WIRELESS ELECTRICITY- English full -V e r o n a meeting version a p r i l 15, 2011- Wireless electricity & longitudinal electric waves L.M.D . L.M.D. p p rr e es se en n tt e ed d b by y Dr. Eng. Roberto Handwerker ®DELTA DELTA Ingegneria Ingegneria® - Milan, Milan, Italy Italy -- 2011 2011 All All rights rights reserved reserved deltaavalon.com 1 Presentation ® of engineer Roberto Handwerker, DELTA Ingegneria® a consulting professional in advanced electrotechnics, thermodynamics & energetics, also technical advisor to italian Judges deltaavalon.com 2 Disclaimer : Disclaimer: • The following experiments make use of electrical energy: please don’t try to replicate them unless You are trained trained and and wellwellexperienced in electrotechnics: the presence of high voltages and currents could cause You serious injuring and may even be fatal ! Replication of presented experiments or circuits at Your own risk ! • However, the the shown experiments are are verifiable verifiable and and replicable replicable by by someone someone who who has has the the right right means means and and know-how know-how.. • • The The term “Cold electricity” is is arbitrary, arbitrary, meaning meaning only only that that the the here here presented presented current current effects effects are are different different from from usual usual AC AC current current ones. ones. Warning ! deltaavalon.com 3 First some quotes … quotes… “Each one sees what he carries in his heart.” - Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832) “Every Truth passes through three stages. First, it is ridiculed. Second, it is violently opposed. And third, it is accepted as self evident”. - Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) “Be silent, if you choose; but when it is necessary, speak - and speak in such a way that people will remember it.” - Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791) “The present is theirs; the future, for which I have really worked, is mine.” - Nikola Tesla (1856-1943) “Don’t care about them, just watch and pass by” - Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) deltaavalon.com 4 com 5 .. partially using scrap parts. experiments apparatus by DELTA Ingegneria® deltaavalon. magnetic (φ) fields[5] • All construction and particular design of presented Tesla®. • Electric field: field this term includes both dielectric (ψ) and [5]. small power laboratory apparatus..and ψ φ • Experiments were realised by use of low-budget equipment. ..and a few general notes .. S. citizen. emigrant and later U.com 6 .Tesla “ master of lightning ” “master lightning” • Nikola Tesla (1856-1943): forgotten serbian genius. great scientist.Brief introduction to Dr. inventor and phylanthroper “invented” the XX Century with his • • • • • AC polyphase system AC induction motor Tesla turbine Radio apparatus More than 700 patents issued deltaavalon. : can an electrical device work by only one wire • Question Question: or even without wires as stated by Nikola Tesla more than a century ago ? el.com 7 . wire neon ? motor deltaavalon. com 8 .Some analogies in Nature ( from physics ): (from physics): Ocean waves:: pressure waves (tsunami) ETEM TEM water tsunami v ELMD LMD transverse waves B E x(t) oscillation c longitudinal waves E x(t) oscillation v v(t) propagation v(t) propagation oscillation perpendicular oscillation parallel to propagation to propagation deltaavalon. tang. elast.com 9 . that is: VP =√ ((k + 4/3δ)/ρ) P . δ δ: : elast. elast.mod.or ”compression” Propagation through core is only for type “P” waves possible (similar to sound waves).modulus.or “shear” P: longitudinal waves . norm. ρ ρ: : density density of of means means deltaavalon.Seismic waves: primary waves (P) and secondary waves (S) S v2 2 v1 1 P earth (slice) S P S: transverse waves .modulus.mod. these travel faster than type “S” waves. norm. tang. Vs = √ (δ/ρ) s where where k: k: elast. com 10 .Sound waves: pressure waves in fluids or in solids air Sound speed in different elements at 20°C in [m/s]: air: 343 water: 1480 v glass: 5300 ether(*): c [12] (*) according to N.t) scalar. VT = √ (G/ρ) T with E > G (always) In fluids: VL =√ (Ea /ρ).) where: u(x.Tesla[12] In solids: VL =√ (E/ρ) L .). v = √ (k/ρ) N. deltaavalon. in gases: VL =√ (γRT/M) (γRT/M gas const.B.: SOME TESLA EXPERIMENTS WERE ALWAYS CONSIDERED AS IMPOSSIBLE TO REPLICATE. VT =0 L a L T 2 ∂2 2 u/∂t2 2= 1/v2 2 2u (wave eq. Dielectric waves: charge density variation waves Some experimental results : results: electric wire (fragmentation stripes) i x longitudinal waves [8] by longitudinal Test made on electric conductors’ fragmentation[8] electrodynamic forces: wires showed peculiar stress/break patterns (parallel (parallel stripes) stripes) rather rather than than heat/fusion heat/fusion patterns.com 11 . x In physics HYDRODYNAMIC ANALOGY ” between physics exists exists the the “ “HYDRODYNAMIC ANALOGY” electrotechnics and . and hydraulics hydraulics. deltaavalon. The validity of v = R.com 12 . [2] Tesla’s 1893 original circuit [2] deltaavalon.Let us begin with the experiments : experiments: 1) Tesla ’s “ stout bars circuit ” Tesla’s “stout circuit” • This experiment shows curious electricity phenomena. i “Ohm’s law” to this case should be closely investigated by the “Academic World”. according to Tesla and also called “Tesla currents”. • Lamps rated for different voltages work at full brightness at the same time (*) deltaavalon.com with circuit shorted (*) The Neon tube lights up without usual “starter” circuit 13 . preferring the lamp filament (greater Ω).• The shunted lamps in the circuit light up at full brightness even “ Cold electricity “: “Cold electricity“: 12V 230V 1200V by a heavy copper bar: • current evidently doesn’t follow the bar path (smaller Ω) as normal. i (v = Z. where Z: impedance) • It should be v1 1= 0 and so even v2 2= 0 but it is evidently v2 ≠ 0 because lamps are lit v2 ≠ 0 v1 1 v2 2 deltaavalon.com 14 .The “ possibile” short -circuit “possibile” short-circuit • Ohm’s Law : v = R. i . lamp (*) some lamp types lit even with broken filament. the same lamp type (left) is working by ordinary AC household mains (230V/50Hz. the right bars one blueish. the emitted household mains Tesla current light colours are different: the left light is reddish.com 15 .1~).Halogen lamp lit immersed in water ®: A SPECIAL FEATURE by DELTA Ingegneria® • A striking effect is observed by shunting a lamp to the circuit (right) and immersing it in water : the 230V / 100W rated lamp lits at its full brightness (*). water deltaavalon. but attracts a suspended metal strip: • The hand “feels” a kind of “pressure” coming from the lamp.2) “ Flat spiral Tesla Coil ” “Flat Coil” • A good Tesla’s flat spiral [3] Coil (“pancake coil”)[3] shows striking features: bulb lamp emits light and repels the human hand.com Generator 16 . GND deltaavalon. about about 1890 1890 Dielectric longitudinal waves. energy”.649621 for “ Trasmitting electrical “Trasmitting energy ”.com 17 . emitted [10]. Tesla pancake coil A A Tesla Tesla lecture lecture . devoid of magnetic component. from from a a spherical antenna have have been yet observed in past[10] deltaavalon.• The original Tesla 1900 patent n. Transmission of energy with T.C. lamps motors [1] are lit and electric motors run lamps[1] deltaavalon.com 18 . “ Art of transmitting “Art energy in the medium ” medium” by only one wire and even without wires: neon WIRELESS. deltaavalon. and T.: T. with photomultiplier photomultiplier and and iron iron cored coil : coil: around the T.M. practically practically nil.: E≠0 spherical antenna E≠0 E mV. still.C. mA) with (mV.D.L. Qualitative : LED resonance Qualitative measures measures: resonance detector indicates presence of dielectric field whereas compass indicator stands still .M. mA B=0 B=0 Quantitative voltage voltage and and current current measures ( mV. fields of a T.C. dielectric field “ E” is “E” prevailing over magnetic field “ B”.C .com 19 . which is “B”.E. nil. 685957 for “receiving ENERGY” from a metal plate Tesla stout bars circuit Tesla’s Tesla’s lecture lecture before before AIEE AIEE .Original Tesla’s 1901 patent n.com 20 .1891 1891 deltaavalon. it transceives POWER.com 21 .3) Utilizing electrical energy • Apparatus for utilizing WIRELESS energy by an insulated plate and a series-connected-toearth neon lamp (i. neon GND deltaavalon. not only a weak signal) plate RADIANT ENERGY from T.e.C. motor GND deltaavalon.C.com 22 .• Variant of apparatus for utilizing WIRELESS energy by a spherical antenna sferica and an electric motor grounded (only one wire): receives POWER plate sphere (lamp bulb) current RADIANT ENERGY from T. D.• Conversion of WIRELESS energy L.waves E sphere GND L.D.M. waves energy is converted in the rectifier to electrical current for the motor deltaavalon.M.com 23 rectifier i i + motor 0 motor current . com 24 . instead of the spark-gap.4) “ Vacuum tube Tesla Coil ” “Vacuum Coil” • A special feature from ®: DELTA Ingegneria® flat spiral Tesla coil energized by vacuum tube with an additional drive coil added to the primary. additional drive coil vacuum tube deltaavalon. that is small power coil WIRELESS: transmission of ENERGY.C.com 25 . not only signal MAGNETODIELECTRIC: is the “dual of ELECTROMAGNETIC” deltaavalon. • Tesla Coil’s energy field lights up a neon tube to power its full brightness without transmission wires.The energy field of a T. com 26 .C. The two T.s are communicating ! deltaavalon.5) Mutual effects between T.Coils • Mutual effects of XMTR and RCVR: a neon tube near each Tesla coil shows that if RCVR coil is first switched on and then off the corresponding neon tube turns first ON and then OFF whereas the neon of the XMTR turns OFF and then ON. the relationship is therefore: f1 = f0 . f0 0 .57 MHz.com 27 .Tesla Coil resonance frequencies • There are two different main resonance frequencies f0 0 and f1 1.141…) Frequencies relationship expressed by wave lenghts λ : proportional proportional as as circle circle radius radius to arc π/2 1 deltaavalon. for instance f0 0 = 1 MHz and f1 1 = 1.57. π / 2 (π = 3. where f1 1 = 1. like brushes and streamers. colours [1] sun lamp deltaavalon. T.com 28 .Light effects with a T.C .C. in the lamp bulb at top terminal of secondary coil showing different [1]. • The apparatus produces curious beautiful light effects. com 29 .Tesla “ discharge coil ” “discharge coil” [1] coil • A peculiar Tesla[1] produces curious light effects. which are not felt by hand despite voltage rises to hundreds of kiloVolts. and are felt only if the terminals are directly touched. white electric streams appear instead of blue or violet ones as by usual HV air discharges. not visible by daylight but present and visible in the dark: “brushes” and “streamers”. generator deltaavalon. between the terminals. so: -> results are not the same and so the involved equations deltaavalon.i j. zero.i .The The sum sum of of quaternions quaternions q1=a+b =a+bii+c +cjj+d +dk k and and q2 q2=a-b =a-bii-c -cjj-d -dk k gives gives q q= =q1 q1+ +q2 q2=2a =2a which which is but a scalar scalar not not equal equal to to zero zero .j.com 30 • Calculation rules are not the same in the two systems.The The sum sum of of vectors vectors v1 v1=a =aii+b +bjj+c +ck k and and v2 v2=-a =-aii-b -bjj-c -ck k gives gives v v= =v1 v1+ +v2 v2=0 =0 that that is zero.j= .Vectors however have commutative property: i.Quaternions have anti-commutative property: i. Gibbs”. in in other other words words q1 q1+ +q2 q2=2a =2a but but v1 v1+ +v2 v2=0 =0 as an example. • • Quaternions have 4 terms: • Vectors have have only only 3 terms: q = a+bi+cj+dk v = ai+bj+ck (by Hamilton) (cartesian space) instance: . for .A few words about Maxwell ’s equations Maxwell’s • The The original original quaternion quaternion Maxwell’s Maxwell’s electromagnetism equations were later modified modified and and simplified simplified with with the the introduction introduction of of vectors vectors by by Heaviside Heaviside and and Gibbs”.j i.j= = j.i . ε0 = dielectric constant in vacuum. 0 ∂/∂t = time partial derivative. E = ρ /ε0 0 2 c2 Dielectric flux theorem Magnetic flux theorem Faraday’s law Ampére’s law E = dielectric field. j = current density. 2. B = magnetic field. A + 1/c2 arbitrarily fixed fixed as: as: So So the the equations equations of of scalar scalar potential potential φ and and vectorial vectorial potential potential A are: are: 2 ∂2 2φ/ ∂t2 21/c2 2 ∂2 2A/ ∂t2 21/c2 2 2 φ = ρ /ε 0 0 2 2A = μ J 0 0 where: deltaavalon.∂/∂t B x B = j/ε0 0 + ∂/∂t E . ∂/∂t = 0 and “Lorenz gauge” would then arbitrarily .Maxwell’s equations in today’s differential form are: .com 31 .B=0 x E = .. ρ = charge density. ..com 32 . it is therefore possible to choose. A A= =0 0 And And so so to to obtain obtain for for the the scalar scalar potential: potential: 2 2φ = . by introducing a “scalar gauge function function ψ ψ(x.∂/∂t ψ it descends that E and B vectorial fields are unvaried. would but violate the “causality” [11] such potential would imply everywhere an instantaneous charge variation. variation. deltaavalon. instead of former “Lorenz gauge” gauge”.t)” (x.t)” and the following potentials potentials A Ae eφ A=A+ ψ and φ = φ . the the “Coulomb “Coulomb gauge” gauge” (in (in vacuum) vacuum) that that is: is: .ρ /ε0 0 “Poisson’s equation” whose solution. the “instantaneous ” Coulomb potential associated to [11] as the variation of charge density. The results results obtained obtained by by two two “gauges” are therefore different.It is observed that. by the so-called “gauge freedom” in in choosing choosing vectorial potential A e scalar φ . Quaternions.aerospace navigation q = a+bi+cj+dk Use of quaternions could be made in Maxwell’s equations • Moreover. by use of informatics.computer graphics [6] calculation and allow up to 55% memory space saving. for example in: q .com 33 . two well known expressions of Maxwell’s equations (where B and E are respectively magnetic and dielectric vectorial fields) are: B= xA and E=φ . deltaavalon. simplify complicated manual [6] .∂/∂t A dielectric scalar potential φ and dielectric vector potential A curiously were often considered to be only mere mathematical abstractions rather than having physical meaning. quaternion.M.Application of quaternions in Maxwell’s equations: [7] it According According to to some some physics physics[7] it would would be be possible possible to to derive derive Maxwell’s Maxwell’s equations equations from from a a single single vector vector potential potential quaternion. existence.M. that that is: is: Ã = ( i φ/c .M. (T. (L.E.). besides besides transverse transverse electromagnetic electromagnetic waves waves (T.D.M. whose whose scalar scalar potential potential φ φ is is related related to to its its own own dielectric dielectric field field E E by by the the following following equation: equation: E= φ deltaavalon. also also of of longitudinal longitudinal dielectric dielectric waves waves (L.com 34 . A ) where: where: 2 2Ã = μ0 J 0 .D. J ) by by respect respect of of “Lorenz “Lorenz gauge” gauge” it it descends descends an an extension extension of of Maxwell’s Maxwell’s equations: equations: this this implies implies the the existence.).E. J = ( icρ .).). J + ∂ρ/∂t ) deltaavalon. Maxwell’s equations can therefore be reduced to the only two following: 2 2 2 ∂2 2E/∂t2 22E = -1/ ε ( 2 ∂J/∂t ) 1/c2 ρ + 1/c 0 0 2 2 ∂2 2B/∂t2 22B = μ ( 1/c2 xJ) 0 0 Introducing generic scalar field Σ .By employ employ of of quaternions quaternions and and adoption adoption of “Lorenz gauge”.com 35 . current intensity is: J= Σ Σ be considered following “gauge” transformation: 2 ∂Σ/∂t ρ’ = ρ + 1/c2 and J’ = J - be it noted that scalar Σ satisfies following wave equation which [11]: propagates with speed “c” in ether[11] 2 ∂2 2 Σ/∂t2 21/c2 2 2 Σ = -( . deltaavalon. such as in the case of opposed capacitor’s plates.This implies that distribution of a scalar wave Σ induces a charge density ρ and current intensity J (having speed “c”): 2 ∂Σ/∂t and ρ = .com 36 . according to J.P.Steinmetz[5] whom dielectric field between two conductors wouldn’t only be confined to its surfaces. this would also explain the working principle of the electric electric capacitor capacitor by by also keeping in mind the theories of [5].1/c2 J= E Σ capacitor even if charge ρ and current J are not present in a particular zone. but it is distributed in the space between them. deltaavalon.Simon Newcomb. last but not least a quote: “The flight of machines heavier than air is not practicable and is insignificant.com Videos on YouTube: “Wireless power 1 & 2” etc. user: HorizonDelta deltaavalon..” . God’s vast: discovered.God ’s creation is vast : a lot has to be discovered . visit website: www. 1902.com 37 . if not utterly impossible. Nikola Tesla: “On light and other HF phenomena”. Eng. 1990 (in italian) [7] Arbab I. may 1919 [4] Hugo Gernsback: “Faster than light !”. “On the the generalized Maxwell equations & their prediction of electroscalar…”..A.com 38 .2009 deltaavalon. Electrical Experimenter. 1891 [2] Dr. Italy. 1914 [6] Dr. & Satti Z.. Roberto Handwerker et al. lecture delivered at Franklin Institute.2 n.12.vol. Steinmetz: “Electric discharges. Nikola Tesla: “Experiments with AC of VHF and their application to methods of artificial illumination”. waves etc.1893 [3] Dr. Faculty of Engineering. Philadelphia.A. Nikola Tesla: “The true wireless”. Everyday science and mechanics . Milan Polytechnic. feb.”. nov. Charles P.Omdurman Univ.Bibliography and references [1] Dr.1931 [5] Dr.: ”Rotazione di solidi mediante quaternioni” for Elements of informatics. Milan. Przeglad Elektrotechniczny. Elektrotechniczny. Longmans.Bibliography and references [8] J.1999 [11] Prof. Ignatiev & V. interview with N. Petersburg).Y. 1961 1961 (in (in polnish) polnish) [9] Dr.1904 [12] Dr. Kamensky (Imperial Mint. Milan.Y.A. Eng. Tesla. N. Nova Science. St. N.Y.. Mendeleev: “An attempt towards a chemical conception of the ether” (trans. 2011 [10] G. D. Nikola Tesla: “Nikola Tesla tells of new radio theories”.com 39 . N. 22 Sept.F. Roberto Handwerker: ”Longitudinal dielectric waves in a Tesla coil and quaternionic Maxwell’s equations”. Nasilowski: “Phenomena connected with the disintegration of conductors…”. Green & Co. from Russian by G. revised and enlarged edition..1929. Leus: “Instantaneous action at a distance in modern physics: pro and contra”. Hauppage. * * * deltaavalon. Herald Tribune. com 40 .Also from the Author (in English): “ LONGITUDINAL DIELECTRIC WAVES IN A TESLA COIL “LONGITUDINAL AND QUATERNIONIC MAXWELL ’S EQUATIONS ” MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS” deltaavalon. deltaavalon. “Wonderful lighting”.2011 All rights reserved info: info@deltaavalon. “Wireless power-”.com 41 .Thank you for your kind attention ! Dr.deltaavalon. among which: “Tesla and cold electricity”. Roberto Handwerker DELTA Ingegneria® .com www.Milan. Eng.com On website articles of Author. Italy .