filed grievances against their employers. PROHIBITION OF FORCED OR COMPULSORY LABOR The constitutional provision prohibiting forced or bonded labor applies to all citizens. The constitutional provision prohibiting forced or bonded labor applies to all citizens. which is payable at time and a half for each additional hour. although its application to children is not specified (see Section 6. and Housing. E-mail: rusric@erols. There were no reports of forced or bonded labor. particularly in the agricultural and domestic service sectors where housing and food are included. Informal sector employment.00 (14 pula). the organization is registered. There is no state religion. Fax: (202) 546-3275.There were no reports of religious prisoners or detainees.000 Pula). The Government at all levels generally protects this right in full.com . USA (202) 546-2103.S. public morality. It is unclear whether the Unification Church maintained a presence in the country during the period covered by this report. Except for the case of the Unification Church.There are no laws against proselytizing. or of the Government's refusal to allow such citizens to be returned to the United States. public safety. In the intervening 17 years. RESTRICTIONS ON RELIGIOUS FREEDOM The Constitution provides for the suspension of religious freedom in the interests of national defense. The Constitution also provides for the protection of the rights and freedoms of other persons. The Constitution prohibits forced religious instruction. SOCIETAL ATTITUDES Relations between the country's religious communities generally are amicable. Unregistered groups potentially are liable to penalties including fines up to $178 (1. including of minor U. The Government also perceived the Unification Church to be anti-Semitic and denied it registration because of another constitutional provision that protects the rights and freedoms of individuals to practice their religion without intervention. The Constitution provides that every religious community may establish places for religious instruction at the community's expense. or both. All religious organizations must register with the Government. the Unification Church has petitioned the offices of the President and Vice President without success. After a generally simple bureaucratic process. investment and business opportunities information. however. or taking oaths that run counter to an individual's religious beliefs. there is no indication that any religious organization has ever been denied registration.S. either by governmental or private actors. but has made no move to challenge the Ministry's decision in the courts. a group submits its constitution to the Ministry of Home Affairs." In 1984 the Unification Church was denied registration by the Ministry of Home Affairs on the public order grounds stipulated in the Constitution. public order.S. FORCED RELIGIOUS CONVERSION There were no reports of forced religious conversion. U. Embassy discusses religious freedom issues with the Government in the context of its overall dialog and policy of promoting human rights. any suspension of religious freedom by the Government must be deemed "reasonably justifiable in a democratic society. To register. up to 7 years in jail. or public health. E-mail: rusric@erols.. forced participation in religious ceremonies. GOVERNMENT POLICY The U. citizens who had been abducted or illegally removed from the United States.143 - STATUS OF RELIGIOUS FREEDOM LEGAL/POLICY FRAMEWORK The Constitution provides for freedom of religion. marketing. For additional analytical. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. There are no legal benefits for registered organizations. and the Government generally respects this right in practice. and does not tolerate its abuse. including the right to observe and practice any religion without the unsolicited intervention of members of any other religion. While it is actively seeking foreign investment by offering attractive incentives and relatively simple procedures for the establishment of local operations. is relatively undiversified and remains heavily dependent on its diamond industry and to a lesser extent. to look to the future of the region. and urban insurrection in South Africa. though the Botswana National Front (BNF. The government For additional analytical. when "tribal" conservatives joined the socialists in BNF ranks attacking the "bourgeois" policies of government.500 placing it into the World Bank's upper-middle-income category. the Rhodesian army crossed the border and massacred 15 Botswana soldiers in a surprise attack at Leshoma (February 1978). More diamond mines were opened. The economy therefore remains essentially vulnerable to external factors such as continuing quotas on diamond sales imposed by the Central Selling Organization. resulting in Zimbabwe independence in 1980.9% for 2002 and 6. Real growth rate in the GNP was 4. founded 1965) became a significant threat after 1969. Botswana extended basic infrastructure for mining development and basic social services for its population. copper-nickel mining and livestock production. The manufacturing sector has expanded from a very small base while the increase in export revenues from the diamond mining sector enabled the government to finance major infrastructure projects and improvements in education and welfare provision. as expounded by Seretse Khama. Botswana's economy however.com . on relatively favorable terms of income to the state.5% for 1997 and 2003. marketing. All the states of southern Africa. except South Africa (and Namibia). investment and business opportunities information. it has been turned into one of Africa's wealthiest.. and stimulation of export activities and encouragement of increased processing and value-added import substitution. But its main contribution was in formulating the Southern African Development Coordination Conference.144 - STRATEGIC ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS INFORMATION ECONOMY & ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT With an economy growing annually between 12 and 13 percent. Botswana played its part in the final settlement of the Rhodesian war. However. The government's objectives for industrial development include the encouragement of the private sector and free enterprise system through the creation of a favourable business climate. When Botswana began to form its own army. Fax: (202) 546-3275. it is competing with equally attractive incentives from neighboring countries where infrastructure.1% in 1994 giving a GNP per capita rate of $4. and adverse climatic conditions such as drought. The later 1970s saw civil war in Rhodesia. and less economically successful nickel-copper mining commenced at Selebi-Phikwe. to work together in developing identified sectors of their economies particularly the transport network to the ports of Mozambique. USA (202) 546-2103. available labour skills and size of the local market may be greater. Botswana's economy was one of the least developed in Africa. The idea behind SADCC. The BDP was consistently reelected with a large majority. thanks to a flourishing diamond industry and judicious use of national income. with an average of 6% (excluding mining) through to 2003. depressed world prices for copper-nickel and a weak market for soda-ash. formed SADCC in 1980. E-mail: rusric@erols. from which refugees flowed into Botswana. the Botswana Defence Force. At independence 30 years ago. The Botswana government has forecast a GDP rate of 4. diversification of the economy through growth in the manufacturing sector. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. was to coordinate disparate economies rather than to create a unified market in southern Africa. The mining sector has come to dominate the economy and its contribution to GDP is over 50%. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. Fax: (202) 546-3275.145 has effected a number of measures to encourage economic diversification which has resulted in the non-mining sector growing at 5% compared to the average of 3. many of the parastatals need to be put on a more commercial footing in order to attract private sector investors. There are a number of commercial banks offering sophisticated services. However. largely seen as the main sector of the economy holding the most potential for job creation. Sources of funding include the various bodies of the European Union and the United Nations. erratic rainfall. as well as development finance institutions which offer specialized services to specific economic sectors. and expanding population make the provision of affordable water a major challenge. railways and air transport are generally good although the western areas of the country remain relatively inaccessible. roads. frequent severe droughts. after ensuring a competitive market. This approach has so far been used in the telecommunications sector. Firstly. Water tariffs for business enterprise are expensive. remains small and heavily dependent on government grants under the Financial Assistance Program. The Botswana Development Corporation Ltd (BDC) is the government's main agency for commercial and industrial development having investments through subsidiary and associated companies in all sectors of the economy except large-scale mining. Botswana is the only country in Africa to have received an EIU sovereign investment grade rating. Its unfavorable topography. share capital and provision of business premises to investors. INFRASTRUCTURE Botswana ranks among the top countries in Africa in terms of total infrastructure. The banking sector is geared to arrange finance for new businesses.3%. However. marketing. Secondly.. The increased national income received from its mining sector enabled Botswana to invest in roads and other infrastructure. the markets in which certain parastatals operate need to be opened to competition from the private sector.com . Programs such as the Financial Assistance Policy (FAP) which awards grants to manufacturing enterprises and some agricultural projects on the basis of employment created are likely to be retained. A schedule for the privatization of public corporations and some parts of the Government sector will be included in the next National Development Plan (NDP8) to commence in 1997/98. Telecommunications. USA (202) 546-2103. Botswana is poorly endowed with water resources. investment and business opportunities information. E-mail: rusric@erols. AVAILABILITY OF FINANCE AND FUNDING SOURCES The availability of finance should not pose any particular problem to the potential investor in Botswana. loan financing and overdraft guarantees. and direct aid from many foreign donors. For additional analytical. public corporations will be privatized. The manufacturing sector. PRIVATIZATION The Botswana Government is considering the privatization of major public enterprises and is instituting a two-pronged approach to this process. Its main function is to identify investment opportunities in Botswana for local and foreign investors and provide investment advice. The need to reduce the high unemployment rate is a central concern of the government and measures to create sustainable employment growth will continue to dominate economic policies regarding investment. It has invested US$ 50 million in a new manufacturing facility that will produce For additional analytical. marketing. MANUFACTURING The manufacturing sector in Botswana is relatively small. investment and business opportunities information. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. beverages and vehicle assembly operations. specifically around Gaborone. building materials.. Hyundai Motor Distributors. membership of which offers the country access to world trade markets or sources of funding : African Development Bank African-Caribbean-Pacific Group in association with the European Union (Lomé Convention) Commonwealth World Trade Organization (GATT) International Bank for Reconstruction and Development International Labour Organization International Monetary Fund Organization of African Unity Southern African Customs Union Southern African Development Community (regional headquarters are located in Gaborone) United Nations and associate bodies In addition. The majority of manufacturing enterprises are located in the urban areas. household products. USA (202) 546-2103. Fax: (202) 546-3275. 300 by non-citizens and the remainder being joint-ventures. while the production of copper and nickel could boost local production of electrical components.146 - INTERNATIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS Botswana is a member of the following international organizations. 200 owned by citizens. It also has bi-lateral agreements with China allowing preferential or limited duty free trade.com . An example is the soda ash project which is expected to stimulate local manufacture of detergents. it has been given 2 years by South Africa to transform its operations to full assembly using completely knocked-down kits. potash and fertilisers. although employing more labour than the mining sector. Botswana had no manufacturing activity at its independence 30 years ago. Manufacturing activity includes textiles.5% of Botswana's GDP. currently assembles 2004 vehicles per month in semi-knocked down form mainly for export to neighboring South Africa. The Korean automotive manufacturer. Botswana is a signatory to the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Authority (MIGA) which protects investments from expropriation or nationalization. Botswana is a signatory to special trade agreements with Malawi. accounting for an estimated 4. Under pressure from South Africa's motor industry. This sector is seen as having the most growth potential and the government's objective is to diversify away from mining and cattle ranching to the development and processing of other raw material resources in order to increase its export trade. Apart from meat processing. By 1995 there were some 630 medium to large scale manufacturing enterprises registered in Botswana. Hyundai is now the country's largest industrial exporter employing 425 people. It adds 250 components in Botswana to qualify for duty-free export to South Africa. E-mail: rusric@erols. Zambia and Zimbabwe that allow duty-free entry of certain goods between the countries. Botswana's motor industry is the second-largest net foreign exchange earner after minerals. Other vehicle assembly operations are carried out by the Swedish Motor Corporation and Leading Auto Engineering which assembles Scania buses and trucks from completely knockeddown kits and is soon to commence production of a limited range of Chevrolet vehicles. Customs and excise duty tariffs are set by South Africa and applied throughout the SACU although Botswana has the right to levy additional duties on imports to protect new industries. E-mail: rusric@erols. and spare parts manufacture. The manufacturing sector is open to foreign investors and currrently offers opportunities in the manufacture or assembly of garments.76 million carats in 1993. at least 25% of the production cost must be represented by materials produced and labor performed in the country. marketed exclusively by the De Beer's Central Selling Organization. There is free movement of goods within the Southern Africa Customs Union (SACU). gypsum. Fax: (202) 546-3275. Other known mineral deposits include asbestos.147 3000 vehicles a month with an automobile component manufacturing industry planned once production reaches 50. Recently. copper-nickel and cobalt. USA (202) 546-2103. tire manufacturing. South Africa has also agreed to abolish its export incentive schemes that subsidized exports outside the SACU. paper products. Diamond mining is dominated by Debswana Diamond Company (Pty) Ltd whose 3 mines produced a total of 14. packed and processed meat. Diamonds. OTHER METALS AND MINERALS Other metals and minerals produced in Botswana include gold. talc and uranium. graphite. by-products from the country's main economic activities of mining and livestock production have been little exploited. computer assembly. talc and uranium. kaolin. feldspar. batteries. and soda ash while known mineral deposits include asbestos. paint manufacturing. coal and gold are exploited. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. Over the next decade there will be a reduction in protective tariffs and a dismantling of non-tariff barriers. The motor industry sub-sector is one of the government's priority sectors through which it hopes to intensify its economic diversification efforts. Botswana has two diamond cutting and polishing factories. These changes will result in Botswana no longer having to face unfair competition from South Africa in exporting to non-SACU countries. Currently. chromite. and office and household furniture. It is Africa's largest and the world's third largest producer of diamonds and second largest producer of gem diamonds.. For additional analytical. Copper/nickel exports amount to some US$ 99 million per annum. feldspar. iron. gypsum. copper-nickel.com . investment and business opportunities information.000 units per year. chiefly for the South African market. kaolin.2% of the country's GDP and 50% of its tax revenues. chromite. graphite. leather finishes. Botswana has vast proven reserves of bituminous coal which have not yet been fully exploited. soda ash. leather goods. This sector offers the following manufacturing opportunities : vehicle assembly. bottling facilities. To qualify for a certificate of Botswana origin. iron. marketing. Botswana has access to regional and international markets through its membership of numerous international trade agreements. The mining sector represents 34. household equipment. MINING Botswana is Africa's third largest mining producer after South Africa and the Democratic Republic of Congo (formerly Zaire). Russia and Botswana signed an a memorandum of understanding to exchange information to harmonise methods of selling diamonds to ensure equitable sharing of the market. jewelry. The mining industry is regulated by the Ministry of Mineral Resources and Water Affairs. the Canadian company. including an intersection of 8. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. The greenstone belts also have the potential to host nickel sulphide deposits. which is considerably more than the output from the other southern African operations. Amalia's Signal Hill project area held in north eastern Botswana has a resource base of almost 200. Such deposits are currently being mined by Anglo American and Lionore.000 potential ounces. The Three Botswana diamond mines . Letlhakane and Jwaneng . In August 2002. Diamond mining is dominated by Debswana Diamond Company Ltd. the CSO signed a further five year sales contract with Botswana. the object being to discover one million ounces of gold by mid 2004. This meant that there was no guarantee of companies obtaining a mining lease once they had done the exploration. However Gallery Gold has terminated underground operations at the mine due to the lower gold price.74 billion in 1994). The area includes the Tati and Vumba belts near the Zimbabwe border. Shashi and Sowa Pan properties.8 meters. jointly owned by the Botswana Government and Anglo American. On the exploration front. E-mail: rusric@erols. Some 40. It is dominated by Bamangwato Concessions Limited (BCL).. investment and business opportunities information. These conservative laws are under review. Australia-based Gallery Resources began mining at its Golden Eagle project near Francistown in October 2002.com .148 The greenstone belt is currently being explored by Gallery Gold. Falconbridge Exploration. and the Rainbow and Signal Hill gold mines. Selebi-Phikwe is the center of Botswana's copper-nickel-cobalt mining industry. USA (202) 546-2103. the Retention License.000 tons per year of copper-nickel matte is produced for refining in Zimbabwe and Norway. Gallery is continuing its exploration program near Francistown.between them produced 15.Orapa. Debswana is the country's biggest employer with 6000 employees. This means that prospectors are not required to use their lease immediately. For additional analytical. marketing. one of the largest private sector employer with over 4850 employees. on the Shashe lease that was once owned by Phelps Dodge. GOVERNANCE Previously all minerals were vested in the state while still in the ground. 387. A new type of concession. making the process more automatic and predictable. has also been introduced. and therefore more attractive. Drilling has produced encouraging results.000 indicatedounces of gold. Soda ash is produced by Botswana Ash.2 g/t over 6. owned by De Beers Centenary AG and the Botswana government. irrespective of land ownership. an Australian company.The heap-leach option will enable the carbon-in-leach plant at the Monarch mine to be held in reserve for treating Monarch ore and other ore that may be available at various sites on Gallery's leases. Other major Botswana mines include the Phoenix copper/nickel mine. has been evaluating the possible exploitation of copper deposits at Thakada and Makala. DIAMOND MINING Diamond Mining is the major element of the Botswana mining industry and diamonds account for 80% of the country's export earnings ($1. Trillion is involved in exploring the Kalahari Gold.000 inferred ounces and 425. Fax: (202) 546-3275.54 million carats of diamonds in the year to December 1994. The pit bottom is now 110 meters below the surface.149 Discovered in 1967. Letlhakane and Jwaneng mines are operated by the Debswana Diamond Company. Debswana Diamond Company Ltd was first registered in 1969 after discovery of diamonds at Orapa. It is hoped to double the capacity of the Orapa mine by the year 2004. This recently expanded 26 000 square kilometer project will require an investment of USD 5. USA (202) 546-2103. The contract gives the right to exploit the deposit for a period of four years. The underground mine would have a life of around 25 years. is split equally between De Beers Centenary and the Botswana government. Jwaneng did not start mining operations until 1982. the Mopipi Block. To date the mine has shifted a total of 170 Mt of material. to exploit five small kimberlites at Martins Drift in eastern Botswana on the Botswana-South African border about 400 kilometres east of Gaberone. marketing. investment and business opportunities information. At a depth of 210 meters the pipe splits into two lobes. By 2004. Ashton Mining has an option to earn 50% interest on the Ngami diamond exploration project. Debswana became a 50/50 partnership in 1975 after the Botswana government's shareholding was raised from 15% to 50%. All diamonds are sorted and valued by Botswana Diamond Valuing Company. about 250km west of Francistown in northern Botswana. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. and during 1994 produced 9. These are the Deception Pan Block. The Botswana Diamondfields company is focusing on three license blocks. of which 20 Mt will be ore and 40 Mt waste. Jwaneng is by far the richest and the largest of the three mines and one of the largest diamond mines in the world. covering 117 ha. The Orapa pipe. E-mail: rusric@erols. Debswana's mining lease at Orapa has been renewed for a further period to June 2017. Debswana is the largest private sector employer in Botswana. which is a subsidiary of the Debswana Diamond Company. Orapa production increased to 6.4 Mt has been waste. which would raise total production by more than 25 million carats per year. each measuring about 20 ha. For additional analytical. The Orapa.. currently employing over 6000 workers of whom 90% are Botswana citizens. Fax: (202) 546-3275. the Orapa deposit came into production in 1971 and has yielded 118m carats of diamond. This will raise Debswana's total production by 6 million carats to 23 million in 2004 from the year 2004. is the world's second largest kimberlite pipe being mined in terms of area. Appointment of directors to the board.com . Debswana will spend $288 million to double the treatment capacity of Orapa mine. The Letlhakane mine near Orapa was founded in 1973. These three mines currently have a total annual production of more than 20 million carats.74 million carats in 1997 from 5. Tswapong Mining. covering some 9 400 square km of highly prospective precious stones prospecting licenses. Once mining operations in the open pit reach their maximum economic depth. and the Tswapong Block. There are potential new mines at Martin's Drift and Gope and a short term mining lease has been awarded by the Botswana Government to a new subsidiary of De Beers Prospecting Botswana.1 million carats at grade of 137 carats per hundred metric tons of ore. Orapa will be mining 60 Mt/year. The mine life will be reduced from 60 years to 30 years. while Letlhakane came into production by 1977. The 117 ha Orapa craterfacies kimberlite is on of the lowest-cost major diamond producers in the world. in which the Government holds 15 per cent. as was the much larger Jwaneng mine in the south of the country but. Orapa will become an underground mining operation working through twin vertical shafts to get at the bottom sections of the kimberlite pipe. of which just 2. The mine's labour requirements will rise by less than 10% while its overhead costs should increase by only 20%. Current proven reserves extend to 260 meters below surface and an exploration drilling program is underway to define the shape of the pipe down to 500 meters – 600 meters.15 over the next three years.64m in 2002. 5 million of exploration costs at Reunion Mining's Tsodilo diamond project in north-west Botswana in return for a 50% stake in the 22. The Debswana subsidiary. marketing. Over the past five years consumption has shown a 16% growth rate. Zambia and other countries to the north and from Namibia in the east. in Serowe. It shares its borders with South Africa. The local subsidiary of American company. is involved in cutting and polishing diamonds. The country has no known hydrocarbon reserves although it does have considerable coal mining operations. CHEMICAL INDUSTRY The chemicals industry in Botswana has experienced a high rate of expansion over the last ten to fifteen years.. The mine is an underground operation with six entry points. investment and business opportunities information. This has been due mainly to a number of government policies providing financial assistance to entrepreneurs and small For additional analytical. The Morupule coalfield is estimated to have reserves of between six and nine billion tons of coal. Oil-derived products supply 57% of Botswana's commercial energy needs with coal and electricity supplying 28. The Morupule and Mmamadula coalfields in eastern Botswana have known reserves totaling 17 billion tons.150 Ashton Mining of Australia has agreed to finance the first $U. most of which have yet to be fully exploited. importation and distribution of petroleum products is mainly via road. Engen Botswana. The transport infrastructure is advanced and the rail system is in good condition. Fax: (202) 546-3275.5% and 15% respectively.m.S.5. USA (202) 546-2103. Engen Botswana is the only oil company listed on the Botswana stock exchange.000 tons in 1993) for use in the Selebi-Phikwe and Morupule power stations. COAL MINING Botswana has vast proven reserves of bituminous coal. All petroleum products are imported in their refined form from neighbouring South Africa. OIL INDUSTRY Botswana is a landlocked state located in Southern African and occupies an area of 600 372 sq km (231 804 sq miles). Namibia and Zimbabwe. a subsidiary of Anglo American.725 tons of coal in 1995 (890. Lazare Kaplan. which produced 816. As Botswana is located on a major trucking route from South Africa to Zimbabwe. E-mail:
[email protected] tonnes per annum all of which is imported from South Africa.000 square kilometers concession. The wholesale margin is not sufficient to encourage companies to invest in new facilities. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. Caltex Oil and Total Botswana with BP and Shell holding the major market shares. Shell . Teemane Manufacturing Company. The tax of petroleum products is about 13% and annual petroleum tax revenue is approximately $33 million per annum representing 13% of government indirect taxes. Distribution and marketing of fuels and lubricants products is carried out by BP Botswana. Consumption of liquid fuel products is currently in the order of 407. is also active in diamond cutting and polishing.000 cu. There is a single pricing formula for all products.com . There are some 8 petroleum products storage depots in Botswana with a total capacity of 53. The formula for determining the pump price tends to be very similar to that used in South Africa. There is however only one coal mine currently in operation at Palapye owned by the Morupule Colliery. The country is undertaking a rural electrification program and a 15 year planning program is being developed to cater for the expected increase in supply of electricity across the Botswana grid. chemical and rubber products still formed 8. which has now gone through a number of phases. goes a long way to address the agricultural concerns cited in Agenda 21. To this end.2% of imports during 1992. marketing. the company went into liquidation. ENERGY & POWER GENERATION Botswana has no hydro-electric power resources and all power is from thermal generation.). enjoying over 3. and in the rural areas where access to conventional electricity is difficult. During 1995.. glass-. Fax: (202) 546-3275. Despite the growth in this sector. and earn income from the sale of surplus produce. managing only 62. Significant business opportunities lie in the manufacture or assembly of solar energy equipment. Installed electricity capacity is 220. which included replacing the food self sufficiency goal with the concept of food security. There are also a number of complementary program. paper. The contract for a new sub-station at has been awarded to GEC Alsthom and the completion date is December 1997. transport. owing mainly to technical problems. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. funded by both the Botswanan government and private South African interests.000 tons of soda ash in its initial year of production. while offering a highly attractive foreign investment code. promoting For additional analytical. The Soda Ash Botswana plant has a capacity to produce 300. such as strengthening the extension system through training of manpower and extension facilities (offices. An additional 228 million kWh were imported mainly from South Africa. attain food security at the household level. AGRICULTURE The Government of Botswana launched the Arable Land Development Program (ALDEP) in 1980. Solar energy is currently used for home lighting and water heating. its contribution to the national energy balance is insignificant. Attempts have been made to exploit brine deposits at Sua Pan.well below profitable operation.000 tons of salt. and the company. renamed Botswana Ash (Bot Ash) has once more resumed operations. An offer by the Botswanan government and Anglo American Corporation was accepted by the company's creditors.151 scale businesses. but has seldom.000 kW and domestic production totalled 901 million kW hours. It has assisted resource poor farmers to enable them to participate in agriculture. etc. The assistance includes seeds and fencing of fields to protect crops. operated beyond 60% of its capacity . Electricity tariffs in Botswana are the highest in the southern African region and its high tariffs have been blamed for the re-location of certain energy-intensive industries to neighboring countries. This Program.000 tons of soda ash and 650. if ever. electricity production for telecommunications equipment. investment and business opportunities information.200 hours of sunshine per year. fell some 80% short of the expected production level. a new 400/220 kV sub-station is to be built at Phokoje near Selebi-Phikwe with power to be supplied from Eskom's Mathimba power station in neighboring South Africa. Although Botswana is ideally suited for solar energy applications. in central Botswana.and detergent manufacturing industries) began production.com . The 1991 National Policy on Agricultural Development focused on agrarian reform. Almost all of Botswana's power comes from the coal-powered Morupule Power Station. This project. E-mail: rusric@erols. Consumption per capita is estimated at 874 kWh. USA (202) 546-2103. and in 1991 a soda ash/salt plant (soda ash is an important chemical used in the steel-. with increased total moisture available to the crop. but efforts are being made through targeted subsidies.. launched in 1992 and the Range Inventory and Monitoring Project launched in 1993. With this reform. On-going research seeks to identify grazing systems that would encourage forage rehabilitation and good maintenance in terms of quality and quantity. The Government has. breeding work will be expanded to include non-conventional but adapted animals. In the future. The potential use of crop residues. Botswana has exceeded the 1995 target for this program area. The development of a composite breed with some of the above attributes is in its final stages. However. and competitiveness under marginal conditions. the transition to new forms of production is slow. Botswana recognizes that reliance on chemicals for the control of pests is dangerous in the long term and unsustainable. production systems. and in harvesting and processing wild products. Work on tillage systems has shown that double plugging improves infiltration and enhances soil moisture conservation properties. Through this program agricultural reservoirs are constructed for watering livestock and for the irrigation of horticultural crops. Agriculture was diversified through the adoption of non-traditional production systems and products. This program continues to receive support and will be strengthened in the National Development Plan 8 (NDP 8). Preliminary results indicate that continuous grazing during the dry period is less destructive to range than grazing during the growing periods. It will be further applied in the inventory of degraded lands. Integrated Pest Management is currently promoted through initiatives by the agricultural research system and others. Capacity has been enhanced by the establishment of a Plant Protection Division within the Ministry of Agriculture. and the latter partially funded by the British Government. The Division is responsible for the control of migratory and economically important pests. The conservation and sustainable utilization of plant and animal genetic resources for food and sustainable agriculture is being implemented in line with the Convention on Biological Diversity. The Government of Botswana established a program on agricultural water development under the Ministry of Agriculture in 1967. marketing. such as ostriches.com . For additional analytical. The survey and mapping of soils at the national level started in 1981 and was completed in 1990. such as the Financial Assistance Policy (FAP) to encourage people to participate. for example.152 diversification of agricultural production. and management methods for livestock feed are being studied. USA (202) 546-2103. productivity. Fax: (202) 546-3275. through the on-going Soil Conservation Project. investment and business opportunities information. have been launched to address agricultural and rural development concerns. together with the identification of locally available feed resources. Information derived from this program has been used to determine land suitability for various uses. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. some of which pre-date Agenda 21. and farmer preference is an on-going process involving emphasis on efficient input utilization. encouraged farmers to engage in horticulture production where conditions allow. development of procedures for safe handling and disposal of pesticides. and for promoting sustainable pest control technologies. A number of projects and programs. In the future. The former funded by the Government of Botswana. E-mail: rusric@erols. and incorporating the element of sustainable food production primarily through improved management of production resources. These initiatives include breeding and selecting crops resistant to major pests and diseases. the establishment and persistence of legume forage under range conditions will be studied. The development of breeds adapted to local environmental conditions. their nutritional status. In the most recent election. Research on crop rotation of cereals and legumes has shown positive benefits in the improvement of soil fertility and increased yields. Attorney General. plays little role in the pricing of goods and is supportive of foreign investment. investment and business opportunities information. USA (202) 546-2103. and the judiciary is independent from the executive. Research is now beginning on indigenous crops.com . is the highest court in Botswana with magistrates located in all townships and district capitals. therefore. The executive functions of the state are carried out by the President. the Botswana Democratic Party received 31 seats in the National Assembly. ECONOMIC SYSTEM The economic system of Botswana can be described as free market in its orientation although the Government plays a large role in the development of indigenous resources. For additional analytical. there is a House of Chiefs which serves as an advisory body only on proposed legislation which could have a bearing or impact on tradition and custom but otherwise has no legislative functions. POLITICAL. In addition. soil fertility management has also become an important part of the implementation of soil conservation. however. and sweet potatoes. Research programs on cereals. POLITICAL SYSTEM Botswana's constitution provides for a Parliament consisting of a President and a National Assembly. There have been six peaceful elections since its independence from Great Britain in 1966. pigeon peas. The Government. Town councils rule on land use matters in urban areas. traditionally recognized as drought tolerant. Elections are on the basis of universal suffrage and one man one vote.153 Most of the land farmed in Botswana is marginal. the most recent election occurred in 1989. Current research activities seek to establish a system that will give maximum benefit to the farmer. oilseeds. Inter-cropping experiments have begun recently with the aim of improving mixed cropping as a manageable system that will maximize the benefits of both row planting and mixed cropping. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. Fax: (202) 546-3275. such as watermelons. extremely important in the maintenance of soil productivity and sustainable use of the land to avoid degradation. The Botswana National Front received 3 seats and also control of the Gaborone municipal council. Botswana is one of the few multi-party democracies in Africa. such as cassava. located in Lobatse.. E-mail: rusric@erols. The Botswana People's Party received one seat. Other exotic crops of dry regions. Breeding activities also concentrate on associated traits such as early flowering and maturity which are considered to be escape mechanisms for drought. LEGAL SYSTEM The Botswana legal system is based upon common law borrowing from the English and RomanDutch law systems. Tribal Land Boards rule on land use matters in tribal lands and traditional villages. The High Court of Justice. The National Assembly has a Speaker. While the Parliament is unicameral. Such a system is also beneficial to the soil. The local tribal courts adjudicate such traditional matters as domestic relations. Soil fertility management is. 34 members elected in general elections and four members elected by the elected members. and legumes are evaluating genotypes for drought tolerance and escape. are being studied for potential adaptation to Botswana's conditions. INVESTMENT AND LEGAL CLIMATE A. marketing. C. Botswana does not produce chemical fertilizers. B. burglar bars. Other sources of foreign exchange are beef. the Bank of Botswana ("BOB"). most largescale development involves parastatals (state-owned enterprises) alone in conjunction with private enterprise due to the Government's policy to encourage private sector solutions to providing for financing requirements and to fill gaps not satisfied by private sector institutions. and certain simple specialized trades. general trading. and the milling of sorghum and the baking of bread. Large-scale mining and the cattle industry are excluded from FAP. are also eligible for FAP. Botswana is the largest producer (in value) of diamonds in the world. SECTOR INCENTIVES AND RESTRICTIONS ON FOREIGN INVESTMENT In 1982. supermarkets (excluding chain stores and franchise operations). investment and business opportunities information. The following trading activities are limited to Botswana citizens: butchery and fresh produce. cement and baked bricks. which has over $2. D.154 The Gross Domestic Product of the country has expanded an average of 12.2% per annum over the past 10 years and is one of the world's fastest growing economies. FINANCIAL SYSTEM The financial sector in Botswana is rapidly expanding. General inflation rates for the region are moderate averaging 11. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. defined as business activities which produce or process goods for import substitution or for export. LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR INVESTMENT AND BUSINESS ACTIVITY A. Commercial banks are traditionally short-term lenders. "Linking" Industries which provide a marketing or collection function for productive activities.54.3 billion in assets. exclusive of the BOB. The primary private sector institutions are the four commercial banks. with over two-thirds of all assets. Fax: (202) 546-3275. The currency unit of Botswana is the Pula which is comprised of 100 thebe. The majority of financial resources are deposited in the central bank. dollar in 1987. E-mail: rusric@erols. however. Service industries do not qualify. no financial mechanisms such as mutual funds (unit trusts) exist to amalgamate investor capital for development. nickel and copper. and they are the major source of national income. B.S. New ventures and existing productive businesses which qualify for assistance have been categorized into three groups: For additional analytical. 1988 and 1989.com . Domestic capacity to provide equity for large-scale development is limited. marketing. non-specialized restaurants.60. petrol stations. nor do brewing and distilling operations. $0. The money stock (M-3) has averaged 28% expansion per annum over the period 1980-1989. with the exception of the construction sector which has a sectoral inflation rate of between 23% and 42% per annum. SECTOR EXCEPTIONS Industries reserved for citizens are the manufacture of school uniforms and school furniture. including associated repair and maintenance facilities. such as clothing boutiques and footwear. non-hotel bars and bottle stores..3% in 1989. External foreign debt is low ($300 million) and foreign reserves approach $3 billion or 30 months of foreign export cover. A few major corporations and pension funds have capital for investment. The Government has an extensive national development program and is a major source of development loans. protective clothing. The rates of exchange to the U. the Financial Assistance Policy (FAP) was established to provide financial assistance to productive businesses. USA (202) 546-2103. respectively were $0.44 and $0. a project must yield a real economic rate of at least 6% per annum to be eligible for assistance. FAP assistance for small-scale projects is restricted to citizens. While there is some agricultural land which can be owned by non-Botswana citizens. (ii) A reimbursement of unskilled labor costs for citizens earning less than P11. with amounts determined by location. For medium. respectively. forth and fifth years.com . local authorities and parastatal companies.and large-scale projects. most industrial and commercial land is available to foreign investors on a long-term lease basis only. investment and business opportunities information. A special incentive package was introduced in 1989 for promoters of manufacturing projects which meet the following conditions: (i) the project is located in the township of Selibi-Pikwe. The incentive is in the form of a price advantage of up to 40% over goods of foreign manufacture. material and wages. 50% and 25% for the third.92 per day of 80% in the first two years of operation and 60%. In addition to the CFA scheme described above. lodging and board. These are the Automatic and Financial Assistance (AFA) scheme and the Case-by-Case Financial Assistance (CFA) scheme awarded on the basis of merit to new ventures and existing productive activities which expand operations. Medium-Scale Projects: having fixed capital investment of between P25. Assistance is in the form of grants. Large-Scale Projects: having fixed capital in excess of P900.000. the promoter would also be entitled to a reduced nominal tax rate of 15% for the first 20 years of the project and an exemption from withholding tax dividends paid from after-tax profits for the first ten years of the project. two packages of financial assistance are offered. the Local Preference Scheme provides incentives to Botswana manufacturers which sell to the Government. (ii) 100% of the project's output will be exported outside the southern Africa region. For additional analytical. fourth and fifth years. marketing. (iii) the project will employ 400 Botswana citizens within two years of start-up.000. The grants cover tuition. Capital and sales augmentation grants are made in addition to unskilled labor and training grants. Under the AFA for medium-scale projects. respectively. USA (202) 546-2103. job creation and owner management. C.000 and P900. the reimbursement is 100% of income tax liability.000. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. COSTS Training costs of 50% of citizens off-the-job training costs are reimbursed during the first five years of the project. Under the CFA. Last.155 Small-Scale Projects: having fixed capital investment of less than P25. the following grants are awarded on a reimbursement basis: (i) Five-year step down tax involving reimbursement of company tax paid.. In each of the first two years. E-mail: rusric@erols. The reimbursements decline to 75%. and (iv) the project will be promoted by an established international company which has been in existence for at least 10 years and investing at least 25% of the project's combined fixed and permanent working capital as equity. gender ownership. Fax: (202) 546-3275. 40% and 20% in the third. travel. The Government maintains very liberal policies on repatriation of earnings and profits by non-residents. E-mail: rusric@erols. foreign investors in need of expatriate expertise have been able to obtain requisite work permits. due to acute shortages of trained manpower. For additional analytical. although there is a 15% withholding tax on all repatriated profits and interest payments on foreign debt. COMPANY REGISTRATION A company registration is usually arranged by a local attorney or a company secretary and is usually effected within seven days. D. with small and sporadic incidents of labor unrest. With the exception of non-resident consultants. Fax: (202) 546-3275. to train a citizen to replace the non-citizen. To remedy the shortage of qualified labor and to encourage labor intensive activities. the employer must indicate arrangements made. though there are increasing complaints of excessive bureaucratic delays. In general. DE FACTO RESTRICTIONS There are no de facto restrictions on foreign investment in Botswana regarding the granting of industrial or commercial licenses or the imposition of taxation. investment and business opportunities information. approval must be obtained from the Exchange Control for: (1) resident company issuance of shares to foreign investors. please contact Global Investment & Business Center.com . the Government offers attractive training incentives to companies on behalf of its employees. supervising engineers and non-resident directors. a degree of citizen ownership is encouraged. However.. or to be made. While there are no restrictions on the ability to repatriate after-tax profits upon the payment of the withholding tax. LABOR Qualified labor is in short supply in Botswana. USA (202) 546-2103. C. and (3) remittance of director's fees to non-residents. despite the country's impressive record of economic growth. all non-citizens employed or otherwise engaged in any occupation for reward are required to obtain a work permit.156 While there is no discrimination against majority foreign-owned financial institutions in Botswana. The maximum tax rate for corporate income in Botswana is 40%. B. some delays are to be anticipated in dealing with Government institutions. especially at the local level. Industrial relations have generally been calm and peaceful. TAXATION Botswana's Income Tax Act and Exchange Control Act regulations need to be carefully analyzed to assess their impact on business operations and profitability. STRATEGIC LEGAL & BUSINESS INFORMATION While each topic will be discussed in depth later in this paper. this section will examine some of the constraints facing the foreign investor in Botswana. When submitting an application for a work permit. (2) terms and conditions of foreign borrowing. marketing. A. Investors must apply for a registration certificate by supplying such information as type of industrial process. please contact Global Investment & Business Center.1 million to about $28.157 D. Swaziland and South Africa). a manufacturing or trading license is required as is an import permit. plant location and site plan. They include minimum standards for the food industry and approval by the Chief Health Inspector. No further duties are levied by individual members of the Customs Union. Botswana is currently considering upgrading its associate status to become a Contracting Party to GATT and is a member of the British Commonwealth and a signatory of the Lome III Convention.4 million in 1987. EXPORT AND IMPORT PERMITS Export permits are not required except for gameskins and exotic leathers. Botswana still has no heavy industry of any kind. and Botswana's right to levy additional duties to meet competition from other countries in the Common Customs area (Botswana. Zambia and Swaziland. usually South Africa. precious stones.. However. Lesotho. ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS The Atmospheric Pollution Act is concerned with Air Pollution and establishes acceptable pollution limits. Imports from the United States increased in value from about $5. About 75% of the country's imports arrive via South Africa. and well over half of these are actually made there. As a member of the Common Customs area. in 15 years. Botswana may seek tariff protection for up to eight years for infant industries. raw materials. Importers should also be aware of exclusive licenses. Importers which expect to sell to the Government should be aware that a price advantage is given to Botswana manufacturers. marketing. Zimbabwe. To import goods. and hides and skins. CONSUMER PROTECTION The Public Health Act established health regulations to protect the population from unhealthy or medically dangerous situations. F. Botswana's manufacturing sector was almost non-existent prior to independence. imports generally are freely permitted. Health inspectors also visit new factories and make periodic inspections of operating facilities.com . Tariffs for goods entering Botswana are set according to standards of the Customs Union at the port of entry. E-mail: rusric@erols. however. chemicals. PRICE CONTROLS There are no price controls in Botswana. Despite relatively heavy investment in social and physical infrastructure by the Government since independence in 1966. E. USA (202) 546-2103. For additional analytical. and Botswana's right to levy additional duties to meet competition from other countries of the Custom Union Agreement with Malawi. should be aware of exclusive licenses given by the Government to protect infant industries. but light industry has seen a gradual expansion. Because of Botswana's foreign exchange resources. investment and business opportunities information. EXPORT-IMPORT AND TRADE REGULATIONS A. especially in import substitution areas. Importers. G. machinery. finished products. given by the Government to protect infant industries. clothing and food (due to the arid climate and small percentage of arable land). Lesotho. GENERAL IMPORT POLICIES Major imports to Botswana include virtually all its fuel. Fax: (202) 546-3275. the Government has sought such protection only twice. S. There are no insurance requirements particular to Botswana. export oriented or not. Customs duties are governed by the Harmonized Customs Tariff (formerly the Brussels Tariff Nomenclature). EXPORTS FROM BOTSWANA Normal expert documentation is required for all exports from Botswana. Horticultural and agricultural products require an import permit from the Ministry of Agriculture. On imported products which are re-exported. The Financial Assistance Policy (FAP) described in earlier sections of this report applies to all investments. and. At least three copies of the Certified Standard Invoice should be forwarded under separate cover to the consignee. USA (202) 546-2103. Licensing is not required for exports except for gameskins and exotic leathers.. Fax: (202) 546-3275. labor grant. or any other country. B. For additional analytical. and with Botswana's neighbor and main trading partner. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. in addition to the cost of placing goods on board ship for export. Letters of credit and other financial instruments can be obtained with the three commercial banks in Botswana: Barclays Bank. E-mail: rusric@erols. marketing. a manufacturing or trading license and trading permits are required from the Ministry of Commerce and Industry. Botswana has no current trade dispute with the U. given the small size of the Botswana economy. Under the FAP. an additional branch profits tax of 15% is imposed on a non-resident company's after-tax profit. however. including South Africa.com . investment incentives include a tax holiday. Bank of Credit and Commerce and Standard Credit. possibly. Apart from GATT and the British Commonwealth conventions. less deductions for reinvestment in the company during the tax year and an amount approved by the Commissioner of Taxes as expenditures to be incurred in the development of the company in Botswana within one year from the end of the tax year. and the goods' commission is required for all shipments to southern Africa. coal and beef. Each bank has branches in all towns and major villages. the Department of Customs and Excise administers a duty drawback scheme. There are no special agent regulations in Botswana. any medium. South Africa. nickel. investment and business opportunities information. or transshipment. There is no tax on exports.158 To import goods. There are no export controls or boycott regulations applicable to Botswana although the Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986 does severely restrict trade between the U. precious stones and hides and skins.S. There is no sales tax upon direct sales in Botswana. All companies are required to have a registered office in Botswana to which all communications and notices may be addressed. removal to another approved port. The majority of exports from Botswana include diamonds. PARTICULAR IMPORT REGULATIONS A shipper's commercial invoice which shows the actual price charged to the importer. training grant. produced or manufactured in either country qualify for dutyfree entry into the other country and are generally exempt from imposition of quantitative import restrictions. preferably by airmail to ensure their receipt prior to the arrival of the goods. warehousing. Botswana has a trade agreement with Zimbabwe where goods grown. cooper. Goods entering the Customs Union may be declared for consumption. However.or large-scale fixed capital investment will necessarily contemplate export earnings. a sales augmentation grant. Generalized System of Preferences (GSP). based on Most-Favored-Nation (MFN) treatment with China. While some franchisers may establish a local subsidiary. The mere appointment of an agent does not typically require a company to register under the Companies Act unless the agent both has and habitually exercises a general authority to negotiate and conclude contracts or holds a stock of merchandise on consignment which he regularly fulfills orders as a major part of the agent's overall business activities. However. and this procedure usually minimizes formalities. which acts in liaison with European/American patenting organizations (including WIPO) and member countries in Africa. on a wide range of manufactured and semi-manufactured goods. there are no regulations governing the payment of commissions nor the conduct of anti-competitive practices. USSR. An Industrial Property Act is now being drafted with the assistance of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). No prior approvals are required by national investment boards. an exclusive license may be granted for a maximum of four years. which grants beneficiary developing countries dutyfree treatment into the U.S. USA (202) 546-2103. All companies in Botswana are charged a 40% tax rate payable on taxable income. but objections of this nature are rarely upheld except in the case of where an infant industry is protected or considerations of national security arise. Other than normal notice and arrangements for existing inventory.S. without any fee arrangement. the threat of new direct competition can lead to protests by an entity directly affected. under industrial property legislation. Agents do not acquire additional rights as an employee under local law. AGENTS & REPRESENTATIVES Appointing a local sales agent. Romania. and there are no specific regulations governing nor superseding the agency relationship. marketing.. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. Korea. investment and business opportunities information. an inventor or trader. Obviously. Yugoslavia and Zambia.159 Apart from the sales conventions mentioned above. Additionally.com . appointment of a local sales agent is the general procedure and avoids tax complications. establishing a selling branch and incorporating a sales subsidiary are all permitted. Czechoslovakia. whether a Botswana citizen or not. The act should be enacted next year. The Copyright Act provides copyright protection to qualified owners of original literary. In special circumstances. Botswana has also signed bilateral trade agreements. Botswana participates in the U. Legislation governing licensing is contained in the Industrial Development Act of 1988. Fax: (202) 546-3275. Botswana is a member of the Industrial Property Organization for the English Speaking Union (EWAWIPO). most deal through an agent or in response to direct orders. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND LICENSING REGULATIONS Botswana does not have intellectual property legislation and does not grant patents. E-mail: rusric@erols. Owners of South African patents may receive automatic registration in Botswana upon application and payment of a fee of P20. tariff classification disputes and demurrage charges. and only then may they be registered in Botswana. The Office of the Registrar of Companies protects owners of United Kingdom patents by registering them automatically. Goods are generally consigned to the agent. Industries reserved for citizens are the manufacturers of For additional analytical. is obliged first to apply for and be issued a patent or industrial design or trademark registration in the United Kingdom or South Africa. The income tax year is from July 1 to June 30. All non-citizen enterprises require an industrial license issued by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry. dramatic or musical works. with a possible extension of four years. distributors acquire no additional rights. Except for exporters of large volumes or highly specialized goods. milled sorghum. USA (202) 546-2103. if any. which is registered or incorporated in an external country under the laws of that country. Fax: (202) 546-3275." Unlike a sales agent. rarely would a foreign parent consider an outright purchase of the stock or asset of an existing public company. investment and business opportunities information. burglar bars.000 and are greater for larger companies. application must be made to the Bank of Botswana. para-statal or state-owned enterprises are not prevalent in Botswana. Although expanding rapidly. A private company is an entity of less than 50 "members" where the transfer of shares is restricted to subscribe for any shares or debentures is prohibited. it is advisable to obtain prior approval from the Bank of Botswana. protective clothing. A public company may either be limited by shares or guarantee. Registration costs are P50 for companies whose authorized capital does not exceed P3. Corporate entities can be partners. A company registration is usually arranged by a local attorney or company secretary and is usually effected within seven days. A branch office would qualify as an external company which is defined by the Companies Act as "a body corporate other than a corporation sole. branch office or subsidiary company. the For additional analytical. Beneficial shareholders must be nonresidents of Botswana for authority to be given.com . In respect of externally held shares. There is no requirement forcing a joint venture with a local company. However. the Companies Act distinguishes between private and public companies. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. There are no restrictions on the amount of royalties which can be agreed upon by the parties nor are there competition laws which restrict licenses. Adding a proliferation of special purpose institutions or services independent of existing institutions or not integrated under a holding group structure may prove inefficient and unsustainable in the long term. Non-resident parent corporations may enter into agreements with locally incorporated whollyowned subsidiaries. General partnerships carry on business with unlimited liability and do not have a formal legal existence separate from their partners. E-mail: rusric@erols. each of which carries joint and several liability for the partnership's total debts so far as the public is concerned. and baked bread. appointment of a sales agent is the general procedure and avoids possible tax complications. A more frequent form of foreign investment would be the establishment of a sales office. who ensures that they are in accordance with the provisions of the Company Act. or so nearly resembling that name as calculated to deceive. Official consent is required for the use of certain names which import or suggest that the company enjoys the patronage of the President. A subsidiary having more than 20 employees must register as a company under the Companies Act. A new company's memorandum and articles of association. marketing. must be submitted to the Registrar of Companies. A company name may not be registered which is identical with that by which an existing company is already registered. a branch office would incur tax liability for all profits earned in Botswana.160 school uniforms and school furniture. While privatizations are an increasingly common vehicle in other African countries. if the agreement contemplates remittances from Botswana. due to the relatively underdeveloped nature of the capital markets and stock exchange in Botswana. DIRECT INVESTMENT Although not per se illegal. Botswana is a small market area for any multinational corporation. A preferred strategy would be to involve several domestic institutions in joint ventures especially in the field of financial services and optimally in conjunction with international and regional entities for capital and technical infusion. Apart from external companies which are described above. The cost for the issue of the certificate of incorporation is P10. Except for exporters of large volumes or highly specialized goods.. cement and bricks. There are no antitrust laws which limit acquisitions. All companies are required to have a registered office in Botswana to which all communications and notices may be addressed. hire local labor. this exception only applies to companies registered or incorporated in Botswana. the most common being the private company. An additional branch profits tax of 15% is imposed on a non-resident company's after. All companies with more than 20 employees must register as a company. A name may be reserved for 30 days.01 of the Laws of Botswana. import equipment. and intercompany agreements of all types are permitted. import and export materials and obtain work permits. less deductions for reinvestment in the company during the tax year and an amount approved by the Commissioner of Taxes as expenditure to be incurred in the development of the business of the company in Botswana within one year from the end of the tax year. supervising engineers and non-resident directors are exempted from work permit requirements. especially if citizen-owned. FOREIGN CORPORATION ACQUISITIONS There is no prohibition against the outright acquisition of a Botswana corporation or its assets by a foreign corporation. will not be displaced." For additional analytical. USA (202) 546-2103.. INCORPORATION A BUSINESS Legislation governing company formation is contained in Companies Act Cap 42.tax profit. All companies are required to have a registered office in Botswana to which all communications and notices may be addressed. BRANCHES The establishment of a branch operation in Botswana is very straightforward. There is a transfer duty rate of 30% for the sale of freehold land to non-citizens. The maximum tax rate on taxable income (including capital gains) is 40% for both resident and non-resident companies. The location of this office must be given to the Registrar of Companies within 21 days after incorporation or any change of address. The rate of capital transfer tax for all companies. investment and business opportunities information. Branches are not subject to any special exchange restrictions or approvals. Fax: (202) 546-3275. marketing. but the Ministry of Commerce has an obligation to assure that an existing firm. While consultants. and this must be established before a business has begun. public and external companies.161 Government of Botswana or any other government or international organization. b) limits the number of its members to fifty.com . E-mail: rusric@erols. resident and non-resident. which is registered or incorporated in an external country under the laws of that country. The law distinguishes between private. There are no financing restrictions imposed on foreign companies. A private company is defined as a company which by its Articles of Association: a) restricts the right to transfer its shares. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. there are no sector exceptions barring foreign investment in Botswana. The Act defines an external company as a "body corporate other than a corporation sole. and c) prohibits any invitation to the public to subscribe for any shares or debentures of the company. Other than certain retail activities and simple specialty businesses previously discussed. Unregistered companies can enter into government contracts. is 35%. open a bank account. In the case of a company limited by shares. and there shall. a company having no share capital but having the liability of its members limited by the memorandum to such an amount as the members may respectively undertake to contribute to the assets of the company in the event of its being wound up. marketing. B.e. CURRENCY EXCHANGE REGULATIONS Botswana's exchange control regulations are administered by the Bank of Botswana. i. articles of association signed by the subscribers to the memorandum and prescribing regulations for the company. in the case of a company limited by shares. Authorized dealers are appointed by the Bank of Botswana and are normally commercial banks. The Companies Act further states that there may. in the case of a company limited by guarantee. application must be made to the Bank of Botswana. The authorized share capital most commonly used is P3.162 Companies. The Act makes no mention of where shareholders or board meetings shall be held. E-mail: rusric@erols. A minimum of seven shareholders is required for a public company. One copy of the memorandum and articles must be lodged with the Commissioner of Taxes. There must be a minimum of two members in respect of a private company. who ensures that they comply with the Companies Act.000. the term "Proprietary" must be added before "limited". associations. and division thereof into share of a fixed amount. USA (202) 546-2103. and b) A company limited by guarantee. be registered with the memorandum. The memorandum and the articles must be submitted to the Registrar of Companies. above. Fax: (202) 546-3275. If meetings are to be held outside Botswana.. Every company must have a secretary who is responsible for the statutory affairs of the company and attends to the formalities on incorporation as well as a Public Officer who is responsible for the tax affairs of the company. Investment and tax incentives are discussed in Section III.. and d) the amount of share capital with which the company proposes to be registered. the Public Officer must be a resident. if any. syndicates and partnerships having more than 20 persons must register as a company under the Companies Act. Beneficial shareholders must be non-residents of Botswana for authority to be given. In the case of a private company. a company having the liability of its members limited by the memorandum of association to the amount.com . the memorandum of association must be in the English language and state: a) the name of the company with "Limited" as the last word in its name. thus the most common issued share capital is P2. it is advisable that a clause to this effect be included in the articles of association. There is no legal requirement that Botswana citizens be appointed as directors of locally registered companies. unpaid on the shares respectively held by them. the amount at which the minimum capital duty is payable. A company registration must be attended by a local attorney or by the subscribers themselves. For additional analytical. The Companies Act acknowledges two forms of incorporated companies: a) A company limited by shares. While it is not necessary for the secretary to be a resident of Botswana. i. investment and business opportunities information.. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. b) the objects of the company. In respect of externally held shares. Such an association requires a special license which permits it to be registered as a company without the addition of the word "limited". c) that the liability of the members is limited.e. 000. subject to the production of evidence that the goods have been received in Botswana (Customs Form E) and evidence of the amount due. who will normally approve payments made under the agreement. plus the foreign currency equivalent of P300 in foreign currency notes and coin. The Bank of Botswana has indicated that they will consider approving Pula loans of at least three times shareholder's equity. E-mail: rusric@erols. to foreign bank accounts. Import permits are not normally required for goods from the Common Customs area. Loans to individuals by non-residents require the prior approval of the Bank of Botswana. Per annum private and business foreign travel allowances are P5. trade marks. Authorized dealers may approve the remittance of interest payments due to non-residents on Pula. Where such fees are part of an agreement. Provided that the goods to be imported are covered by an import permit (where applicable) by the Department of Customs and Excise. Interest on loans is freely transferrable subject to the deduction of non-residents tax on interest of 15%. For additional analytical.. Amounts in excess of this figure require Bank of Botswana approval. investment and business opportunities information. 1976 must be approved by the Bank of Botswana. respectively. Payment may be made in any foreign currency or in local currency for the credit of a non-resident account. a local importer may freely obtain foreign currency for payment to a foreign supplier. There is a 15% withholding tax on dividends. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. it is advisable to obtain prior approval of the agreement from the Bank of Botswana.000 per annum may be approved by authorized dealers. which is usually given. Residents of Botswana may lend up to an aggregate of P100. provided that the latest audited balance sheet and accounts are submitted. Payments to non-residents in respect to fees due from the use of patents.000 and P10. Fax: (202) 546-3275. If there is an agreement between a locally incorporated company and a non-resident company that may involve a remittance from Botswana. a declaration covering exports from Botswana must be completed in triplicate in respect to all goods exceeding P300 in value.000 to bodies corporate and branches resident in Botswana and controlled (directly on indirectly) by non-residents.163 Temporary residents may maintain bank accounts without reference to and free of restriction from the Bank of Botswana. Applications for remittances in excess of these figures must be referred to the Bank of Botswana. Share capital may only be repatriated upon disposal of the shareholding or on the liquidation of the company and is subject to Bank of Botswana approval. it is advisable to show the agreement to the Bank of Botswana. Upon exportation. Any loan to a locally incorporated company by a non-resident requires the approval of the Bank of Botswana. Temporary residents are able to remit.com . copyrights and other such remittances are allowable.000 per company are allowable provided that the beneficiary is permanently domiciled outside Botswana. up to 50% of their gross local earnings. which is deducted before payment. Dividends and profits due to non-residents up to an amount of P30. marketing. USA (202) 546-2103.000 have to be referred to the Bank of Botswana for approval. All persons leaving Botswana are permitted to carry with them P200 in notes and coin. Approvals in excess of P30. and foreign currency loans received by Botswana residents prior to August 23. This loan is normally forthcoming provided that the loan is not repayable until after a period of three months and that the interest rate is regarded as reasonable. Zimbabwe or Malawi. Directors' fees to a maximum of P10. In the case of a business. Any extension requires Bank of Botswana approval.. 3. BRANCH PROFITS TAX An additional branch profits tax of 15% is imposed on a non-resident company's after-tax profit. USA (202) 546-2103. CAPITAL TRANSFER TAX A capital transfer tax is levied on the aggregate taxable value of a) the gratuitous disposal of property. chargeable income is taxable income. E-mail:
[email protected] . less deductions for reinvestment in the company during the tax year and an amount approved by the Commissioner of Taxes as expenditure to be incurred in the development of the business of the company in Botswana within one year from the end of the tax year. is 40%. Income tax is chargeable on all amounts accrued or deemed accrued from sources in or deemed to be in Botswana. marketing. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. but is limited to "income" accruals save where the law specifies that "capital" amounts are to be included. resident and non-resident. where proper accounts are kept. The rate of tax for all companies. and b) the distribution of property by way of inheritance.164 Payment for exports must be received in Botswana within six months from the date of exportation. TAX RATE The tax rate on taxable income is 40% for both resident and non-resident companies. the business accounting year may be substituted. For additional analytical. TAXATION IN BOTSWANA Legislation governing taxation is contained in the Income Tax Act of 1973. Fax: (202) 546-3275. The rate for capital gains is also 40%. b) limited contributions to pension and retirement annuity funds c) dividends paid by resident company to resident shareholders taxable income for external companies. Payment may be made in any foreign currency or in Pula from a non-resident account. The tax is payable annually on income for the tax year ending June 30. A. since capital gains are included in taxable income. investment and business opportunities information. Gross Income less equals less equals less equals any amounts exempt from tax assessable income cost of producing the assessable income chargeable income a) house purchase interest allowance. as amended. 2. COMPANY INCOME TAX 1. com . commercial or scientific equipment or information. secret formulas. but this is not by way of a final charge. Construction Contracts: The Commissioner of Taxes must be advised of all non-resident contracts relating to construction contracts which are in excess of P5. ALLOWANCES Allowances are granted for various types of capital expenditure up to a maximum claim of 100%. 8. Management or Consultant Fees: 15% on payments to non-residents. and b) the employment of an approved.. full-time. Residents receiving interest are subject to income tax. WITHHOLDING TAXES Dividends: 15% on dividends paid to residents and nonresidents." A participator is a person having. There is an initial allowance of 25% for improvements to industrial buildings. investment and business opportunities information.165 4. or having control of. and 2. Commercial Royalties: 15% to non-residents for use of or rights to patents. E-mail: rusric@erols. For additional analytical. 7.000. copyrights. marketing. or who has lent money to the company or who is a creditor for borrowing.5% for 40 years for industrial and commercial buildings. Fax: (202) 546-3275. Interest: 15% on interest paid to non-residents. 5. INCOME FROM A CLOSE COMPANY "A close company is a resident private company having one or more participators. acquisitions or rights. 6. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. Certain payments received by a participator or his relatives or nominees are to be charged to the participator as dividends from the close company. Approved training is described by the Commissioner of Taxes as: a) post-secondary education or training at an educational. 5% or more of the shares or votes in a company. trademarks. and annual allowances of 10% to 25% for plants and machinery. Entertainment Fees: 10% on payments to non-resident entertainers. EMPLOYEE HOUSING An allowance of P5. The rate is usually 25% of the payment after deduction of the direct cost of materials charged to the contract to date. TRAINING Business entities may receive a special deduction of 200% of the cost of training its employees. Payments under such contracts are subject to a withholding tax if so directed by the Commissioner.000 is permitted for each house built to accommodate employees in all industries except mining. training officer. professional or vocational training establishment. USA (202) 546-2103. and industrial. - 166 9. DOUBLE TAXATION AGREEMENTS The Government of Botswana has double taxation agreements with the United Kingdom and South Africa. The deduction of withholding tax from payments of management or consulting fees may be subject to the intervention of one of these agreements. 10. RESIDENT Persons earning less than P6,000 annually are exempt from tax, and persons earning more than P6,000 annually are not taxed on the first P6,000. Unmarried individuals and married individuals whose spouse is employed are taxed at rates of 2.5% to 50% on income amount from P6,000 to over P60,000. 11. NON-RESIDENT Individuals are taxed at graduated rates of 20% to 50% on all income, with the 50% rate applying to income in excess of P54,000. 12. TAX ON BENEFITS Tax is levied on benefits provided to an employee. Benefits which are taxable include housing, automobile, furniture and utilities. The amount of benefit added to an employee's taxable income for provided housing is computed on a rent/income basis. 13. CAPITAL GAINS AND NET AGGREGATE GAINS The tax on net aggregate gains by any person other than a company is based on taxable income, and is graduated from 5% of taxable income over P5,000 and up to P10,000, to 50% of taxable income over P50,000. 14. CAPITAL TRANSFERTAX A capital transfer tax is levied on the aggregate taxable value of a) the gratuitous disposal of property and b) the distribution of property by way of inheritance. The rate of tax for all persons, other than companies, ranges from 3% to 7%. 15. ALLOWANCES Residents may deduct from chargeable income a) an allowance for house purchase interest and b) contributions to an approved pension or retirement annuity fund or scheme, provided they do not exceed 15% of chargeable income or P6,000, whichever is less. 16. TAX COLLECTION Persons earning under P6,000 per annum and persons whose sole income is income from employment which is subject to the deduction of withholding tax by his employer, are not required to submit a tax return. Where employees receive any other benefits or any other income, they are required to submit tax returns. For additional analytical, marketing, investment and business opportunities information, please contact Global Investment & Business Center, USA (202) 546-2103. Fax: (202) 546-3275. E-mail:
[email protected] - 167 - LABOR REGULATIONS Botswana has a readily available labor force that is young and adaptable to work in any type of industry. The majority of Botswana's labor force is unskilled, but there is a gradual buildup of semi-skilled and skilled labor. The Employment Act of 1982 established labor policy and conditions, which are reviewed regularly. The summary sections below relate to wage earners, not professionals and managers. A. MINIMUM WAGES The Regulation of Wages (Amendment) Order, 1989, sets out the following minimum wage rates: Wage Rate per Hour Unskilled Night Watchman Retail Trades Wholesale Trade P0.73 0.77 P0.65 0.65 Others* 0.83 0.65 * Manufacturing services; repair trades, hotel, catering; entertainment; building construction, exploration; quarrying; garage, motor trade, and road transport. B. WORKING HOURS If the working week is more than 5 days, then the working day cannot be more than 8 hours; the working week 48 hours. If the working week is 5 days, then the working day may be 9 hours. A break of 30 minutes, minimum, must be given following more than 5 hours of continuous work. C. REST PERIOD A rest period of 24 hours minimum, normally to include Sunday, must be given in each period of seven consecutive days, except in cases of shift work, where the rest period is 30 consecutive hours in a period of seven consecutive days. D. OVERTIME For normal working days, the overtime rate is calculated at time and a half. The rate for work done on rest days and public holidays is double time. For shift work, the overtime rate is time and a half for work in excess of 48 hours, averaged over a 3-week period. Overtime in excess of 10 hours in any one week requires special permission from the Minister of Labor and Home Affairs. E. PAID PUBLIC HOLIDAYS The Employment Act provides for 8 public holidays, but 12 holidays are gazetted each year. For additional analytical, marketing, investment and business opportunities information, please contact Global Investment & Business Center, USA (202) 546-2103. Fax: (202) 546-3275. E-mail:
[email protected] - 168 F. ANNUAL LEAVE A minimum of 15 working days of leave for five-day employment, and 18 days for six-day employment, is given after 12 months of continuous employment. Leave of a minimum of 8 days must be taken within 6 months after the leave is earned. Leave days remaining may be accumulated for 3 years after which it must be taken. Accumulated leave can be encashed where contract of employment is terminated by either party to the contract. G. SICK LEAVE A provision of 14 working days sick leave is made after 12 months of continuous employment. If hospitalization is required, an agreement of 30 working days paid sick is provided. To claim sick leave, the employee must inform the employer and, if absent from work for more than 24 hours, provide a doctor's certificate. H. EMPLOYEE RECORD Records should be kept by employers on each employee, including basic personal information, wage details, allowances, leave data, etc. I. MATERNITY LEAVE Maternity leave totalling 12 weeks, 6 weeks before and 6 weeks after confinement, is allowed after the employer receives a written certificate signed by a medical officer, nurse or midwife. An additional 2 weeks after confinement may be allowed if necessary. During maternity leave an employee will receive not less than 25% of basic wage or 50 thebe per hour, whichever is greater. J. TERMINATION OF EMPLOYMENT An employer or employee may terminate the employment after giving notice of termination. The length of the notice period is tied to wage periods; one week for weekly paid employees and one month for monthly paid employees. After 2 years of continuous employment, the minimum notice period is two weeks; after 5 years, one month; after 10 years, six weeks. In lieu of notice, an employee may be given basic pay equal to the amount the employee would have received had notice been served. K. SEVERANCE BENEFITS The minimum qualifying period for severance benefits is five years of continuous service. Upon termination of employment, an employee is entitled to a severance benefit calculated at the rate of one day's basic pay for each of the first 60 months of continuous service and two days' basic pay for each additional month of continuous service. Dependents of an employee would be entitled to the severance benefit if the employee dies after completing a minimum of five years of continuous service. Irrespective of any form of deferred pension that an employee may be entitled to, a severance benefit must be paid when a qualified employee is terminated. L. WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION The Workmen's Compensation Act, 1980, provides for an employee to be given financial compensation for temporary or permanent disability resulting from injury or contraction of a For additional analytical, marketing, investment and business opportunities information, please contact Global Investment & Business Center, USA (202) 546-2103. Fax: (202) 546-3275. E-mail:
[email protected] - 169 prescribed occupational disease while at work. All employers are legally required to be covered by workmen's compensation insurance. Where disablement is permanent, an employee is entitled to a lump sum payment based on 60 times the average monthly wages, with minimum compensation of P10,000 and a maximum, Pl00,000. Where incapacity is partial, but permanent, maximum compensation is P10,000. If death occurs, the employee's dependents may claim 48 times the average monthly wages, with a minimum of P5,000 and a maximum of P80,000. M. LABOR RELATIONS Employers in Botswana are represented nationally by the Botswana Confederation of Commerce, Industry and Manpower (BOCCIM). Originally an Employers Federation, BOCCIM's permanent secretariat in Gaborone coordinates private sector activities dealing with organized labor, government agencies, regional trade organizations and international development sources. Trade unions in Botswana are governed by the Trade Unions and Employers' Organizations Act of 1983, which requires all unions to be registered. The Botswana Federation of Trade Unions coordinates trade union activities and negotiates with the government on national issues. Recognition of a registered trade union by an employer for negotiation purposes is automatic once that trade union commands 25% of that employer's total workforce. Industrial relations have generally been calm and peaceful, with small and sporadic incidents of labor unrest. The collective bargaining process has been established. The Trade Disputes Act, 1982, lays statutory procedures for the settlement of disputes between employers and employees and between employees and employees. N. EMPLOYMENT OF NON-CITIZENS All non-citizens employed or otherwise engaged in any occupation for reward or profit are required to obtain a work permit. By statute, certain persons are declared not to be non-citizen and do not require work permits. These persons are: a) non-resident consultants; b) supervising engineers on works and projects; and c) non-resident directors of companies registered or incorporated in Botswana. In addition, in case of emergency, the Commissioner of Labor and Social Security is empowered to waive the work permit required. When submitting an application for a work permit, the employer must indicate arrangements made, or to be made, to train a citizen to replace the non-citizen. If a citizen has been identified, his name should be stated. The Commissioner of Labor and Social Security must be informed if a citizen cannot be identified or trained to replace the non-citizen. COMPANY DISSOLUTION A corporation can be wound up either voluntarily or compulsorily. A voluntary dissolution can be effected through either a declaration of solvency or with intervention by the corporations creditors when insolvent. Compulsory dissolution can be only through High Court order. Voluntary dissolution can occur by ordinary resolution on the occurrence of any event specified in its articles for the purpose, or by special resolution at any time, or if it cannot meet its liabilities. For additional analytical, marketing, investment and business opportunities information, please contact Global Investment & Business Center, USA (202) 546-2103. Fax: (202) 546-3275. E-mail:
[email protected] - 170 As soon as such a resolution is passed, a corporation must cease trading except as is necessary to permit a beneficial liquidation. The claims of creditors must be met in full before any amounts due to shareholders for dividends, profitshares or other similar disbursements are made; and these, in turn, take precedence over return of capital and distribution of any surplus. Appointment of an independent liquidator is not essential where there is a declaration of solvency, but directors' authority largely ceases. A liquidator in most cases must call a creditors' conference at which creditors can resolve that application can be made to the court for his replacement, for an additional liquidator to act jointly, or for a committee of inspection to be created. At all times in the liquidation process, any interested party can petition the court for instructions, injunctions or directions. Costs relating to liquidation have an absolute priority over all other creditors. A voluntary liquidation may become subject to High Court supervision on application by an interested party, whereupon the court wholly or partly takes over the roles otherwise exercised by shareholders or creditors. A compulsory dissolution petition can be presented by the corporation with shareholder resolution, by interested parties or by the state if certain statutory requirements are not complied with or upon grounds of equity and justice, and by a creditor if a formal or judgement claim remains unsettled or if the corporation demonstrably is unable to pay its debts, including contingent or prospective debts. Share transfers during any liquidation require the liquidator's consent. All claims have to be proved in a liquidation. Claims specifically and validly secured are settled out of the charged assets. Certain unsecured claims have particular preferences, including taxes and limited payments to employees. There is no established formula for determining the line between solvency and insolvency, and no particular trigger point in terms of capital impairment for calling a special meeting of shareholders. However, if a corporation continues to trade when liabilities exceed assets, all those involved (not only directors and officers) can incur personal liability for any shortfall. In any dissolution, certain preliquidation transactions can be challenged and set aside, but in the absence of breach of trust or having raised credit recklessly, no special claims lie against the directors, or against shareholders beyond any amounts unpaid on their shares. At the conclusion of a liquidation, any unclaimed balances due to known creditors escheat to the state. An alternative to formal liquidation exists and can be initiated by either the Registrar if he believes a corporation to be defunct, or on sworn statement by the director that no liabilities exist. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Although it is currently considering becoming a Contracting Party, Botswana belongs to a group of 30 countries which have become "associated" with GATT thereby benefiting from the applications of its provisions to its trade. The primary GATT program effecting trade with Botswana is the Generalized System of Preferences ("GSP") which eliminates duties on a range of products imported into designated developing countries, including the U.S. Under the U.S. GSP program, 109 countries are eligible for duty-free treatment on about 4,100 products, but excluding such items as textiles, apparel, footwear, leather goods, and certain electronic, steel and glass products. To be considered as originating from Botswana, manufactured goods shall meet a 35% or more value added requirement. Added value is defined as the cost of direct materials and direct labor. Botswana has no ongoing trade dispute with the U.S. and has never expropriated a foreign business. For additional analytical, marketing, investment and business opportunities information, please contact Global Investment & Business Center, USA (202) 546-2103. Fax: (202) 546-3275. E-mail:
[email protected] - 171 With respect to the EEC, GSP does not apply to developing countries entitled to preferences under the Lome Agreements. The Lome Convention is an agreement through which the European Community provides financial and technical assistance to 66 "Associated Countries of Africa, the Caribbean and the Pacific ("the ACP countries"). Concerning trade, Botswana, as one of the ACP countries, has access to EEC markets, free of duties and quotas, for almost all of its products which conform to EEC rules of origin. In 1969, Botswana, Lesotho, South Africa and Swaziland signed the Southern Africa Customs Union Agreement (SACUA) forming the Common Customs Area (CCA). SACUA provides each country with free access to the others. With few exceptions, all trade between the countries is free from customs duties and sales taxes. Trade between Botswana, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Lesotho and Swaziland is governed by a 1956 Customs Agreement which confers duty-free status on goods grown, produced or manufactured in any country of the Contracting Parties to the Agreement. Trade with Zimbabwe has been modified through the Trade Agreement of 1988 between the two countries. This agreement did not reduce concessions already imbedded in the 1956 Agreement, but merely improved on the methods of implementation. Botswana has signed bilateral trade agreements, based upon most-favored-nation status with China, Czechoslovakia, Korea,Romania, USSR, Yugoslavia and Zambia. Botswana is a member of the Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC), the Organization of African Unity (OAU) and is an observer to the Preferential Trade Area (PTA) among east African countries. For additional analytical, marketing, investment and business opportunities information, please contact Global Investment & Business Center, USA (202) 546-2103. Fax: (202) 546-3275. E-mail:
[email protected] The supply of inputs for such projects generates export leads for U. Most large development projects are government sponsored and are funded from existing revenues. through the For additional analytical. factory shells and primary schools.S. Jwaneng and Letlhakane. Construction activities. In addition. particularly for government office blocks.metal and metal products .S.textile and footwear .wood and paper products . Fax: (202) 546-3275.S. EXPORTS AND INVESTMENT Botswana's major imports for 1999 were: . exporters.machinery and electrical equipment .vehicles and transport equipment .172 - PRACTICAL INFORMATION FOR CONDUCTING BUSINESS LEADING SECTORS FOR U. www. and rural roads. A continuous operations system at all three mines involving a seven-day production week as opposed to a six -day production week was introduced in 1999. The Government is also interested in diversification within the mining sector itself. firms. This project has further strengthened Botswana's position as the world's leading producer of diamonds by value with an 8% increase in sales from 1999 to 2004. government-funded infrastructure development programs are a consistent target for U.chemicals and rubber products . the Government plans continued investments in secondary road construction. A new mine is now being developed in the vicinity of Orapa. In general. Orapa has doubled production since the completion of the Orapa 2004 project. all with extensive reserves and mining expectancies well into the 21st century.com . district council water and sewerage projects. marketing.fuel It is expected that the key industries for 2004 and 2001 will remain the same. The upgrading of hospitals and the provision of medical equipment also provide good U. at an estimated capital expenditure of Pula 223 million and production is scheduled to begin in 2002.usembassy. Orapa. bitumen road improvements. "the mining sector continues to be the main engine of economic growth. firms: 1 – TRADE OPPORTUNITY: MINING EQUIPMENT According the 2001 Budget Speech.state. investment and business opportunities information.S. Educational projects and supplies are ongoing expenditures.food and beverages .S. USA (202) 546-2103. E-mail: rusric@erols. Current information on Botswana government tenders and reports on market insights are available from the World Wide Web address. Other planned projects with a potential to generate export orders include village water supply and sanitation development projects. export prospects. directly contributing about a third of the total GDP. and civil aviation infrastructure improvements." Botswana has three diamond mines. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. rural power supply projects.gov/botswana.. The following additional areas are considered as potentially interesting to U. and township services receive a good share of the development budget. The Ministry also plans the implementation of new performance standards. 2 . hence the under stated value of imports from the U. investment and business opportunities information.S. The Botswana government would like to develop a local pharmaceutical production capacity. please contact Global Investment & Business Center.745 million $ 1. respectively. Source: Trade Statistics Unit.029 million Negligible Negligible $39. E-mail:
[email protected] million $ 1.745 million Negligible Negligible $64. as there is no local production or assembly. Data are computed at an estimated annual growth rate of ten percent and at an average exchange rate of P1 = $0. and the Tati Nickel Mining Company has plans to expand significantly at least one mine this year. such as chemicals.S. Ministry of Finance. and recorded as imports from the country of supply and not as imports from the country of origin. with Pula 2 billion allocated for priority projects for 2004/1.S.2243 and $0. origin is not new in this field.2159 for December 2003 and 1999. USA (202) 546-2103. Botswana also has base metal and soda ash mines. Equipment is supplied by distributors.92 million 1999 (actual) $39. $64. U.com .S.. Equipment of U. Fax: (202) 546-3275.0 million 2004 (estimated) $65 million Negligible Negligible $65 million $ 2 million The above statistics are unofficial estimates. In the 2001 Budget the health sector was identified as a priority. Planned projects include upgrading several regional hospitals. and European firms have shown some interest in either expanding regional production capacity by opening new facilities in Botswana or by relocating existing regional production capacity from South Africa to Botswana. Pharmaceuticals For additional analytical. Heavy Duty Machinery 2003 (actual) Total Market Size Total Local Production Total Exports Total Imports Imports from U.TRADE AND INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY: HOSPITAL EQUIPMENT/ PHARMACEUTICALS The Government of Botswana Ministry of Health is planning a series of infrastructure improvements and equipment upgrades. such a facility could be supported in the local market. including improvements to several district medical facilities. detergent and glass products. procedures and guidelines for the effective delivery of health care services. Given the growing regional demand. including the provision of services and prospecting. with Caterpillar capturing a sizable portion (65%) of the market. All heavy equipment and machinery are imported. marketing. indicators.173 establishment of down stream industries. Figures cover heavy-duty equipment such as forklifts and bulldozers. but exclude dump trucks. 56 million Negligible Negligible $ 46.S. Technology services are struggling to keep up with increasing demand. and the internet are developing throughout Botswana. Ministry of Finance. investment and business opportunities information.com .S. E-mail:
[email protected] million Negligible Negligible $ 26.0 million Negligible Negligible $28. Source: Trade Statistics Unit. $26.2243 and $0. telecenters. Data are computed at an estimated annual growth rate of 10% and at an average exchange rate of Pula 1 = $0. Many of the new technologies associated with value-added services such as tele-medicine.66 million Negligible Negligible $50. U.143 million 1999 (actual) $27.00 million For additional analytical. marketing.. although this route is by no means mandatory. car phones.00 million Negligible Negligible $ 52.12 million $ 0.TRADE OPPORTUNITY: TELECOMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES Botswana's push for economic diversification demands the provision of reliable efficient and effective communication services which are necessary for private sector growth. and pocket service phones. e-commerce.2159 for December 2003 and 1999.3 million The above statistics are unofficial estimates. USA (202) 546-2103.0 million $ 0. Electrical Apparatus for Line Telephony and Telecommunications Equipment 2003 (actual) Total Market Size Total Local Production Total Exports Total Imports $ 46. respectively. firms may tap into these areas as opportunities in the development of services and investments grow by pairing with Botswana partners in the provision of services. businesses normally access the market through joint ventures with either the Botswana Telecommunication Corporation or local investors.66 million 2004 (estimated) $ 52. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. Fax: (202) 546-3275. Sales to the Botswana Telecommunications Corporation (BTC) have been dominated by European firms due to European Government assistance and Botswana's technical standards.S. 3 .174 - 2003 (actual) Total Market Size Total Local Production Total Exports Total Imports Imports from U.01 million $ 0.56 million 1999 (actual) $ 50.2 million 2004 (estimated) $28.01 million Negligible Negligible $27. There are also extensive opportunities in supplying the large potential market for the purchase telecommunications products such as feature and cordless phones. U. S. Imports are mainly from the U. $ 22. The great majority of products in the computer industry sold in Botswana are of U. to purchase and install quality photovoltaic (PV) systems for household use. the products are exported to a distributor in South Africa and then sent to an affiliate in Botswana for resale.08 million 1999 (actual) $ 26. origin.25 million The above statistics are unofficial estimates. Ministry of Finance.0 million Negligible Negligible $ 28. Ministry of Finance. Source: Trade Statistics Unit.40 million $ 1.2243 and $0.S.18 million $ 0.TRADE AND INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY: SOLAR ENERGY EQUIPMENT Botswana has abundant renewable energy resources. The demand for solar energy equipment including PV components is rising. Data are computed at an estimated annual growth rate of 7% and at an average exchange rate of Pula 1 = $0.. $ 0.175 - Imports from U. and computerized business and accounting systems for government departments and local authorities. Accessories and Software) 2003 (actual) Total Market Size Total Local Production Total Exports Total Imports Imports from U. The Government is looking into how to increase the contribution of solar energy to the national energy balance.S.4 million Negligible Negligible $ 22.com . E-mail:
[email protected]. other office machines and parts and accessories only. mainly in the form of solar energy. marketing. automatic data processing machines.2159 for December 2003 and 1999. investment and business opportunities information. calculating and accounting machines.2 million $ 0. 4 . For additional analytical. and recorded as a South African export to Botswana.. Data are computed at an estimated annual growth rate of 10% and at an average exchange rate of Pula 1 = $0. Fax: (202) 546-3275.82 million Negligible Negligible $ 26. please contact Global Investment & Business Center.2243 and $0.0 million $ 2. Europe and South Africa.2159 for December 2003 and 1999.2 million The above statistics are unofficial estimates for word processing machines. Source: Trade Statistics Unit.TRADE OPPORTUNITY: COMPUTERS (HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE) There has been a significant increase in imports due to continuous invitations to tender for the supply of computers and accessories. USA (202) 546-2103. The Government has developed the National Rural Photo-Voltaic Electrification Program to assist communities with loans repayable over four years. respectively. Typically.0 million 2004 (estimated) $28.82 million $ 2. Parts. respectively. Computers (Hardware. 5 . funds administration. The IFSC offers access to Botswana's double taxation treaty network. corporate treasury operations. Botswana is also seeking joint ventures or licensing agreements between U. corporate treasury management and captive insurance operations. INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES The Government of the United States acknowledges the contribution that outward foreign direct investment makes to the U.. The project to develop Botswana as an International Financial Services Center has made substantial progress in the past year since its inception. U. INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY: INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL SERVICES Botswana launched the International Financial Services Center (IFSC) in June 2004. roads and power generation are reliable export targets. foreign direct investment is increasingly viewed as a complement or even a necessary component of trade. RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND DESIGN ENGINEERING SERVICES Provision of design and consultancy services. and Business Facilitation Programs that support U. roughly 60% of U. investment treaty negotiations. firm may find it useful to enter into partnership with a locally based firm. economy. For additional analytical. and the sale of follow-on project management skills.176 Electrification remains a priority with additional tenders for both village electrification programs and the construction of a 220 kV transmission line between Morupule and Thamaga available in FY2001/2002. remains an area of great potential in Botswana for U. captive insurance business and international holding company administration.S.S. exports are sold by American firms that have operations abroad. During the year. Fax: (202) 546-3275. particularly British.com . and collective investment undertakings (CIUs) are tax exempt. investment and business opportunities information. New legislation to provide for the management and administration of CIUs has been enacted in line with best international practices. E-mail: rusric@erols. the Government of the United States undertakes initiatives. please contact Global Investment & Business Center.S. For example.S. A U. design and consulting firms' biggest advantages in bidding on major infrastructure development projects in Botswana. and Botswana companies for the manufacture and or assembly of PV components. The IFSC in Botswana is expected to provide collective investment undertakings. marketing. IFSC operators will be granted a certificate from the Bank of Botswana. Ongoing and planned infrastructure development projects in the areas of water resources. Thus far five companies have been approved under the IFSC and accordingly issued with tax certificates. notably a 15% (as opposed to the normal 25%) corporate tax rate and relief from withholding tax. which has been appointed the regulator of the IFSC.S. investors.S. economy. To qualify for the special tax benefits. and cutting edge technology are the U. entitling them to certain tax benefits. insurance and accounting facilities in Southern Africa. IFSC operators are required to obtain a tax certificate from a certification committee after being granted licenses by the regulator.S.TRADE OPPORTUNITY: CONSULTING. Botswana now presents a potentially lucrative business opportunity for U. companies interested in operating offshore banking.S.S.-based competitors. 6 . international experience. more projects. and South African design and consulting firms with long established ties to the market through Botswana-based affiliate offices can have a strong advantage over U. European.S. currently being processed are expected to be approved in areas of international banking. A reputation for quality. Recognizing the benefits that outward investment brings to the U. firms. such as the Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) programs. USA (202) 546-2103.S. including feasibility and impact studies. The Government has adopted a policy of providing high-value. with a view to opening up new tourism avenues involving rural communities. and an eco-tourism strategy is currently under development. (c) manufacturing of livestock feed for poultry and cattle. pharmaceutical. leather and leather related products and ostrich farming. The following sectors as have strong potential for foreign investment: TECHNOLOGY: Electronics components supply and product manufacture. The southern Africa region constitutes an immediate export market. low-volume facilities for tourism. engineering plastics and packaging industry. Industry. the Okavango Delta and Chobe National Park. Skins are processed up to the wet blue stage and then exported for final processing. Botswana's cattle population is about 2.000. while there is a push for more ownership and investment by local people. joint venture partners are being sought for hotel expansions and start-ups along the Trans-Kgalagadi Highway joining Botswana and Namibia. export-led industries are a must. For additional analytical. USA (202) 546-2103. Botswana affords many possibilities for tourism investment and. LIGHT MANUFACTURING AND OTHER INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES Botswana welcomes investors who provide foreign direct investment for industries that offer prospects for import substitution and export potential. however. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. MANUFACTURING: Garments and textiles. food processing.5 million. From 1992 to 1997. has identified wildlife and tourism as a key sector for economic growth. consumer products. especially those with experience and the ability to provide employment and ecologically sustainable development of Botswana's natural resources. Completion of the strategy is expected in March 2002. E-mail: rusric@erols. Due to the small domestic size of the economy. The National Development Plan 8 (NDP 8). the number of holiday visitors grew nearly 14% per annum. hunting and fishing safaris and photographic safaris are areas with potential. Providing facilities such as mobile safaris. water conservation. Dynamic growth sectors with unique multipurpose use are in areas such as the Kgalagadi Desert. The annual stock of raw skins from the Botswana Meat Commission (BMC) is about 250. At present. (b) processing of edible vegetable oil. foreigners are welcome. the five-year plan for the economy (1997-2003). archeological and historical attractions can be important components of the tourism product. Agro-industry: Opportunities in this sector include: (a) the processing of hides and skins into finished products. the Nxai and Makgadikgadi Pans. waste water rehabilitation and re-use. building materials and affordable housing. elephant safaris. A recent study revealed that cultural. The move towards freer trade among the 14 member states of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) supports the ability of investors to utilize this wider market. marketing. horseback safaris. (d) cattle by-products from the BMC.177 INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY: TOURISM Tourism is a relatively new sector with considerable investment potential and is one of the Government's target sectors for economic diversification. as negative perceptions concerning the instability generated by Zimbabwe's political unrest steer tourists away from the area.com . The Ministry of Trade. Fax: (202) 546-3275. Several firms have been successful in penetrating into the regional export market. Growth in recent years has declined. investment and business opportunities information.. Wildlife and Tourism predicts tourism will be a one billion Pula ($250 million) industry by 2005. Fax: (202) 546-3275. Embassy working through the U. interpreter service for meetings and assistance in developing follow-up strategies. bee keeping.-sourced products. forestry. to complement traditional arable and livestock farming.S. There is potential for diversification into horticultural production. investment and business opportunities information. The Ministry of Agriculture has prepared a National Master Plan for Agricultural Development (NAMPAD) which will be used to guide investments and increase productivity.S.S. Commercial programs to assist U. welcome joint venture opportunities. crop yields have generally been low in most parts of the country. market research. goods marketed in Botswana enter as re-exports through South African agents and distributors. Industry and Manpower.S. veld products and game farming. Cereals constituted only 14% of the total production. Botswana entrepreneurs and the government's investment arm. product design or marketing ties. the 50/50 joint venture between the Government of Botswana and DeBeers. providing thorough background checks on potential clients.S. Department of Commerce provides a wide variety of services for firms interested in exporting goods and services to Botswana. MARKETING PRODUCTS AND SERVICES The Commercial Section at the U. Locally based wholesalers and retailers are increasingly looking to establish direct links with U. cereal imports (wheat. USA (202) 546-2103.S. The total crop production forecast for both communal and commercial sectors indicate that most commercial farmers have shifted emphasis from the production of traditional cereals to cash crops.6% to Botswana's total GDP. an organization to which many local businesses belong. particularly where the foreign partner will bring production expertise. Trade statistics show that for 1999. producers to avoid mark-ups or to diversify their supply away from dominant South African brands. appointments with potential partners. amounted to $36. Local importers have expressed interest in diversifying supply and seeking U. Debswana. Despite the increase in area planted.S. employment and capital for the population. U. ICP portrays the reliability of prospective trading partners. E-mail:
[email protected]. businesses in marketing U. distributors and representatives for U.com . relating to demonstration farms on dairy and horticulture. the Botswana Development Corporation (BDC).178 AGRICULTURAL TRADE 1 – AGRICULTURE: TRADE OPPORTUNITY – GRAINS Although agriculture contributes only 2. Direct marketing is also feasible.S. will be implemented in the year 2002. Many goods imported from South Africa are not of South African origin. meslin and grain sorghum) from the U. South Africa is Botswana's major trading partner. has run a successful pilot program of dry farming in the Kalahari itself. the International Company Profile (ICP) and the Gold Key Service (GKS). the Botswana Confederation of Commerce.9 million. GKS is a custom tailored service that combines orientation briefings. The pilot projects arising from NAMPAD. it is an important source of income. ADS is a customized overseas search for qualified agents. please contact Global Investment & Business Center.. products abroad include the Agent/Distributor Service (ADS). for both imports and exports. marketing. particularly to local companies seeking to import goods to supply a government tender. accounting for approximately 80% of total trade. Opportunities to expand food production in the face of chronic water shortages could make Botswana a food exporter to the rest of the region. The Commercial Section updates commercial activities on the US For additional analytical.S. South African suppliers have traditionally dominated supply of foodstuffs to Botswana. Some are re-exports of South African imports while others have undergone final processing within the country. Many U. companies looking for assistance in finding a Botswana agent/distributor may also wish to contact BOCCIM. firms. either with South African produced goods or through re-exports of imported goods. Gaborone. dollar. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. and private companies. P/Bag 00153.bw.bw. P. Fax: (267) 374-381. Fax: (267) 314-595. Tel: (267) 314-788. The Company Act requires that accounts be maintained in Botswana. and Avis. Coca-Cola.. as amended. The commercial section will assist U. and distinguishes between external. Prices for most U. Box 1605. Gaborone. marketing.Mmegi. Tel: (267) 312-833. and provides business alerts on specific government tenders with prospects for U. Box 1641. Kentucky Fried Chicken. P. may also prove useful means for advertisement. Wildlife and Tourism or the Botswana Export Development and Investment Authority (BEDIA) to ensure that their proposal does not include one of a small number of commercial enterprises reserved for citizens of Botswana.S.bw Advertisers interested in wide. Cap 42. made consumer goods are relatively acceptable due to the favorable exchange rate between the Botswana Pula and the U. email: advertiser@info. companies are advised to consult with the Ministry of Trade.175 Service and after-sales support for imported products sold in Botswana are often deficient.S. Legislation governing company formation is contained in the Companies Act of 1959. Industry.O.01.S. (c) The Midweek Sun. which can be completed within two weeks. Tel: (267) 300-302. Fax: (267) 352-541. (e) The Daily News. Broadhurst. GBC. (Printing and Publishing Services). There are a number of successful U. that there is a resident auditor. Industry. E-mail: rusric@erols. U.O. and that certain reporting requirements are met. The Industrial Development Act of 1988 requires that all foreign-owned manufacturing enterprises obtain a license from the Ministry of Trade. <www. Federal Express.S. Gaborone. MAJOR NEWSPAPERS (a) The Botswana Guardian. Company formation and registration in Botswana is relatively simple. Documents required are primarily the new company's memorandum and articles of association.S. Tel: (267) 352-971. email:
[email protected] . Gaborone. The current exchange rate (July 2001) is Pula 1 = $ 0. P/Bag 0081. Fax: (267) 374-381.usembassy. There are several locally based international accounting firms. investment and business opportunities information. email: mmegi@global. Guaranteeing parts and service may be essential to marketing unfamiliar products. Gaborone. and the Gaborone television station.state. Tel: (267) 374-784. They include DHL. Newspapers and radio are the most common advertising mediums (South African television broadcasts reach the major cities and can provide a venue for products marketed region-wide). (b) The Botswana Gazette. All companies are registered with the registrar of companies. Bag BR 50. public. Btv. Department of Information and Broadcasting P/Bag 0060. firms in obtaining further information and/or tender documentation for bids. local and English language coverage may wish to contact Radio For additional analytical. The common practice is to engage a local attorney or a company secretary to arrange for a company registration. which also provide assistance to businesses establishing offices in the country. who certifies that the company is incorporated. (d) The Reporter . The newly opened national television station. Tel: (267) 300-302. Fax: (267) 372-283.gov/botswana>. and (f) The Advertiser. Fax: (202) 546-3275.179 Embassy web site. Gaborone. Fax: (267) 305-508. Wildlife and Tourism. firms.S. the latter being predominant. franchises and licensing agreements in Botswana. USA (202) 546-2103. A Central Tender Board (located in and controlled by the Ministry of Finance and Development Planning) consists of senior officials from such ministries as Trade. Interested advertisers should contact the Department of Information and Broadcasting at the above address. offers advertising for the Gaborone market.bw Marketing Communications Private Bag Bo 27. Tel: (267) 352-541. Embassy can assist in identifying appropriate local associates and making initial business contacts. Box 921. The government-owned Botswana television station (Btv) launched its programming on July 29.S. often have a strong advantage over their competitors due to knowledge and name recognition. For additional analytical. Fax: (267) 352-541.180 Botswana at Department of Information and Broadcasting. Industry. a U.bw The Government of Botswana remains a major customer for U. company may level the field by forming a partnership with a Gaborone or Johannesburg based firm. Transport and Communications. Foreign firms. A pre-bid trip to Botswana to speak to project officials may improve the understanding of the precise needs of the client and allow the U. The U. Fax: (267) 319-365 Email:
[email protected]. Fax (267) 301-875. Two private radio stations began operations in 2004. After a consultant and/or a technical review board evaluate the tenders. the concerned ministry will make a recommendation to the CTB. Gaborone. U. Bag B039.saatchi. investment and business opportunities information. USA (202) 546-2103. marketing. The lowest offer. firms are encouraged to make contact with the relevant authorities in government ministries or parastatals.S. Gaborone Tel: (267) 319-366.S. goods and services. firms to study Botswana's market as well as its existing technology and standards before submitting bids for government tenders. Alternatively. Broadhurst. provide input at the drafting stage of a tender for major projects and manage the account. Tel.S. email:
[email protected]. Fax: (202) 546-3275. namely South African firms. Tel: (267) 311-066. particularly for major infrastructure projects.6. Wildlife and Tourism. These include: Horizon Saatchi & Saatchi Private Bag Bo 20. P/Bag 0060. Energy and Water Affairs. U.S. Fax: (267) 322-684 Email: abrough@horizon. though attractive. (267) 357-654. Works.. firm to tailor its proposals to those needs. Finance and Development Planning.bw Media Communications Private Bag BR 26.2. Bontleng. Box 1607. The long-standing GBC television station. Gaborone Tel: (267) 302-586.S. E-mail: rusric@erols. While bidding costs often escalate for U. Bontleng. Gaborone. firms often fail to undertake adequate research on acceptable and compatible technical conditions for the southern Africa region. Fax: (267) 307-209 Email:
[email protected] . may not be the leading criteria for awarding a tender. 2004 and offers some advertising. Gaborone Tel: (267) 322-655. Gaborone. please contact Global Investment & Business Center.S. firms due to transportation and logistics. A few reputable marketing and advertising agencies are present in the country. and if possible. Gaborone. the investment in a pre-bid trip can be useful. They are: (a) Gabz FM 96. Tel: (267) 352-962 and (b) Yarona FM 106. and Minerals. It is also necessary for U. Opportunities for exports of manufacturing equipment in general have also been enhanced by the enactment of the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) in 2004. and Zimbabwe) is a member of the Southern African Development Community (SADC). SOUTHERN AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY (SADC) Botswana along with 13 other southern African states (Angola. Swaziland.. Mauritius. partly in response to World Trade Organization (WTO) membership. South Africa. provides adequate protection for the rights of creators of literary. it is a member of the World Customs Organization (WCO) and the World Trade Organization (WTO). and has been the subject of controversy for many years. Lesotho. SACU tariffs have been progressively reduced. Under the SADC Free Trade Protocol. The structure of SACU For additional analytical. signed in August 2002 by eleven member states (Angola was absent. computer programs. Swaziland and South Africa coupled with a relatively high degree of protection against imports from the rest of the world. SADC sets policy through protocols which must be ratified by two-thirds of member states to bring them into effect. Fax: (202) 546-3275. cinematography works. but the intention of the DROC is unknown. the most important trade agreement has been the SACU Agreement. Angola and Seychelles have indicated they will accede to the trade protocol soon. A Trade Protocol Implementation Unit has been set up in Gaborone. As a progression of the Trade Protocol. as well as provide improved access for exports to the SADC markets.181 The U. Namibia. Mozambique. and Swaziland. Lesotho. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. Democratic Republic of the Congo (DROC). Malawi. which provides for duty-free trade with Namibia. tariffs will be abolished on 85% of trade between 11 of the 14 states by 2008. investment and business opportunities information. USA (202) 546-2103. Zambia. The Trade Protocol calls for the reduction and elimination of tariff and non-tariff barriers between member states. Tanzania. (SACU). At present. and the related rights of broadcasting organizations. The remaining tariffs are scheduled for elimination by 2010. DROC and Seychelles joined SADC later). trademarks and industrial designs. This has increased competition from global imports in SACU countries. such as export subsidies. artistic. SOUTHERN AFRICAN CUSTOMS UNION (SACU) The Southern African Customs Union (SACU) is an economic block composed of South Africa. the Seychelles. The Industrial Property Act provides internationally recognized standards of protection for patents. SADC was established to promote closer economic. dramatic. Lesotho. Historically. 2004. Internationally Botswana stands as an Associate member of the European Union (Lome Convention). Namibia. which was passed by Parliament in March 2004. E-mail:
[email protected] . The SADC Free Trade Agreement will also reduce barriers to imports into the SACU area. where the SADC Secretariat is located. social and political integration in the region. Member states will later agree on a timetable for the elimination of non-tariff barriers to regional trade. The Copyright Act. marketing. The Government of Botswana addresses intellectual property rights through the Copyright Act and the enacted Industrial Property Act of the Laws of Botswana. and the Southern African Development Community (SADC).S. TRADE REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS On the regional front Botswana is an active member of the Southern African Customs Union. Embassy has found the tendering process in Botswana to be generally fair and transparent. SADC's most ambitious protocol to date is its Trade Protocol. SACU acts as a pool for customs duties paid on imports into the SACU countries. to assist member states to understand and implement the protocol and help them to cushion short term dislocations they might experience as a result of trade liberalization. Botswana enforces a customs and excise legislation that is in conformity with that of the other members of SACU as well as the WCO convention of Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System. Botswana. SADC launched the SADC Free Trade Agreement on September 1. With the exception of certain foodstuffs. which sets tariff rates and oversees disbursements. import permits are not required for goods entering Botswana from SACU. Implementation at Botswana's borders has been especially problematic with delayed refund checks. For additional analytical.(Botswana and its SACU partners will have to decrease tariffs by 24% over 10 years) and (b) phase out quota restrictions on developing countries' textile exports (which will ultimately benefit Botswana). Before agreeing to changes in the revenue sharing formula. Duties collected are placed in a common pot and split among member states.5% VAT upon the goods entry to or departure from South Africa. which have hitherto been subject to various protection agreements. as were goods in transit through South Africa. While it is anticipated that the basic provisions ensuring free trade within the SACU area will be preserved. An agreement on restructuring is probably some time away. improperly collected processing fees. Currently. planning. The other members are demanding that a secretariat with an elected president take over SARS' functions. E-mail: rusric@erols. SACU is controlled by the South African Revenue Service (SARS). The VAT can be refunded on export minus a one-and-a-half percent processing fee. WTO seeks to: (a) create a market-oriented agricultural trading system . 1999. Botswana became a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO). The SACU states have eliminated duties on goods moving between members with certain strategic exceptions and have imposed a common external tariff on all goods entering the Union. South Africa claimed the move was necessary to eliminate pervasive VAT evasion fraud. VALUE ADDED TAX (VAT) South Africa may have given new life to accusations of its non-collegial method of managing SACU when it unilaterally announced collection of its VAT at land borders with SACU partners. an arm of the South African government. border delays are likely to remain a serious and costly problem until SARS upgrades its facilities and trains additional personnel or until agreement on longer border operating hours can be reached between Botswana and South Africa. Goods imported from SACU members had their VAT paid by the South African importer following arrival.. other aspects such as governance. or consideration for the move's effects on their economies. Botswana is hopeful. With regard to tariffs and quotas. investment and business opportunities information. and revenue distribution will be altered. Changes taking place under the WTO and the various rounds of international trade negotiations will have a major impact in the areas of trade in agricultural products and textiles. The WTO is responsible for the implementation of the Uruguay Round Trade Agreement. The effect has been that importers and exporters of goods to. USA (202) 546-2103. and long border delays especially at the main Botswana . WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION Following its accession to GATT. Previously. The remaining SACU members claimed the action was taken without adequate consultation. which was launched as the official successor to GATT in January 1995. but a formula whereby South Africa exchanges control over policy for more equitable revenue sharing seems likely. South Africa has proposed a formula which guarantees the other members' revenues remain the same for a year and then slowly taper off. marketing. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. SARS announced the cessation of all zero rating as of January 1. All these developments will have to be taken into account as Botswana considers how to promote diversification. with the exception of those goods consigned for transport on VAT registered carriers. from or through South Africa must pay 14. all states except South Africa are demanding creation of an accountable SACU Secretariat.182 is currently under renegotiation. goods destined for export to SACU were zero rated. While refund issues have been addressed.com .South Africa border post. Fax: (202) 546-3275. that the stipulations of the WTO. In FY2004 the Government increased sales tax for alcoholic beverages. Most items of food.183 however. and Botswana's abolition of foreign exchange controls in February 1999 means there is little difficulty in obtaining sufficient foreign currency to cover transactions Prohibited imports include habit-forming drugs and objectionable literature (pornographic magazines and videotapes). The import permits are not transferable. in which taxes paid on inputs were included in the final cost of the product. have however been put on hold due primarily to practical considerations and the system. In addition. SALES TAX A 10% sales tax is imposed on items such as fuel. wines. hides and For additional analytical. which were effectively ranging between 10-15% in 1995. Exports from Botswana generally do not require permits. VAT is supposedly simpler to administer as it is to be imposed on all goods and services. unpolished diamonds.IMPORT LICENSES. VAT is also expected to broaden the tax base. liquor. capital goods. LOME CONVENTION Botswana is an associate member of the Lome Convention under which many Africa. originally targeted for FY2001. USA (202) 546-2103. investment and business opportunities information. The government restored the effective rates to their 1995 levels. were eroded by inflation down 5-6% in real terms. EXCHANGE CONTROLS. the onus will be on the supplier to establish that the supply falls within the exemption list. Fax: (202) 546-3275.. AND DOCUMENTATION Import permits for goods entering Botswana directly from outside SACU are obtainable from the Department of Commerce and Consumer Affairs in the Ministry of Trade Industry Wildlife and Tourism. marketing. VAT was expected to eliminate the problem created by sales tax. VAT BY 2003 In 1999. coupled with the interest of some SACU members in seeing trade barriers reduced. computers. There is no tax on exports. wildlife and wildlife trophies. Carribbean and Pacific (ACP) states enjoy privileged access to the EU market. should translate into a steady decline in tariff rates. These rates. plants. construction materials. and was literally a tax on tax. Importers of such goods are responsible for the collection of the sales tax. also are subject to sales tax. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. TRADE REGULATIONS: . books and stationery are exempted. which is under revision. which require export permits: radioactive materials. While a few goods and services will be exempt from VAT. In April 1997. medicines. gold. is expected to be put in place in FY2003. Permits are usually granted upon request. spirits and mineral water. motor vehicles. Botswana's plans to implement its own VAT. Export controls are however assessed on the following restricted items.com . E-mail: rusric@erols. domestic electrical appliances and most consumer goods. Importation of certain agricultural products and plants requires approval with the Ministry of Agriculture prior to obtaining the import permit from the Department of Commerce and Consumer Affairs. Certain services such as hotels. drycleaning and hair dressing. sales tax coverage was extended to selected professional services. The duration of the Convention is coming to an end and is likely to be replaced by a new agreement under which access to the EU for ACP countries will be tied to reciprocal access to ACP markets for EU exporters. the government underscored its intention to replace the existing sales tax regime with a value-added tax (VAT) by April 2001. cigarettes. bank drafts or bank transfers. Fax: (202) 546-3275. and Stanbic Bank Botswana).38 million) by the end of 2004. Botswana has a "duty drawback" arrangement for the import of goods for processing or assembly followed by re-export. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. was established in 1975 and is responsible for monetary policies. LC's. (c) Form CE 24 (Bill of Entry) for exports of local products and (d) Form CE 23 (Bill of Entry) for exports of imported products. financial lending institutions or Multilateral Development Banks in the country. ULC Pty Ltd. six in number.com .3%. Botswana has kept its external borrowing to a minimum. and a credit institution. Customs Officials may be reached at: Department of Customs and Excise Private Bag 0041 Gaborone Tel: (267) 322-855 Fax: (267) 322-781 Contact: Mr. offer specialized services to specific economic sectors. is through Letters of Credit. administering exchange controls and foreign exchange reserves management. The most common method of payment for imports from the U. supervision of financial institutions. is readily available through the commercial banking system at market rates of interest. and agricultural products. Standard Chartered Bank Botswana. including pre-and-post-shipment credit. operating as a financial lease company. commercial banks finance only about one-third of the annual investment taking place in Botswana.. Director TRADE AND PROJECT FINANCING Botswana's banking sector consists of a central bank (Bank of Botswana). E-mail: rusric@erols. USA (202) 546-2103. while the debt to GDP ratio was about 10.S. An Export Declaration Form (Form CD) must be filed for all goods exceeding approximately USD $370 in value. banks.42% in 1999 (down from For additional analytical. investment and business opportunities information. implementing exchange rate policies. and other foreign firms borrowing in Botswana are liberal while local banks remain highly liquid.9 million ($485.S. Bank of Botswana. The country's commercial banks. Ken Morris. all four major commercial banks operating in Botswana have correspondent relationships with U. central banking services. Short-term finance. First National Bank Botswana. All are geared to arrange finance for new businesses.S. have difficulty making long-term credit available due to the short maturity nature of their deposits and small capital bases. The complete elimination of controls on current and capital accounts allows the free flow of money and capital. Outstanding public debt is expected to reach approximately P2426. Development financial institutions. There are currently no U. both internationally recognized accounting firms. issuing of bank notes. The central bank. The current debt service ratio is about 2. (b) Form CE 500 (Bill of Entry) for imports outside of SACU. The provisions for U. however. Export credit insurance is available through Botswana Export Credit Insurance (BECI). There are no exchange controls in Botswana. At present. Investec Group. an investment bank. marketing. Nonetheless. The bank's financial statements are in compliance with international standards and Price Waterhouse Coopers and KPMG perform audits.. four commercial banks (Barclays Bank Botswana.S.184 skins. Documentation required for external trade are: (a) Form CCA I for imports and exports within SACU. H. Walter Price. For additional analytical. John Macaskill. and it has provided finance for U. Botswana Phone: (267) 301-600 Fax: (267) 300-171 Organization: Investec Bank Botswana Ltd. Export Import Bank financing is available to exporters for exports to Botswana. Contact Name and Title: Mr. Box 1552. investment and business opportunities information..5% in 1989).496. Gaborone. OPIC's finance and insurance programs are operable in Botswana.O. E-mail: rusric@erols. Gaborone.S. Managing Director Address: P. Managing Director Address: P. the country's favorable balance of payments situation has meant that with one or two exceptions it has not been forced to borrow externally on commercial terms. been active in Botswana in recent years. The Export Import Bank has not. marketing. Its annual growth rate of 9.Botswana has nevertheless posted impressive economic growth andoffers political and economic stability unmatched in southernAfrica. Contact Name and Title: Mr. K. that a study released by the World Bankidentified Botswana as having enjoyed the greatest economicgrowth of any country in the world during the 31 years from 1966. Botswana enjoys respect and well-meritedconfidence for its investment potential. Gaborone. Box 478.5 million. Gaborone. however. Although hampered by being alandlocked country with a small population of 1. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. Box 49.com .185 15. Gaborone. Andrew Prebble. Contact Name and Title: Mr.O. tourism companies' investments and expansions. Fax: (202) 546-3275.3%) and # 3 China (6. Managing Director Address: P.O.O. COUNTRY COMMERCIAL AND INVESTMENT BANKS Organization: Barclays Bank of Botswana Ltd. Managing Director Address: P. Botswana Phone: (267) 311-669 Fax: (267) 302-853 Organization: Standard Chartered Bank Botswana Ltd. Munamati. Botswana Phone: (267) 360-1500 Fax: (267) 351-545 Organization: Stanbic Bank Botswana Ltd. Botswana Phone: (267) 581-338 Fax: (267) 581-390 INVESTMENT CLIMATE AND OPPORTUNITIES Ranked as the third most competitive among 23 African nations bythe World Economic forum and Harvard University and cited by the2003 investment in African mining conference as a low investmentrisk for mining.7%).97. The New York Timesreported in June. 2003. Contact Name and Title: Duncan Mlazie.2% exceeded that of # 2 SouthKorea (7. Moreover. Managing Director Address: Private Bag 00168. Contact Name and Title: Mr. USA (202) 546-2103. Botswana Phone: (267) 352-041 Fax: (267) 353-699 Organization: First National Bank of Botswana Ltd. Conversion And Transfer Policies The government is still working towards complete abolition of exchange controls. and bricklaying among the trades. Foreign investors are allowed to participate in the country's privatization programs from the stage at which companies are advertised. restaurants and the dominant grocery network. or protect domestic interests at the expense of foreign investment.186 - The government continues to emphasize the need for more Foreign Direct Investment. Investment of foreign capital in jobcreating industrial projects. E-mail: rusric@erols. filling stations and small groceries in the service/retail sector. which could be provided to government or to prostates by the private sector businesses. This move is expected to enhance Botswana's competitive position for investment flows destined for the region and meet the challenges of globalization. as well as resolve investors' problems which may be encountered while operating in Botswana. an equivalent of Pula 10. marketing. BEDIA will assist foreign investors obtain pre-investment support services such asland. An Industrial Development Policy'. The government's interest in promoting efficiency and competition has led to completed and planned sales of government equity in profit-making enterprises. operate without restriction. Residents are permitted to invest significantly more overseas and borrow offshore. As of 1999. which will be presented to the government in the course of 2003.(BEDIA). in November 1997. released by the government of Botswana early this year. grants and other regulatory authorizations required. Foreign firms are accorded national treatment and there are no formal or non-formal polices that are discriminatory to foreign owned firms. work and residence permits. There is a wide range of functions and services within the public sector. Towards the end of 1997. the Botswana Export Development and Investment Authority. indicates that an appropriate institutional structure to support a privatization initiative in Botswana will be developed to improve the scope for the development of entrepreneurship in Botswana and to improve the efficiency of government.com . and actively supports FDI. Franchises and wholly owned subsidiaries of foreign chains including large general merchandise marts. the government would also like to ensure that when privatization occurs or strategic partnerships are formed. USA (202) 546-2103. Fax: (202) 546-3275. non-residents can trade in and issue Pula-denominated bonds. There are no stringent screening mechanisms that could cause an impediment to investment. Botswana continued to open up an already liberal foreign exchange regime in early 2003. Whereas promoting efficiency and growth is the ultimate objective. The list of sectors reserved for domestic investment and production is unimposing: school furniture manufacture. Foreign investors are allowed to participate in all other sectors and no distinction is made between foreign and domestic investors. Parliament passed a bill establishing an independent statutory body. Any amount in excess of this amount should be declared to the customs and excise officials at the port of departure. provided such instruments are listed on the Botswana Stock Exchange and are long term. bars. Travelers are now allowed to carry on their person or baggage. They can also hold larger stakes in Botswana companies. welding. licenses. For additional analytical. to effectively promote investment andthe export of goods manufactured in Botswana.500) in foreign currency. to achieve full growth potential of the economy. (FDI). new opportunities are created for citizen businesses. and the operation of restaurants. liquor stores. buildings. particularly in import substitution and exports is strongly encouraged.. a high-level task force was established to prepare a draft white paper on a privatization policy.000 ($2. investment and business opportunities information.The government provides foreign investors with equal access to general incentive schemes in a number of economic sectors limiting the few preferences given to domestic capital. limit competition. although nationals may be given exclusive first rights to purchase. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. Limited domestic capital means that foreign investors will be welcomed in most instances. There is no difficulty in obtaining foreign exchange.S. This is a move to encourage inward portfolio investments deemed beneficial to Botswana. both for businesses incorporated locally and for permanent residents of the country have been removed. Botswana is a member of the International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee agency (MIGA). as well as increasing the potential demand for domestic bonds. it is commited to free enterprise and offers generous investment incentives. The Republic of Botswana. diversification of investment instruments. it remains essentially dependent on its mining sector and therefore the main thrust of economic development is diversification. offers considerable potential for all forms of investment. and foreign and domestic parties have equal recourse to the judicial system.500 and$2. it has a small but active stock exchange. E-mail: rusric@erols. the person is allowed immediate repatriation of proceeds of up to Pula 100 million ($25million).Upon disinvestments by a non-resident. A news release from the bank of Botswana in February this year says participation in any bond issued by non-residents will not be restricted by exchange controls.5 million) bond issued by the Botswana Development Corporation. Botswana will not experience foreign exchange difficulties in the foreseeable future. Dispute Settlement The Botswana constitution allows for a judiciary which is independent of both the executive and legislative powers. This measure is intended to attract foreign investment and to allay fears such investors may have about their money if they wished to disinvest and repatriate proceeds. investment and business opportunities information. it is highly unlikely that such a severe shortage of foreign exchange could occur as to lead the bank to block transactions. good transport infrastructure links it to export markets and it has access to world markets through international trade agreements. German marks or South African Rand). A proven judicial and legal structure is in place. An amendment to increase the limits on balances kept in the foreign currency accounts held by these businesses from Pula 1 million to Pula 10 million ($2. The limit was formerly Pula 10 million ($2.5 million respectively) was made in 1997. development of domestic capital markets.7 billion. Fax: (202) 546-3275. Civil law is based on Roman-Dutch law while criminal law is built unfamiliar tenets of the English legal system. With international reserves of approximately $5. British pound. it has relatively cheap labor with little union activity. for all intents and purposes. The government of Botswana has never pursued a policy of forced nationalization. Secured and unsecured creditors enjoy the same rights under bankruptcy proceedings as they would in the United Sates. Businesses and other bodies incorporated or registered under the laws of Botswana may open such accounts without prior approval from the bank of Botswana. and if the money exceeds that amount. Botswana For additional analytical. Businesses and other incorporated bodies registered under the laws of Botswana are allowed a consolidated annual allowance up to maximum of Pula 30 million ($7.. The Botswana Pula is.5 million) for direct investment outside the country. The government also authorizes the issuance of foreign currency denominated loans. franchise fees and service fees can all be repatriated without any quantum limit. However.com . marketing. Expropriation And Compensation The constitution of Botswana prohibits nationalization of private property. Exchange control approval was also granted for unrestricted non-resident participation in the Pula 50 million ($12. Investment returns such as profits and dividends. royalties. Although amounts exceeding Pula 1 million require referral to the Bank of Botswana. The legal system is sufficient to the conduct of secure commercial dealings. dollars. It enjoys a stable political. please contact Global Investment & Business Center.187 All quantitative limits on foreign currency access for current account transactions. The government permits the establishment of foreign currency denominated accounts in Botswana (in U. Its economy is one of the fastest growing in Africa and in the developing world. USA (202) 546-2103. and we have no reason to believe that it would consider expropriator actions.5million). the excess may be required to be repatriated in trenches over a period not exceeding three years. freely convertible. social and financial environment. please contact Global Investment & Business Center.com . including textiles. batteries. household equipment.generally good labor relations Botswana is actively promoting itself as an attractive country for new business ventures and investment opportunities and there are many sources where detailed information for the business person may be obtained including local professional legal advisers and business consultants. which is still recovering from the last severe drought in 1992. ADVANTAGES OF INVESTING IN BOTSWANA Botswana has several advantages as a base for business ventures : . Fax: (202) 546-3275. vehicle assembly. leather finishes. office and household furniture.Government incentive schemes and other tax-based incentive packages . Measures include a reduction in general company tax from 35% down to 25% (and down to 15% in the case of the manufacturing sector excluding packaging.. marketing. Botswana's fledgling manufacturing sector has been experiencing a period of stagnation in the past few years and the country's 1995/96 budget includes various measures designed to encourage foreign investment especially in this sector. development banks to the country's own banking sector which offers sophisticated financing packages. Its economy. paper products.a stable democratic political system . USA (202) 546-2103. The government has also begun a process of privatization by contracting out certain maintenance activities in the construction and agriculture sectors. bottling and assembly operations).access to the large regional market within the SACU and through other bilateral agreements . CHALLENGES TO INVESTING IN BOTSWANA Botswana is prone to periods of drought and has a consequent pressing need for access to water resources.a low tax environment . E-mail: rusric@erols. bottling facilities. South Africa and Mozambique .a stable. jewelry. A rural electrification program is being undertaken in the hopes that bringing electric power to rural areas will encourage the development of small-scale manufacturing and agro-processing industries in these areas. backed by a stable and freely convertible currency .a central location in the middle of the Southern African region with good road and rail links to export ports in Namibia. tire manufacturing.188 actively seeks foreign investment and regularly re-evaluates its incentives to ensure its competitiveness against those of neighboring countries. open and relatively well-managed economy and good infrastructure .a liberal foreign exchange control regime. investment and business opportunities information. paint manufacturing. Various business and investment opportunities have been identified in the manufacturing sector. Sources of funding are many from foreign aid. and spare parts manufacture. Partial privatization of certain state enterprises including the Botswana Telecommunications Corporation and the Central Transport Organization is being considered. is For additional analytical. The absence of a fast flowing river or solar power infrastructure requires electricity to be thermally generated which has made Botswana's power the most expensive in the southern African region. leather goods. computer assembly. The objectives of this policy was sustainability through individual tenure of land resources (rangeland). while better educated than that of neighboring states. Some of the important elements of this system were that access to land was assured for all citizens. Botswana had established traditional ways of allocating and managing tribal land and its resources through chiefs and communities. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. Land use planning in the 1970s involved very broad zoning of tribal land for various uses. LAND MANAGEMENT Prior to independence. lacks many of the essential technical and managerial skills required by modern business operations. investment and business opportunities information. areas which would remain under communal use. the authority to allocate tribal land was shifted from chiefs to Tribal Land Boards which were established by an Act of Parliament. This policy enabled individuals or groups to have exclusive use of land in areas zoned for such use.. were established. USA (202) 546-2103. For additional analytical. Some of the recent examples include The National Policy on Agricultural Development (1991) (largely a follow-up of the TGLP). conduct an inventory on forest and range resources. and that the use of land and its resources should ensure availability for future generations. Fax: (202) 546-3275. a Land Development Committee supervised district planning and coordinated national land use planning. among others. E-mail: rusric@erols. the Tourism Policy. and to develop land evaluation methodologies. CORRUPTION AND BRIBERY As in most countries of the world. the National Settlement Policy. To facilitate the policy's implementation. such as determining where cattle ranches could be established. the incidence of bribery of petty officials is not on a scale as seen in many other African states. but the structures and the land use planning systems have been retained and continue to be useful in the planning and management of land resources.189 improving but is still greatly dependent on foreign aid. particularly cattle ranches. The Ministries of Agriculture and Local Government. The implementation of TGLP has run its full course. However. Following the successful implementation of this policy. Soon after independence. This prompted a number of initiatives particularly by the Ministry of Agriculture to map soils. At a national level. Scandals involving irregular government tendering procedures and alleged 'kickbacks' to government officials have recently surfaced in several parastatal organizations and governments. the government realized that land resources data and information for planning and management decisions were deficient. later transformed into District Land Use Planning Units (DLUPUs).com . Lands and Housing play significant roles in the implementation process. but it is still necessary to enhance the capacity of existing institutions to enable them to deal with the more complex planning and management of land resources. An integrated approach to planning and management of land resources started in earnest in 1975 with the implementation of the Tribal Grazing Land Policy (TGLP). A lot has been accomplished in the area of personnel training in relevant fields. but the management of the resources remains the responsibility of the users and their communities. The population in general. appropriate planning and management systems. areas which could be reserved as Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs) and. such as Land Use Planning Groups (LUPAGs). During the early stages of the TGLP. corruption and bribery is a feature of business life in Botswana. a number of other policies to promote integrated land use planning and natural resources management were promulgated. marketing. due to demographic constraints. nepotism. particularly the absence of data on resource stocks. a small percentage of this land is allocated for residential purposes. The second relates to research. or Forest and Game Reserves within which no settlements are permitted. including rapid population growth and poverty. and rangeland degradation. especially in protected areas. Forest Reserves.com . Third. has also assisted Botswana to develop computer based methodologies for determining land suitability. giving land users an opportunity to select preferred land use options from a range of options determined through the evaluation of physical and economic suitability of land resources. There are a number of constraints to rational resource utilization. land erosion/degradation. In this respect. State land is owned by the state and comprises 23% of the total area of Botswana. This committee oversees drought monitoring and assessment. The meetings allow for the participation by all community members including women. The Botswana's environment is largely semi-arid and therefore offers a limited natural resource base. marketing. An inter-ministerial drought committee. inadequate enforcement of legal provisions on the use of natural resources has lead to their unsustainable use. particularly in urban centers. such as National Parks. are valued internationally for their unique features. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). among others. USA (202) 546-2103. such as the Okavango Delta and the Central Kalahari Game Reserve. Fax: (202) 546-3275. The impacts of these development pressures are recognized through the depletion of resources. Freehold land comprises only 6% of the total area and is privately owned. urban and rural pollution. both at the national and district levels. institutions have been set up in relevant Ministries to deal with various aspects of drought management. Some.. chaired by the Assistant Minister of Finance and Development Planning. The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) has assisted the Government with a Land Use Planning for Sustainable Development (LUPSAD) project. These tools are being applied in land use planning. Game Reserves. Early warning units have been set up in the Ministry of Agriculture and the Department of Meteorological Services. as the executing agency for the LUPSAD project.190 The Government attaches great importance to the wide range of natural resources and features that exist throughout Botswana. has been established. Responsibility for managing and distributing drought relief food is vested in the Ministry of Local Government. Most government policies to date have been directed at tribal land. investment and business opportunities information. and recommends required action on the basis of assessment reports. The first is structural. For additional analytical. how they are used and by whom. E-mail: rusric@erols. Further. Many people depend directly on these lands for their livelihoods. This is usually done through public meetings where all developments in a district are discussed. in the land use planning process. The Government of Botswana has financed a majority of activities under the program areas mentioned above. and designated Wildlife Management Areas. Most of this land is used as National Parks. Tribal land covers 71% of the total land area of the country (586 000 km2). please contact Global Investment & Business Center. This base has undergone some development pressures and degradation processes have given rise to concerns about the ability of these resources to sustain the needs of future generations. The practice in Botswana is that the public is made aware of the implications of land use plans before land is zoned for various uses. public awareness and participation is ensured by. DESERTIFICATION AND DROUGHT The Botswana government realizes that drought is a recurrent phenomena and must be planned far ahead of its occurrence. There are three types of land tenure in Botswana. However. It is allocated to citizens free of charge for all types of uses. and biological factors contributing to land degradation. The program is led by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and the Department of Integrated Agricultural Research serves as the national coordinator. E-mail: rusric@erols. investment and business opportunities information. and crop productivity. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. Fax: (202) 546-3275. chemical. particularly in rural areas where people depend heavily on their not so well endowed natural environment. and international research program for developing sustainable natural resources management options to combat land degradation in sub-Saharan Africa. sand deposition.191 Lands and Housing.. The Tribal Grazing Lands Policy (TGLP) of 1975 introduced ranch development for designated parts of tribal land where farmers or groups of farmers could have exclusive use of range resources. establishment of early warning systems. vegetation composition and resilience of dry land ecosystems. Some work is being initiated under the Desert Margins Initiative. and forestry development. The rural economy of Botswana is based on animal production. The implementation of this policy has been marked by varying degrees of success depending on the training related to the management of resources and livestock. grazing and ranch development. USA (202) 546-2103. A National Action Program (NAP). which assists resources-poor farmers with various farming packages and subsidies. evaluation of the impact of livestock production and cropping practices on soil erosion. improving dry land farming systems. established in the context of the Convention to Combat Desertification and Drought (CCD). It was expected that this would help improve livestock productivity and more importantly enhance the management of rangeland within these enclosures. has been launched with the requirement to ensure that people participate in anti-desertification programs. Rangeland resources. development of improved nutrient cycling methods by an efficient exploitation of the interactions between organic and inorganic nutrient sources and the relationships between system inputs. Botswana has recently concluded a comprehensive study of poverty. Most of these are broad and inclusive rural development programs whose funding was derived from past national development plans. which cover more than 60% of the country and are the basis for the cattle industry. Problems associated with degradation are difficult to remedy. marketing. From this study a comprehensive program will be elaborated to address the poverty problem. Numerous programs and policies intended to combat desertification in Botswana predate Agenda 21. The following is a brief summary of the objectives of this initiative: identification and assessment of the physical.com . This is expected to involve the strengthening of some existing initiatives such as the Arable Lands Development Program. among others. strengthening agricultural extension. regional. soil properties. During drought periods all ministries and local authorities are mobilized to assist in relief programs including public works projects designed to create employment during difficult times. are the most affected by degradation albeit to varying degrees according to location. The Agricultural Development Policy of 1991 further extends this concept into areas which have hitherto been zoned for communal use. especially cattle farming. For additional analytical. Areas which have received attention include livestock development and improvement. an integrated national. drought monitoring and assessment capability. caused by the expansion of the livestock and wildlife herds. This in turn has a negative impact on affected communities and may lead to wide spread poverty. to assess local perception about desertification and its consequences. However. hunting wildlife.5% of Botswana is affected by land degradation or desertification. evaluation of improved cropping systems. and migration of the population. The specific objectives of the study were to determine the extent and elements of desertification. The study was consistent with Draft Resolution 1 of the Convention and Chapter 12 of Agenda 21. USA (202) 546-2103. The impact of grazing lands and forest resources. The impacts of desertification are substantial in both socioeconomic and bio-physical terms. who depend mostly on dry land cultivation.192 development of technologies and biological materials for rehabilitation and restoration of degraded lands. Therefore. Some manage to make up for the losses incurred through formal employment and the sale of livestock or veld products. The importance that the Botswana government attaches to problems of land degradation and desertification is demonstrated by Botswana's contribution towards the preparations for the International Convention on Desertification through a study that was carried out in the Mid-Boteti area. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. and to involve the local population in assessing the desirability of abatement measures and options for alternative sources of incomes. the introduction of alternative crops and tree species. Recent studies show that 91. Firstly. investment and business opportunities information. When desertification occurs it reduces the biological potential or the carrying capacity of land to unsustainable levels and making it lose natural resilience. and conditions for acceptance and their rapid diffusion. are significant rural development planning issues related to both the conservation of the nation's resource base and rural poverty. for example. hunger. promotion of research on the use of indigenous trees in livestock production and sustainable utilization. over utilization of the resources (as occurs today) adversely affects the productive For additional analytical. The bio-physical impacts include wind erosion and loss of biodiversity. promotion of diversification strategies to enhance biodiversity and ecosystem resilience. It used the definition for desertification as "land degradation in arid.000 km2 or 15. Desertification is defined as land degradation which occurs in dry areas and is associated with climate variations and human activity. evaluation of the effects of fallow/crop rotations on moisture status and fertility of soils. E-mail: rusric@erols. This requires that a critical analysis of environmental problems be undertaken. Fax: (202) 546-3275. Environmental degradation and resource depletion have negative impacts on the rural economy. implementation of the provisions of the Convention to Combat Desertification is crucial for Botswana. have little to fall back on and are the hardest hit. and the collection of veld products. marketing.com . There are two interrelated cycles that affect the long term sustainability of the environment.. the poor. The analysis of the study showed the linkages between the forms of desertification. semi-arid and dry-humid areas resulting from various factors including climatic variations and human activities" derived from the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED). and exacerbated by the continual occurrence of droughts. evaluation of the use of a combination of crop residue and legume tree in the production of fodder. People are most concerned with the former as desertification reduces their incomes and depresses their living conditions. farmers. This is evidenced by the declining wildlife numbers and reduced availability of veld products. Early efforts to sensitize stakeholders and the public on land degradation and desertification continue through Government supported initiatives under various programs. Through the Kalahari/Namib Project. In Botswana. supported by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). and non-governmental organizations were informed about the causes and impacts of desertification and drought. Communities in affected areas have shown considerable interest and are prepared to participate in anti-desertification programs. A national awareness campaign is about to be concluded. Measures aimed at mitigating desertification target correction and prevention. consultation is a tradition. For additional analytical. Land degradation is severe. established in the context of the Convention to Combat Desertification. Botswana has in the past secured assistance for drought relief. Fax: (202) 546-3275. including the loss of income opportunities and the lowering of living standards. The poor are thus disproportionately affected by the decline in productivity of the environment. It is believed that most of the environment still possesses sufficient resilience to recover once the main causes of desertification have been removed. it is imperative to know the view and secure the active participation of the local population. Whilst most people believe that the primary cause of desertification was physical. they are often compelled to further increase resource pressure to support a decent standard of living. Botswana was one of the affected countries chosen to carry out the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INCD) case study for the Convention to Combat Desertification and Drought. E-mail: rusric@erols. The study was conducted at Rakops. These rehabilitation efforts include sand dune stabilization projects which have become popular in the drier parts of Botswana. Continued over-exploitation will negatively affect the regenerative capacity of the environment. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. land users. including the NAP. The net effect is that people living in these areas are poorer and this status quo accelerates desertification and poverty. Secondly. There are numerous other programs in which other donors play a significant role. The United Nations Office to Combat Desertification and Drought (UNDP/UNSO) has provided funding for the first phase of the National Action Program. This study on strengthening the knowledge base was a useful contribution to the formulation of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification and Drought. including UN agencies. an area in Botswana which is affected by severe land degradation. have provided funds to assist the government where such projects have not been adequately provided for in the National Development Plan. USA (202) 546-2103. poor people rely most heavily on "free" natural resources in the vicinity of their home where depletion is usually most serious. traditional leaders. the Government recognizes that combating desertification can only succeed through the participation of all those affected or cause desertification while they eke out their living from limited resources. As a result.193 potential of the environment leading to a weak resource base. land allocation authorities. It clearly identified the need for a comprehensive. the primary impacts were thought to be socioeconomic. UNEP has also provided funding through the Environment and Land Management Sector (ELMS) of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) for the Kalahari-Namib project. particularly around settlements where depletion of vegetation from livestock grazing is compounded by deforestation mainly to satisfy fuel woods requirements. and suffer most income losses. the public. multi-sectoral approach which addresses poverty as a means of dealing with the root cause of desertification. investment and business opportunities information. The conclusion of the Mid-Boteti study suggested that in order to have workable solutions.com . Thus. A number of organizations.. Efforts are being made in many villages to plant trees for rehabilitation and to augment the supply of fuel wood from natural woodlands. marketing. but increasingly the needs are met by mobilizing domestic funds. NY. U.. MEDICAL FACILITIES: Medical facilities in Gaborone and Francistown are adequate.194 - TRAVELING TO BOTSWANA US STATE DEPARTMENT SUGGESTIONS COUNTRY DESCRIPTION: Botswana is a southern African country with a stable democratic government and a growing economy. Overseas inquiries should be made to the nearest Botswanan Embassy or Consulate. citizens are permitted stays up to 90 days without a visa. D. Visitors to Gaborone.gpo. are increasing.S. 1531 .W. San Francisco and Houston.gov/su_docs. Medicare and Medicaid programs do not provide payment for medical services outside the United States. Fax: (202) 546-3275.. passport should be reported immediately to local police and to the nearest U. travelers may contact the Embassy of the Republic of Botswana. the capital. 37th St.S.. telephone (202) 244-4990/1. fax (212) 725-5061. These often include requiring documentary evidence of relationship and permission for the child's travel from the parent(s) or legal guardian not present. Having such documentation on hand. many travel agents For additional analytical. the American Embassy in Gaborone has increased its security precautions and counterterrorism measures.state. many governments have initiated procedures at entry/exit points. Prudent security measures. CRIME: Violent crime remains relatively infrequent in Gaborone.S. fax (202) 244-4164 or the Permanent Mission of the Republic of Botswana to the United Nations. primarily the theft of money and personal property. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. Washington.S. In the wake of the August 2003 U. Most prescription drugs are available.S. Government Printing Office. However. E-mail: rusric@erols. particularly after dark. via the Internet at http://www.S. Residential burglaries and car theft. or via the Bureau of Consular Affairs home page at http://travel. but available facilities in other areas are limited. SAFETY AND SECURITY: Civil unrest and disorder are rare. Government facilities. 20036. ENTRY/EXIT REQUIREMENTS: A passport is required.C. may facilitate entry/departure. D. even if not required. USA (202) 546-2103. marketing. N. 103 E.com . should avoid walking at night in unfamiliar areas. medical insurance plans seldom cover health costs incurred outside the United States unless supplemental coverage is purchased. 20402. investment and business opportunities information. The loss or theft abroad of a U. Washington. a spate of carjackings at gunpoint in the capital during the first half of 2001 prompted the Embassy to warn American citizens of the need for increased vigilance while driving in urban areas.C. For additional information on entry requirements. In addition. There are also honorary consuls in Los Angeles. however. In an effort to prevent international child abduction. Petty street crime and crimes of opportunity. The pamphlets A Safe Trip Abroad and Tips for Travelers to Sub-Saharan Africa provide useful information on personal security while traveling abroad and on travel in the region in general. New York.S. such as alarms and immobilizers. U.access. MEDICAL INSURANCE: The Department of State strongly urges Americans to consult with their medical insurance company prior to traveling abroad to confirm whether their policy applies overseas and whether it will cover emergency expenses such as a medical evacuation. Embassy or Consulate. Embassy bombings in East Africa and the ongoing worldwide threat to U. telephone (212) 8892277.gov. U. Facilities for tourism are widely available. may deter such crimes.1533 New Hampshire Ave.S. For advanced care Americans often choose to travel to South Africa. Further. remain the most common forms of crime in Botswana. U. Both are available by mail from the Superintendent of Documents. as to any foreign city. Americans should consider that many foreign doctors and hospitals require payment in cash prior to providing service and that a medical evacuation to the U. as elsewhere in the region. travelers may contact the Department of Transportation within the U.gov/road_safety. or economic authority to operate such service. There has also been a spate of carjackings in Gaborone.. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has not assessed Botswana's Civil Aviation Authority for compliance with international aviation safety standards.S.195 and private companies offer insurance plans that will cover health care expenses incurred overseas including emergency services such as medical evacuations. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. fax: 1-888-CDC-FAXX (1-888-232-3299).S. When making a decision regarding health insurance.state. Fax: (202) 546-3275. when a medical emergency occurs.S. Freerange domestic animals and large numbers of pedestrians and hitchhikers in the roadways make fatal accidents a frequent occurrence. and poor lighting make driving at night on rural highways particularly hazardous. between the U. at 1-800-322-7873. including links to foreign government sites.S. For additional analytical. available via the Bureau of Consular Affairs home page or autofax: (202) 647-3000. travel by automobile outside of large towns may be dangerous.gov.cdc. tedious stretches of two-lane highways. OTHER HEALTH INFORMATION: Information on vaccinations and other health precautions may be obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's international travelers hotline at 1-877-FYI-TRIP (877-394-8747).000. E-mail: rusric@erols. see the Department of State.faa. ascertain whether payment will be made to the overseas healthcare provider or whether you will be reimbursed later for expenses you incur. contact the Botswana national tourist organization offices in New York via the Internet at http://www. The information below concerning Botswana is provided for general reference only. Bureau of Consular Affairs home page at http://travel. or via CDC's Internet site at http://www. high speed limits. U. may cost well in excess of $50. found it lifesaving.S.com . Safety of Public Transportation: Poor Urban Road Conditions/Maintenance: Good Rural Road Conditions/Maintenance: Fair Availability of Roadside Assistance: Poor Traffic circulates on the left in Botswana. For specific information concerning Botswana driver's permits. and may not be totally accurate in a particular location or circumstance. citizens may encounter road conditions that differ significantly from those in the United States. The U. Useful information on medical emergencies abroad. investment and business opportunities information. or visit the FAA Internet home page at http://www.botswanatourism.gov/avr/iasa/. including overseas insurance programs. vehicle inspection.S. TRAFFIC SAFETY AND ROAD CONDITIONS: While in a foreign country.org. marketing.html. Some insurance policies also include coverage for psychiatric treatment and for disposition of remains in the event of death. For additional general information about road safety. the U. Uninsured travelers who require medical care overseas often face extreme difficulties. requiring drivers to remain vigilant and aware of their surroundings at all times while getting into and out of vehicles in the city. USA (202) 546-2103. While the roads in major population centers in Botswana are generally good. is provided in the Department of State's Bureau of Consular Affairs brochure Medical Information for Americans Traveling Abroad. and Botswana. The combination of long. whereas travelers who have purchased overseas medical insurance have. AVIATION SAFETY OVERSIGHT: As there is no direct commercial air service by local carriers at present. road tax and mandatory insurance. For further information. When consulting with your insurer prior to your trip. Botswana also has a wellpublicized policy of zero tolerance for corruption. tusk.O.S. claw. January 1 For additional analytical. which sometimes differ significantly from those in the United States and may not afford the protections available to the individual under U. ivory and rhinoceros horn products obtained in Botswana may not be removed from the country under any circumstances. hoof. whether the item has been processed or not. All of the souvenirs. Trophies may not be taken from the wild. Box 90. although widely sold. fax (267) 356-947. without a government permit or a receipt from a licensed shop. the animals are wild and can pose a threat to life and safety. travelers may contact DOD at (618) 229-4801. Gaborone. hair. Travelers departing the country with a trophy must have a receipt from a store licensed to sell such items. The mailing address is P.com . investment and business opportunities information. A trophy is any horn. a U. even unknowingly. DANGERS POSED BY WILD ANIMALS: Tourists should bear in mind that. observe all local or park regulations. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. or other durable portion of an animal. Violators are subject to arrest and may face a penalty of up to five years imprisonment and a substantial fine. and heed all instructions given by tour guides. ivory. marketing.state. hide. USA (202) 546-2103. Elephant hair. plain and decorated ostrich eggs and egg shells. Embassy is located in Gaborone on Embassy Drive. please refer to our Internet site at http://travel.html or telephone (202) 736-7000. egg. Tourists should use common sense when approaching wildlife. skin. Embassy Botswana and obtain updated information on travel and security within Botswana. citizen is subject to that country's laws and regulations.196 Department of Defense (DOD) separately assesses some foreign air carriers for suitability as official providers of air services. even in the most serene settings. feather.. tooth. bone. arrested or imprisoned. Exercise appropriate caution in all unfamiliar surroundings. telephone (267) 353-982. The U. CRIMINAL PENALTIES: While in a foreign country. Under this law. For information regarding the DOD policy on specific carriers. Fax: (202) 546-3275. Curio shops and vendors throughout the country sell items such as animal skins. Persons violating Botswana's laws.S. Botswana's laws mandate harsh punishments for unlawful dealing and possession of cannabis (known locally as motokwane or dagga). PUBLIC HOLIDAYS The US Embassy will be closed on the following US and Botswana Holidays Occasion New Year's Day (Botswana/US) Day Tuesday. tourists are advised that potentially dangerous areas sometimes lack fences and warning signs. and any requests for the payment of bribes should be reported to the appropriate authorities. CHILDREN'S ISSUES: For information on international adoption of children and international parental child abduction.S. Penalties for breaking the law can be more severe than in the United States for similar offenses. and carved bones or teeth of animals protected by this law. ANIMAL TROPHIES: Botswana strictly enforces its law protecting animal trophies. E-mail: rusric@erols. Penalties for possession. or trafficking in illegal drugs in Botswana are strict and convicted offenders can expect jail sentences and heavy fines. use.gov/children's_issues. and the after-hours emergency telephone (267) 357-111. any living or dead animal or trophy from an animal. may be expelled. it is not permitted to possess or remove from Botswana. Government Enclave. law. are subject to the national trophy law. In addition. REGISTRATION/EMBASSY LOCATION: Americans living in or visiting Botswana are encouraged to register at the Consular section of the U.S. May 9 Monday. July 4 Monday. January 2 Monday. July 1 Thursday. USA (202) 546-2103. September 30 Tuesday. In the later 18th century Kgosi Motswasele of the Bakwena. November 11 Thursday. please contact Global Investment & Business Center.. March 29 Saturday March 30 Monday.com . January 21 Monday. July 16 Monday. July 15 Tuesday. investment and business opportunities information. November 28 Wednesday.197 - Public Holiday (Botswana) Martin Luther King. February 18 Friday. by the 8th century AD. December 25 Thursday. E-mail: rusric@erols. May 27 Monday. Jr's Birthday (US) Presidents' Day (US) Good Friday (Botswana/US) Public Holiday (Botswana) Easter Monday (Botswana) Ascension Day (Botswana) Memorial Day (US) Sir Seretse Khama Day (Botswana) Independence Day (US) President's Day (Botswana) Public Holiday (Botswana) US Labor Day (US) Botswana Day Public Holiday Columbus Day Veterans' Day Thanksgiving Day Christmas Day Boxing Day Wednesday. September 2 Monday. Fax: (202) 546-3275. April 1 Thursday. Shells and beads from the east coast of Africa were being traded as far as the Tsodilo hills. in north-western Botswana. December 26 PLACES TO SEE IN BOTSWANA Long-distance travel for purposes of trade goes back a thousand years in Botswana. October 14 Monday. October 1 Monday. marketing. in For additional analytical. The first modern safari camps on the Okavango delta were also constructed in the later 1960s. Safari camps are enclaves in remote parts patronized by foreign tourists and run by white South Africans from northern Johannesburg.resistant bush almost everywhere. People in eastern Botswana are unused to tourists and their habits. Only a few hundred years ago the Okavango lake and marshes stretched almost up to the Tsodilo hills. Hotels elsewhere are often pretty run down. Most of the web-sites on Botswana are dedicated to these areas. which were occupied by fishing people and cattle herders and crop farmers. the hippos have thinned in number. Just as the visitor to New York City may conclude that everything there is culture created by humans with no nature left surviving. You are still not allowed to take photographs outside parliament and government offices (including post offices!). The channels to Lake Ngami. or by former "pink elephants" from East Africa. The impact of human culture has remade the nature of the Okavango delta. and the boom for high-cost/low-density tourism in the swamps began in the 1970s. have become choked with papyrus and have dried up. with the rise of commercial hunting with firearms. Hippos congregated and bashed their way through the papyrus. offering temporary recreation abroad . For additional analytical. TOURISM IN NORTHERN/ WESTERN BOTSWANA Tourism is at present largely confined to the northern half of Botswana. But modern tourism is an outgrowth of industrial society. which have little practical connection with the rest of Botswana. TOURISM IN EASTERN/ SOUTHERN BOTSWANA The rest of Botswana is not really set up for tourists. One result was that water flowed in quantity down the eastern side of the delta to form what was called Lake Ngami (Nghabe). and really indeed to the north-western quarter where lie of the marshes of the Okavango delta and the Chobe river close to Victoria Falls. Hence all those sand-bed rivers that are marked as dotted blue lines on the map. Gaborone only has conventional hotels modeled on Holiday Inns and Sheratons. because of people's firewood and building-wood needs. Extensive farming cutting into surface of the earth has also increased the run-off of sandy soil into river beds. Though there are some good restaurants in the capital city. and more recently down the eastern side of the delta to Maun and the Boteti river. of course. Both visitors.receiving great international publicity in the early 1970s when the film stars Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton re-married at Kasane.com .198 the south-east of Botswana. would be wrong. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. USA (202) 546-2103. The very savannah itself seems in part to be a product of human culture. but did not really materialize until the 1960s . so the visitor to the Okavango marshes may get the impression that all there is wild nature untamed by culture. The primary agent of change was the hippo. investment and business opportunities information. marketing. Many officials and policeman cling to outdated ideas of infiltration by apartheid regime saboteurs. Fax: (202) 546-3275. The climate has changed. and later to bourgeois and proles on 'package tours'. The very nature of the Okavango marshes has changed too. with less rainfall coming down river from the Angola highlands. For up to a million years people have been burning it. There are few thatched luxury lodges along the lines of northern Botswana. to make it grow new grass for the grazing livestock they cherish so much. One result has been the proliferation of thorny fire.. E-mail: rusric@erols. was famous as a well-traveled man because of his journeys to Maputo Bay and back. opening and closing channels. But over the past century and a half. particularly along watercourses.first in the later 18th century to aristocrats and gentry on 'grand tours'. Plans for tourism on the Chobe were laid in the 1930s. The situation has grown ever more acute over the past two thousand years. Botswana was counted among the ten poorest nations on earth. Historically-oriented tourism. It is also the home of the Botswana Society which has a rich tradition of researching Botswana's pre-history and from whom you can obtain information about various interesting aspects of the country. Restaurants are numerous and varied. it was chosen as the site for the new capital due to its strategic location. the availability of a reliable water supply and it's proximity to the cross-continental railway line. on the other hand. USA (202) 546-2103. Gaborone is named after Chief Gaborone.and to a lesser extent Chobe. people are friendly and helpful. Drotsky's caves and so on. The brand-names that attract them to Botswana are Okavango and Kalahari. There is an international airport on the outskirts of the city. Still little more than an administrative village when Botswana began to move towards independence in the early sixties. and a choice of cinemas and casinos. Being young and brash. the Jameson Raid (1895-96). The only internationally recognisable brand-name is Bushman. David Livingstone. Fevered construction began in 1964. Apart from conjuring up imprecise and distorted 'ethnic' images. Gaborone has all the facilities of any modern capital city. The tourists who come to Botswana are wildlife tourists. E-mail: rusric@erols. and in 1966 the Republic of Botswana achieved full independence under Sir Seretse Khama. and the German war against the Nama and Herero (1904-05). but there are also great narratives of Botswana history with which the world needs first to be familiarized by books and films. the name is intensely embarrassing for the government of Botswana . who also take in neighboring parts of Southern Africa. it is said. presenting contrasting images of marsh and desert . as in any other tourist-unfrequented place in the world. Cultural tourism remains almost unexploited. Botswana has significant attractions for tourists interested in the stone architecture of Great Zimbabwe. see the Missionaries' Road supplement to this page.199 The golden rule. the river that connects with the Zambezi and thus with Victoria Falls. There is a range of hotels. GABORONE: THE CAPITAL OF BOTSWANA The capital of Botswana. marketing.because it denotes the neglected poorest of the rural poor in a free enterprise democratic society. the life and travels of Dr. It also provided a growth rate and economic buoyancy unparalleled in Africa. poses no such threat. night clubs often host live music by local artists. For an indication of how a historically-oriented tour by car might be planned..com . For additional analytical. Once they are given your respect. like the Aha Hills. All of these overlap with neighboring countries. the abortive Jameson Raid into South Africa was planned. who led his tribe to this area from the Magaliesberg round about 1880. is to first greet people politely and then ask their permission to go here or there and to take a photograph. and turned Botswana into one of the richest countries in Africa and the third largest producer of diamonds in the world. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. the South African War (1899-1902). At the time of independence. The discovery of the country's diamond wealth came within five years. The National Museum is situated near the centre of town and houses important collections of traditional crafts and southern African fine art. a well-laid-out city of cinderblock suburbs. investment and business opportunities information. Ten years later Cecil John Rhodes chose this little settlement as the site of a colonial fort. where. Cecil Rhodes' invasion of Zimbabwe (1890-93). Fax: (202) 546-3275. A detailed map is available at the entrance gate. gemsbok. some 40 kilometers west of Gaborone. Botswana boasts one of the best conservation programs in Africa with 17% of its land set aside for wildlife preservation. He was also the first white man to visit Linyanti. but a Water Utilities Corporation permit is needed. and the Livingstone Memorial is near the ruins of the mission station. lion. platters and goblets are especially well known and their hazy blue glaze has almost become a trademark.rhino. Thamaga bowls. Bird watching along the river is particularly rewarding. Travelling by ox-wagon under extremely difficult conditions. and due to it's proximity to the city. After having served in Kuruman. A little downstream on the Notwane River and still within the confines of the city lies the Gaborone Game Reserve.200 One of the city's more striking buildings is Orapa House at the intersection of Mandela Drive and Khama Crescent. The famed Thamanga Pottery shop is housed in the Botswelelo Centre. and is sought after by collectors. one of the principle Tswana tribes. For additional analytical. A dozen kilometers beyond Kolobeng is the village of Thamaga.not a bad idea since the dam not only has the occasional crocodile that escapes translocation. he set off on his journeys to the Zambezi and beyond.. The Moremi and Chobe National Parks. Those interested in history may be interested in David Livingstone's ties with Botswana. marketing. In the hills to the south of Molepolole is Logageng. have become world-renowned and considered by many to be the last pristine wilderness in Africa. Livingstone reported the existence of Lake Ngami to the world.com . Elephants. and the Gaborone Yacht Club has it's own swimming pool . Here. buffalo and many species of magnificent antelope graze as they have done since the dawn of time. and is open from six thirty in the morning to six thirty in the evening. Fax: (202) 546-3275. is Botswana's third busiest game reserve. The church built here was the first in Botswana. This building has floors specially designed to make maximum use of daylight without direct sunlight for the purpose of sorting and grading Botswana's fabulous diamond wealth. On the edge of the city. it is available for non-motorized water-sport . This reserve has been in existence since 1988. Gaborone Dam. From a simple mud-built house here. but bilharzia as well. great herds of animals roam over a land that has changed little over the millennia. No wonder Botswana is becomingthe most sought after safari destination in Africa. a small cave in which David Livingstone spent a night in an attempt to prove to the Bakwena the power of his Christian God which would protect him against the evil happenings which were confidently predicted by Tswana beliefs. This was Chief Sechele. eland. investment and business opportunities information. set among hills and dense bush. since Livingstone is reputed to have made only one convert in his entire life as a missionary. the third of which was in the 1840's at Kolobeng. Well-maintained roads give easy access to viewing of wildebeest. bream and barbel tempt the avid fishermen in summer. The mixed architecture gives interesting insights into the changing nature of Botswana society as old traditional ways are giving way to more modern practices. is the city's main water source.along with the Okavango Delta. home of the Bakwena. Bass. rhino and kudu among others. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. sometimes accompanied by his wife and children. zebra. and the grave of his daughter. Much of the nature of this change is recorded and compared in the town's Sechele Museum. E-mail: rusric@erols. There are two picnic sites and a game hide. USA (202) 546-2103. he established three smaller mission stations. The Reserve is on the western outskirts of Gaborone. Kolobeng is set in scenic hilly country. It would seem that they were not entirely convinced. zebra. A popular local resort. SAFARI In a country where humans are vastly out-numbered by wild animals. giraffe. 50 kilometers west of Gaborone is the town of Molepolole. the Linyanti Swamps in the north-west and the hot dry hinterland in between. Coming from New York. investment and business opportunities information. the Republic of Botswana is a relatively flat country with hilly areas along it's Eastern side and isolated groups of hills elsewhere. This makes Botswana a number one strategicinvestment opportunity. lion.deep sand in some areas tests the skill of the driver and the capabilities of the vehicle. USA (202) 546-2103. marketing. The average altitude is 1000m above sea level. Today. Peering from a safari vehicle allows us to almost communicate with our pre-ancestors by seeing what they did every day of their precarious lives. June July and some of August dropping to temperatures of -7deg C. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. And to bring away a message for the future about preservation of our natural heritage. armed with cameras. especially if the intention is to travel extensively into the park . and a little larger than France. It supports a small number of people. curiosity. CHOBE NATIONAL PARK From Kasane. In African days gone by.4 million population concentrated on the eastern side of the country. The people of Botswana consider the wildlife to be a national treasure. Chobe. the most difficult. humankind began on the African savanna. after only 3 kilometers. Botswana is a semi-arid country where evaporation exceeds rainfall in every month of the year. into the mist-shrouded natural past. with the winter months of May. Only the big 5 could strike back. Fax: (202) 546-3275. with about 80% of Botswana's 1. this is like traveling from the edge of technology to the core ofcreation. some knowledge and a great deal of enthusiasm. leads to the Kasane entrance gate. people go on safari in greater numbers than ever before. remains of a former desert. and by the end of September extremely hot. a rough and stony road heads west past the Chobe National Park boundary notice and along the river road that. GAME PARKS AND NATURE RESERVES Straddling the Tropic of Capricorn. rhinoceros. wild fruits and wild animals. stalking them required the hunter to put his life squarely on the line. most rewarding game-viewing awaits. and because of their deepest involvement in the preservation of their pricelessresource. covers 10 566 square kilometers. Almost immediately after passing through the gate tall shady trees and ubiquitous baboons welcome visitors to the park.201 - As a species. More than 70% of the country is covered with Kalahari sand. E-mail: rusric@erols. the Savuti Marsh in the west about 50 kilometers north of Mababe gate. During the latter part of August the temperatures are generally on the up. They were hunter-gatherers who lived by moving from one area to another in search of water. To go on asafari is an opportunity to peer through a window of wonder. leading into the rainy season. elephant.com . The original inhabitants of what is now the park were the San people. which is the second largest national park in Botswana. London or Paris. they have set aside more land for national parks and game reserves than any other African country. Here all persons are required to check in and pay the park fees. However. buffalo and leopard were considered the trophy hunter's big 5. Four-wheel dive vehicles areessential.. The San were later joined by groups of For additional analytical. otherwise known in Botswana as the Basarwa. the most dangerous game. which extends through to March or April. The park is divided into four main focal points comprising the Chobe River front with floodplain and teak forest. to the pans in the southeast of the park. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. some remains of which can still be seen today. Each of these camping grounds has its own unique character and a visit to each is recommended . In 1932. making seasonal movements of up to 200 kilometers from the Chobe and Linyanti rivers. based on the timber industry. There was a large settlement. Some of these facilities have suffered the ravages of time and the unwanted attention of elephant. by a group of Batawana led by Sekgoma. an area of some 24 000 square kilometers in the Chobe district was declared a nonhunting area and the following year. few services are available between Kasane and Maun. This population covers most of northern Botswana plus north-western Zimbabwe and is currently estimated at around 100 000. Because of this. heavy tsetse fly infestations resulted in the whole area lapsing in 1934. When Ihaha has been completed and opened.however. around 1911. pumps and so on. increasing the park to the present size. The Kalahari elephant. was classified as crown land. in 1967. as such. has the distinction of being the largest in body size of all living elephants. the boundaries were altered.the first national park in Botswana. jacks. to which they disperse in the rains. the idea of creating a national park in the area was first mooted. In 1931. Later. the larger part of the area that is now the national park. A public camping ground is to be developed further along the river to the west at a place called Ihaha. Serondela will be closed and redesigned to serve as a picnic facility Savuti has a camping ground that has been severely damaged by elephant at a time when water was not available for these unfortunate creatures. investment and business opportunities information. where they concentrate in the dry season. marketing.com . fuel. In the area. This elephant population has built up steadily from a few thousand since the early 1900s and has escaped the massive illegal offtake that has decimated other populations in the 1970s and 1980s. though the ivory is brittle and you will not see many huge tuskers among these rangy monsters. but a gradual upgrading process is being undertaken at present. The Chobe elephant are migratory. it is once again essentially a wilderness area and. However. including Chobe. When the country wasdivided into various land tenure systems. First of all. an attractive reception office and will be more remote in nature. A major feature of Chobe National Park is its elephant population. the idea of a national park was raised again when are area of about 21 000 square kilometers was proposed as a game reserve and eventually a reduced area was gazetted in 1960 as Chobe Game Reserve. food.202 the Basubiya people and later still. USA (202) 546-2103.. it is wise to carry basic safety items such as water. Savute and Linyanti with toilet and shower facilities available. tools. extra wheels. in order to protect the wildlife from extinction and to attract visitors. Fax: (202) 546-3275. including the re-siting of Serondela and complete rebuilding of Savuti. the reserve was declared a national park . new artificial water points have For additional analytical. E-mail: rusric@erols. the protected area was increased to 31 600 square kilometers. torches. Provision of camping facilities in the Noghatsaa area are being planned. This new camp will have modern ablution facilities. This settlement was gradually moved out and the Chobe National Park was finally empty of human occupation in 1975. Public camping grounds are situated within Chobe at Serondela. the Chobe elephant comprise part of what is probably the largest surviving continuous elephant population. In 1980 and again in 1987. In 1957. at Serondela. The main reason for moving the public camping ground from Serondela to Ihaha is to relieve congestion of traffic on the eastern part of the Chobe river front. late last century and early this century. Mababe gate is some 56 kilometers south of Savuti and many visitors enter at Kasane. Linyanti is the place to go. USA (202) 546-2103.or the other way around. interspersed with occasional periods of flow. camp at Serondela. after a flow period that stated in the 1950s. which is currently dry. Linyanti: limited flush toilets and showers with hot water. a temporary public camping ground has been provided. which intrepid visitors take. exit through Mababe and on through to Moremi . NO food supplies available in the park. Access is rough and sandy and only reliable 4x4 vehicles should attempt this journey. with dry spells between 1964 and 1967 and again in 1973. but for those seeking a remote and peaceful environment. when the majority of natural pans have dried up. 39 kilometers north-west of Savuti. All drinking water should be boiled or chemically treated. NO petrol or diesel available in the park or anywhere between Kasane and Maun. and it is wise to avoid the Chobe River front during the heavy rains from January to March.203 been developed to cater for the needs of wildlife and in due course the facilities currently in place in the Savuti camping ground will be demolished and replaced with modern. with the border crossing nearby. marketing. basins and showers. and then at Savuti. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. The southern entrance to the park is the Mababe gate. there is the Sedudu gate near Kasane. well-protected ones. Lying 172 kilometers southwest of Kasane Gate. Savuti: Temporary camping ground. Savuti camping ground (and the temporary camping area) overlooks the Savuti River channel. This site to be replaced by a new camping ground shortly. Fax: (202) 546-3275. Ngoma is the entrance used by visitors from Namibia. Linyanti has a small camping ground. Prior to that the channel had been dry since the late 1800s. CHOBE FACILITIES AT A GLANCE: Public camping grounds at .com . In the meantime. Apart from this circuit and the charming camp ground at Linyanti. For additional analytical. is south from Sedudu for 68 kilometers to Noghatsaa and then across to Savuti. with spectacular dry season concentrations of elephant. which gives access to a public road that passes for 54 kilometers through the park to Ngoma gate. pit latrines. some with hot water this site is to be replaced by a new camping ground at Ihaha shortly. protected water standpipe .. along a route that connects with the Moremi Game Reserve. another route within the park. Road through this area are not clearly signed at this time. among tall riverine trees overlooking the perennial Linyanti River. It is also wise to note that no fuel supplies are available within the park and visitors traveling between Kasane and Maun should ensure that they are self-contained for the entire journey. so visitors should carefully plan their route before setting out and it is advisable to inform park staff of intentions to visit the Noghatsaa area Game-viewing is at its best during the dry season.NO SHOWERS. during and for four weeks after visiting the park. Apart from the Kasane entrance gate. The river system is characterized by long periods of inactivity. This is generally a quieter camp as it is off the main tourist circuit. Noghatsaa: no facilities at present. Mosquitoes are prevalent throughout the park and visitors are strongly advised to take an anti-malarial prophylactic before. especially during the rainy season.Serondela: flush toilets. investment and business opportunities information. The present dry period started around 1982. which is a further 140 kilometers. E-mail: rusric@erols. but camping ground to be developed shortly. The floods reach their peak in May. wildebeest.wildebeest. Flamingoes and countless pelicans descend on Makgadikgadi. They still work iron with primitive bellows. bat-eared foxes and hartebeest in the area. a fraction may remain to flood Lake Ngami in the south and feed the Boteti River. This wilderness is uninhabited. a road has been built leading from the main road over a high sand ridge. where there are baobab trees and palms. Kgamakgama. Fax: (202) 546-3275. which have adapted themselves to the conditions of reed and water. USA (202) 546-2103. called mokoros. zebra and elephant swell the numbers and as many as 5 000 head of game have been seen in the pan at one time. please contact Global Investment & Business Center.com . lagoons and broad expanses of the Okavango Delta. except for a few river Bushmen who roam there. When dry. In the rainy season migratory herds of gemsbok. axes and spears. At Nxai. which is most of the time. hippos and buffaloes. buffalo. There are nearly always giraffe. their legs shimmering and elongated through mirage caused by heatwaves and glare.000 strong can sometimes be seen on the plains besides the pan. When the waters of the Okavango spill down the Boteti River after good summer rains. For additional analytical. but mostly its waters are beautifully clear and blue. Great herds of big game . Most of the Okavango waters are soaked up by the desert. Thick papyrus grows everywhere and. floods pour down from the highlands of Angola into the Okavango River and flow on through a vast network of narrow waterways. zebra and springbok . Nxai is a much smaller depression than Makgadikgadi. providing rich feeding for aquatic birds. sodium sulphate and bromides. In the pan itself. Animals like the sitatunga. it is 6 500 square kilometers of glaring saline sand. which makes for easy viewing. which runs into Lake Xau in the west and eventually into the huge depression of the Makgadikgadi Pan. Both pans have been designated national game reserves. Their canoes. live on the islands.water here and herds 10. 10 000 square kilometers of flood plain and dissipates in the sands of the Kalahari. in the northern parts of the delta. Near Nxai is another pan. Makgadikgadi is believed to be the largest salt pan in the world. making knives. lechwe and Chobe bushbuck. marketing. Down in the pan smallclumps of trees dominate a sea of grass cropped short by the game. covering vast grass flats and making thousands of islands out of tree-covered ridges of land. E-mail: rusric@erols. springbok. animals stand out in startling fashion on the white salt. At Makgadikgadi the main road run along the edge of the pan. investment and business opportunities information. chokes the waterways so that they are impenetrable except by canoes. In good years. soda ash. The water courses through this huge. eland. the whole area of the pan is flooded to a depth of a few centimeters. white and absolutely flat. are hand-hewn from logs. In the parts of the delta where there is perennial water there are large numbers of crocodiles.the Makgadikgadi Pan on the southern side and the Nxai Pan in the north.. or evaporate.204 - OKAVANGO DELTA Each summer. In recent years both Makgadikgadi and Nxai have begun to be mined for salt. MAKGADIKGADI AND NXAI NANS Two big fossil lake beds flank the main road from Francistown to Maun . Okavango is frequently called a swamp. com . thick forest and lush. the tribe. Situated right in the very center of Botswana. encouraged these people to move to areas outside the reserve in order that they may be provided with modern facilities.a journey For additional analytical. Varying from sand dunes with many species of trees and scrubs in the north.205 MOREMI WILDLIFE RESERVE Many travelers regard the Moremi Wildlife Reserve as the most spectacular and beautiful game park in Southern Africa. the lifestyle of the Basarwa has gradually changed with the times and they now live in settlements. schools. the reserve is more heavily wooded in the south. The name "Deception" comes from a pan in the area of which the dry surface at times appears convincingly full of water until one gets right to the edge. Lions. Originally nomadic hunters and gathers. It covers more than 1000 square kilometers of grassy flood plains in the north-eastern corner of the Okavango Delta. worried about the increase in game hunting. The project has been a profound success. the Tawana tribe. have been resident in and around the area for probably thousands of years. KUTSE AND CENTRAL KALAHARI GAME RESERVE Larger than Belgium or Switzerland. Pulane Moremi. Apart from savannah. It was the first time an African tribe had founded and administered a game park.. TRANS-KALAHARI TRAVEL: The main wildlife concentrations are to be found in the tourist areas in the northern half of this vast reserve but it is possible for adventurous and completely self-contained visitors to travel through the reserve between Khutse on the southern boundary to the northern section . Unlike most other game parks. The people commonly known throughout the world as Bushmen. The park has been kept as natural as possible by the people who created it. attracting thousands of visitors every year. Huge herds of impala and tsessebe are always in the area. Fax: (202) 546-3275. however tree islands are no longer used for camping in these days of more environmental awareness. salt pans and ancient riverbeds. to flat bushveld in the central area. In 1961. E-mail: rusric@erols. while in the dry season large herds of buffalo. is the largest game reserve in the world. Moremi allows visitors to approach game on foot. They set up their camp in the northern section of Deception in a prime "tree island". lily-covered lagoons where hippos bathe and sport. the 52800 square kilometers Central Kalahari Game Reserve. established the reserve on their own land. investment and business opportunities information. clinics etc and to integrate them into modern society (this policy has also attracted much controversy and criticism). with mopane forests to the south and east. Government has. wildebeest and zebra flock into the park from the Kalahari in search of food and water. "Cry of the Kalahari" brought the attention of readers to this previously little-visited area and even today many people refer to the Central Kalahari simply as Deception. who spent many years in the Deception Valley area of the park undertaking research mainly on brown hyaena. but more properly referred to as the Basarwa. cheetahs and packs of wild dogs hunt in the open grassland. The rare sitatunga and lechwe antelope live in the papyrus banks of the waterways. widow of Chief Moremi III. some of which were situated within the southern half of the Central Kalahari Game Reserve. this reserve is characterized by vast open plains. The reserve is home to an immense number of birds. however. marketing. which was set up in 1961. palm-covered islands. Mrs. under the regent. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. USA (202) 546-2103. Rainfall is sparse and sporadic and can vary from 170 to 700 millimeters per year. the terrain includes winding waterways with banks of reeds. With such a wide variety of vegetation comes an incredibly wide spectrum of wild life. The Owens' book. Other fairly recent residents were Mark and Delia Owens. Letlhakane Mopipi. HOW TO GET THERE: There are 3 entry points to the reserve. This "short cut" from Maun takes about 3 and 1/2 hours travelling time. eland. Fax: (202) 546-3275. a problem at present.. Leopard Pan and Passarge Valley. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. Xade is reached after following this loose sandy track for 160 kilometers. Visitors are warned that sleeping in the open without a tent is dangerous and foolhardy and that For additional analytical. Water for purposes other than drinking is available from the Wildlife Camp at Xade and at the Matswere entrance gate for visitors' use. then a western entrance through Xade and also in the north-east through Matswere. in common with most desert areas. lion. after which a further 21 kilometers down the eastern boundary of the reserve takes the visitor to the entrance gate which is the only 9 kilometers from Matswere.Serowe . warthog. investment and business opportunities information. the one through Khutse in the south. blue wildebeest. 55 kilometers from the check-in point at Matswere. The fence is followed for some 80 kilometers of sand track to the Kuke corner veterinary gate. E-mail: rusric@erols. and south from the Passarge waterhole area through to link up with the Piper Pan/Deception road. where petrol and diesel are available. Matswere can also be accessed from Maun by traveling 57 kilometers east. kudu. when the animals tend to congregate in the pans and valleys. whilst the campsites at Piper Pan can be accessed from either Matswere or Xade. red hartebeest and springbok. particularly where toilet paper is concerned. Undeveloped campsites are available for overnight stops at Molapo. leopard.Tsoe. Those visitors wishing to travel transKalahari should note that. Sunday Pan. USA (202) 546-2103.Kumaga . Rakops can be accessed from the north from Maun .com . food and water. wild dog. Firewood may be collected from well-wooded areas but not from tree islands. continuing for 20 kilometers to the village and turning right on the western side of the veterinary fence. The ashes from campfires must be buried before vacating the campsite. is best between December and April. visitors are specifically requested to dig their own mini-latrine to ensure they leave no signs of being there. where gameviewing can be most rewarding. combustible rubbish burnt and non-combustibles carried back to the pit at the entrance gate. is made by turning off east from the Ghanzi-Kang road about 36 kilometers south of Ghanzi where indicated by signpost. but until this development has been completed. gemsbok. turning right at the Makalamabedi junction. brown hyaena. New tracks and campsites have been opened up along the Passarge Valley. Access to Matswere can be made via Rakops. Visitors should fill up with fuel at Ghanzi and ensure that they have sufficient for their entire stay. It is planned to put in rustic pit latrines to service all these undeveloped campsites. marketing. where there are 2 undeveloped campsites near the Xade Wildlife Camp. Gope. Access to Xade. but the provision of water for this purpose is. It is along this latter route that the new Tau exclusive campsite has been opened in the area that well reflects the very spirit of the Central Kalahari. apart from being self-contained with all fuel. Bape and Xaka. they should only travel in a group of 2 or more vehicles with basic spares and survival aids. cheetah. taking about 3 hours for the full journey from Ghanzi.206 which takes minimum 2 days of 4x4 wilderness traveling. or from the south from Mahalapye . WILDLIFE: Game viewing for animals which include giraffe. On arrival at Xade visitors are required to check in at the tourist office in the Wildlife Camp.Motopi . CAMPING FACILITIES: Matswere is the access point for designated but undeveloped campsites in the region of Deception Valley. over a poor desert road. But today's Bushmen no longer paint. insects and reptiles. can take 14 hours or more. thought to be at least 4 000 years old.world famous for their Bushman paintings .the only place known where they and their paintings can be found together.com . In only one place do the paintings overlap. Water in the area is sparse and travelers are warned to For additional analytical. hyena and wild dogs frequently visit the pan at night but are rarely seen in daylight. ostriches. marketing.tower 385 meters above desolate flatlands to form a fortress-like ridge 20 kilometers long. The earliest paintings. while the most recent and sophisticated show men hunting game. Writer-explorer Laurens van der Post has called them the 'mountains of the gods'. leopard. etc. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. CENTRAL KALAHARI FACILITIES AT A GLANCE: Undeveloped public camping sites at: Kori (overlooking Deception) Deception Valley Passarge Valley Sunday Pan Lengau (Leopard Pan) Lekhubu (between Deception north and Piper Pan) Letiahua (between Deception north and Piper Pan) Tau and Phokoje (on western link trail) Piper Pan Xade NO petrol. Later works are of whole herds of game. of Bushman migrations across the continent. The Tsodilo Hills are extremely remote and difficult to reach. But most fascinating of all Tsodilo's treasures are the cliff-face galleries of more than 2 000 paintings. kudu. USA (202) 546-2103. perhaps even hundreds. diesel or food supplies available in the reserve. The hills were sacred to the Bushmen.. duikers. scorpions. beads and pottery fragments abound in the area. should not be kept in the tent but should be closed into the vehicle to avoid unwanted attentions of lions and hyaenas. E-mail: rusric@erols. Visitors may walk in pan areas where visibility is good. from gaining entry. giving some indication of the sense of order and purpose with which the artists approached their work. TSODILO HILLS The honey and rose colored granite cliffs of the Tsodilo Hills. blackbacked jackals and bat-eared foxes. and they were certainly a focal point of dozens. The journey from Maun. depict individual animals in silhouette. steenbok. and appear to know nothing of the techniques of their ancestors. investment and business opportunities information. on the north-west fringe of the Kalahari Desert . Visitors are responsible for their own safety and should treat all forms of wildlife with caution and respect. Fax: (202) 546-3275. but walking in areas of tall grass or thick bush is potentially dangerous and not encouraged and it is always wise to stay within easy reach of the vehicle.207 they should keep their tents fastened to prevent snakes. Foodstuffs. etc. This is also a good spot to study the many species of desert birds. while lion. Stone Age tools. Around the Kutse Pan there are always gemsbok. Eland and giraffe are spotted occasionally. Bushmen still live near Tsodilo . - 208 take extra supplies. Yet despite all the hazards, every year more intrepid travelers journey to see the great heritage left by the desert painters of old. GEMSBOK NATIONAL PARK The most remote of Botswana's game reserves takes its name from the magnificent gemsbok, also known as the oryx, an antelope with majestic, slender horns so sharp they command respect even of lions. The Gemsbok National Park covers more than 11,000 square kilometers of desert in the extreme south-west of the country, an area where the annual rainfall seldom rises above 125 millimeters. It is home to huge herds of gemsbok and other antelope, like the eland, which are capable of living for long periods without water, obtaining moisture from roots and succulent plants. It is also home of the famous blackmaned lions, as well as smaller members of the cat family. The park is the oldest in Botswana, having been established in the 1930s alongside the South African Kalahari Gemsbok National Park. It was created to assist the park officials in the control of game, and not as a tourist attraction in itself. LAKE NGAMI The broad expanse of Lake Ngami, on the fringes of the Kalahari, can be a vast inland sea - or semi-desert. It is 65 kilometers long by 16 kilometers across. After most rainy seasons, water from the Okavango Delta spills into the lake along the Thamalakane River to the north. In droughts, Ngami has been known to dry up completely into a sea of reeds, as it did during the mid-1960s . In the autumn of 1966, following a summer of better rains, the lake began to fill again. Fish that had lain dormant in the mud during the drought were soon plentiful again. Aquatic birds, for which the lake is famous, descended in huge flocks - white pelicans, flamingoes, marabou storks and countless waterfowl - and local fishermen once again had work to do. For Ngami, rich in plankton and well stocked with barbel, is the center of Botswana's fishing industry. Ngami is known as 'the lake that burns' because in some years lake dwellers burn reed beds to reclaim land needed for ploughing. The fires, fed by dry, mossy vegetation, often smolder for months on end until rains extinguish them. Safari companies run charter flights to the lake. Other visitors travel by road from Maun. MASHATU GAME RESERVE In the remote eastern corner Botswana, at the confluence of the Limpopo and Shashe rivers, lies an area known historically as the Tuli enclave - a unique wilderness of savannah, riverine forests, marshland, open plains and sandstone cliffs. It is here that the largest of the Rattray Reserves Mashatu Game Reserve - is situated. Mashatu Game Reserve gets its name from the enormous Mashatu tree Xanthocercis zambesiaca which occurs throughout this immense tract of privately owned land. Perhaps by some stroke of fate, Mashatu is home to a number of Africa's other giants: the African elephant, the baobab tree, the eland, the ostrich, the kori bustard, and Kipling's mighty Limpopo River. All under the endless African sky. It is fitting that some 90,000 acres of pristine game land has been set aside for these giants of Africa in this unique corner of Botswana. The wildlife experience at Mashatu is personalized and unforgettable. Dedicated, experienced Tswana rangers and trackers are keen to show you their world. The four-wheel drive safari vehicles set out at dawn and again at dusk in search of the variety of species which abound in the For additional analytical, marketing, investment and business opportunities information, please contact Global Investment & Business Center, USA (202) 546-2103. Fax: (202) 546-3275. E-mail:
[email protected] - 209 reserve. Some 350 species of birds may be seen, while, out on the plains, cheetah, zebra, giraffe, eland, impala, steenbok and the breeding herds of elephants are encountered. At both Mashatu Main Camp or Mashatu Tent Camp your total comfort is the priority of your hosts. While out on game drives you will be taken care of by your ranger, and on your return to base the camp staff will gladly attend to your every need. For additional analytical, marketing, investment and business opportunities information, please contact Global Investment & Business Center, USA (202) 546-2103. Fax: (202) 546-3275. E-mail:
[email protected] - 210 - SUPPLEMENTS LARGEST LAW FIRMS Armstrongs 5th Floor Barclays House, Khama Crescent, Gaborone Tel: 267353481 , Fax: 267352757 Contact: Mr. Neill Armstrong Minchin & Kelly (Botswana) P O Box 1339, Gaborone 0 Tel: +267 312734 , Fax: +267 308500 Contact: Mr. Dave Williams LIST OF ATTORNEYS IN THE CONSULAR DISTRICT OF BOTSWANA GABORONE ARMSTRONGS Attorneys, Notaries and Conveyancers 5th Floor Barclays House, Khama Crescent P.O. Box 1368 Gaborone, Botswana Tel: 353481-5 Fax: 353757 www.armstrongs.bw BAYFORD AND ASSOCIATES Attorneys, Notaries and Conveyancers Plot 7104 Tshetlha Crescent, Broadhurst P.O. Box 202283, Bontleng, Gaborone Tel: 356877 Fax: 356886 BRISCOE ATTORNEYS Independence Avenue P.O. Box 402492, Gaborone Tel: 353377 CHIBANDA, MAKGALEMELE & COMPANY Attorneys, Notaries and Conveyancers Plot 886 Kaunda Road, Independence Avenue P.O. Box 1401, Gaborone Tel: 311503 Fax: 311504 COLLINS AND NEWMAN & CO Dintala Court, Plot 4863 P.O. Box 882, Gaborone Tel: 352702-4 Fax: 314230 DOREEN KHAMA Attorneys and Conveyancers 4th Floor Standard House Main Mall P.O. Box 335, Gaborone Tel: 352638 Fax: 353876 DUNCAN AND ASSOCIATES Attorneys Private Bag B0177, Gaborone Tel: 352638/306311 GAEFELE LESTIDIDI & SEEMA Attorneys, Notaries and Conveyancers Plot 465, Mathangwane Lane, Ext. 4 P.O. Box 1141, Gaborone Tel: 359447 Fax: 302235 HELFER AND COMPANY Plot 347, Extension 4, Moeding Road P.O. Box 906, Gaborone Tel: 359720 Fax: 359718 JEFFREY BOOKBINDER Attorneys P.O. Box 882, Gaborone Tel: 305550 KGAODI AND PARTNERS Attorneys, Notaries and Conveyancers For additional analytical, marketing, investment and business opportunities information, please contact Global Investment & Business Center, USA (202) 546-2103. Fax: (202) 546-3275. E-mail:
[email protected] - 211 BBS Building, Broadhurst P.O. Box 40844, Gaborone Tel: 314134 Fax: 351353 KHAN RAHIM AND CO P.O. Box 1884, Gaborone Tel: 313739 LESETEDI AND COMPANY Attorneys, Notaries and Conveyancers Plot 3267, Sechaba Close Bag 00201. Gaborone Tel: 312975 Fax: 300991 LUKE AND ASSOCIATES Attorneys at Law Plot 2774 Phiri Crescent Bag T045, Tlokweng Tel: 313714 Fax: 371867 MARUPING & CO Attorneys P.O. Box 40483, Gaborone Tel: 327241 MASOBA & COMPANY Attorney, Notaries and Conveyancers Plot 2748 South Ring Rd, Ext. 10 P/Bag 00394, Gaborone Tel: 371988/301025 Fax: 371988 MINCHIN AND KELLY ATTORNEYS Attorney, Notaries and Conveyancers Plot 688 Khwai Rd P.O. Box 1339, Gaborone Tel: 312734/308494/352415 Fax: 308500 MODIMO, TOTENG & ASSOCIATES Attorneys, Notaries & Conveyancers Plot 10332, Kaunda Rd, Ext. 7 P.O. Box 201145, Gaborone Tel: 305645 Fax: 308625 MODISANYANE & COMPANY Attorneys, Notaries & Conveyancers 131 Koh-i- Noor Building, Independence Avenue P/Bag 00212, Gaborone Tel : 304929 Fax: 304929 MONTHE MARUMO & COMPANY Attorneys, Notaries and Conveyancers Plot 2875 Mobutho Drive, Ext. 10 P.O. Box 1991, Gaborone Tel: 351984 Fax: 351984 MTASHU & MTASHU ATTORNEYS Attorneys, Notaries and Conveyancers Plot 368 Independence Ave. P.O. Box 501283, Gaborone Tel: 311902 Fax: 311903 PILANE CHOPAMBA & CO. Attorneys, Notaries and Conveyancers. Cnr Madikwe Crescent & Morupule Drive P.O. Box 1300, Gaborone Tel: 311903/313183 Fax: 373544 SEGAETSHO, AMOAH & CO. Plot 398 Kgase Rd, Ext. 4 P.O. Box 1141, Gaborone Tel: 305800/373962 Fax: 373962 SHIRIPINDA AND COMPANY Attorneys, Notaries and Conveyancers Plot 2854, Ext. 10 P.O. Box 502395, Gaborone Tel: 306835/314102 Fax: 306836 TENGO RUBADIRI ATTORNEYS Attorneys, Conveyancers, & Notaries and Administrators of Estates Plot 2535 Nyerere Drive P.O. Box 58, Gaborone Tel: 311577 Fax: 311577 FRANCISTOWN CHADWICK, ANDERSON AND PARTNERS Attorneys, Notaries and Conveyancers Plot 407 Moffat Street P.O. Box 266, Francistown Tel: 215800 Fax: 216019 For additional analytical, marketing, investment and business opportunities information, please contact Global Investment & Business Center, USA (202) 546-2103. Fax: (202) 546-3275. E-mail:
[email protected] - 212 EBRAHIM-CARSTENS M ATTORNEYS Attorneys ulc Center, Plot 479 P.O. Box 82, Francistown Tel: 213655 Fax: 213903 KGALEMANG & ASSOCIATES Attorneys, Notaries and Conveyancers Plot 453, Monarch P.O. Box 58, Francistown Tel: 213998 Fax: 213987 MOSOJANE PHUMAPHI & CO Attorneys, Notaries and Conveyancers 2nd Flr. Suite 208/210, Blue Jacket Square P.O. Box 484, Francistown Tel: 212761 Fax: 212572 VENTER AND PARTNERS Attorneys, Notaries and Conveyancers Plot 446/447 St. Patrick’s Street P.O. Box 37, Francistown Tel: 213421 Fax: 215445 LOBATSE MAKGABENYANA AND BAYFORD ASSOCIATES Attorneys at Law Plot 2425 Woodhall Industrial Sites P.O. Box 277, Lobatse Tel: 332693 O.M. GASELABONE & CO Attorneys, Notaries and Conveyancers Unit 3, Mia’s Motors Building, Lot 419 Khama 1 Ave P.O. Box 942, Lobatse Tel: 331172 Fax: 332992 SIKHAKHANE & COMPANY Attorneys, Notaries, Conveyancers and Administrators of Estates Century Center 1 Khama Avenue P.O. Box 449, Lobatse Tel: 331924 Fax: 331190 MAUN CHADWICK, ANDERSON & PARTNER Attorneys, Notaries and Conveyancers Plot D16, Old Mall Bag 00284, Maun Tel: 660871 Fax: 660871 LETSOALO & PARTNERS Next to BBC, The Mall Bag 282, Maun Tel: 660661 Fax: 660661 SELEBI- PHIKWE MARATA OGB & PARTNERS ATTORNEYS Block 1 Office 2C BDC P.O. Box 358, Selebi Phikwe Tel: 810660 Fax: 814052 MUOPO MOTSWAGOLE & DINGAKE Attorneys, Notaries and Conveyancers Bag 144, Selebi Phikwe Tel: 810980 Fax: 811294 SEISA & COMPANY Attorneys, Notaries and Conveyancers BDC The Mall P.O. Box 384 Selebi Phikwe Tel: 811020 LIST OF DOCTORS AND HOSPITALS Following is a list of doctors in the Consular District of Botswana. The Embassy assumes no responsibility for the professional ability or reputation of the persons or medical facilities whose names appear on the following list. The list is for private use. PRIVATE MEDICALPRACTITIONERS GABORONE DR. J. ATTA Tel: 307771 Plot 109Independence Avenue, Ext. 3 P.O. Box 2329, Gaborone For additional analytical, marketing, investment and business opportunities information, please contact Global Investment & Business Center, USA (202) 546-2103. Fax: (202) 546-3275. E-mail:
[email protected] 10 P. Gaborone DR. J. East Gate.O. MASHALABA Tel: 326941 Plot 17508 Tsholofelo P. Extension 2. Box 41197. OSMAN Tel: 314527 Plot 3 Industrial Estate along Mogoditshane.D. Gaborone DR.O. Box 2139.S.O. investment and business opportunities information.. Molefi Close Avenue. K.O. 4 P. Molepolole Road P.H. Broadhurst. 402368 Broadhurst Gaborone DR. USA (202) 546-2103. 11 P. Box 1986. Gaborone DR. South Ring Road Ext. Box 1200. M. 2 Kaunda Road. MAINE Tel: 371547 BBS Mall. Broadhurst P. Hospital Way P. L. E. Unit 4 Broadhurst P. Box 431. Nelson Mandela Drive P. Ntsiane Road P. KHAN Tel. Gaborone DR. Private Bag 00227. Box 40423. Gaborone DR. Box 201129. Gaborone DR. Gaborone DR.213 DR.S.A.O.N. South Ring Rd Ext. BREJI' Tel: 357070 1 St Floor. Box 1752. LI (Acupuncture Specialist) Tel: 313298 Plot 717.J.A. Extension 10.O. PATEL Tel: 353855 Plot 1009. NAIR Tel: 304980 Plot 486. Gaborone DR.O. . Gaborone DR. Ext. K. Gaborone DR. ED.O. A. FERNANDO Tel: 353600 Plot 2891. MCARTHHR Tel: 371882 Plot 10211.V. Box 321. 19 P. Main Mall P.O. Box759.J. DICKINSON Tel: 353424 Plot 258. marketing.E. African Mall Private Bag 83 Bontleng. Gaborone DR. MULWA Tel: 307168/9 Plot 2399.S. Box 981. Gaborone DR.O. Gaborone DR. Gaborone DR. Box 1589.O. L. E. S.B. S. Machel Drive P. A.O. Box 402657. X.O. K. Gaborone DR. Gaborone DR.O. Fax: (202) 546-3275. M.O.O. Box 1841. MADHI Tel: 312814 Plot 7930.O. Box 725. 4 P.O. Gaborone DR. KADIYALA Tel: 352221 Plot 5640 Kubu Rd. N. LAMBAT Tel: 353233 Plot 8905. E-mail:
[email protected] . Broadhurst P. M. Box . N.com . African Mall P. Box 1022. LETSUNYANE & DR. ROWHANI (1{Homeopath) Tel: 306021 Plot 2499. Box 1646. Church Road P. Hemamo Center. FREEMAN Tel: 371882 Plot 50360. Broadhurst P. 301075 Plot 4842 Ext. Gaborone DR. Gaborone DR. Gaborone DR. AKERELE Tel: 353891 Plot 2775 Manong (opposite Gaborone Sun) P. MAHLOANE (Specialist Physician) Tel: 356028 Hemamo Center. Tel:353401 TRINITY MEDICAL CENTER THE VILAGE For additional analytical. HASSAN (Obstetrician & Gynaecologist) Tel: 352655 Plot 2819. SELIGMAN Tel: 351515 Plot 3132 Kalagadi Way P.M. Box 348. I. Middle Star Ext. Box 20670. A.O. Box 2618. V. T. Gaborone DR. M. M. Extension 2. please contact Global Investment & Business Center.O.O. WILLIAMS Tel: 351555 Plot 946 Ext. P. Gaborone DR. Kgokong Close. MATHEWS Tel: 351743 Plot 4853 Independence Avenue P.K. Maun DR.A.O. South Ring road P. COBBINA Tel: 212295 Barnes Avenue Plot 546 P. G. Lobatse MAUN DR. Dept.. Box 339.O. 9 Independence Avenue P. Box I 123. J. A.O. A.AKHIWU Tel: 661411 Old Mall Plot 395 Tshekotsheko Rd Private Bag 150. S. Francistown DR. Suite 3 P. J.O.K. PRJYA SUPRAMAJAM Tel: 371522 Plot 5640 1st Floor Rm 8 Broadhurst Bag 00469. S. MOSAM Tel: 330286 Letsholathebe str Plot 307 P.O.O.O. OMOTOYE Tel: 216466 Bluejacket Str. Gaborone DR. Box Bag F209. Francistown For additional analytical. BB Mall P. SAYANA Tel: 212400 Woolworth Complex G Floor P.E. S. HORNEMAN AND PARTNERS Tel: 351604 (DR.YE (Acupuncture Specialist) Tel: 374855 Plot 391. P. Box 1600. DEVINENI Tel: 661268 Old mall Ntshima Complex Private Bag 325.214 P.K. Francistown DR. Box 20660. MOTARA Tel: 330625 Plot 183 Lobatse P. SUBRAMANIAM (Specialist Psychiatrist) Tel: 304980 Plot 486. V. V. S. Molepolole Tel: 320260/570669 DR. Francistown DR. Box 41838. USA (202) 546-2103. Selebi Phikwe PRIVATE DENTAL PRACTITIONERS GABORONE DR. marketing. House. ABBA Tel: 332482 P. Extension 4. FORBES Tel: 212515 Lubengula Str. 0. A. maun SELEBI PHIKWE DR.R. KR. DR. 3. Box 309. Francistown DR. P. Ext. HASSERIIS Tel: 375212 1st Floor.O.O. E-mail:
[email protected]. Fax: (202) 546-3275. Gaborone DR. Box 634. Private Bag F109. Box 10492.M.N. African Mall P. D. Box 1222. SEAKGOSING Tel: 212341 P. Gaborone FRANCISTOWN DR.Gaborone DR. Gaborone DR. Francistown DRS. C. MOMPATI (Specialist Physician) Tel: 212518 Baines Avenue P. CHRIS CAREY Tel: 664084 Okavango Phamacy Building New Mall Private Bag 238.G. CHIPETA Tel: 215351 Town Center Build First Floor room 16 P. Gaborone FRANCISTOWN DR.& P. B. HALL Tel: 311529/375172 Maruapula Shopping Complex P. P. A.O. Box 315. Box 343. Francistown LOBATSE DR.O. Lobatse DR.A. Maun DR.com .O. Box 2110. Box 456.O. Box 158.O. investment and business opportunities information. CHOTHIA Tel: 810202 2471 Kabelo Way P. GULUBANE) 943 Kaunda road. KOLAROV. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. Francistown DR. AKHTAR AZAM Tel: 213582 Plot 251 Light Industrial Area P.A.R. Box 130. Lobatse DR. K. 3. Box 2404.O. Box 339.O. Gaborone U. Box 1320. Gaborone.. Ramotswa Village PRIVATE PHYSIOTHERAPY SERVICES GABORONE B.O. K. PHYSIOTHERAPY Tel: 371908 Plot 10211/6. Botswana Phone: (267) 351-341 Fax: (267) 352-926 Organization: Ministry of Commerce and Industry Contact Name and Title: Ms Connie Moremi.T. P. Box 6.B. USA (202) 546-2103. ABBA Tel: 330808 Letsholathebe Str. investment and business opportunities information.S. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. Box 3239. Off Nelson Mandela Ave Taung. Permanent Secretary Address: Private Bag 003. Gaborone L. Acting General Manager Address: Private Bag 0053. 307168/9 REHABILITATION CENTER Plot 2731 Hospital Way P. Ext. Gaborone BOTSWANA ADVENTIST MEDICAL Tel: 351515 SERVICES Plot 3132 Kgalagadi Way. Gaborone. NOSE THROAT SPECIALIST DR. Box 41142. Broadhurst Business Center P. Extension 3 Plot 109 Bag BR 314. M. Box 2139. 11 Box 759. Extension 3 P. Tom Piper. EAR.com .O. Botswana Phone: (267) 350-603 Fax: (267) 356-027 Organization: Botswana Agricultural Marketing Board Contact Name and Title: Mr.O. Lobatse EYE. Permanent Secretary For additional analytical. Gaborone HOSPITALS GABORONE HEALTHCARE MANAGEMENT SERVICES Tel: 301999 T/A GABORONE PRIVATE HOSPITAL Plot 8448 Mica Way Bag BR 130 Broadhurst. E-mail:
[email protected]. Gaborone PSYCHOLOGIST MS. marketing. PHYSIOTHERAPY Tel: 307771 Independence Avenue. Plot 63 P. VAN HASSELT Tel: 390212 Bamalete Lutheran Hospital P. Gaborone MOKGOSI M.R. JANARDHANAN Tel: 300194 Plot 2869/30 Church Road P. PHYSIOTHERAPY Tel: 307675 Plot 17558. Gaborone S & 3 PHYSIOTHERAPY AND Tel. Box 1589. Serwalo Tumelo. AND COUNTRY CONTACTS COUNTRY GOVERNMENT AGENCIES Organization: Ministry of Agriculture Contact Name and Title: Mr. Gaborone PRIVATE MEDICAL CLINICS GABORONE AVENUE MEDICAL CENTER Tel: 307771 Independence Avenue. Gaborone MEDICAL AND DENTAL SERVICES CLINIC Tel: 353891/357315 Plot 2775 Manong (opposite Gaborone Sun) P.O.215 LOBATSE DR. Fax: (202) 546-3275.O.F. Box 432. Michael Klinck. Botswana Phone: (267) 351-811 Fax: (267) 373-539 COUNTRY TRADE ASSOCIATION/CHAMBERS OF COMMERCE Organization: Botswana Confederation of Commerce Industry and Manpower (BOCCIM) Contact Name and Title: Mr. Gaborone.O. Raphael Sikwane Address: P. Botswana Phone: (267) 3601-251 Fax: (267) 371-539 Organization: Ministry of Commerce and Industry. O.O. Gaborone. Gaborone Phone: (267) 351-790 Fax: (267) 305-375 Organization: Ministry of Finance and Development Planning Contact Name and Title: Mr. USA (202) 546-2103. Permanent Secretary Address: Private Bag 008. Director Address: P. Botswana Phone: (267) 359-841 or 350-100 Fax: (267) 304-525 Organization: Botswana Development Corporation Contact Name and Title: Mr.. Fax: (202) 546-3275. Matambo. E-mail:
[email protected] . Botswana Phone: (267) 352-041 Fax: (267) 313-672 Organization: First National Bank of Botswana Ltd For additional analytical. Director Address: Private Bag 00367. Elias Dewah. marketing. Gaborone. Gaborone. Bill Scott Address: Problem Solvers (Pty) Ltd. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. Director Address: Bag 160. investment and business opportunities information. Botswana Phone: (267) 374-134 Fax: (267) 357-433 COUNTRY COMMERCIAL BANKS Organization: Barclays Bank of Botswana Ltd Contact Name and Title: Mr. Dihelang Tsheko. Marketing Manager Address: P. Department of Trade and Investment Promotion (TIPA) Contact Name and Title: Mr. Gaborone. Box 478.216 Address: Private Bag 004.K. Gaborone. Botswana Phone: (267) 300-893 Fax: (267) 359-683 Organization: American Business Council In Botswana Contact Name and Title: Mr.O. Box 1402. Botswana Phone: (267) 353-459 Fax: (267) 373-142 Organization: Botswana Chamber of Commerce and Industry Contact Name and Title: Mr. Michael Molefane. Gaborone. Private Bag BR 53. marketing.C.O. Fax: (202) 546-3275. Debra Henke Rogers. Gaborone. Les Gibson. investment and business opportunities information. D. Ta Yuang Office Building.217 Contact Name and Title: Mr. Marketing Manager Address: P. 20230 Phone: 202-482-4228 Fax: 202-482-5198 E-Mail Address:
[email protected]. Box 1552. Gaborone. Marketing Manager Address: P.C. please contact Global Investment & Business Center.bw WASHINGTON-BASED USG COUNTRY CONTACTS Organization: TPCC Trade Information Center. Botswana Phone: (267) 353-982 Fax: (267) 356-947 E-Mail address:
[email protected] Organization: US Department of Agriculture.. Trevor Kelly. E-mail:
[email protected] . Botswana Phone: (267) 301-600 Fax: (267) 300-171 U. Managing Director. Managing Director Address: Private Bag 00168. Washington. USA (202) 546-2103. Mr. Box 90.W. Beijing Republic of China Tel: 0086 143 2571 For additional analytical. David Hunt. (MAC) Contact Name and Title: Ms. Washington D.. EMBASSY TRADE PERSONNEL Organization: Embassy of the United States of America Contact Name and Title: Mr. Department of State. Commercial Officer (as of September 2003). Gaborone. McLeman. Ms. Coordinator for Business Affairs Phone: 202-746-1625 Fax: 202-647-3953 Organization: Department of Commerce. N.O. Foreign Agricultural Service.S. Gaborone. Tel: 1-800-USA-TRADE Organization: U. Office of Africa. Nathan Kgabi. Southern Africa Desk Officer Address: 14th Street & Constitution Ave. Commercial Assistant Address: P. N. Botswana Phone: (267) 374-370 Fax: (267) 374-368 Organization: Standard Chartered Bank Botswana Ltd Contact Name and Title: Mr.O. Gifty Oduro. Trade Assistance and Promotion Office Tel: (202) 720-7420 BOTSWANA'S DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS China Embassy of Botswana 1-8-1/2. Botswana Phone: (267) 360-1500 Fax: (267) 351-545 Organization: Stanbic Bank Botswana Ltd Contact Name and Title: Mr. 563. Tel. O. O. 11 Duddell Street Central Hong Kong Tel: 00882 53 485 Namibia Botswana High Commission P. Box 712. The Gemsbok National Park covers more than 11. European Community Botswana Embassy to European Communities 169 Avenue De Tervuren. United Kingdom Tel: 4471 499 0031 Fax: 4471 495 8595 Telex: 4426 2897 United States of America Botswana Permanent Mission to the United Nations GEMSBOK NATIONAL PARK The most remote of Botswana's game reserves takes its name from the magnificent gemsbok. Box 20359. Fax: (202) 546-3275. P. It is home to huge herds of gemsbok and other antelope. Gaborone.com . O.000 square kilometers of desert in the extreme south-west of the country. Gaborone. P. Director of Wildlife and National Parks. Botswana Railways. Telex. Box 438. which are capable of living for long periods without water.O. Gaborone. 300163. 374802. 353721 Natural Resources Board. Windhoek. Fax. 351811. For additional analytical. Fax. P. O. obtaining moisture from roots and succulent plants. 302055. Box 968. Gaborone. Zimbabwe Tel: 2634 72 9551 Fax: 2634 70 0459 Foreign Missions in Botswana Departments & Organisations Air Botswana. Bank of Botswana (BoB). Ministry of Local Government and Lands. Washington DC Suite 7M 20048 Tel: 2444 990 Fax: 2444 164 Zambia Botswana High Commission P. O. Lusaka. Box 31510. O. Box 92.O. Zambia Tel: 26012 50019/250555 Fax: 26012 53895 Zimbabwe Botswana High Commission 22 Philip Avenue. Private Bag 004.357144. London W1N 9AE. Botswana Development Corporation Ltd. P.. Gaborone. also known as the oryx. Namibia Tel: 221 942 Fax: 2646 136 034 Sweden Botswana Embassy Drottnigatan 56. NY 10016 Botswana Embassy 3400 International Drive. Ruttonjee Centre. Gaborone Chamber of Commerce & Industry. P. Private Bag 0047. 302051. Tel. It is also home of the famous blackmaned lions. 371231. like the eland.W. Belgium Tel: 32273 5611 012 070 Fax: 32273 56318 Hong Kong Botswana Investment Promotion 4/F Dina House. Gaborone. USA (202) 546-2103. Tel. Fax. Ministry of Commerce and Industry. 0128 Stockholm Sweden Tel: 4687 230 035 Fax: 4687 230 087 Telex: 11684 United Kingdom Botswana High Commission Stratford Place.O. an area where the annual rainfall seldom rises above 125 millimeters. 371539. Box 420. Private Bag 0068. 353024. New York. Tel. P/Bag 00125. P. Box 131. Gaborone. Gaborone.218 103 East 37th Street. 2251. slender horns so sharp they command respect even of lions. Tel. N. Gaborone. investment and business opportunities information.O.373539. 312354. 374360. Department of Trade and Investment Promotion (TIPA). P. Tel. 1040 Brussels.352812 / 351921. marketing. Fax.. Fax. 314577. 3606000. Tel. Fax. Box 1402. an antelope with majestic. E-mail: rusric@erols. as well as smaller members of the cat family. The Hotel and Tourism Association of Botswana (HATAB). Tel. Tel: 353881 Fax: 371539 Tourism Department. Gaborone. P. Fax. Harare. 303201. Tel. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. and Kipling's mighty Limpopo River. MASHATU GAME RESERVE In the remote eastern corner Botswana. descended in huge flocks . Safari companies run charter flights to the lake. and not as a tourist attraction in itself. USA For additional analytical. and on your return to base the camp staff will gladly attend to your every need. marketing. the lake began to fill again. For Ngami.219 The park is the oldest in Botswana. In the autumn of 1966. giraffe.com . open plains and sandstone cliffs.is situated. investment and business opportunities information. Perhaps by some stroke of fate. While out on game drives you will be taken care of by your ranger. After most rainy seasons. The four-wheel drive safari vehicles set out at dawn and again at dusk in search of the variety of species which abound in the reserve. lies an area known historically as the Tuli enclave . water from the Okavango Delta spills into the lake along the Thamalakane River to the north. Some 350 species of birds may be seen. impala. Fish that had lain dormant in the mud during the drought were soon plentiful again.a unique wilderness of savannah. please contact Global Investment and Business Center. experienced Tswana rangers and trackers are keen to show you their world. having been established in the 1930s alongside the South African Kalahari Gemsbok National Park. LAKE NGAMI The broad expanse of Lake Ngami. rich in plankton and well stocked with barbel. USA (202) 546-2103. The fires. SPECIAL REPORTS AND MATERIALS ON MINERAL RESOURCES. Ngami is known as 'the lake that burns' because in some years lake dwellers burn reed beds to reclaim land needed for ploughing. at the confluence of the Limpopo and Shashe rivers. It is 65 kilometers long by 16 kilometers across. following a summer of better rains. steenbok and the breeding herds of elephants are encountered. as it did during the mid-1960s .and local fishermen once again had work to do. At both Mashatu Main Camp or Mashatu Tent Camp your total comfort is the priority of your hosts. eland. the baobab tree. Ngami has been known to dry up completely into a sea of reeds. It is here that the largest of the Rattray Reserves Mashatu Game Reserve . out on the plains. E-mail: rusric@erols. Fax: (202) 546-3275. often smolder for months on end until rains extinguish them. All under the endless African sky. flamingoes. Mashatu Game Reserve gets its name from the enormous Mashatu tree Xanthocercis zambesiaca which occurs throughout this immense tract of privately owned land. mossy vegetation. fed by dry. is the center of Botswana's fishing industry. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. can be a vast inland sea . Dedicated. In droughts. Aquatic birds. For additional information and to order.. the ostrich.000 acres of pristine game land has been set aside for these giants of Africa in this unique corner of Botswana. Mashatu is home to a number of Africa's other giants: the African elephant. cheetah. zebra. while. marabou storks and countless waterfowl . the kori bustard. on the fringes of the Kalahari.white pelicans. The wildlife experience at Mashatu is personalized and unforgettable.or semi-desert. It was created to assist the park officials in the control of game. Other visitors travel by road from Maun. riverine forests. the eland. marshland. for which the lake is famous. It is fitting that some 90. 1962 (Published 1965) Including: Geology of the West Tuli area. 1956 (Published 1958) Including: The geology of the Dikgomo di kae area.1994 (including mineral concession map) RECORDS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1. 4.M. G. by R. van Straaten. E-mail: rusric@erols. 2.1992 (including mineral concession map) 1993 . Progress in coal exploration . 1959 – 1960 (Published 1963) Including: The geology of the Topisi area. by C. Crockett. Fax: (202) 546-3275. The geology of the area to the east of Gaberones.H Jennings. by C.1990 (including mineral concession map) 1991 . western Bechuanaland. P. by D. A note on the development of potable water supplies at depth in the central Kalahari. M . USA (202) 546-2103. The Morupule Coalfield. by D.1973 1974 . Geology of the Serowe. T Jones. D. by E. J. Green. Cullen. by E.M. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. by D. by M. P Wright. N Crockett and C.H Jennings. by O. Geology of the Palapye area. 1961 . by D.1978 (including mineral concession map) 1979 . by D. Gerrard. The geology of the area South of lake Ngami. by N. The geology of the Gaberones district. by R. Wright A reconnaissance report on the salt deposits of the Nata river delta.The Mmamabule coalfield area. 1957/1958 (Published 1961) Including: The Shoshong series and associated intrusives.220 MMINISTRY OF MINES ANNUAL REPORTS TITLE 1964 . J van Straaten. 3. N. The geology of the Makhware hills area.. by D. by O. W. Geology of the Macloutsie area. Geology of part of the Okwa valley. marketing.1965 1966 . Resources Inventory of Botswana: Industrial Rocks and minerals. J van Straaten (1959) 2. J van Straaten. The geology of the Foley area by I. investment and business opportunities information. A note on the chemical composition of the Bechuanaland Protectorate. Palapye area. Cullen. MINERAL RESOURCES REPORTS 1. The Mmamabula Coal area. by O.H Jennings.com . Green. Massey (1973) For additional analytical. Green (1961) 3. Green. Geology of the country around Mahalapye and Machaneng. Boocook and O. Mason.J. Gerrard. by C. by I. by R. Kreimeyer and M. A Review of Industrial Minerals in North Eastern Botswana by R. by W. 1977-1985. E-mail: rusric@erols. and H. S. 1977-1994. by P. A Review of Industrial Minerals in the Bobonong-Sefophe-Moeng Area. Lynam (1989) 5. Mineral fuels and Diamonds. A Review of Industrial Minerals in the Gaborone-Lobatse-Kanye-Molepolole area. V. Gwosdz (1985).. 1971-1976. marketing. Green (1966) 3. P. Resources Inventory of Botswana: Metallic Minerals. by C. Kara (1990). V. D. Ntsimanyana. For additional analytical. Bennett (1971) 3. Modisi (1983) 7. compiled by S. M. Key and S. Gwosdz and M. Lock and M. A Review Of Industrial Minerals in the Sua-Dukwe-Mosetse-Matsitama Area. The potential for Quicklime Production in Botswana by W. Sekwale(1982) 6.221 - 4. 1967-1970. 1972-1973. L. by D. McEwen (1983) 4. The Karoo System in Bechuanaland. by R. G.coverage of Botswana received at Geological Survey Department as at April. Hutton (1974) 4. Ramonyane (in preparation) 13. please contact Global Investment & Business Center.com . compiled by C. A Review of Industrial Minerals in the Serowe-Palapye-Mahalapye area. Ntsimanyana (1989) 11. compiled by L. Baldock. Reeves and D. Hutton (1974) 5. USA (202) 546-2103. G. investment and business opportunities information. 1966. The Carbonate resources of Botswana. ores and Minerals of Botswana. N. T. Kreimeyer and P. P. To 31st December. by M. by W. The National Gravity Survey of Botswana. Marengwa(1977) 5. A. Hutchins (1976). Fax: (202) 546-3275. P. The Geology of Botswana as recorded in unpublished reports: compiled by B. 9. compiled by G. G. Earth Resources Technology Satellite 1 . by R. Hepworth and B.The aggregate and building stone resources of Botswana. Ramonyane (1987) 10. Gwosdz. W. with contributions by J. P. 1974. Hutton. Laughton (1968) 2. compiled by J. with maps scale 1:250 000 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY AND INDEX OF THE GEOLOGY OF BOTSWANA 1. Chemical Analysis of rocks. compiled by A. Brick Earth and Clay Resources of Eastern Botswana by W. Modisi (1984) 8. Kreimeyer. R. Siamisang. compiled by J. I. M. Gwosdz and M. Central District. Aboneng BULLETINS 2. 12. Coates. M. Hutchins. The geology of the Baines Drift Area. by G. Key. The Geology of the country around Moeng. F. McEwen (1977) 13. M. Radiometric age measurements on rocks from Botswana up to the end of 1975. by T. edited by G. D. V. Volume 1-Text (1987). an explanation of Quarter Degree Sheet 2327A. M. by D. The Geology of the Mahalapye Area. C. The Kalatraverse one Report. E-mail: rusric@erols. Marengwa (1978) 18. A Geochemical study of stream sediments derived from the Gaborone Granite. G. marketing. 11. key (1979). Reeves (1978). Skinner (1980) 17. an explanation of the Quarter Degree Sheet 2227c. Aldiss (1983) For additional analytical. The Geology of the Kodibeleng Area. J.. USA (202) 546-2103. C. A Summary of the Geology. Key and G. Burley. seismicity. Key (1979) 16. by A. The Geology of the Palapye map area. Machacha (in preparation) 21. an explanation of the area between 21 00`S and 21 30` S and 23 00`E and 26 00`E. M. Walker (1979) 22. Clark and T. by R. Key (1979) 19. edited by I. C. B. Kimbell. R. investment and business opportunities information. P. N. Kanye metavolcanics and adjacent rocks by. The Proceedings of a seminar on geophysics and the exploration of the Kalahari. The geology of the country around Machaneng and Chadibe.com . Hutton. by D. S. Gould. Ermanovics. P. S. P. C. Pease. Skinner (1978) 15. Machacha (1982) 20. Fax: (202) 546-3275. geomorphology and hydrology of the Okavango Delta. 12. 23. J. J. Hutton. A. W. M. Volume 2. an explanation of Quarter Degree Sheet 2227D. an explanation of Quarter Degree Sheets 2327A and 2327B. Massey. an explanation of Quarter Degree Sheet 2226D. an explanation of Quarter Degree Sheet 2228A. N. The proceedings of a seminar pertaining to the Limpopo Mobile Belt. R. M. The gravity survey of Ngamiland. S. The geology of the Molopo Farms Complex. Jones and E. P.222 - 6. Stansfield. M. T. R. M. C. R. geophysical contributions by A. by I. an explanation of that part of the Quarter Degree Sheet 2228C lying within Botswana. S. Gould. L. by I. (1970-1971) by C. F. McEwen (1979).appendices (1989) 24. C. Ermanovics and D. G. M. The geology of the Tsetsebjwe area (previously known as the Macloutsie area). G. Skinner (1978) 10.Hutchins. D. by J. The Geology of the country around Zanzibar. The Geology of the Mokgware Hills Area. Skinner (1979) 14. by D. E. by R. V. Parker. F. Key (1976) 7. Rathbone and G. by A. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. I. The geology of the Moijabana area. an explanation of those parts of Quarter Degree Sheet 2228B and 2229A that lie within Botswana. I. Ermanovics (1979) 9. by R. by R. Jones. by A C. G . Southern Botswana. Peart. C. R. Reeves. R. Davies D. The geology of the Serowe area. F. Loenhert (1976) 8. The geology of Botswana by J. The proceedings of a seminar on the mineral exploration of the Kalahari. Barton Jr. B.223 - 25. 1980-1983. (1989). with contribution by J. by D. 28. Kimbell. an explanation of those parts of Quarter Degree Sheets 2128D and 2129C which lie within Botswana. Mabua. T. Meixner and R. October 1983. T. Key with a contribution by I. M. 39. Mokokwe and M. Tombale. G. R. M. by R. Chiepe. Burley. A. USA (202) 546-2103. Mapeo and M. 31. M. (GS 17 project . M. J. investment and business opportunities information.. Mapeo.K. The geology of Kanye area.V. by G. E. The geology of the Phitsane area. Akanyang (1997) 43. 38. R. 42. 35. by G. B. an explanation of Quarter Degree Sheets 2524B and that part of 2524D which lies in Botswana. For additional analytical. by D. Aldiss (1989). please contact Global Investment & Business Center. D. von Hoyer. A. (1988). an explanation of Quarter Degree Sheet 2127A. 26. Volume 1text. Fax: (202) 546-3275. J. compiled by G.com . Hutchins and A. Volume 2 -Charts. M. 41. T. A report on the geophysical and geological results of follow up drilling to the aeromagnetic survey of Botswana. M. by D. P. 27. Ramokate. final report. marketing. by R. (2002). by R. 1:1000 000 National groundwater pollution vulnerability map explanatory notes by K. Phofuetsile (1985). 34. The lithostratigraphy of the Karoo Supergroup in Botswana. The gravity survey of the Molopo Farms area. 37. Volume 1 -Text. southern Botswana. an explanation of those parts of Quarter Degree Sheets 2525C and 2525D which lie within Botswana. The geology of Gantsi-Makunda Area by L. 30. Pease and K. N Carney. Smith (1984). Busch. Barton (1984). Aldiss. T. The geology of the Topisi area (1994). The geology of the Marico River area: An explanation of the geology of those parts of Quarter Degree Sheets 2426C and 2426D that lie within Botswana. 32. The Kalahari Drilling Project. The geology of Bobonong area. Paya. (1994). D. Aldiss. 29. A. Lu dtke (1986). S. Lynam (1985). Nkala and R. 40. (1990). The geology of Lake Ngami by P. Smith and P. Koosimile. by D. The geology of the Foley area. by B. Aldiss. 33. T. The pre-Cainozoic geology of the Okwa Valley near Tswaane borehole. The geology of the Metlobo and Mabule areas. (2002). Lock (1994). Volume 2 . F. edited by D. Peart (1984). by D. The Geology of the Shashe area. I. an explanation of Quarter Degree Sheet 2127C. P. K. Parker. J. The geology of the Semolale area (previously known as the West Tuli area). and N.mineral exploration of the Kalahari). S. an explanation of Quarter Degree Sheet 2425C. E-mail: rusric@erols. Aldiss (1983). A. an explanation of part of Quarter Degree Sheet 2221B. 36. Aldiss (1985). by H. Geophysical geochemical and geological investigations in the Ngami and Kheis areas of Botswana.Charts. T. 2027C. Williamson . Botswana. M. Report No. Green (1997). (including maps of Quarter Degree Sheets 2220A and 2220B on the scale of 1:125 000. For additional analytical. 3. The geology of the area around Francistown and Phikwe. 4.14.T. vii) Petroleum (Exploration and Production) Act. M. Central District. 5. USA (202) 546-2103. and min. The geology of the area around Mamuno and Kalkfontein. Farr. and 2027D on the scale 1:125 000 and a structural map on the scale 1:250 000. including maps of Quarter Degree Sheets 2127B and D on a scale of 1:250 000. 7. L. (2002) 8. The geology of the area around Dukwe and Tlalamabele. including maps of Quarter Degree Sheets 2425D and 2525B. Habgood and A. southern and southeast districts. J. marketing. including maps of Quarter Degree Sheets 2027A. Mallick.017.com . Stansfield (1973). Kweneng. Final report. Key (1983).. Botswana. I. by R.11. H.mining in Botswana (1985) v) Report Interpretation of the airborne magnetic survey of eastern Botswana 5105. by M. by R. F. 2. Fax: (202) 546-3275.B. Peart (1981). Mapeo. 6.224 - 44. The geology of the area around Maitengwe. Litherland (1982). Modie. by G. DISTRICT MEMOIRS 1. Key (1976). by M. J. Ghanzi District. Kgatleng. Res. investment and business opportunities information. Northeast and Central Districts. The geology of the area around Gaborone and Lobatse.66. Cap. iii) The petroleum prospects of Botswana. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. S. Litherland (1975). The geology of Mosetse . 56 1981) ii) GS 10 project-evaluation of underground water resources of Botswana. Botswana. including maps of Quarter Degree Sheets 2026C and 2126A on the scale 1:125 000. (1984) iv) Small scale . 1981.Matsitama Area by T. by J. by Prakla Seismos Ag and Stolberg Ingenie urberahing GMBH July 1987. Baron and R. C. by D. Skinner (IGS overseas Geol. Sebina and Tshesebe.available with maps. The history of the geological survey of Botswana from 1948-1993 by D. E-mail: rusric@erols. M. The geology of Mmathethe by R. 1981 (including microfiches of 33 Project Reports). J. Botswana. vi) Mines and Minerals Act. Northeast and Central Districts. The geology of the area around Dibete and Mmamabule by I. 45. Cheney. Botswana. Majaule OTHER REPORTS i) A geological interpretation of landsat imagery and air photography of Botswana (including a photogeological map of Botswana at a scale of 1:1000 000).01. C. The geology of the Ghanzi Ridge by B. x) Kanye dolomite groundwater basin hydrogeological investigation and development project phase 2 TB 10/1/85 main report. 2 vols. Gabaake. 1982-83. metal mining agency of Japan. xiii) The ornamental stone resources of Botswana. Volume 1. L. xv) International conference on the role of a National Geological Survey in sustainable development 23rd – 25th June 2003. Final Report by D. iii) The Mochudi groundwater exploration project. iv) The Palapye groundwater exploration project. Findings and recommendations. phase 2. CNR/5. February 1983. + maps + boreholes.. by D. Chr. Final Report (1982) by Chr. Metal mining agency of Japan. February 1981 (Text and appendices) xi) Report on Geological Survey of North Eastern Botswana. by J. Northeastern Botswana. 1977. NeumannRedlin and M. hydrogeological survey. February 1980 (text and appendices). + maps + borehole logs. by M. ii) Serowe water supply: groundwater resources study. (1995). Ntsimanyana. x) Report on Geological Survey of Northeastern Botswana.82-MS/11/82. NeumannRedlin CNR/16/84. v) Geological and hydrogeological information from water borehole drilling in Waterberg rocks at Mochudi and Molepolole. Buckley (1983) DKB/4/83. + appendices + maps. HYDROLOGICAL REPORTS i) Bibliography of hydrogeology in Botswana. 1983-84. (1984) DKB/6/84. 1986 BRGM. vii) Maun water supply. Abstract Volume. and assessment of the groundwater potential (1986) SK/2/86. 1982-83. Metal Mining Agency of Japan. (1984) by Chr. February 1982 (text and appendices) xii) Report on Geological Survey of North Eastern Botswana. France 2 vols. BRGM. E-mail: rusric@erols. Final report. UNDP Project DP/UN/BOT-72-029/2. 1986.225 - viii) Industrial minerals Botswana. Phase 3. Phase 1 BRGM. phase 1geological survey. ix) Hydrogeological Survey of Transvaal Supergroup dolomite in the Kanye area. K. geochemical survey. vi) Summary of the results of hydrogeological investigations in the Waterberg Supergroup between Molepolole and Mochudi. viii) Hydrogeological survey of the Waterberg Supergroup between Molepolole and Mochudi. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. France (1986) 2 Vols. USA (202) 546-2103. metal mining agency of Japan. marketing. Sekwale.com . 2 vols. France (1986) 2 vols.Groundwater Resources Evaluation Project Final Report August 1988 CTB No For additional analytical. xi) Serowe . K. Phase 4. investment and business opportunities information. Buckley. Fax: (202) 546-3275. Farr. ix) Report on geological survey of the Northeast area. Neurmann-Redlin and G. 2229A. xii) Mmamabule Groundwater Resources Investigations Phase 1. Final Report by Aqua Tech Groundwater Consultants (Pty) Ltd in association with WLPU Consultants. 1:2004 000 (1981). v) Photogeological map of Botswana.appendices.226 - 10/2/7/84-85 Swedish Geological SGAB International. vii) Geological framework of western Botswana and adjacent areas. thesis University College of London. Volume 1 -text. x) Progress in geological Mapping as at 31 December 1991 xi) Groundwater pollution vulnerability map Republic of Botswana 1:1000 000.) 1978 (2 sheets). 2nd edition (1984) (2 sheets). MSc. 2. Dukwe Francistown QUARTER DEGREE SHEET 2228B.part of 2228D 2327B 2022C 2326C 2127A 2026C 2127B For additional analytical. September 1987 by Chilisana Marobela. 1:2004 000 (updated half yearly). viii) Geological map of Botswana. Prospecting Licenses and Mining Leases. vi) The distribution of the Karoo System in Botswana. Maps by S Keller. 1:250 000 (1974).com . 1: text Vol. GEOLOGICAL MAPS 1:125 000 MAP AREA Baines Drift Chadibe Dautsa Dibete Distribution of post Karoo System dykes in the Shashe area. USA (202) 546-2103. Contract No. 10/2/14/86-87. SMALL SCALE MAPS i) The tectono-Metamorphic Complex of Eastern Botswana. 1:1000 000 (approx. xiv) Assessment of the Groundwater Potential of the Waterberg area east of Mochudi (southeast Botswana) Vol. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. investment and business opportunities information. xiii) A study of the hydrochemical Facies of groundwater Southern Africa.. 1:2004 000 (1976). ix) Areas held under Reconnaissance Permits. E-mail: rusric@erols. iii) Mineral occurrences and metallogenic districts of Botswana. marketing. ii) Precambrian geology of Northeastern Botswana. iv) Elevation contour map of Botswana. 1:500 000 (1971). 1:2004 000 (1983). Volume 2 . 1:1000 000 (1975). Fax: (202) 546-3275. 1:1000 000. 2424C.com . investment and business opportunities information. 2525C and parts of 2523A. part of 2327C 2525A 2426A 2227D 2226C 2226D 2425B 2423C. 2523B. part of 2327C Mosetse-Matsitama area Ngwako pan Notwane and Limpopo River For additional analytical. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. Fax: (202) 546-3275. 2523D & 2524C 2026D & 2126B 2022D & 2023C 2326D. 2423D.. E-mail: rusric@erols. marketing. USA (202) 546-2103.227 - Folley Gaborone Ghanzi Jwaneng Kalkfontein Kanye Kodibeleng Lobatse Mabule Machaneng Magogaphate Mahalapye Maitengwe Mamuno Marico River Metlobo Mmamabula Mmathethe Mochudi Moeng Moijabana Mokgware Hills Molepolole Molopo Farms Project 2127C 2425D 2121D & 2122C 2424D 2220B 2425C 2220B 2425C 2425D 2327A 2128C 2326B 2027A 2220A 2426B 2524B 2326D. by BGR . iv) Ghanzi Quarter Degree Sheets 2121D and 2122C 1:25 000 v) Ghanzi/Makunda Quarter Degree Sheets 2220A. B. 2122A and 2122B 1:250 000 (1974). Fax: (202) 546-3275. GEOPHYSICAL MAPS AND REPORTS Reconnaissance Aeromagnetic survey of Botswana.. Groundwater Resources map of the Republic of Botswana of 1987 scale 1:1000 000 (2sheets). 1:250 000 iii) Geological reconnaissance map of the Rumba area. 2023C 2126A Sheet 32 2228A 2228C GEOLOGICAL MAPS AT OTHER SCALES i) North Nganziland. ii) Structural map of quarter degree sheet 2027. Quarter degree sheets 2121B. C and D. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. investment and business opportunities information. B. USA (202) 546-2103. Northeast Botswana. E-mail: rusric@erols. C. Quarter Degree sheet 2027.228 - Palapye Phikwe Phitsane Ramsden Sebina-Tshesebe Selebi Semolale Serowe Shashe (second edition) South Ngamiland Tlalamabele Tsabong Tsetsebjwe Zanzibar 2227C 2127D 2525C & 2525D 2121C 2027C. sponsored by the Canadian international Development Agency. B. For additional analytical. marketing. 1975-1977. and D 2222A. part of 2027D 2227B 2128D & 2129D 2226B 2127A 2022D.2221A.com . C and D 1:250 000 vi) Ngwako Pan quarter degree sheets 2022D and 2023C 1:125 000 HYDROGEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE MAPS Hydrogeological Reconnaissance map of Botswana at 1:500 000 scale (11 sheets). parts of 2022C. Final technical report on airborne magnetic survey of eastern Botswana. investment and business opportunities information. Final Report by Compagnie Generale de Geophisique. Report. by C. July 1987. Sponsored by the European Economic Community.V. USA (202) 546-2103. final report. sponsored by the European Economic Community. Fax: (202) 546-3275. E-mail: rusric@erols. maps sold separately).229 - Interpretation of the Reconnaissance Aeromagnetic Survey of Botswana. marketing. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. September 1978 (including report and catalogue of Data. July 1986. eastern Botswana. by Prakla-Seismos AG and Stolberg Ingenieurberatung GMBH.. Reeves.com . Individual Map Sheets: Aeromagnetic Contours at 1:500 000 Scale (10 sheets) Aeromagnetic profiles at 1:500 000 Scale (10 sheets) Surficial and basement interpretation maps at 1:250 000 Scale (35 Sheets) Basement interpretation maps at 1:500 000 Scale (8 sheets) Superficial interpretation maps at 1:500 000 Scale (8 sheets) Synoptic interpretation map at 1:1000 000 Scale (2 sheets) Airborne Magnetic Survey of Eastern Botswana. 198 blueline maps and 33 color maps) Individual map sheets: Photomosaic base at 1:250 000 scale (33 sheets) aeromagnetic contours at 1:25 000 scale (33 sheets) aeromagnetic profiles at 1:25 0000 scale (33 sheets) electromagnetic anomalies at 1:25 000 scale 33 sheets For additional analytical. Interpretation of the Airborne Magnetic Survey of eastern Botswana. September-November 1989 (7 volumes and map roll including interpretation report. Paterson Grant and Watson Ltd. Individual Map Sheets: Aeromagnetic Profiles at 1:125 000 Scale (35 sheets) Magnetic interpretation at 1:125 000 Scale (35 sheets) Aeromagnetic Contours at 1:250 000 Scale (8 sheets) Magnetic interpretation at 1:250 000 Scale (8 sheets) Airborne electromagnetic and magnetic survey in the Magogaphate area. by Geosurvey International GMBH. Fax: (202) 546-3275. 4.Molopo Farms Project scale 1:250 000. Station elevation map . report by G. MOLOPO FARMS PROJECT Aeromagnetic Maps . February 1988. an integrated hydrocarbon exploration program was undertaken from 1987-1990 in the Nosop-Ncojane and Passage Sedimentary basins in Western Botswana. Dolby and associates. The program included 1123km of reconnaissance reflection seismic. (all of Botswana) at 1:1000 000 scale. USA (202) 546-2103. BOTSWANA GEOSCIENTISTS ASSOCIATION PUBLICATIONS Botswana journal of Earth Sciences.Molopo Farms Project scale 1:250 000 Bouger Gravity Maps . by P. April 1991. edited by N. Seminar on mineral Policy in Botswana.Amplitude colour Profiles at 1:25 000 Scale (33 Sheets). Magnetic Anomaly Map of eastern Botswana (color) at 1:1000 000 scale. 1. but may be obtained on signing a confidentiality agreement. marketing. Interpretation of the results of stratigraphic well Masetlheng Pan-1 in the Nosop-Ncojane Basin of southeast Botswana. E-mail: rusric@erols. Kubica. Botswana. For additional analytical. Botswana. by Stoakes-Campbell Geoconsulting and Boyd Exploration Consultants. REGIONAL GEOPHYSICAL MAPS Aeromagnetic color contour map. PETROLEUM EXPLORATION PACKAGE With the assistance of Petro-Canada International Assistance Corporation and the European Economic Community. 1. P Lock. 2.com .230 - aeromagnetic contours and EM anomalies at 1:25 000 Scale (33 sheets) Interpretation at 1:25 000 Scale (33 sheets) Tau . Scale 1:1000 000(2 sheets). GRAVITY National Gravity survey Bouger anomaly map. The data related to petroleum exploration remain confidential until 31 March 1993. PCIAC. Botswana. Vol. regional gravity and magnetotelluric data and culminated with the drilling of a 4000m borehole in the Nosop area. investment and business opportunities information. The biostratigraphy of the GSD-PCIAC Masetleng Pan-1 well. 3. BGA Special Publication No 1. Petrophysical Report on the PCIAC-GSD Masetleng Pan-1 Well. Potassium-Argon dating of seven samples from PCIAC-GSD Masetleng Pan-1 Well.. please contact Global Investment & Business Center.Molopo Farms Project scale 1:250 000. by J.bw Botswana National Youth Centre (NYC) Susan Mpe. Chairperson PO Box 202195 Gaborone Botswana Girl Guides Association (BGGA) Ms.Geophysical (seismic) survey of the Nosop-Ncojane and Passarge Basins.Petrographic analysis of core. Fax: (202) 546-3275. and cutting samples from Masetlheng Pan-1. Botswana. McDowell. Executive Director PO Box 403243 Gaborone Tel: 313 907 Fax: 580 898 Email:
[email protected] Childline Botswana Mr.Processing and interpretation of gravity and magnetic data. Agat Laboratories. 6. Botswana and an oil seep sample from Namibia. Any enquiries or questions about the results should be directed to Labour Statistics Unit at Tel: 306409 Fax 306235 SELECTED NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS YOUTH BOTSWANA NATIONAL YOUTH COUNCIL (BNYC) Reverend Mpho Moruakgomo Executive Director Private Bag BO 108 Gaborone Tel: 313 907 Fax: 580 898 Email: bnyc@info. Sethogo Sechele. Coordinator PO Box 231 Gaborone Tel/Fax: 352 076 Botswana Young People’s Convention (BYPC) Mr.com .G. GSD-PCIAC Masetlheng Pan-1 including geological log. 8. Michael Nonde Salim. 9. GSD. marketing. A. by Altebaeumer and Altebaeumer. MIGRANT WORKERS Data on the number of Batswana recruited and working in South African mines are presented in Tables 6 and 7.Well history report. Chairman PO Box 80878 Gaborone For additional analytical. G. Richards. data is available up to June only. by Altamin Resources (1978) Ltd and PCIAC.For 1999.. by Compagnie Generale DE Geophisique. Thatayaone Gabositwe.Geochemical evaluation of the PCIAC-GSD Masetlheng Pan-1 well. sidewall core. Botswana.231 - 5. 7. PCIAC (includes paper copy of seismic sections) 12.bw Gethsemane Village Centre Mr. by PCIAC. magnetic and MT sounding data. USA (202) 546-2103.QC report on the VSP survey in the well Masetlheng Pan-1 on behalf of PCIAC and SSD. Chief Executive Officer PO Box 1370 Gaborone Tel: 322 110 Fax: 322 899 Email:
[email protected] of core from GSD-PCIAC Masetlheng Pan-1 Well.Interpretation of Gravity. E-mail: rusric@erols. 13. by W. 10.Schlumberg wireline geophysical logs for PCIAC-GSD Masetlheng Pan-1. investment and business opportunities information. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. 11. Wasilenkoff. Diana Mompoloki.bw Website: www. Letlhare. Director PO Box 432 Gaborone Tel: 311 117 Fax: 580 448 Email:
[email protected] Environmental Heritage Foundation (EHF) Mr. Tshidi Tlhong.bw Environmental Conservation Society (ECS) Mr.bw Khama Rhino Sanctuary Trust Mr. Project Manager PO Box 2088 Gaborone Tel: 314 431 Fax: 300 316 Email: oggie@info. Chief Executive PO Box 219 Ghanzi Tel: 596 244 Fax: 596 285 Email: rdekker@info. AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT FORUM ON SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE (FONSAG) Ms.org/kalahari Kuru Development Trust Mr. E-mail: rusric@erols. Felix Moggae. National President PO Box 40380 Gaborone Tel: 302 991 Fax: 302 990 Email: jpheto@debswana. General Manager Rasebolai Postal Office PO Box 31113 Serowe Tel/Fax: 432 428 Email: permcult@botsnet. Chief Warden PO Box 10 Serowe Tel: 430 713 Fax: 435 808 Email:
[email protected] - Tel: 300 900 Fax: 301 367 Junior Achievement Botswana (JAB) Ms.bw Veld Products Research & Development For additional analytical.com . Joseph Pheto.bw Kalahari Conservation Society (KCS) Mr. Coordinator Private Bag BO 136 Gaborone Tel/Fax: 307 506 Email:
[email protected] Tel: 7216 2525 Junior Chamber Botswana Mr. Mmathuba Sunstrum Executive Secretary Private Bag 00376 Gaborone Tel: 313 709/580 687 Fax: 313 709 Email: somatiko@info. investment and business opportunities information. Fax: (202) 546-3275. ENVIRONMENT. Russell Clark. Oggie Maruapula.bw Permaculture Trust of Botswana Mr. Director PO Box 448 Maun Tel: 660 017 Fax: 661 798 Email: cibots@info. Innocent Magole..co. USA (202) 546-2103.bw Thusano Lefatsheng Conservation International Mr. marketing. Malan Morolong. President University of Botswana PO Box 70365 Gaborone Tel: 355 2090 Fax: 356 591 Forestry Association of Botswana (FAB) Ms. Rein Dekker.bw Website: www. Acting Chief Executive PO Box 859 Gaborone Tel: 374 557 Fax: 314 259 Email:
[email protected] Somarelang Tikologo Ms.conservationinternational.za Website: www. Executive Director PO Box 2088 Gaborone Tel: 351 660/309 081 Fax: 351 660 Email: fab@info. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. Lesogo Motoma.org AGRICULTURE. bw Tirisanyo Catholic Commission (TCC) Sister Marie Jose Garcia.bw Mr.misabotswana. Stanley Mateke. Modise Maphanyane. Director PO Box 42 Gaborone Tel/Fax: 356 970 Email: tcc@info. investment and business opportunities information. please contact Global Investment & Business Center.. E-mail: rusric@erols. Goboletswe Moatshe. Coordinators PO Box 33 Gaborone Tel: 351 090 Fax: 584 084 Email: mmbots@info. Motlhaeeng Ntebela.bw Worldview Botswana (Dilomakwati) Ms.bw DISABLED BOTSWANA COUNCIL OF THE DISABLED (BCD) Mr. Fax: (202) 546-3275.bw Southern African Media Development Fund (SAMDEF) Mr.bw Website: www.com . David Modiega.bw DEVELOPMENT ARM OF THE CHURCH BOTSWANA CHRISTIAN COUNCIL (BCC Mr. USA (202) 546-2103.bw Mennonite Ministries David & Sandra Franklin. Executive Secretary Private Bag BR 298 Gaborone Tel: 352 464 Fax: 305 508 Email: mmegi@global. Managing Director PO Box 2020 Gaborone Tel: 347 047 Fax: 347 363 Email: veldprod@info. Director Private Bag 00366 Gaborone Tel: 584 110 Fax: 584 112 For additional analytical. Executive Secretary Private Bag 00459 Gaborone Tel: 373 599 Fax: 311 784 Email: bcd@info. Director PO Box 355 Gaborone Tel/Fax: 351 981 Email: bcc@info. Barry Eustice. Tebogo Matlhare. National Director Private Bag BO 86 Gaborone Tel: 371 972 Fax: 561 199 Email:
[email protected] - Mr. Fund Manager Private Bag BO2 Gaborone Tel: 580 951 Fax: 561 199 Mmegi Publishing Trust Mr. Managing Director Private Bag 00251 Gaborone Tel: 399 170 Fax: 399 171 Email:
[email protected] MEDIA MEDIA INSTITUTE OF SOUTHERN AFRICA (MISA) Mr. Metlhaetsile Leepile. marketing. bots@info. Keaise Moeti.bw Batswana Against Poverty Association (BAPA) Ms. Mary Garvey.bw HEALTH. Fax: (202) 546-3275. Executive Secretary PO Box 431 Gumare Tel: 674 392 Fax: 674 537 Email:
[email protected] Botswana Council of Women (BCW) Ms. Executive Director PO Box 1895 Gaborone Tel: 323 865 Fax: 323 971 Email: corde@ it. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. Martin Mosima. Tholona Phoko. Ida Mokereitane. Daniel Motsatsing.bw Email: view. USA (202) 546-2103. Treasurer PO Box 40828 Gaborone Tel/Fax: 312 944 Kagisano Society: Women’s Shelter Project Ms. investment and business opportunities information.bw WOWEN IN DEVELOPMENT WOMEN'S NGO COALITION Ms. POPULATION AND HIV/AIDS BOTSWANA NETWORK OF AIDS SERVICE ORGANISATIONS (BONASO) Mr. Annetjie Dikeledi Dewah.com .bw Young Women’s Christian Association (YWCA) Ms. Acting Director Private Bag 00100 Gaborone Tel: 300 489 Fax: 301 222 For additional analytical. E-mail: rusric@erols. Vivian Mazunga. Coordinating Secretary PO Box 339 Gaborone Tel/Fax: 352 109 Metlhaetsile Women’s Information Centre (MWIC) Ms. Executive Officer Private Bag XO46 Gaborone Tel/Fax: 308 691 Women Against Rape (WAR) Ms. Vanqa.bw SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION FOR RESEARCH. Ratang Dijeng. marketing. P.bw Agency for Cooperation in Research and Development (ACORD) Ms. Director PO Box 359 Gaborone Tel: 353 681 Fax: 357 783 Email:
[email protected]. DEVELOPMENT AND EDUCATION (CORDE) Ms. Acting Director Private Bag 0042 Mochudi Tel: 377 618 Fax: 377 195 Email:
[email protected] - Email: mleepile@samdef. Coordinator PO Box 319 Maun Tel/Fax: 660 865 Email: war@info. Coordinator PO Box 3219 Gaborone Tel/Fax: 570 582 Botswana Family Welfare Association (BOFWA) Mr. Stefania Rosetti. Executive Secretary Private Bag 00342 Gaborone Tel: 585 004/5 Fax: 584 685 Email: womens_ngo_coa@info. bw Exporters’ Association of Botswana Mr. USA (202) 546-2103.bw Population Services International (PSI) Mr. Mogotsi. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. Coordinator PO Box 121 Serowe Tel: 430 415 Fax: 431 474 Bobonong Brigades Development Trust Ms. E-mail:
[email protected] SCIENCE. Bagwasi. TECHNOLOGY AND TRAINING RURAL INDUSTRIES PROMOTIONS COMPANY (RIPCO) Mr. Masedi Botumile. Coordinator PO Box 1185 Mochudi Tel/Fax: 578 610 Email:bwn@info. Managing Director Private Bag 00465 Gaborone Tel: 585 029 Fax: 323 892 Email: psibotswana@botsnet. Director PO Box 2088 Gaborone Tel: 314 431/2 Fax: 300 316 Email:
[email protected] CULTURE AND ARTS THAPONG INTERNATIONAL ARTISTS' WORKSHOP TRUST Ms. Ivor Williams. marketing. Executive Director Private Bag 00167 Gaborone Tel:311 883/4 Fax: 311 001 Email: eaob@exporters. B.exporters.bw Ghetto Artists Mr.bw Kweneng Rural Development Association Mr.bw Medical and Dental Association of Botswana Dr. Jacob. Bothasitse.B. Acting Director PO Box 40146 Gaborone Tel/Fax: 561 771 Email: thapong@mega. Executive Secretary PO Box 404341 Gaborone Tel/Fax: 570 845 Email: bofesete@botsnet. Fax: (202) 546-3275. Solomon Kamwendo Managing Director PO Box 20068 Monarch Francistown Tel: 206 177 Fax: 216 583 Email: ghetto@info. Loago Raditedu.B.bw Website: www.bw Website: www. Coordinator Private Bag 007 Molepolole Tel/Fax: 320 385/7 For additional analytical. H. L.bw Serowe Brigades Development Trust Mr. investment and business opportunities information. Veryan Edwards. Balongang Mmusi.235 - Email:
[email protected] . Coordinator PO Box 525 Bobonong Tel/Fax: 819 237 Botswana Workcamps Association Julia T. KV Morei.bw Botswana Federation of Secondary Teachers Mrs. Chairman PO Box 20155 Gaborone Tel: 570 780 Email: bofwa@info.. bw Website: www.bw Kgeikani Kweni Trust (First People of the Kalahari) Ms.bw Website: www. Executive Officer PO Box 173 Ghanzi Tel: 596 445 Fax: 596 439 Email: fpk@info. Coordinator PO Box 502490 Gaborone Tel: 356 910 Fax: 309 427 Email: ramaholn@mopipi. Lydia Nyati-Ramahobo. USA (202) 546-2103. Cheryl Barclay.BOTSWANA CENTRE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS Ms. Granny Molefe. Trevor Burnett. Keboitse Machangana Private Bag 0047 Gaborone Tel/Fax: 309 335 Email: ebasadi@global. E-mail:
[email protected]. Mama Rampadi.236 HUMAN RIGHTS DITSHWANELO . investment and business opportunities information. Jan Isaksen. Director Private Bag 00416 Gaborone Tel: 306 998 Fax: 307 778 Email: admin.com .bw/botswanasociety. Tiny Healy.botsnet. Alice Mogwe.bw OTHER Botswana Institute for Development Policy Analysis (BIDPA) Mr. Executive Secretary PO Box 71 Gaborone Tel: 319 673 Fax: 319 745 Email:
[email protected] For additional analytical.org Skillshare International Ms. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. Fax: (202) 546-3275. Ronald Johns.org Website: www.bidpa. marketing.bw Botswana Orientation Centre (BOC) Ms.bw Kamanakao Association Ms.bw The Botswana Society
[email protected]. Director PO Box 21283 Bontleng Gaborone Tel/Fax: 311 290 Email: lifeline@botsnet. Acting Director PO Box 1482 Gaborone Tel: 584 451/372 964 Fax: 584 436 Habitat for Humanity (HFH) Mr.bw Website:
[email protected] Emang Basadi Ms. Country Director PO Box 00471 Gaborone Tel: 352 284 Fax: 357 784 Email:botswana@skillshare. Director Private Bag BR29 Gaborone Tel: 371 750 Fax: 371 748 Email:
[email protected] Lifeline Botswana Mrs. Executive Director PO Box 703 Gaborone Tel: 307 418 Fax: 303 879 Email: hfh.ub. Kindly address all correspondence to The Coordinator. bedding and clothing. BAPA believes that poverty is eradicable and this can be achieved through participatory approaches. manufacturing. BOTSWANA COUNCIL OF THE DISABLED The Botswana Council of the Disabled is a non-governmental organisation concerned with the overall coordination of associations who are directly or indirectly involved with the welfare of people with disabilities.237 - SELECTED NGO ORGANIZATIONS BATSWANA AGAINST POVERTY ASSOCIATION (BAPA) The Batswana Against Poverty Association (BAPA) was officially formed in 2003 in order to help the poorest of the poor. The Trust is managed by a Board of Trustees. education. BAPA conducts various courses for its members and teaches them to utilize their available skills. carpentry. E-mail: rusric@erols. and does building design and construction. BOBONONG BRIGADES DEVELOPMENT TRUST Community Development Activities: Bobonong Brigades offers vocational training in building. marketing. investment and business opportunities information. legislation and policies to be sensitive to the needs of the poor. BAPA has facilitated the formation of groups all over the country.com . therefore. ignorance and disease. BAPA provides advocacy by acting as a lobbying group for the plight of the poor and the disadvantaged. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. The organization also intends to build capacity of its target groups in business. garments. including health. furniture. The mission of the organization is to help the poor through self-reliance and training approaches to help themselves out of the cycle of poverty. Bobonong Brigades also retails automative spares and accessories. and the unemployed. BAPA works with its members to design and develop projects in a variety of fields. BAPA creates an enabling environment in various development/business activities in order to help Batswana help themselves out of poverty and achieve sustainable livelihoods. BAPA hopes to influence political decisions. To achieve this mission. and agriculture. the organization created a micro-financing programme in order to provide credit management to groups wishing to create micro-businesses as a means of generating employment. The organization also concentrates on promoting group mobilization in order to develop job creation and income generation. textile production and auto-mechanics. especially groups involving women and children. BAPA believes that the poor have the ability to pay back loans if they are given access to them. Activities: For additional analytical. USA (202) 546-2103. The organization concentrates on assisting the more disadvantaged members of society. and operates in both rural and urban environments. Fax: (202) 546-3275. the economically disadvantaged. The Brigade manufactures blocks/bricks. financial and supervisory management as well as technical skills through its education programme.. Through this end. investment and business opportunities information. Fax: (202) 546-3275. speech and occupational therapy. Educational programmes are offered for children with visual. The Association was legally registered in June 1989 as a charitable. eating. advocacy and effective collaboration with Government. organisation and management and advocacy for the provision of sexual and reproductive health to enhance better family life for youth.com . E-mail: rusric@erols. marketing. organisation and management. washing. expand and sustain effective services. Some members play a very vital role of advocacy for the equalisation of opportunities for all people with disabilities. following a recommendation made at a seminar jointly held by Botswana Government. dressing and toileting. BOFWA promotes service delivery. men. • • • • • BOTSWANA FAMILY WELFARE ASSOCIATION The Botswana Family Welfare Association (BOFWA) was founded in September 1988. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. and assist where needed Advocates to secure funding for its members from the Government of Botswana Publishes a quarterly newsletter Organises workshops for its member organisations Services by BCD members: • Pre-school day care stimulation programmes offer training in activities of daily living. Physio-units are operated for residential. not-for-profit making organisation involved in providing education and creating awareness of Family Planning for a better understanding of population issues. hearing and moderate mental disabilities. other sectors and NonGovernmental Organisations. women.g.238 • • • • • • Advocates on behalf of persons with disabilities Promotes standards within its member organisations so as to encourage quality programming for people with disabilities Undertakes regular visits to its members to discuss. e. giving their clients training skills and jobs in some programmes. advise. Vocational Training and sheltered employment opportunities are offered by some NGOs. Mission: "Botswana Family Welfare Association (BOFWA) is a voluntary Family Planning Association affiliated to the International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF). Community Based Rehabilitation programmes help establish community based income generation/job creation projects for economic empowerment of their disabled members. World Bank and the International Planned Parenthood Federation." For additional analytical.. BOFWA aims at providing quality service to all its clientele by the year 2002 and beyond. and families. BOFWA plans to strengthen. attended by local NGOs and Government officials. daycare and outpatient disabled clients. USA (202) 546-2103. Other programmes additionally offer physio. politicians.239 Vision: Recognised for quality and accessible sexual and reproductive health services Objectives: • • • to promote the right of knowledge and the practice of family planning as a basic human right. We must maintain a clear focus on delivering services that will help them become self-reliant and responsible members of the society in which they live." Botswana Girl Guides is a voluntary organisation whose prime responsibility is to the young girls who participate in its activities. moral education. We will focus on developing life preparedness skills in the areas of health. Almost all of the beneficiaries have assisted in spreading the gospel of quality life through planned parenthood principles. Our service complements and supports the child moulding efforts of the girl's family and other organisations involved with her development. we will seek to: • Conduct and promote research. community leaders. E-mail: rusric@erols. The geographical focus of our work is Botswana. The staff structure is headed by the Executive Director who manages. we will continue to develop our leadership and management skills within a culture of creative problem solving at the lowest levels. We believe in the holistic development of humanity with special focus on the young girl. organises. USA (202) 546-2103. to operate as the leading non-governmental organisation in sexual and reproductive health in the country and to cooperate. The Association has continued to meet the above objectives by operating two youth centers in Lobatse and Gaborone.. home management. but we may also engage in work on a Southern African regional basis. We will do this with close assistance from the parents of their girls and their community to ensure tangible benefit for all those involved. Fax: (202) 546-3275. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. with government. leadership. non-governmental research institute established by a deed of trust. non governmental organisations and international agencies in the execution of its mandate. marketing. Within our ares of concentration.com . Vision: Our commitment is to the holistic development of the girl child. The operations of the Association are carried out by staff and volunteers. and directs the entire programme. Our key areas of interest are development policy analysis and capacity building.etc. BOTSWANA GIRL GUIDES ASSOCIATION Mission: "To enable girls and young women to develop their fullest potential as responsible citizens of the world. out-of-door life and incorporate culture based entertainment. targeting the youth in and out of school. plans. to the fullest extent possible. It has also run outreach programmes (seminars/workshops) in urban and rural areas. BOTSWANA INSTITUTE FOR DEVELOPMENT POLICY ANALYSIS BIDPA is an autonomous. To do this effectively. women. to ensure the maintenance of satisfactory standards in the delivery of its services and programmes. We offer a fun environment for providing the necessary life preparedness skills. men. investment and business opportunities information. For additional analytical. to individuals and organsiations in Botswana as deemed desirable for purposes of facilitating policy analysis. conference proceedings. marketing. including arrangement and management of contractual relationships designed to facilitate such activities by persons affiliated with the Instittue. the outcome of its policy analysis. To monitor the performance of the Botswana economy and the management of public policy implementation. E-mail: rusric@erols. To present or publish. please contact Global Investment & Business Center.bw. To assist professional training and public education of Botswana citizens in matters relating to policy analysis and encourgae collaboration between expatriates and local professionals in these matters in ways which build. national capacities for performance and understanding of policy analysis. Areas of Specialisation: BIDPA's research and related activities focus on three main areas: For additional analytical. published approximately eight times a year. To employ staff members who will themselves. directly or indirectly. or work in progress. To provide technical and financial assitstance. training and education projects.bidpa. consultancy.com .. analysis and publication on development policy issues which are of relevance to Botswana and the Southern African region. to individuals. as the case may be. USA (202) 546-2103. Major publications include: BIDPA Briefing: an economic and policy commentary newsleter. Fax: (202) 546-3275. with the aim of disseminating the results of research and consultancy projects. Assist professional training and public education of Batswana in matters relating to policy analysis. All publications can be obtained by contacting the BIDPA LIbrarian. To mobilise and administer funds to be used for achievement of the objectives and performance of the functions of the Institute. especially with regard to the implications for economic and social development. NGOs and international organisations. etc. investment and business opportunities information.240 • • • • • Monitor the performance of Botswana's economy and management of public policy implementation as it relates to economic and social development. www. Offer technical and/or financial assistance for the facilitation of policy analysis. organsiations. BIDPA Working Papers: presenting the initial results of research projects. and BIDPA Publications Series: longer publications containing the final results of research projects. orally or in writing. Some of them are also available on the Web site. or the general public at large. To offer advice and consultancy services to agencies of Government and other clients under suitable contractual and other arrangements. or augment. Mission: • • To promote and conduct research. as well as public education and monitoring of the economy. or jointly with other organisations or qualified people. private firms. Present or publish results of research and consultancy work. Provide consultancy service and offer advice to government. carry out research. • • • • • • Publications:BIDPA is continually developing its output of publications. and mobilise resources for research on aspects concerning the development of the youth as to inform policy To play an advocacy role on youth concerns Programmes: Food Security -. coordinate and implement programmes of significance to young people. guide. It is a channel through which Government disburses funds for youth work to NGOs affiliated to the Council. and the impact of changing international trade relationships. its Constitution. and Government to plan. direct.com . E-mail:
[email protected] • • • Incomes. private sector. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. Projects and Planning Structural Change in Botswana's Economy Past projects in the first area include a major study of Poverty and Poverty Alleviation in Botswana (for the Government of Btoswana). contributions towards the first Botswana Human Development Report and the Situation Analysis of Women and Children (both for UNICEF) and numerous ongoing research projects by BIDPA researchers. coordinate. encourage. The major project in the second area has been the reconstruction of the Government's Macroeconomic Model of Botswana (MEMBOT). The third area has been a major source of activity. The Council is guided in its operation by the 2002 National Youth Policy. and Strategic Plan. BOTSWANA NATIONAL YOUTH COUNCIL The Botswana National Youth Council (BNYC) is an autonomous council established in 1974 through a Presidential Directive. marketing. initiate. Activities include: backyard gardening. USA (202) 546-2103. giving rise to studies on the economic impact of AIDS in Btoswana. plan. and poultry production. etc. investment and business opportunities information. rearing of high yielding milk goats." Objectives: • • • • • • To advise on matters pertaining to youth development To mobilise. For additional analytical. Welfare and Poverty Macroeconomic Forecasting. The council is nonsectarian. Mission: "Our mission is to empower young people through implementation of a coordinated range of programmes in pursuit of the stated goals and objectives of the National Youth Policy and those prescribed by the general membership of the Council from time to time. and facilitate youth activities/programmes To coordinate youth activities at programme level amongst the various stakeholders To publicise government policies and programmes affecting the youth To promote.. Fax: (202) 546-3275. It brings together NGOs. the determinants of non-mining investment. and it is an advisory body to the Government on all matters pertaining to youth development.focuses on improving household food security and instilling spirit of respect for agriculture amongst youth. instills in our youth moral teaching.seeks to promote youth enterprises and economic self reliance. good citizenship. BONASO also plays a significant role in the development of institutional capacity of its members.242 Community Youth Resource Centers -.aims at rehabilitating and creating opportunities to afford these children a decent future. and more importantly.provides exchange of information amongst youth globally. Children In Especially Difficult Circumstances -. adventure unlimited and general counselling. and digital satellite television. BONASO undertakes essential capacity building exercises to ensure that NGO staff are well equipped with technical skills required for the smooth running of their organisations.. Activities include: establishing a year-round recruitment plan and training of volunteers. Citizen Responsibility -. and effective planning tools.aims at establishing and converting community halls into youth resource and recreation centers. From time to time. Mission: "BONASO facilitates the sharing of information.focuses on strengthening and reinforcing the capacity of the affiliates. HIV/AIDS Adolescent Reproductive Health -. Resuscitate the Spirit of Volunteerism -. The fund will be open to all youth economic activities and other deserving youth social concerns. investment and business opportunities information. National Youth Development Fund -. promotes children's rights and positive aspects of Tswana culture within the wider Tswana concept of BOTHO. Activities include: dissemination of information.seeks to equip youth with economic survival skills and a sense of entrepreneurship. E-mail: rusric@erols. ethnic and religious matters affecting Botswana. BONASO has a seat at the National AIDS Council (NAC). legal. provision of out and indoor games. Youth Exchange Programme -. and resources in HIV/AIDS related work between NGOs both nationally and within the Southern African region. The NAC is the highest body in the country responsible for policy and decision making on all HIV related issues. Youth Economic Empowerment -. teen mother's programme. economic. Activities include: peer approach counselling by teens..confronts problems associated with adolescent reproductive health such as teenage pregnancy. human resources. The key role of BONASO is to coordinate the activities of various organisations operating in the AIDS/HIV sector to ensure efficient utilisation of resources. Fax: (202) 546-3275. Institutional Capacity of Affiliates -. Activities include: exposing youth through involvement in international fora. ideas. Thirdly. USA (202) 546-2103. Activities include: enterprise development through Sechaba youth enterprises. Activities include: provision of necessary equipment. marketing.com ." For additional analytical.encourages and strengthens the spirit of volunteerism as to create an atmosphere of consent amongst youth for self-help. political. BOTSWANA NETWORK OF AIDS SERVICE ORGANISATIONS (BONASO) BONASO is the Botswana Network of AIDS Service Organisations. social. BONASO strives to develop a sense of unity among all its member organisations and to develop a common strategic way of thinking on policy. The NAC is chaired by the Minister of Health. BONASO serves as a mouthpiece for all NGOs and CBOs dealing with HIV related work. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. USA (202) 546-2103. investment and business opportunities information. For additional analytical. and lectures from resource persons in the community. about 15 organisations were registered as members making regular use of BOC's services. and offers the opportunity to appreciate the Tswana way of life. it received funding from two organisations in the Netherlands until recently -.243 Achievements: • • • BONASO has succeeded in sending members to attend regional and international workshops and conferences BONASO has succeeded in bringing out a newsletter for sharing information among its members BONASO has conducted and/or helped to facilitate workshops on Information. on cultural orientation and language training. BONASO has produced a three year strategic plan (2003-2001) and has Annual and Quarterly work plans BONASO has established an office and has a full-time staffing position BONASO has successfully coordinated the commemoration and activities of World AIDS Day. Setswana Courses: BOC currently offers two courses: full and part-time. Fax: (202) 546-3275. and SNV until 1997.HIVOSuntil 2002. This programme gives the participants a broader view of social issues in Botswana. proposal writing and resource mobilisation.. E-mail: rusric@erols. It is the only instituion in the country which promotes cultural tolerance for a democratic society and assists expatriates to make a smooth transition into the Tswana culture. Other more recent training activities include workshops on participatory methodologies in planning. Nevertheless. The Centre went through a process of major reorganisation in 1992 with the aim of attaining selfsustainability. In the late seventies. Education and Communication Strategies and make proposals on behalf of NGOs during the formulation of the current national policy on HIV/AIDS in the elaboration of the Botswana HIV/AIDS Medium Term Plan II. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. visits to historic sites.com • • • • • . The participants are accompanied by their instructors during the village live-in programme. marketing. Full time: The full-time course is a one month course including: a one-week village live in experience where participants spend a week with a host family in a village near Gaborone. BONASO is able to help mobilise financial resources BONASO was nominated to host the up coming regional SANASO Conference BOTSWANA ORIENTATION CENTRE The Botswana Orientation Centre (BOC) is a non governmental organisation providing language and cultural training for expatriates in Botswana. The courses are conducted by a team of highly experienced and skilled teachers. The Centre was established in 1977 by 12 international development organisations with a view to share resources for pre-service language training and cultural orientation of expatriate development workers. com . please contact Global Investment & Business Center. economic and physical problems of the area. sexes. near the University of Botswana. BWA aims at giving participants a deeper understanding and concern for the social. Areas of work include: • Environmental: planting trees. For further information. USA (202) 546-2103. For additional analytical. non-profit making voluntary organization registered in April 1980 under the Societies Act. Through the publication of books. It is also known as “Lekgotla la Baithaupi” and is headquartered in Boseja North Ward. established in 1968. barriers for soil erosion prevention and maintaining foot paths and trails.244 Part time: The part-time courses are evening classes for eight weeks each. recycling. the Society has grown in importance and is now recognised as a major contributor to the education of people both in and out of Botswana about various aspects of the country. social and economic backgrounds. BOTSWANA WORKCAMPS ASSOCIATION Botswana Workcamps Association (BWA) is a non-governmental. Mochudi. investment and business opportunities information. All courses are held at the BOC office in Gaborone. please contact the Executive Secretary at the address above. and volunteers often find their duties vary from project to project. lectures and symposiums addressing subjects of National importance. and cultural significance are recorded for all time. papers. Through work camps it encourages participants to work for the removal of the barriers and the prejudices between those of different ages. Special courses: BOC also offers special course on request as per the need of the client. The Society also holds workshops. This course offers purely language instruction and discussions on cultural aspects. For more information about the Society. The work camps develop group leadership skills and accelerate development efforts in order to carry out specific tasks that might not otherwise be accomplished. THE BOTSWANA SOCIETY What is The Botswana Society? The Botswana Society. It encourages the community at large to take greater interest in young people and develop a spirit of self-help. subjects of historical. is an independent organisation dedicated to the preservation of Botswana's cultural heritage. Part time courses have been designed for the busy working expatriates. For over two decades. garbage collection. its environment and its people. marketing. and articles.. Fax: (202) 546-3275. political leanings and religious beliefs. E-mail: rusric@erols. scientific. kind donations. please contact The Director. races. They also generate awareness that everyone has a contribution to make towards national development. The Society is solely funded by membership subscriptions. There are many types of work that are undertaken at the camps. and the sale of its own books and promotional items. The organization also helps parents who are experiencing difficulties with their children. or political convictions. the mission often extends to regional and international levels. sexual orientation. community centers and other kinds of repairs Social work: with/for children. handicapped people. clinics and brick molding. The mission statement of CORDE is to support and strengthen workers and community managed member enterprises to become viable through the provision of training and business advisory services. social status. the Centre seeks to educate. refugees. E-mail: rusric@erols. is an advocacy organization that plays a key role in the promotion and protection of human rights in the Botswana society.CORDE’s vision is to create profitable and sustainable member group enterprises throughout Botswana. Due to the organisation’s commitment to the indivisible nature of human rights.com . The objectives of the organization include: • To ensure that DITSHWANELO responds promptly to crisis situations which demand urgent action For additional analytical. clinics. the Botswana Centre for Human Rights. and mediate on issues of human rights with specific reference to the marginalized and disempowered.. The desired improvements of the human rights status are the targeted results which the Centre aims to bring about. irrigation channels. and women groups. Fax: (202) 546-3275. homeless people. the elderly. COOPERATION FOR RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT AND EDUCATION (CORDE) CORDE is a Botswana Development Trust directed by its members who are production and service enterprises. The mission of Childline Botswana is. research. The organization is run by social workers who offer both telephonic and walk-in services. and gives concerned members of the public an opportunity to reports cases of suspected child abuse. archeological sites.This mission statement of the organisation is “to affirm human dignity and equality irrespective of gender. DITSHWANELO – THE BOTSWANA CENTRE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS Ditshwanelo. etc.245 • • • Construction: public toilets. investment and business opportunities information. Through the identification of communities’ needs. religion. counsel. who may have abused them or fear that they may abuse them in future. Childline acts as a referral service for professionals (medical personnel.) who may want assistance in dealing with cases of child abuse. marketing. ethnicity. Childline also helps parents who may have been abused as children. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. community halls. CHILDLINE BOTSWANA Childline Botswana was formed in October 1990 by founders Doreen Khama and Fay Smith. teachers. As the mainstream market economy does not recognize and adequately support them. “to help abused children and their families. USA (202) 546-2103. Renovation: historical monuments. social workers. schools (classrooms). CORDE focuses on the need for unity and cooperation among the growing small and micro enterprises (SMEs).” Childline helps by providing emergency services for all children in danger and/or distress. Lastly. CORDE assists to facilitate collaboration among SMEs in the hope that they will ultimately become a significant force in the Botswana economy. tangible action plans are then established and implemented. cultural centers.” In pursuit of this mission. The activities are geared toward awareness raising. advocacy. and advocacy work. It was against the above background that Emang Basadi initiated the political education project. USA (202) 546-2103. Women Decision Makers targets women prospective candidates. nationally. In 1993. and support services for women who are in leadership. leadership training. However. The Voter Education programme targets youth. and members of the public. and on the continent of Africa. Objectives: To identify the problem issues related to women through discussion and research. one in Gaborone and one in Mahalapye. Thus the organisation's activities were focussed upon the area of women's legal rights. women's wings of political parties. there was need for strong representation of women in decision-making structures at both national and local levels. test cases. cultural and economic status of women in Botswana.246 • • To ensure that DITSHWANELO effectively performs its role as a human rights watchdog.. From 1986-1992.At the 1993 Annual General Meeting. making women aware of the discriminatory aspects of the laws. political parties. Emang Basadi has two branches. as well as advocating for reform of the laws. Activities under this component are meant to raise public awareness of gender issues and For additional analytical. marketing. and women at other levels of decision making (i. Workshops. a decision was made to embark on a political education project which aimed at increasing women's participation in politics and decision making. The project is divided into two components of Women Decision Makers and Voter Education. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. women councillors and parliamentarians. E-mail: rusric@erols. the private sector and in the parastatals). regionally. the vision of Emang Basadi remains the same today as it was when Emang Basadi was established in 1986. social. Emang Basadi felt it was time to change the focus of the organisation due to the establishment of other organisations dealing with the same issues and the limited progress in changing discriminatory laws. The two branches each run their own programmes. in particular participatory research To develop action-oriented strategies with a view to changing the socio-economic and legal position of women in Botswana To mobilise and increase awareness among women and the public in general about the specific problems faced by women in all sectors of the Botswana society To highlight the role of and enhance concrete recognition of women's participation in national development To work towards greater social equality and the removal of all cultural and legal barriers which hinder the advancement of women Programmes: GABORONE BRANCH Political Education -.com .e. seminars and conferences were conducted in collaboration with other women's organisations. and To contribute to the development of a human rights culture in Botswana through law reform. It was felt that in order for women's issues to be taken seriously. Emang Basadi focussed on their legal awareness campaign. Fax: (202) 546-3275. investment and business opportunities information. EMANG BASADI Emang Basadi Women's Association was established in 1986 by a group of women who were concerned with the promotion of legal. Emang Basadi has decided to make organisational development one of its key foci. rape and battery. This is realized on a partnership with NGOs/CBOs.Emang Basadi consistently receives requests from policy makers. Training and Awareness Building Programme -. investment and business opportunities information. A cornerstone of EHF’s operating philosophy is its conviction that local communities and community-based organizations must be involved in local projects so that they can chart their For additional analytical. Resource and Referral Centre -. This service is offered in recognition of the problems experienced by women and youth of Mahalapye and its surrounding villages. and Emang Basadi staff did not have the requisite skills and time to devote to this. The branch has developed a core of peer counsellors. including the serious human resource limitations and the long term sustainability of the organisation. In addition.247 women's right to lead. This programme is meant to increase awareness among women and especially the public in general about the problems faced by women. These include marital problems. Therefore. it recognises the need for the branch to develop a strategy that will alleviate the increasing absolute poverty experienced by women in Mahalapye.com . Information. “to promote the generation and value management of funds for the empowerment of communities that implement environmental conservation project activities. the organisation found it essential to have a full time programme officer to provide the above mentioned and much needed services. as well as offer training. The organisation was not able to produce materials due to lack of funds. this component is intended to sensitise the general public on the importance of the vote. The mission of the EHF is.The lack of awareness on the part of women on their rights and other issues. Although Emang Basadi is primarily a lobbying and campaigning organisation. political and legal status. have been identified as a major hurdle to their advancement. In cases where the peer counsellors are unable to assist. E-mail: rusric@erols. Most importantly. at local. lobby for support and advocate for change. Poverty was raised by members as a critical area of concern which was a major hurdle to the attainment of equality and impeded the advancement of women. lack of time to devote to research. Economic Empowerment -.Responding to the need for a strong expanded and more sustainable organisational structure. national and international levels”. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. women MPs and councillors regularly requested us to collect information through research on specific issues coming up for discussion in Parliament and Council. The construction of the Resource Centre has recently been completed and is now in operation. Organisational Development -. economic. and the private sector.The Counselling Services programme emanates from Emang Basadi's objective of developing action oriented strategies and mobilising women to take steps that will change their social. and lack of space to enable visitors to read what we have in our modest collection. as well as child abuse. Fax: (202) 546-3275. marketing. the Government. ENVIRONMENTAL HERITAGE FOUNDATION (EHF) The Environmental Heritage Foundation (EHF) was formed in 1997 as a result of the Environmental NGO/CBO Empowerment Project. as well as on the link between the vote and the betterment of their lives. women politicians.This programme was initiated to meet the economic constraints faced by members of Emang Basadi in Mahalapye identified in previous discussions and in the planning sessions with the members. MAHALAPHYE BRANCH Counselling Services Programme -. the branch accesses expertise from other organisations. An evaluation done by CORDE in June of 1995 drew attention to a number of constraints facing Emang Basadi.. USA (202) 546-2103. students and the public in general to provide information on various aspects of gender and women's issues. research. extended product services life cycles. please contact Global Investment & Business Center.com . In order to achieve EHF’s vision. promote environmental resource management capacity within NGOs. representation. and increaseproduction and market volumes in quality and quantity to ultimately increase profits. and financial support for effective implementation of EHF programmes Diversified project management portfolio and operational base of the EHF for the Foundation to provide quality managerial and consultancy services in environmental projects and policy formulation and to undertake profitable investments. Some of the benefits of becoming an EAOB member include: increased profits and additional markets. The target of EAOB is to assist Batswana become employable. FAB was founded in 1983 by a group of people concerned about the depletion of natural woodland and its likely consequences for the rural economy. Fax: (202) 546-3275." Objectives: For additional analytical. and arrange viable financial packages internationally. These problems are still at large today and FAB has since developed programmes to address them. laying emphasis on partnerships with disadvantaged citizens and communities. equip Batswana with relevant trade and industrial skills. USA (202) 546-2103. the broad goals of EHF were set as to promote general management capacity building within the NGO/CBO sector to secure sustainable activities. investment and business opportunities information. FORESTRY ASSOCIATION OF BOTSWANA The Forestry Association of Botswana (FAB) is a non-governmental and non-profit making organisation active in forestry extension. even to themselves. promotion of public participation in tree planting. organizational management. and to initiate the development of a model for the management and implementation of funds earmarked for community environmental conservation and empowerment projects. technical assistance.In order to achieve this end. foreign business match-making and joint venture.248 own course and claim ownership. EAOB's programs are designed to deliver up-to-date counseling. to the members. instill innovation and creativity. Small and medium enterprises (SMEs)interested in the services provided by EAOB are eligible to become members of the Association. education.. In particular. marketing. and increased numbers of customers. E-mail: rusric@erols. education. the organization aims to accomplish three primary objectives: • • • Enhanced internal institutional capacity of EHF through the acquisition of suitably qualified and adequate human resources together with appropriate infrastructure Strengthened capacity of project partners in human resources. extension and lobbying. concern was over the cutting of live trees for fuelwood. Mission: "We undertake to improve the quality of life of Batswana through forestry work in research. EXPORTERS ASSOCIATION OF BOTSWANA Exporters Association of Botswana (EAOB) is a non-governmental trade organization registered under the Botswana Registrar of Societies Act to facilitate global trade and enhance economic growth and diversification from traditional exports to non-traditional exports (manufactured goods and services). market development. advocacy. training. promote cooperative and/or partnerships. propagation of indigenous tree species and management of community woodlands. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. FONSAG is the Commonwealth Liaison Unit for Botswana. The site is fenced off to allow for natural regeneration and enrichment planting. Each household receives five tree seedlings (3 indigenous and 2 exotic) and are planted under the supervision of an FAB staff member. marketing. Indigenous Tree Nursery -.FAB collects seeds of indigenous trees countrywide and cleans and tests them for germination before they are ready to be sold. E-mail: rusric@erols. backed by empirical and practical research and the maintenance of an effective network. Around the Home Tree Planting -. Testing. Storage. Objectives: For additional analytical. private sector.This involves the establishment of Tree Nurseries in Community Junior Secondary Schools to serve as the outdoor classroom for students studying forestry.249 To work in partnership with disadvantaged individuals and communities to improve their living standards through forestry and other environmental activities To promote the advancement of public awareness and education on the importance of tree planting.FAB has the largest indigenous tree nursery in Botswana with an annual production of 50. industrial and related policies.Farmers are encouraged to plant indigenous fodder tree species in parts of their farms (usually five hectares) which they intercrop with the conventional crops (maize. education and communication. etc). government and private institutions involved in the formulation and implementation of agricultural. Schools Programme -. Fax: (202) 546-3275.Five villages are selected annually and 250 households are targeted in each village. Mission: "To provide a forum and network for promoting needs oriented sustainable and environment friendly agricultural practices through partnership with farmers.FAB encourages every community to set aside at least 20 hectares of land within their village locality as an indigenous woodland management site. with emphasis on indigenous species To promote ecologically sound indigenous forest management practices through research and extension work To encourage among communities sustainable utilisation of natural woodlands and maintenance of biological diversity To actively assist and co-operate with Government. and non governmental organisations involved in forestry and environmental management and lobby as the need arises To act as a focal point for all non governmental forestry activities in Botswana Programmes: Community Based Woodland Management -. FORUM ON SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE FONSAG was established in 1990 and is registered as a society consisting of four categories of members: NGOs. These are achieved by advocating for agricultural and related policy changes through information. individuals and relevant government institutions.. sorghum.000 seedlings. The seedlings are produced to meet FAB's programme requirements and sales to major developers and the general public. USA (202) 546-2103. Agroforestry -.com . CBOs. investment and business opportunities information. After 12-18 months a follow up is done and households with above 80% survival rates are given two trees as incentives. and Sale -. Tree Seed Collection. For additional analytical. out of school youth. music. knowledge and reflection through reach out programs on social problems using cultural artistic forms such as dance. The objectives of Ghetto Artists include: • • • • • To use popular theatre as an educational tool on social problems as it reaches all sectors of the community Using cultural artistic forms. headquartered in Francistown.com . and peer educators – who had a vision of using the performing arts as a medium of communication and change agent. The mission of the organization is. The organization. The organization operates several programmes. conferences for gathering and disseminating information relevant to its area of focus Publishing relevant information through print and electronic media Conducting relevant baseline surveys and literature reviews on policies relevant to sustainable agriculture GHETTO ARTISTS PRODUCTIONS Ghetto Artists Productions is a community based organization that uses popular theatre as an education tool to sensitize the community on issues regarding HIV and AIDS and promotes positive behavioral change. workshops. investment and business opportunities information.. marketing.250 • To establish mechanisms necessary for information and experience exchange.was originally formed in 2002 by a group of youths – students. preserve and protect the Tswana culture. • • Activities: • • • • • Lobby Governmnet on agriculture and environment related issues Maintain a database on sustainable agricultural practices. in school youth. environmental conservation as well as natural resource utilisation and management. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. E-mail: rusric@erols. to raise societal awareness on HIV/AIDS and foster positive behavioral change To provide training for schools. industries and the out of school on the theory and practice of drama relevant to their situations To enhance participants’ theatrical skills as well as foster community awareness on the role of the theatre in a rapidly changing society To promote. including industrial theatre. Fax: (202) 546-3275. school leavers. education and communication in the areas of sustainable agriculture. USA (202) 546-2103. To develop institutional capacity for implementing its programmes in an effective and sustainable manner. story telling and acting. printing and photography. To support adaptive research to support policy change towards sustainable agriculture. and social research. environmental conservation and proper natural resources utilisation and management Organising seminars. environmental conservation and proper natural resources utilisation and management. “to enhance communal life skills. people who are willing to work together with other homeowners to put in the many hours of labour necessary to build each house. marketing. and have a plot in their own name Why? In order to build homes. and applicants who earn between P 200 and P 600 a month. group discussions. non-profit organisation. affordable two room houses.com .251 HABITAT FOR HUMANITY Habitat for Humanity (HFH) is a self-help Christian housing organisation that works together with people of all faiths to build simple. How does it work? Building costs remain low because homeowner families assist with the labour for their homes.00 Payments stay in the community and are used to build more homes Who does it help? Families which are in the greatest need. and designing advertisements. Incorporated in the curriculum are real-life situations. puzzles. Mission: "To empower young Batswana to succeed in the world of work and to cultivate a spirit of enterprise and self-reliance among them. and lives In order to encourage a caring humane community and to create a better human habitat in which to live JUNIOR ACHIEVEMENT BOTSWANA Junior Achievement Botswana (JAB) is an international. Habitat for Humanity makes no profit from the sale of its houses. please contact Global Investment & Business Center." Programmes: Business Basics -.Four basic themes introduce students to the economic concepts and information about the world of work. such as practising interviewing. Groups of students set up.The Company Programme is JAB's original programme and the cornerstone to experiencing running one's own business. It is paid back over approximately ten years The average monthly payment is P 45. E-mail: rusric@erols. For additional analytical. USA (202) 546-2103. labour and inflation. which was established in Botswana in 1994. and activities that create enthusiasm for learning. Serule. Kavimba and Ghanzi. investment and business opportunities information.. run and financially liquidate a mini-manufacturing company. HFH is currently working in Gasita. the price includes only the cost of materials. completing job application forms. Francistown. Company Programme -. Fax: (202) 546-3275. Serowe. HFH provides startup money to local communities who then select homeowners and run projects. Kasane. “to provide temporary emergency refuge for abused women and their children”. Since 1982. handle human resource issues and face the day-to-day problems. The Project uses leaflets. The ecological zoning of the Okavango Delta. investment and business opportunities information. manufacture and market a product or service. The objectives of the Kagisano Society include: • • • • • To provide a temporary shelter for women and their children who are survivors of domestic violence To offer women in residence and their children counseling and support services towards a better life To offer counseling and support services to non-residents of the shelter affected by domestic violence To raise public awareness about the unacceptability and illegality of violence against women To network with NGOs. The project also offers counseling services to women survivors of domestic violence and their children while they are temporarily residing at the shelter. posters. E-mail:
[email protected] They sell shares to raise capital to set up their company. It has succeeded in raising public awareness and sending out a clear message that such behaviour should not be tolerated. radio and public seminars to change attitudes. KCS aims to effectively link conservation and human needs. do market research.com . they liquidate the company and return the original investment to the shareholders. Fax: (202) 546-3275. and lobbies government for changes in policy and legislation. USA (202) 546-2103. etc. The Project also works with statutory and voluntary organizations to influence policy and to develop innovative working practices that tackle the root causes of violence.. studies on elephant impact on vegetation and migrations of zebra and wildebeest in Savuti. worth P10 million. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. KCS has instigated. Throughout the process. and joys of taking responsibility for running their own business. generate debate and dispel myths. challenges. KALAHARI CONSERVATION SOCIETY (KCS) The Kalahari Conservation Society (KCS) is dedicated to the conservation of Botswana’s environment. Everyday in Botswana. thousands of women are battered or emotionally abused by their partners. agencies concerned with the issues of violence against women. manage financial records. are only a few of the higher-profile projects that KCS has been associated with. The Mission of the Women’s Shelter Project is. KAGISANO SOCIETY – WOMEN’S SHELTER PROJECT The Kagisano Women’s Shelter Project campaigns for the prevention of violence against women and children. Government and other organizations of civil society currently tackling the issue of domestic violence The Kagisano Society makes people aware of domestic abuse problems by giving them the right information for behaviour change. Finance Manager. marketing. teachers and business advisors provide advice and guidance. At the end of the process. facilitated or financed over 50 conservation projects. management plans for Moremi Game Reserve and Chobe National Park. Botswana wants to promote the wise utilization of natural resources and the conservation of the For additional analytical.. With a rapidly expanding population. elect a Managing Director. USA (202) 546-2103. the United Nations. The Society has provided funding for teaching aids and workshops and assisted in the integration of conservation issues into the country’s school curriculum. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. the Ngwato Land Board allocated land around the Serwe Pan to the Trust. as it provides excellent feeding and living conditions for rhinoceros as well as other grazers. KCS receives support from organizations such as the World Wildlife Fund (WWF). E-mail: rusric@erols. browsers. The objectives of the Khama Rhino Sanctuary include: • To establish. KCS is a respected voice when intervention or debate on conservation issues is necessary. Fax: (202) 546-3275.com . dissemination and development of the Shiyeyi literary and cultural materials To develop literacy programs for adults and children and to collaborate with other organizations interested in the promotion and maintenance of language and culture KHAMA RHINO SANCTUARY TRUST The Khama Rhino Sanctuary was created in 1989 by a group of Serowe residents who were committed to the idea of establishing a nature reserve and re-introducing wildlife to their local area. KCS has been in the forefront of information gathering and interpretation. KCS’s education endeavors have the greatest potential for influencing the future of Botswana’s environment. In 1993. legislate and educate. The Wayeyi constitute about 40% of the population of the North West District in Botswana. the Norwegian Agency for Development (NORAD). KCS plans to concentrate on the development of education materials that raise the level of environmental awareness. retrieval. Of all its conservation efforts.253 environment. and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The site covers 4. the Swedish Society for the Conservation of Nature. KAMANAKAO ASSOCIATION The Kamanako Association was formed in March 1995 and concentrates on developing and maintaining the remnants of the Shiyeyi language and culture as part of the overall Setswana culture. The collection and interpretation of data on natural resources is essential to making informed decisions about the way to plan. The objectives of the Association are: • • • • To carry out and disseminate research on Shiyeyi language and culture To cultivate an appreciation of and knowledge about the Shiyeyi culture To promote the storage. marketing. The site proved to be an important location for the preserve. birds and wildlife. The Wayeyi were the first settlers of the Okavango Delta and are the main makers of the famous Botswana baskets and the mokoro-poll bearers in the Delta.. the European Union. develop and manage the Khama Rhino Sanctuary on behalf of the community For additional analytical. investment and business opportunities information. KCS is also involved with research and monitoring conservation efforts. The challenge is to provide for the needs of the Batswana and improve their quality of life without harming the environment or reducing vital natural resources. As a result of this factual and scientific approach.300 hectares and provides a unique example of the natural resources of the sandveld/hardveld area on the edge of the Kalahari Desert. The first four were translocated to the Sanctuary in 1993 from northern Botswana. and another three more females are currently pregnant. Since 2002. several rhinos have come and gone. consisting of a group of community leaders who have been part of the history of Kuru. offers free.headquartered in Gaborone.. Fax: (202) 546-3275. Since then. marketing.254 • • • • To protect the environment within the Sanctuary and to protect and nurture endangered rhinoceros and all other fauna and flora To establish. the Kuru Development Trust (Kuru) has grown into a sustained indigenous development organization in the Ghanzi District of Botswana. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. The oversee all the daily activities and takes care of all personnel matters and has final say in all project activities. The center is manned entirely by volunteers and is open every weekday afternoon. facilitating and supporting research relating to nature conservation in general and the rhino in particular There are currently 15 rhinoceros in the Sanctuary. which will increase the capacity of these communities to gain control over their social and economic lives and which will be able to define. Kuru’s leadership consists of a Board of Trustees made up of about 20 elected community representatives from the villages or settlements where Kuru works. but the Trust is proud to announce that three more babies were born last year. Lifeline’s counselors are the foundation of the Centre and therefore. anonymous counseling to members of the community.” Kuru has developed a wide range of activities in the fields of agriculture. with some occasional mornings. who are keen to establish Khama Rhino Sanctuary as a breeding center for repopulation of the white rhino in Botswana. ongoing training.In addition. “Kuru” is a Naro word meaning “to do or create”. maintain and preserve the bio-diversity within the Sanctuary To generate revenue for the local community from tourism and other uses of the Sanctuary’s renewable resources To provide environmental education to Batswana and to the general public. Once elected. Confidence in the Sanctuary Trust and its achievements has been expressed by the Southern African Rhino Specialist Group. Kuru has acquired funding and has restructured itself to begin fulfilling the following mandate: “to assist marginalized communities in Botswana with the establishment and development of self-sustainable Community Self Help Organisations. The organization. they are supported with personal debriefings. in order to maintain a high standard of counseling and ethics. KURU DEVELOPMENT TRUST For more than 10 years. E-mail: rusric@erols. the Board appoints an Action Committee. and a secure support base. investment and business opportunities information. Kuru started as a Community Based Organisation (CBO) in the community of D’Kar and initiated a number of projects in other settlements. Botswana’s Department of Wildlife and National Parks has also reaffirmed its commitment to using the Sanctuary to reintroduce black rhino into the country. income-generation. training. This highlights the success of the Sanctuary’s protection and breeding programme. Training courses are held on a regular basis in order to encourage For additional analytical. USA (202) 546-2103. direct and implement the community’s own development.com . and art and culture. pre-school activities. Kuru went from being a local-CBO to being a regional and people’s owned support programme. LIFELINE BOTSWANA Lifeline Botswana was registered as an NGO in December 1999. committed to the development of the San. In 2002. that will enable MISA to continue its strategic path to aggressively build up and protect the local independent media. The five year plan for Lifeline Botswana includes: • • • • • • • Offering free telephone and in-person counseling Training members of the community as lay counselors Training facilitators/counselor trainer from within the ranks of counselors Training for other NGOs Corporate training in communication and HIV/AIDS counseling Outreach centers for peer counseling Establishment of a dedicated HIV/AIDS line and a women’s help line MEDIA INSTITUTE OF SOUTHERN AFRICA Mission: "MISA is a dynamic. E-mail: rusric@erols.. "Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression. to take appropriate steps where such freedoms are violated and to seek to remove obstacles and impediments to the free flow of information in accordance with Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights which states that. communication and counseling skills. Currently there is a strong focus on HIV/AIDS counseling. USA (202) 546-2103. training.to foster free. membership-driven network of regional chapters coordinated by a professional regional secretariat which seeks through monitoring. independent and diverse media throughout Southern Africa in the service of democracy and development. promoting media diversity To establish links with local. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. regional and international individual and organisations who subscribe to MISA objectives for purposes of cooperation. Following the initial training course. financial. as Lifeline in Southern Africa is the foremost and most experienced body in giving support to people living with HIV/AIDS. life skills. marketing. research and the distribution of information -.255 members of the community to become involved with the organization." Vision: A well established MISA Botswana possessing the required resources -. counselors are then prepared for the special needs of each community." To assist in building the institutional capacity of the independent media in Botswana by arranging sponsored training for media personnel to ensure professionalism in news gathering and reporting. Fax: (202) 546-3275. Objectives: To promote and defend freedom of expression and of the media. media diversity and self-sufficiency of the private independent media For additional analytical.human.com . Lifeline’s basic training course is extensive and includes personal growth. this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek. capacity building. as envisaged by the 1991 Windhoek Declaration on Promoting an Independent and Pluralistic African Press. investment and business opportunities information. solidarity and support To conduct such other activities as may be deemed necessary in promoting freedom of selfexpression. building and the necessary infrastructure -. receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers. the Centre is accountable to a Board of Trustees. Educates women about their rights under Botswana law -. a Botswana attorney founded the private. child maintenance. The objectives of Mennonite Ministries include: • • • • • To extend the gospel of Christ To provide a Bible teaching ministry to existing churches. located 50km north of the capital. and one of only two facilities in Botswana that provides legal aid to those unable to pay for private representation. poverty. groups and individuals To carry out ministries of benevolence and service in areas such as health. "Metlhaetsile" means "the times have come". a major rural centre with a population of 25. For additional analytical. The organization has been active in Botswana since 1968 and has placed over 300 development workers and missionaries around the country.including child maintenance. Fax: (202) 546-3275. ethnicity or religion. non-profit Metlhaetsile Women's Information Centre. consisting of seven local women in various leadership positions. women's status within marriage. education. METLHAETSILE WOMEN'S INFORMATION CENTRE Metlhaetsile Women's Information Centre provides legal aid.256 To encourage the independent media to assume social responsibility and to publish information and statistics on literacy rate. social services and other areas of human need To provide personnel. Local and international student interns and volunteers occasionally supplement the permanent staff. Family counselling is well-received for its focus on supporting the family unit. The Centre is the only legal service in Mochudi.000. counselling. and political participation. marketing.com . Activities: Provides subsidised legal assistance to approximately 60 poor women every week. rape. E-mail: rusric@erols. USA (202) 546-2103. rape. wife battering. and support staff... a Social Worker. agriculture. investment and business opportunities information. Through the Director. because the time for change has come. and education to empower women for a stronger Botswana. development. an Office Manager/Workshop Coordinator. AIDS/HIV. The majority of cases deal with divorce. showing that women's empowerment is positive for the entire community. and physical abuse.. etc in Botswana so as to promote public awareness of such epidemics and to pressure Government to develop and implement projects to remedy the situation MENNONITE MINISTRIES Mennonite Ministries is a non-profit making Society whose main aim is to provide services to the community at large without regard to race. which took on a full time staff in 1993. funding and other kinds of assistance to local organizations working in development To cooperate with such governmental and other agencies as may be engaged in activities similar to the aims and objectives of Mennonite Ministries. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. In Setswana. Gaborone. In 1991. Operates a counselling service for individuals and families that dovetails with the legal aid clinic. The Centre is staffed by two attorneys (the Director and a legal aid attorney). The Centre is located in Mochudi. At present the Trust has a controlling stake in the Mmegi newspaper.com . The Trust also has investment in property. writers. But through its organs. and issues of violence. MMEGI PUBLISHING TRUST The trust was founded in 1988 by a group of Batswana community leaders and intellectuals. and literary works operates a legal defence fund for journalists. either in person. Other plans include setting up a Setswana edition of Mmegi and regional editions of the same paper. marketing. and cooperation with other organisations. In this way. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. is another project that the Trust is developing with a view to floating a Private company in which members can buy shares within the next few years. USA (202) 546-2103. Pursuant of this objective. or as a nongovernmental. Promotes the creation of a culture of human rights in Botswana. E-mail: rusric@erols. It is a non-governmental organisation that seeks to promote the development of civil society. Fax: (202) 546-3275.through litigation.. Promotes legal and political reforms to benefit women -. the development of civil society is enhanced. This can only be done through a concerted policy of staff development. • • For additional analytical. through counselling and work with local law enforcement agencies to improve services. Human Resource Development: Through its commercial and other activities. or publishing and desirous of promoting the objects of the Trust. Helps women deal with the aftermath of physical assaults. Benefits to Members: • Economic Empowerment:Members can invest as individuals or organisations in companies in which the Trust has a stake. lobbying. the Trust: • • • promotes public awareness of the importance of writing and publishing is involved in the publication of newspaper. writing. investment and business opportunities information. The Board of Trustees has the prerogative to accept or refuse any application for membership without giving any reason for such refusal. a book publishing venture. NGOs and ordinary people can play critical roles in policy development if they have a forum through which they can put across their points of view. such as newspaper. The Mmegi Publishing House. Political Enfranchisement: The Trust is patronised by people who do not sit at the tables of power. AIDS prevention.257 Educates women and youth about family planning. The Trust does not think that policy formulation is domain of politicians or other powerful interests. and human rights activists Membership to the Trust is open to any member of society. books. The policy of the Trust is that it operations be done by Batswana. community development organisation or other bodies interested in the development of journalism. members are in a position to articulate their specific interest and thereby influence policies. Cultivates a constituency of women committed to working for improvement in the status of women in Botswana. the Trust is contributing to the human resource development of Botswana. United States. For additional analytical. political activism or financial investment. The Trust has. South Africa. The Permaculture Trust strongly encourages and supports traditional and cultural values that relate to a sustainable environment. The key strategic areas for NYC include: • • • Access to information and resources Sports recreation and leisure Life survival skills The Adolescent Reproductive Health (ARH) programme offers clinical and counseling services for family planning. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. On average. over the years. The clinic also hosts a Men. water harvesting and agroforestry systems. drama. Swaziland. The life survival skills programme is a skills-based approach to education that aims to enhance existing positive and health characteristics of young people and to prevent or reduce risky behaviours by reinforcing and building knowledge. Lesotho. It is ready to share experiences or information with members who are interested in promotion of various aspects of civil society. marketing. USA (202) 546-2103. Namibia and West Africa. Zimbabwe. PERMACULTURE TRUST OF BOTSWANA Permaculture Trust is a rural development organsiation that provides assistance in the area of ecological land use management. presentations and school programmes. tree nurseries. and basic health care facilties. music and sports. Canada. These include: integrated food production systems. Fax: (202) 546-3275. veld food production and utilisation. the Trust has responded to calls from South Africa.. the National Action Plan for Youth. the UK. Our head office is in Serowe and we have a branch office in Ghanzi. the clinic caters to 100 youths per month. free range poultry. and seminarss and some have in the past responded to calls within the region for such services. Project strategies include workshops. A sub-Board is in operation in Ghanzi. The main components of PTB programmes and activities are in the Ghanzi and Central districts. Some members of PTB staff and Board facilitate during courses. Zambia. including dancing. training. positive attitudes and values. extending one's sphere of influence and generally getting to know what other organisations are doing in the fields of research.com . Australia. NATIONAL YOUTH CENTRE The National Youth Centre (NYC). a member of BNYC.258 • Networking: Membership to the Trust enables one to network with like-minded persons or organisations. workshops. investment and business opportunities information. PTB is governed by a Board of Trustees which is elected from among the membershipo during the Annual General Meeting. seminars. In the past. recreation and leisure programme offers activities usually enjoyed by young people in Botswana. and the Strategic Development Plan. a project dedicated to the economic empowerment of the Youth in Botswana. pre. Networking is good for brain picking. E-mail: rusric@erols. Sex and AIDS project which focuses on empowering and mobilizing men to take an active part in issues of reproductive health.and post. This programme also hosts “Youth in Development”. Membership is open to both in and out of school youth. which will eventually take over full responsibility for that prgoramme.The sports. implements programmes in pursuit with the goals and objectives of the National Youth Policy. Tanzania and Lesotho.HIV/AIDS counseling and voluntary testing. conservation of traditional varieties of cultivated seeds and their wild relatives and facilitation of the establishment of Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) Projects. developed contacts with international NGOs in the Netherlands. appropriate housing. manpower development. USA (202) 546-2103. CBOs and Associations. non-governmental organsiations which seeks to address rural poverty by assissting marginalised communities through the provision of extension support and training. Objectives: The four objectives governing PTB are: To develop and enhance local expertise in the sustainable use of available natural resources To equip rural communities with skills in order to diversify their means of survival through selfhelp programmes in agender sensitive way To strengthen the organisation and management capacity of PTB for efficient and effective service delivery To develop and maintain partnerships and the networking with organisations which further the objectives of PTB Target Groups: Since its inception. Permaculture creates a cultivated ecology that is designed to produce more human and animal food than is generally found in nature. Permaculture uses the inherent qualities of plants and animals with natural characteristics of landscapes and structures to produce a life-supporting system for city and country. investment and business opportunities information. which aim at the empowerment of its grassroots development constituency. sustainable development and agriculture and permaculture projects. PTB uses indigenous knowledge systems as a basis for community mobilisation towards the sustainable use of natural resources. Government Institutions. and also permanent culture. Fax: (202) 546-3275. The Permaculture concept is based on the observation of natural systems. Mission: "The Permaculture Trust of Botswana is a membership-oriented. The word itself is coined from permanent agriculture. In its approach to development. PTB focuses its energies on results oriented projects and activities. The aim is to create systems that are ecologically sound and economically viable which can provide for their own needs. E-mail: rusric@erols. and Other.. PTB has concentrated its development efforts on the poorest sections of the population. appropriate shelter construction. For additional analytical. Most of the communities. promoting the use of natural resources. it seeks to enhance it. Rural small communal farmers.com . Life Membership. Although based on ecological models. Sponsoring Organisations. backyard food promotion activities as well as the conservation of biodiversity and improved dry-land farming practices. For more information. Village home gardners. families and individuals PTB is working with fall within the following categories: Remote Area Dwellers (Basarwa)." "In pusuance of its organisation objectives. Schools. Membership: Membership to PTB is either gained through interest in environmental issues. rather than dominating the environment. marketing. using the smallest practical area.259 What is Permaculture? Permaculture is the conscious design of self-sustaining agricultural landscape. the wisdom contained in the traditional farming systems and modern scientific and technological knowledge. do not exploit or pollute and are therefore sustainable in the long term. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. or through attending at least one introductory workshop. NGOs. Categories of membership are: Individual. please contact The General Manager at the address above. Female headed households. PTB encourages sustainable livelihoods through income generation. retailers. water heating. USA (202) 546-2103. The condoms are not given for free to ensure that the recipiants truly want and will utilise them. Be wise -. The YRC works with HIV/AIDS persons and strives to institute a sense of positive living by equipping them with the necessary information. marketing. Ultimately. The organisation’s objectives include: • • • • • To make Batswana more economically self-sufficient To research. social injustice. Currently. However. develop. While its services shall be available to all. You are the product of the decisions you make. E-mail: rusric@erols. investment and business opportunities information. Fax: (202) 546-3275. unemployment. poverty. Life is a precious gift to all of us and PSI values such. These creative campaigns employ rural radio. To the extent that it applies appropriate technology to this goal. RIPCO shall seek to give preference and special support to the poor and disadvantaged. agriculture and building technologies. PSI creates demand for Lovers Plus by culturally relevant advertising and communications from radio and TV to motivate behavioural change and to educated and increase awareness.. informed decisions and avoid contracting the virus. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. This ensures that there is widespread distribution of condoms and effective dissemination of information to populations that cannot afford commerically priced products or are not reached by government health programs.com . live. results-oriented approach more akin to private businesses than to other non-profits. such as distributors. transfer and disseminate technologies appropriate for Botswana To train and support artisans in the informal sector to get into business To transfer the manufacturing of developed technologies to the private sector To generate income within the constraints imposed by the preceding objectives RIIC carries out research and development in many fields. PSI uses commercial marketing techniques and the resources of the local private sector. including renewable energy in the areas of solar cooking. research and advertising agencies to achieve a social objective. PSI is running a Youth Resource Centre situation at the Botswana Youth Centre. Commercial For additional analytical. RURAL INDUSTRIES PROMOTIONS COMPANY The Rural Industries Promotions Company (RIPCO) was originally founded in 1974 to establish and operate the Rural Industries Innovation Centre (RIIC). We seek to improve world health through social marketing -. the availability of our easily-accessible and affordable products will result in fewer individuals contracting the AIDS virus. hence building a healthy nation. folk theatre. The mission statement of RIPCO is to create employment for and improve the quality of life of Batswana. Do what is right and preserve your life. and condomise.a cost-efficient. popular songs and even dress fabric printed with AIDS prevention messages. the YRC is also involved in the establishment of anti-AIDS clubs in schools as a way of helping youth make proper. and dependency.Let's love. the national appropriate technology development and dissemination center in Kanye that identifies suitable technologies from other countries for adaptation/adoption in Botswana.260 POPULATION SERVICES INTERNATIONAL Population Services International (PSI) is an unusual non-profit organisation dedicated to improving the health of low-income people world wide. RIPCO believes that technology shall be the technology of liberation – liberation from hunger. limited access to finances. and local cooperating nongovernmental organizations. RIPCO also operates two commercial subsidiaries: the Pioneer Rural Industries Centre in Palapye. and implement action-oriented community based campaigns to create a society of environmentally active and aware citizens. leatherwork. Fax: (202) 546-3275. and Forestry. carpentry. We need you help. Consturction. international development partners. In addition to RIIC. Recycling.and not just the governments as has been the case in most of the SADC countries since their independence. The fund's raison d'etre is that the development of any democratic society requires unhindered access to the free-flow of as much information and as many ideas as possible. and business management. raise awareness and lobby for the improvement of the environment in population centers throughout the country. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. It is based in Gaborone.261 production of RIIC technologies is done by local engineering workshops which meet the qualification criteria.. as we create employment opportunities for the community and provide commercial services or products that will satisfy customer needs. auto-garage. economically viable media supported by a well trained and experienced cadre of professionals working for a variety of media organisations -. For additional analytical." Programmes: Serowe Brigades provides Vocational Training with Production in Enginering. Farming. USA (202) 546-2103." Get involved: On becoming a member of Somarelang Tikologo (ST). Waste Management. This requires a vibrant. marketing. The technologies are ultimately retailed through the Centre’s central stores. which include government over-regulation. Botswana. SOMARELANG TIKOLOGO Mission: "To improve the quality of life in Botswana by promoting a healthy environment. and Barolong Farms One Stop Service Centre for Agriculture in Goodhope. and Youth. RIPCO is also involved in the management of special projects with the Government of Botswana. mobilise members and the public to monitor. tanning. We meet every month (usually after working hours) to discuss and organise our environmental activities. SEROWE BRIGADES DEVELOPMENT TRUST Mission: "We aim to equip the youth with industrial skills that will stimulate self-reliant development. fabric printing and dyeing. plant nursery. investment and business opportunities information. without compromising product quality. sewing. so please come along! SOUTHERN AFRICA MEDIA DEVELOPMENT FUND The Southern Africa Media Development Fund (SAMDEF) seeks to promote the development of the emergent independent media in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region through financial and technical support. The fund became operational from April 2003.com . The programme provides training in baking. you are welcome to join any of four subcommittees: Environmental Awareness and Planning. The growth and development of the independent media in the region has been thwarted over the last 30 years by a myriad of problems. Its priority areas of service to local communities are providing commercial services such as building construction. E-mail: rusric@erols. promote. low levels of training and expertise and hyper inflation in most of the region's economies. RIIC also operates a village skills training programme which is geared to increase productivity in the informal sector of the economy. milk production and slaes and adult education evening classes. patchwork. blacksmith skills. technical and managerial capacity of private media operations in the region To develop financial products.Culture is something truly creative and dynamic and the pressure cooker experience of the workshops is to create a sense of community among artists. for artists to meet and stimulate each other. design.It was eventually recognised that the visual arts community needed a base of operations..Artists meet and share with each other. revision and implementation of the Fund's programme of activities in Southern Africa. to overcome any disadvantages such as lack of training. investment and business opportunities information. and sculpture.In response to the community’s expressed needs. technical. For additional analytical. intellectual property or hard or software -. whatever their background. approaches. THAPONG INTERNATIONAL ARTISTS’ WORKSHOP TRUST Thapong is a non-profit making Trust that started out as a one-time international workshop. land was leased in the Gaborone Village for a Visual Arts Centre. Thapong continues to run a programme of workshops aimed at artists. and art teachers." Objectives: To create access to affordable long-term finance for independent private media enterprises To bridge the lending gap between independent private media operations and the commercial banking sector To provide support services to develop the administrative.be they newspapers. poverty. Monuments and Art Gallery.through constant evaluation. by creating incentives for investing in the media and media-related industries To collect information and monitor the economic and financial environment of the emergent independent media To facilitate networking to promote the common business interests of the nascent independent media groups and to foster intra-regional and international cooperation within the industry To gradually wean the region's emergent independent media from donor dependency and assist their entrance into the mainstream of economic activities To address all of the above priorities through the implementation of the Windhoek Declaration (1991) on the Promotion of an Independent and Pluralistic African Press -. USA (202) 546-2103. This includes the capacity to effectively produce. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. hard work. market and distribute their products -. Fax: (202) 546-3275. E-mail: rusric@erols. drawing. school-leavers. printing.262 Mission: "The Southern Africa Media Development Fund (Samdef) seeks to strengthen. techniques and experiences. through financial. and deep concentration. books. films.in conformity with the goals of the Windhoek Declaration on Promoting an Independent and Pluralistic African Press. and so through the support of the National Museum. manage. and training support. the Trust began running several workshops a year: tlhale. broadcast programmes. marketing tools and business development strategies for the emergent independent media To create an economic environment which will enable the independent media to flourish.com . marketing. allowing for exchanges of ideas. women’s artistry. isolation and most importantly. the capacity of the region's independent media to become self-sustaining enterprises.There is an ethos in the workshops of open mindedness. Commercial activities – veld products are sold into the retail market. education. E-mail: rusric@erols. fundraising. it has been seen as the coordinating arm of the various development projects in the Diocese. The Vision statement of TL is: to be a leading rural development trust working towards the sustainable improvement of the quality of life of the poorer populace in remote areas of Botswana by promoting the responsible use of natural plant and animal resources. mobilizing of interest groups. TL has also been instrumental in the establishment of community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) projects around Botswana. The Vision of TCC is “to foster integral human development and to promote the formation of communities (and especially the poor) based on justice and love within the overall pastoral care of the church. TCC was given the mandate to serve as the umbrella body for the Catholic Church’s charitable organizations in the Diocese.. This process involves creating awareness. the objectives of TCC include: • To animate and assist communities to assume responsibility for their integral development and to show concern for the national social problems • • • For additional analytical. and Chobe districts. investment and business opportunities information. TL works with rural communities facilitating development projects and helping to market a range of veld products. mobilization of available resources and involving the communities at all stages of development. Ghanzi. The organization is committed to supporting both the people and the sustainable use of those resources. throughout Botswana under TL’s own trademark and brand identity. primarily to pharmacies. marketing.” In order to achieve this Vision. TL is firmly of the conviction that the natural resources available in remote rural areas are rightfully the inheritance of those living in those regions. Cooperation with other organizations – TL seeks to cooperate with other organizations involved in veld products or natural resource management in order to optimize the efficiency in which real improvements can be made in the environment and the living standards of rural Botswana. Kweneng.Since its inception. technical training. The organization was fully commissioned in 1986 as Tirisanyo Catholic Commission for social services and development and in 1987 it became a member of Caritas International. Interrelated activities such as institution building. TL’s principle activities include: • Extension projects – manages several in-depth community based natural resource management projects in Kgalagadi. Fax: (202) 546-3275.263 THUSANO LEFATSHENG Formed in 1984 as a non-profit trust. TIRISANYO CATHOLIC COMMISSION The concept of the Tirisanyo Catholic Commission (TCC) began in 1984 after donors requested a coordination of proposals from different parishes in Botswana. Southern. etc. come together to create sustainable improvement of community living standards. USA (202) 546-2103. It was also seen as the contact point for donors from the North and other organizations interested in the Church’s development activities in and outside the country. Research into conservation and product development – research into a number of other wild plants with medicinal or nutritional value have potential as sources of additional income for remote rural populations. Money generated from sales is channeled back into rural communities through the purchase price paid for goods or used to fund specific community based natural resource projects. please contact Global Investment & Business Center.com . VPR&D is located in Gabane. gums. dyes. It has its main research sites and nursery facilities there. resins. and many other renewable natural resources. Veld Products Research & Development (VPR&D). develop and strengthen regional parish teams To coordinate the various church development programmes and social services To liaise church social concerns with other national and international development and welfare organizations VELD PRODUCTS RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT "Empowering rural communities to utilise and manage their natural resources on a sustainable basis" Veld projects include: foods. The indigenous fruit trees that are being domesticated include: morula monongo mmilo mogorogorwane For additional analytical. florist materials. essential oils. marketing. a village 18 kms west of Gaborone. craft materials. USA (202) 546-2103.. has been working on various aspects of this unique sector for over 15 years. this not only involves the identification of various natural resources with economic potential but also the development of appropriate processing technologies so as to increase the value added at village level and the development of markets for veld products which are non-threatening to the resource base. hence the importance of indigenous fruit trees. The growing of fruit trees means less dependence on arable agriculture which.com . please contact Global Investment & Business Center. ornamental plants. VPR&D was established in 1981 to research and develop a wide range of veld products and to investigate suitable management systems for natural resources in order to ensure sustainable utilisation. skins. medicines. horns. thereby improving food security for rural households. It is governed by a Board of Directors comprised of individuals who are farmers in the Gabane community as well as senior people in Government and in other NGOs. In addition to its nursery-based research. VPR&D undertakes field activities throughout Botswana and the Southern Africa region. tannins. one year in three is a crop failure for arable agriculture in Botswana.264 • • • • To provide training programmes and to assist in the formation of personnel at all levels To foster. Indigenous Fruit Tree Research -. reduces the workload on women and decreases environmental degradation. On average. E-mail: rusric@erols. Programmes: VPR&D pursues a holistic approach to the utilisation and management of veld products. insects. a Botswana-based non-governmental organisation (NGO). in turn.Indigenous fruit trees yield a crop even in poor rainfall years when arable agriculture fails. hides. These activities include its community-based project activities as well as its research work on indigenous fruit tree planting trials and agroforestry trial plots located throughout Botswana. Fax: (202) 546-3275. investment and business opportunities information. for economic and environmental development through the sustainable utilisation of indigenous natural resources. Consultancy and Training -.265 morutlwa morojwa Research is also being undertaken to domesticate the Kalahari truffle. located in the village of Gabane. with its emphasis on simple technologies that are appropriate at village level. The current CBNRM project.VPR&D has established commercial nurseries. Commercial Nurseries -. The organization’s objectives include: • To provide support. VPR&D's "CBMIP" project. E-mail: rusric@erols. Considerable research has been undertaken in processing indigenous fruits (morula in particular) to produce jams. USA (202) 546-2103.WAR began in Maun. particularly in poor rainfall years. In the near future.VPR&D is investigating an agroforestry system that combines traditional crops. is developing a wide range of veld products so as to allow rural people the opportunity to generate income throughout the year with maximum value added at the village level. Community Based Natural Resources Management (CBNRM) -. Community Based Agroforestry -. Chiefs. assistance and counseling to survivors of sexual violence. and members of the community at large. employs a community-governed system for managing the natural resources.VPR&D's research is looking into the viability of both chemical and biological controls of pests and diseases in indigenous fruit trees after identifying the pests and their natural enemies. VPR&D is working to establish a regional buying and marketing network.. Through community participation. for exotic and indigenous fruit trees as well as indigenous ornamental plants.The foundation of VPR&D's programming strategy.VPR&D's research. is the output of a Participatory Rural Assessment (PRA) exercise which was conducted in three villages in the Western Kweneng district. investment and business opportunities information.VPR&D can undertake consultancies in the whole spectrum of veld products including identification.Because rural communities experience so much difficulty in marketing their products. VPR&D aims to develop a sustainable. rainwater harvesting and indigenous fruit trees. marketing. WAR currently has 115 members in and around Maun (Ngamiland District) and also has 23 members supporting its work in areas that it does not yet cover. processing and management. WOMEN AGAINST RAPE (WAR) Women Against Rape (WAR) is a pioneering women’s organization assisting women and children survivors of sexual abuse and rape. marketing. please contact Global Investment & Business Center.com . Botswana in 1993 after two serious rape cases were reported. juices and dried fruit products. Government officials. promoting institutional change to protect women and children against sexual abuse and raising awareness within the whole society on these issues. Fax: (202) 546-3275. Pests and Disease Control -. Product Development -. the private sector. VPR&D will also offer training and information resources services in the growing and care of indigenous fruit trees and other aspects of VPR&D's activities. Buying and Marketing -. Support for WAR through membership includes Parliamentarians. business persons. For additional analytical. appropriate agroforestry system that will improve food security and generate income for rural households in semi-arid areas. Emang Basadi. CHINA in 1995. The areas of concern are namely. decision making and power sharing. facilitation. e." Background: Women's NGO Coalition is a membership organisation composed of NGOs who are responsible for the empowerment of women and the promotion of gender equality in Botswana. collaborating and networking and capacity building amongst member organisations committed to the empowerment of women in all spheres of private and public life for solidarity for collective bargaining and greater effectiveness. WOMEN'S NGO COALITION Mission: "We are dedicated to promoting. and monitoring of the implementation of the six critical areas of concern identified during the Beijing preparatory process. USA (202) 546-2103.com .g. and To network with other organizations in the country.266 • • • • • • To assist victims of sexual abuse in going to the hospital and the police. development needs. These NGOs have embarked on various programmes and activities that target both urban and rural women. women's organisations in Botswana met to discuss the future role of the Coalition being the coordination. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. violence against women. The Coalition was registered in 2002 under the Society's Act. E-mail: rusric@erols. and women's human rights and the girl child. poverty alleviation and economic empowerment. With the assistance of UNDP and other donor agencies. health and population. and Ditshwanelo.. issues. During this process. investment and business opportunities information. sub-regional. the Coalition successfully carried out its mandate which resulted in the effective participation of Botswana NGOs in the Beijing process and outcomes. as well as advocate and lobby for women's empowermen To collect and disseminate information of relevance and use for women's empowerment To facilitate networking amongst member organisations to promote effective collaboration and coordination of activities To provide a focal point for addressing gender issues at national. marketing. education and training. The Women's NGO Coalition was established in 2003 with the purpose of coordinating the preparations for and after the Fourth World Conference on Women which was held in Beijing. Women in Law. coordinating. To campaign for changes in the law that would enable survivors to report the crime and obtain legal justice for their assailant. To consolidate WAR in Ngamiland District. Objectives: To raise public awareness especially amongst women and decision makers on gender gaps. Metlhaetsile. To provide legal support To campaign for greater awareness and education on the issue of sexual violence with the purpose of reducing this crime. and international levels To strengthen the capacity of member organisations to ensure efficient service delivery Activities: • Completed the Beijing report back on women's issues by holding workshops in small villages in 12 Districts which was done in collaboration with Women's Affairs Department in the Ministry of Labour and Home Affairs For additional analytical. Fax: (202) 546-3275. the Coalition forged meaningful mutually beneficial partnerships with the Botswana Government through the Women's Affairs Department [WAD] located in the Ministry of Labour and Home Affairs. Following the Beijing Conference. DILO MAKWATI • • • • Worldview Botswana is a non-governmental organisation which was established in 1989 as Worldview International Foundation. Moreover.com . child welfare.267 • In collaboration with its members. an independent national non-governmental organisation with a seven member governing Board of Trustees. Fax: (202) 546-3275. The previous newsletter coincided with sixteen days of activism on violence against women WORLDVIEW BOTSWANA -. Worldview Botswana focusses on the use of communication media approach to support human and social development and also promotes the participation of the populace in the development processes through training in: communication skills capacity building planning and management TV/video and radio programme production and training Worldview Botswana recognises the areas of focus above mentioned as the benchmark for the success of any development project. education and literacy. E-mail: rusric@erols. economic empowerment and violence against women In collaboration with WAD the Coalition held the post-Beijing national workshop in Botswana. 1997) activities The Coalition has managed to produce four quarterly newsletters. agriculture. appropriate communication. investment and business opportunities information. In 1993. it was intended to chart a way forward for implementing the National Plan of Action which has been drawn up to put in operation the recommendations made at the fourth World Conference held in Beijing in September 1995. health. it was registered as Worldview Botswana. Objectives: To improve development through training and use of appropriate communication methods to support and improve development programme To support development activities within areas of employment creation. marketing. the Coalition was able to organise the International Women's Day (March 8. This was a very important period to sensitise the women and the public in general on the negative consequences of different forms of violence and the fact that it is punishable by law The Women's NGO Coalition and the Women's Affairs Department [WAD] jointly organised a workshop for all parliamentarians on gender issues. women in development. the NGO Coalition organised the sixteen days of activism on violence against women.. which was meant to be a feedback to the different actors in Botswana about the Beijing Conference. aimed at informing the public on women's NGO's activities and their role on the six critical areas of concern. namely power sharing and decision making. income generation. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. education technology. USA (202) 546-2103. and environmental issues For additional analytical. In collaboration with its members. marketing. Promote communication and cultural exchange programmes to secure solutions and build social responsibility To monitor the development of new communication technologies and initiate pilot projects when and where these communication technologies can be appropriately applied to development programmes for sharing information and training To replicate Worldview Botswana practical experience in successful and cost effective development communication methodologies and projects For additional analytical. USA (202) 546-2103. knowledge and skills to disadvantaged people on basic development issues To develop closer links between communication specialists and experienced academics dealing with development and communication for sustainable development To establish performances and impact indicators to monitor and evaluate the implementation of the various activities and improve ongoing and future programmes To establish an effective communication network among NGOs in Botswana o strengthen and use mass media to inform. investment and business opportunities information.com .. stimulate better understanding and awareness of the importance of people's active participation in peace development and conflict resolution. Fax: (202) 546-3275. E-mail: rusric@erols. encourage participation and provide information. please contact Global Investment & Business Center. educate.268 To work with local communities to identify their development needs and to build the necessary skills and capacity to undertake activities to meet their needs To facilitate effective communication by developing video and other media related techniques To use modern and traditional communication strategies and media to strengthen democratic process. 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