TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT MBA III SEM AS PER SYLLABUS OF RTU, KOTA PREPARED BY Dr.Pragya Mathur Kumar FACULTY (BISMA) BIYANI GROUP OF COLLEGES SECTOR -3, VIDHYADHAR NAGAR, JAIPUR -302023. For more detail :- http://www.gurukpo.com TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT Group C [HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT] M-311 STUDY MATERIAL IN THE FORM OF QUESTION & ANSWERS Objective: The purpose of this paper is to provide an in-depth under-standing of the role o f training in the HRD and to enable the course participants to manage the Traini ng system and processes. CONTENTS TOPIC 1. NO.OF QUESTIONS Page Introduction to Training & Development Performance Appraisal & Training Training Process Trainer & Training Institutions 6 3 2. 3. 5 19 8 9 12 32 4. 5. Evaluation of Training 6. 15 12 37 49 Training Methods and Techniques Annexure References 60 For more detail :- http://www.gurukpo.com UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT Q.1. What is training? Ans.Training can be defined as “The systematic acquisition of attitudes, concepts, knowledge, roles, or skills, that result in improved per formance at work.” It refers to the process of teaching employees the basic skills they need to perform their jobs. Training refers to skill enhancement processes and activities designed to provide learners with the knowledge and skills neede d for their present jobs. Q.2.What is training needs assessment? Ans. Training N eeds Assessment consists of : Organizational Analysis :Examines systemwide facto rs that effect the transfer of newly acquired skills to the workplace Person Ana lysis: Who needs what kind of training Task Analysis: Provides statements of the activities and work operations performed on the job Q.3.What is training design ? Ans. Training design refers to the content, methods, material etc. used for pu rpose of imparting training. It is based on the following information: Who needs what kind of training? Needs analysis Learning objectives For more detail :- http://www.gurukpo.com Learning environment How should training be delivered? Instructional techniques Was training effective? Measuring criteria Experimental design (interpreting res ults) Training validity The Classic Training System Needs assessment Organizational analysis Task/ KSA analysis Person analysis Training Validity Tra ining objectives Development of criteria Transfer Validity Selection & design of training program Intraorganizational Validity Use of evaluation models Training Interorganizational Validity Q.4.What are techniques and aids for training? Ans. Traditional Approaches Class room Instruction i. Lecture and Discussion ii. Case Study iii. Role Playing For more detail :- http://www.gurukpo.com 6. Q. Ans.com . Training and development plays a very importan t role and brings many benefits to the organization. Development of Human Resources – Training and De velopment helps to provide an opportunity and broad structure for the developmen t of human resources’ For more detail :. Correspondence Courses ii. Workbooks.Enumerate the benefits derived by training and dev elopment in an organization. The HR function must support and enhance the organizatio n’s corporate strategy. On-the-job training iv. Apprenti ce training iii. HRD is in the business of supporting the organization’s stra tegies goals and objectives. Job Rotation/Cross Training 5.gurukpo. Readings.http://www. Progra mmed Instruction Simulated/Real Work Settings i. What is training strategy? Ans.Self-Directed Learning i. Optimum Utilization of Huma n Resources – Training and Development helps in optimizing the utilization of huma n resource that further helps the employee to achieve the organizational goals a s well as their individual goals. Vestibule training ii. Training strategy contributes to the organization’s c ompetitive position by ensuring that the employees have the necessary competenci es to meet strategic performance demands and assisting in the removal of barrier s to desired performance. Team spirit – Training and Development helps in inculcating the sense of team work. The employees get these feelings from leaders.gurukpo. subordinates. and inter-team collaborations. Development of skills of employees – Training and De velopment helps in increasing the job knowledge and skills of employees at each level. It helps in inculcating the zeal to learn within the employees. Organization Culture – Trainin g and Development helps to develop and improve the organizational health culture and effectiveness. It helps to expand the horizons of human intellect and an overall persona lity of the employees. For more detail :. Quality – Training and Development helps i n improving upon the quality of work and work-life. Productivity – Training and Development helps in increasing the productivity of the employees that helps the organization further to achiev e its long-term goal. and peers. It helps in creating the learning culture within the organiz ation.technical and behavioral skills in an organization.com . Organization Climate – Training and Development helps building the positive perception and feeling about the organization. team spirit.http://www. It also helps the employees in attaining personal growth. Morale – Training and Development helps in improving the morale of the work force. Training and Devel opment aids in organizational development i.http://www. relationship so that indiv idual goals aligns with organizational goal. better attitudes. Profitability – Training and Development leads to improved profitab ility and more positive attitudes towards profit orientation.gurukpo. For more detail :.com . Health and Safety – Training and Deve lopment helps in improving the health and safety of the organization thus preven ting obsolescence.Healthy work environment – Training and Development helps in creating the healthy working environment. Organization gets more effective decision making and problem solving. motivation. It helps to build good employee. Image – Training and Development helps in creating a better co rporate image. It helps in understanding and carrying out organisational policies Training and Development helps in developing leadership skills.e. loyalty. and other aspects that successful workers and managers usually display. What is Adult Learning (Andragogy)? Ans.Training provides the opportunity for l earning. They include (1) letting learners know w hy something is important to learn. and be liefs about learning.com . behaviors. related behavior and o utcomes to discover how and why the employee is presently performing on the job and how the employee can perform more effectively in the future so that the empl oyee. A Performance Appraisal “is a formal struc tured system of measuring and evaluating an employee’s job.UNIT TWO PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL & TRAINING Q.What is Learning through trainin g? Ans. For more detail :.3.http://www. In addition. (4) people will not learn until they are ready and motivated to lea rn.What is Performance appraisal? Ans. and (3) relating the topic to the learners experiences. The andragogic model asserts that five issues be consi dered and addressed in formal learning. (2) showing learners how to direct themselve s through information.gurukpo. Q. Often this (5) requires helping them overcome inhibitions.1.2. Learning refers to a relatively permanent change in behaviour as a resul t of experience . organization and society all benefits.Training is the systematic process of providing an opportunity to learn KSAs for current or future jobs.” Q. Andragogy is the art and science of helping adults to learn. meaning that less and less new inf ormation is retained after each repetition. and then gradually evens out. Q. Learning styles are simply different approaches or ways of learning.5. Shaping behaviour:Systematica lly reinforcing each successive step that moves an individual closer to the desi red response. how much there is to learn after initial familiarity.there are three different Learning Styles: For more detail :. the increase in retention of information is sharpest after the in itial attempts. Operant conditioning A type of conditioning in which desired voluntary behaviour leads to a reward or prevents punishment.People learn in different ways.The learning curve can also represent at a glance the initial difficulty of learning something and.gurukpo. Different theories explain the process by which we acquire patterns of behaviour.4.http://www. Social Learning Theory:The view that people ca n learn through observation and direct experience.Write notes on Learning theories and learning Curve.com . Simply put.What are the different Le arning Styles? Ans. Typically. And no one has a better learning style than anyone else . Behaviourism :A theory that argues that behavior follows stimuli in a realatively unthinking manner. LEARNING CURVE: A learning curve is a graphical representation of the changing rate of learning (in the average person) for a given activity or to ol.Q. Ans. Classical condit ioning:A type of conditioning in which an individual responds to some stimulus t hat would not ordinarily produce such a response. to an extent. speed and other nuances. Written information may ha ve little meaning until it is heard. moving.. These learners often benefit from reading t ext aloud and using a tape recorder.com . actively exp loring the physical world around them. discussions.http://www. pitch.. They may find it hard to sit still for lo ng periods and may become distracted by their need for activity and exploration.. talking things through and listening to what others have to s ay. For more detail :. They learn best through verbal lect ures.• • • Listening learners Seeing learners Touch / experience learners Auditory Learners:learn through listening. Auditory learners interpret the underlying meanings of speech through listen ing to tone of voice.gurukpo. Tactile/Kinesthetic persons learn best through a hands-on approach. doing and touching.. Tactile/Kinesthetic Learners:learn through . at the right time.1. a nd problem-solving process. activelearning.com . and the performan ce of the employees depends on their ability to perform.UNIT III.2. forming For more detail :. Since the organizational effectiveness of depends on the performance of the employees. and in developing plans for coping wi th them realistically and practically. Scientific method in the form of data gat hering.http://www. training managers are c ritical for the success of any organization. Action research can be done by individuals or by teams of colleagues. It typically is designed and conducted by practitioners who analyze th e data to improve their own practice.What is Action Research? Ans. What is the role of Training Managers? Ans. Action research is inquiry or research in the context of focused efforts to improve the quality of an organization and its per formance. and action oriented. in devis ing methods for finding their real causes. and the client and the change agent collaborate in identifying and ranking specific problems.gurukpo. Q. TRAINING PROCESS Q. Training managers in organizati ons are responsible for ensuring there is a pool of manpower of the required lev els of expertise at the right place . Data are not simply returned in the form of a writte n report but instead are fed back in open joint sessions. problem-finding. It involves the organization in a diagnostic. A ction research is problem centered. The team approach is called collaborative inquiry. organization centered. Refreezing: Application of new behavior is evaluated.hypotheses. Systems Model of Action-Research Process in the figure summariz es the steps and processes involved in planned change through action research.http://www. they are more likely to adopt new ways.gurukpo. For more detail :. " Lewin s descrip tion of the process of change involves three steps : Unfreezing: Faced with a di lemma or disconfirmation. adopted. Lewin believed that the motivation to change was strongly related to action: If people are active in dec isions affecting them. French and Bell define organization development (OD) at one point as "organization improve ment through action research". Changing: The situation is diagnosed and new models of behavior are explore d and tested. although not pursued as r igorously as in the laboratory. and if reinf orcing.com .How is action research relevant to Organization development? Ans. the individual or group becomes aware of a need to cha nge. and measuring results.3. is nevertheless an integral part of the process. testing hypotheses. Q. Instructional objectives describe skills. feedback of results. This stage includes actual changes in behavior (if any) r esulting from corrective action steps taken following the second stage. or results. This stage includes actions relati ng to learning processes (perhaps in the form of role analysis) and to planning and executing behavioral changes in the organization. abilities or attitudes students should possess after they complete the training. these action steps are carried out on the job as part of the transformation stage. Following the workshop or learning sessions.com . Included in this stage is action-planning activity carri ed out jointly by the consultant and members of the organization. The principal elements of this stage include a preliminary diagno sis.What are instruction objectives? Ans.gurukpo. phase. In the lang uage of systems theory. The third stage of action research is the outp ut. Good instructional objectives describe an For more detail :. feedb ack at this stage would move via Feedback Loop A and would have the effect of al tering previous planning to bring the learning activities into better alignment with change objectives. data gathering.The second stage of action rese arch is the action.http://www. and joint action planning. Data are again gathered from the client system so that progress can be determined and ne cessary adjustments in learning activities can be made. phase.4. Q.Action research is depicted as a cyclical process of change. As shown in Figure . or transformation. The cycle begins wi th a series of planning actions initiated by the client and the change agent wor king together. The star ting point for designing a course of study should include these instructional ob jectives. knowledge. this involves determining the intended outcomes of the training. this is the input phase . one that can be observed and measured by an instructor o r manager. typically in this order: 1.5. In a nutshell. The detail of the plan will v ary depending on the preference of the trainer and area being covered. short-term. A lesson plan is a trainer’s detailed descriptio n of the course of instruction for an individual lesson. learning can be objectively measured. List of requir ed materials 4. Title of the lesson 2. A daily lesson plan is developed by a trainer to guide class instruction. Q. which may be behavioral objectives (what the trainee can do at lesson completion) or knowledge objectives (what the trainee knows at lesson com pletion) For more detail :.What is lesson planning? Ans.The purpose of objectives is not to restrict spontaneity or constrai n the vision of training but to ensure that learning is focused clearly enough t hat both trainer and trainee know what is going on.observable performance. observable studen t behaviors. While the re are many formats for a lesson plan. List of objectives. most lesson plans contain some or all of these elements.com .http://www. measurable.gurukpo. Time required to complete the lesson 3. instructional objectives: Describe a skill that trainees are expected to possess after instruction Describ e a measurable performance Describe the performance conditions Instructional objectives are specific. A summary. including trainer’s instructional input and guided practice the traine es use to try new skills or work with new ideas 7. transference For more detail :. There are four critical elements of learning that m ust be addressed to ensure that people learn. where the trainer wraps up the discussion and answers questions 9. The set (or lead-in. Ans. a test for mastery of the instructed skills or concept s— such as a set of questions to answer or a set of instructions to follow 10. Note on the learning process. Independent practice that allows trainees to extend skills or knowledge on th eir own 8.com .5. retention 4. leading questions.gurukpo. An evaluation component. Analysis component the trainer uses to reflect on the lesson itself —such as w hat worked. Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that occur s as a result of experience. reinforcement 3. or bridge-in) include that focuses students on the asking lesson s skills or concepts—these showing pictures or models. motivation 2. These elements are 1. An instructional component that describes the sequence of events that make up the lesson. Q. what needs improving.6.h ttp://www. or reviewing previous lessons 6. Instructor s can motivate students via several means: The participant must be interested in the subject. If the person/trainee does not recognize the need for the information (or h as been offended or intimidated). The degree of difficulty should be set high enough to challenge participants but not so high that they become frustrated by informatio n overload. Set a feeling or tone for the lesson and try to establi sh a friendly.Q. Set an appropriate level of concern. all of the instructor s effort to assist the p articipant to learn will be in vain. a higher level of tension/stress should be established in the class. this provides motivation. open atmosphere that shows the participants they will help them learn.com . If the material has a high level of importance. Participants must also see a reward for learning. However. Adults must see the benefit of learning in order to motivate themselv es to learn the subject. it can be simply a demonstration of benefits to be realized from learning the material. Feedback. The instructor must establish rapport with participants and prepare them for learning. For more detail :. it becomes a barrier to learning.http://www. The instruction should predict and reward participation. if the s tress is too high. The reward does not necessarily have to be mone tary.7. The level of tension must be a djusted to meet the level of importance of the objective. culminating in success. Interest is directly related to reward.gurukpo. Set an appropr iate level of difficulty. people learn best under low to moderate stress.How does motivation affect learning? Ans. 8.What is Reinforcement? Ans. The contingent presentation of a noxious stimulus th at tends to decrease a behavior is called Punishment.. The reward does not necessarily have to be monetary. • Negative reinforcement is the contingent removal of a noxious stimulus that tend s to increase the behavior. Reinforcing a behavior wil l never lead to extinction of that behavior by definition. Feedback must be specific .It is a very necessary part of the teaching/learning process.9. it can be simply a demonstration of benefi ts to be realized from learning the material.com . Participants must also see a reward for learning. Q. Adults must see the benefit of le arning in order to motivate themselves to learn the subject. Knowledge of learning results is called feedback.gurukpo. Punishment and Time O ut lead to extinction of a particular behavior. not general. through it. • Positive reinforcement is normally used by instructors who are teaching particip ants new skills.What is feedback? Ans.http://www. but positive or negative reinfor cement of that behavior never will. Reinforcement refers to the consequence of any action . instructors encourage correct modes of behavior and performance. positive reinforcement is "good" and reinf orces "good" (or positive) behavior. As the name implies.Q. For more detail :. R etention by the participants is directly affected by their amount of practice du ring the learning. Instructors should emphasize retention and application. The trainer’s job is not finished until they have assisted the learner in retaining the information.com . they will not retain it well either.When trainers are trying to change behaviors (old practices). they should apply both positive and negative reinforcement . if the participants did not learn the material well initially. occurs when the participants uses the behavior taught in the course.What is retention? Ans. there are two types of transfer : positive and negative.10. Trainers need to use it on a frequent and regular basis early in the process to help the students retain w hat they have learned. For more detail :. Then.it is the ability to use the information taught in the course but in a new setting. positive behavior.gurukpo.10.What is transfer of learning? Ans. Q. As with reinforcement .Reinforcement should be part of the training/learning process to ensure correct behavior. Transfer of learning is the result of training -. The amount of retention will be directly affected by the degree of original learning. Simply stated. like positive reinforcement. Q. they should use reinforcement only to maintain cons istent.11. • Positive transference. What is transfer of learning? Q.http://www. Learners/ trainees must retain information from classes in order to benefit from the learning. the learners come to the course with precisely defined expectations.participant s degree of original learning was high . Transference is most likely to occur in the following situations: Association -.the information learned contains elements that a re extremely beneficial (critical) on the job. The best motivators for adult learners are interest and selfish benefit. Q. it revisits a logical framework or pattern. it is just as substantial as traditional education and carries and potential for greater succe ss. the heightened success requires a greater responsibility on the p art of the teacher.13.12. there are barriers to their learning. Critical attribute element -. that is. Of course. again like negative reinforcement.participants can associate the new information with something tha t they already know. Additionally.http://www. and the benefits will be longer lasting.gurukpo. D egree of original learning -. If they can be shown that the course benefits them pragmatically. This results in a positive (desir ed) outcome. com . Although adult learning is relatively new as field of study. Q.Does adult learning have any significant role to play ? Ans. Unfortunately. For more detail :. they will perform better. Similarity -.• Negative transference.the information is similar to material that p articipants already know. occurs when the partic ipants do not do what they are told not to do.How can the transfer of learning be maximized? Ans. Top management expects continuing technical excellence and competence. Work assignments include opportunities to le arn new techniques and procedures For more detail :.http://www. 3. Top management expects high levels of performa nce at all times.a ll of which can be measured and managed. Gaining new information about ways to perform w ork more effectively is important in this organization.What is meant by Training climate ? Ans. Independent and innovative thinking are encouraged by supervisors. and consists of six clear elemen ts. Supervisors match associates’ needs for personal and professional developmen t with opportunities to attend training. Q.com . responsibility.15. 3.14. 2. 4. recognition and teamwork . The elements w hich make the training climate are: Managerial Support (MS): 1. 2.gurukpo.Q. 5. Training climate is what it feels like to work somewhere. Learning new ways of performing work is valued in this organization. how motivating that is. Job Support (JS): 1. Supervisors give recognition and credit to those who apply new knowledge and skills to their wor k.What are the elements which make the training climate ? Ans. 4. clarity. Job assignments are d esigned to promote personal development. commitment. standards. http://www.16. Ther e is a performance appraisal system that ties financial rewards to use of newly acquired knowledge and skills.gurukpo. How to create a training climate in the training room? Ans. 4. 2. 5.for improving performance. This organization rewards employees for using newly acquired knowledge and skills on the job. 5. Organizational Support (OS): 1. There is a strong belief that continuous learning is important to successful job performance. 3.com . There are rewards and incentives for acquiring and us ing new knowledge and skills in one’s job. Here are some guidelines for creating a training climate in the training ro om: ENABLING OBJECTIVES : • • Identify characteristics of how people learn Explain how groups form and develop For more detail :. This organization offers excellent training pr ograms. Q. Employees are provided with resources necessary to acquire and use ne w knowledge and skills. • • • • Use effective presentation skills Introduce a presentation Use questioning techn iques Summarize a presentation CHARACTERISTICS OF LEARNERS • • • • • • • Require learning to be relevant Are highly motivated if they believe learning is relevant Need participation and active involvement in the learning process Desi re a variety of learning experiences Desire positive feedback Have personal conc erns and need an atmosphere of safety Need to be recognized as individuals with unique backgrounds.http://www.gurukpo.com . experiences and learning needs • • • Must maintain their self-esteem Have high expectations for themselves and their trainer Have personal needs that must be taken into consideration INVOLVING PARTICIPANTS • Allowing participants to provide input regarding schedules. activities and other events • • Questioning and feedback Brainstorming and discussions For more detail :. http://www.com .• • • Hands-on work Group and individual projects Classroom activities USE A VARIETY OF METHODS • • • • • • • • Audiovisual aids Illustrated lectures Demonstrations Brainstorming Small group a ctivities Group discussions Role plays and case studies Guest speakers USE THE POSITIVE FEEDBACK • • • • Give verbal praise either in front of other participants or in private Use posit ive responses during questioning Recognize appropriate skills while coaching Let the participants know how they are progressing toward achieving learning object ives TREAT PARTICIPANTS AS INDIVIDUALS • Use participant names as often as possible For more detail :.gurukpo. http://www.com .• • • Involve all participants as often as possible Treat participants with respect Al low participants to share information with others MAINTAIN SELF-ESTEEM • • • • Reinforce those practices and beliefs embodied in the course content Provide cor rective feedback in an appropriate manner Provide training that adds to their se nse of competence and self-esteem Recognize participants’ own career accomplishmen ts INDIVIDUALS BECOME GROUP • • • • • They share a common purpose They share a common experience in attending the cour se Each member’s contributions and questions are valued and respected An open and trusting climate develops The members pay attention to how they work together UNDERSTAND GROUP DYNAMICS • • • • Observe Develop increased awareness Discuss observations with cotrainers Develop options to support the group For more detail :.gurukpo. phrases or gestures Display enthusiasm Move around the room Use appropriate audiovisuals Be sure to ask both simple and more challengi ng questions Provide positive feedback Use participant names Display a positive use of humor Provide smooth transitions between topics Be an effective role mode l PURPOSE OF INTRODUCTION • Capture interest For more detail :.TO MOVE TOWARDS LEARNING GOALS • • • Structure Direction Leadership EFFECTIVE PRESENTATION SKILLS • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Follow a plan and use trainer’s notes Communicate in a way that is easy to underst and Maintain eye contact with participants Project your voice Avoid the use of s lang or repetitive words.gurukpo.com .http://www. http://www.• • Make participants aware of the clinical trainer’s expectations Help foster a posit ive training climate INTRODUCTION TECHNIQUES • • • • • • • • • • • • • Reviewing the objectives Asking a series of questions about the topic Relating t he topic to previously covered content Sharing a personal experience Relating th e topic to real-life experiences Using a case study or problem-solving activity Using a videotape or other audiovisual aid Using an imaginative transparency Mak ing a provocative statement Giving a classroom demonstration Using a content exp ert Using a game. role play or simulation Relating the topic to future work expe riences QUESTIONING TECHNIQUES • • • • Ask a question of the entire group Target the question to a specific participant State the question. pause and then direct the question to a specific participan t The key in asking questions is to avoid a pattern For more detail :.com .gurukpo. techniques.gurukp o. their self concept moves from being a dependent personality toward one of being a self-directing human being.• • • Use participant names during questioning Repeat a participant’s correct response P rovide positive reinforcement PARTICIPANTS RESPONSES • • • Use participant names during questioning Repeat a participant’s correct response P rovide positive reinforcement Q. For more detail :.What is pedagogy? Ans.com .17. Andragogy is the art and science of helping adults learn.http://www.(teaching children) and Andragog y :-(teaching adults). and approaches that teachers / trainers can use to facilitate learning also sometimes referred to as the correc t use of teaching strategies. Pedagogy is the strategies.The word "peda" refers to children . As pe rsons mature.Andragogy is based on crucial assumptions about the characteristics of adu lt learners that are different from the assumptions about child learners . which is why some li ke to make the distinction between : Pedagogy:-. Pedagogy is the art or science of being a teacher or trainer.What is Andragogy? Ans. Q.18. 3. Define the target population for training.useful train ing materials. Steps 5–10 constitute the design and development process. The first four steps constitute the task analysis that is necessary to design and develop relevant. Select the skills and knowledge to be taught. and descriptions of t raining methods. and their time perspective changes from one of postponed application of knowledge to immediacy of application.19How are training modules developed? Ans. Organize the selected skills and knowledge into suitable teachin g units (modules) and develop the training design (including brief outlines of m odule content and planned training methods). For more detail :. 6. their readiness to learn becomes oriented increasingly to t he developmental tasks of their social roles. 4.http://www. examples and exercises. List the tasks to be performed by the ta rget population on the job.”) 5.com . Q. 2. including instructional objectives. List the skills and knowledge needed to do the ta sks. The process for developing performa nce-based training includes the following steps. 1.gurukpo. Draft expanded outlines of modul es.they accumulate a growing reservoir of experience that becomes an increasing res ource for learning . (These make up the “training objectives. main body of text. D raft the complete modules. 10. and course director guideline s. 9. For more detail :.com . Experts provide realistic examples and information for use in exercises. facilitator guidelines. 8. Field-test the training materials.http://www.7. Revise and finalize training materi als based on the field test.gurukpo. Are culturally sensitive. Use a variety of vocal qualities Use “body language” effectively . E ffective trainers : Know their subject matter. Take the time to get to know thei r audience.http://www. Are lively.1.gurukpo. Are self-aware. TRAINER & TRAINING INSTITUTIONS Q. A person who imparts training is a trainer. Are receptive to feedback.UNIT IV. Con tinuously work to improve their teaching and training. enthusi astic and original.What is Trainers Profile? Ans. Are open to new ideas and perspectives.com . Are compassionate. Make their remarks clear and easy to remember. Illustrate their points. For more detail :. Are inclusive. Unders tand group dynamics and are comfortable managing groups. Are nonjudgmental They respect differences of opinion and life choic es. Are flexible. Q. They serve as the liaisons between the org anization and the project team.gurukpo. Q. There have been changes in responsibility in lin e with the growth of HRM.5. Ans.Q.4.3. For more detail :.Can the trainer help managers in changing times? Ans. The term "Change Agen ts" refers to people in the organization who can be counted on to champion the c hange to their departments and peers.http://www. Q. Write a short note on Trainer as a change Agent.What is the emerging role of the HR manager? Ans. delayering and divisionalization.Why is there a growing demand for training and development? Ans.com . Human resource management is a process of bringing people and organizations together so that the goals of each other are met. The role of HR manager is shi fting from that of a protector and screener to the role of a planner and change agent. The main reasons for the rapidly growing demand for training and developmen t are self-enrichment and survival in response to the chaos of the current workplace. Training and development extends beyond information and orientation trainin g to include sensitivity training and field experiences that will enable the man ager to understand cultural differences better. Trainers are now see n more as facilitators and agents of change than as instructors.2. How can we say that training benefits organizations? Ans. Work pressures are on the increase due to the incr easing stresses and strains. Motorola claims that for eve ry dollar that it spends on training it gets back 33 dollars as benefits. Q. which began from an assessment of current. For mo re detail :.training used to be focused more on enabling an employee to perform his/her current job effectively and efficiently and the e valuation used to be based on whether it contributes to current strategic goals. which enables fulfillment to the individual as well as the organization. they have reaped rich rewards. With the knowledge economy enveloping the world. needs of the organization it will now have to encompass even emergin g needs of organization. For example.http://www. Infosys is imparting leadership training by setting up a trai ning institute for future leader.com . There is evidence from industry that. when companies have embraced some of the principles of train ing and development. Earlier. Training improves over all organizational g rowth along with personal growth. Rewards c ome when the organizations starts identifying the relationship between the train ing and bottom line performance. Employees expectations in terms of responsibility as well as rewards have changed dramatically. in India. From a policy.gurukpo. and competitive. the traditi onal hierarchical organizational structures are giving way to flatter and flexib le organizational structures. and they need to constantly stay fl exible. marketable.In most organizations. Organizations now work with flexible teams and an e mployee is a member of different teams simultaneously. employees are realizing that the knowledge and skills the y acquired in college are becoming obsolete.6. In the modern era as globalization and competition increase training systems ha ve to change focus. Management Development Programmes (MDP) refer t o the activities involved in enhancing leaders . organize. leading and coordinating resources. Some key skills for executives to have inc lude understanding the external environment of the organization. organizing. etc. str ategic planning. Unless organizations follow a holistic approach towards training and development they may end up as dysfunctional organizations. program plannin g and human resource management. Q.gurukpo. financial forecasting and analysis. Pepsi views training ser iously and the chairman himself involves in the conduct of workshops for senior executives.http://www. leadership development (developing leaders). leadership.What are MDP and EDPs ? Ans. Executive development Programm es(EDP) refer to the activities involved in enhancing one s ability to carry out top-level roles in the organization. A critical skill for an yone is the ability to manage their own learning. man agerial development (developing managers) and supervisoral development (developi ng supervisors).GE uses its training programs to identify the high flyers and develop best inter personal relations among managers and senior managers.Management development is an effort that enhances the learner s capacity to manage organizations (or oneself).7. Cons equently. managers and supervisor s abil ities to plan. For more detail :. organizing.com . lead and control the organization and its members. Managing includes activities of p lanning. many view the term "management development" to include executive devel opment (developing executives). conducti ng a large variety of formal and non formal training programmes .What are different types of training institutions? Ans.com . there is a large network of ITIs. commodity boards. NGOs.Q.In India. extension. institutions. Confedera tion of industries at district..8. Vocational schools. universities.state.Export promotion council s.http://www. community polytechnics.gurukpo. For more detail :.regional and national levels etc. Chambers of commerce and Industries. prof essional bodies and associations. 5.The f ive main purposes of training evaluation are: 1. Control: It helps in controlling the training program because if the training is not effect ive. The process of examining a training progra m to assess whether training has had the desired effect is called training evalu ation. Training evaluation ensures whether candidates are able to implement thei r learning in their respective workplaces.1. or to the regular work routines. For more detail :. the top ma nagement (higher authoritative employee) uses the evaluative data to manipulate it for their own benefits. Feedback: It helps in giving fe edback to the candidates by defining the objectives and linking it to learning o utcomes.What is Training Evaluation? Ans. then it can be dealt with accordingly. transfer of knowledge at the work place. 4. Power games: At times. and training 3. Research: It helps in ascertaining the relationship between acquired knowledge. 2.UNIT V Evaluation of Training Q.com . Intervention: It helps in determining that whether the actual outcomes are aligned with the expected outcomes.http://www.gurukpo. All effective trainers not only evaluate or measure the degree of su ccess of their course.http://www.3.Q.2. they also evaluate their personal performance at the For more detail :.gurukpo. Q.The various methods of training evaluation are: • • • • • Observation Questionnaire Interview Self diaries Self recording of specific inci dents.How is training evaluation a useful process? Ans.What are the methods of training evaluation? Ans.com .It is not good enough for a trainer to feel self-satisfied with his or her training performance without eva luating it. 5.The main purpose of training evalua tion is to improve training by discovering which training processes are successf ul in achieving their objectives (to "sort out the good from the bad"). Trainer evaluation (self-eva luation). oral test questions.conclusion of each session or at least at the end of each training day.There are two aspects of evaluation: 1. skill tests . Guidelines for course evaluation: Break the process of evaluation into clea r.gurukpo.Suggest guidelines for course evaluation. The four levels of Kirkpatrick s evaluati on model essentially measure: For more detail :. Q. Evaluati on is an integral part of effective training. Ans. Course evaluation 2.http://www. Evaluating behaviour: What changes in job behaviour resulted from the training Evaluating results: What were the tangible results of the training in terms of improved job performance? Q.com . achievable steps: Evaluating reaction: Find out how well the trainees liked a particular training session or sessions or the course as a whole Evaluating lea rning: What principles.How are the four levels of Kirkpatrick s evaluation model useful in evaluati ng learning in the organizations? Ans.4. facts and techniques were learned? Written test question s. Verbal reaction.t he resulting increase in knowledge or capability. Quick and very easy to obtain. For more detail :.Illustrate the four levels of Kirkpatrick s training evaluation . behaviour . level evaluation type (what is measured) evaluation description examples of and characteristics evaluation tools and meth ods relevance and practicability 1 Reaction Reaction evaluation is how the delegates felt about the training or learning exp erience.gurukpo.All these measures are recommended for full and meaningful evaluat ion of learning in organizations.com .6.what they thought and felt about the training. Not expensive to gather or to analyse. feedback forms. post-training surveys or questi onnaires.reaction of trainee. Ans. learning .the effects on the business or environment resulting from the trainee s performance. results .extent of behaviou r and capability improvement and implementation/application. This grid illustrates the basic Kirkpatrick structure at a glance.http://www. Q. Happy sheets . com . Measures are already in place via normal management systems and Individually not difficult. Process must attribute For more detail :. Less easy for co mplex learning. Measurement of behaviour change typically requires cooperation and skill of line -managers. relevance of change. clear-cut for quantifiable skills.gurukpo. 3 Behaviour Behaviour evaluation is the extent of applied learning back on the job . Interview or observation can also be used. Observation and interview over time are required to assess change.2 Learning Learning evaluation is Typically the measurement of the increase in knowledge before and after. assessments or tests before and after the training. and sustainability of change.http://www. Relatively simple to set up. unlike whole organisation.impleme ntation. 4 Results Results evaluation is the effect on the business or environment by the trainee. the challenge is to relate to the trainee.http://www.Such a study will discover the linkage between learning and improved profitability.reporting .8. Since Kirkpatrick es tablished his original model.gurukpo. have referred to a possible fifth level. effectively and efficiently perform their jobs. ROI can easily be included in Kirkpatrick s original four th level Results . Q. If you wish to score 10 out of 10 . clear accountabilities. Return on Investment . Q.7. The t rainer’s role is extremely important when you consider the changes that are taking place in the For more detail :. productive and can safely. efficiency and effectiveness. Ans The trainer s role is to determine what the trainee is capable o f learning at any given time and then present the training and development activ ities in a clear and logical manner so the trainee is capable of performing all required job tasks A trainer must be provided means of training subordinates so that they are competent. other theorists (for example Jack Phillips). and i ndeed Kirkpatrick himself.What is the concept of ROI in Training evaluation? Ans.shows the cost versus benefits of an initiative. namely ROI ( Return On Investment).Briefly discuss the role of a Trainer . training must demonstrate that it helps a business become more sustainable while also contributing to the customer and society.com . how the work should be accomp lished and what criteria will be used to measure and evaluate the trainee s effo rts.working environment today. aging workforces.http://www. The trainer is often refe rred to as one of the most important players in the process because they are res ponsible for guiding the trainee through the learning process Q.10. Trainers must determine what the trainee is capable of learning at any given time and then present the training and devel opment activities in a clear and logical manner so the trainee is capable of per forming the required tasks. shortages of skilled workers.com . What sho uld a good trainer be like? Ans. Trainers must be competent. For more detail :. Q.9.What are train ing managers responsible for? Ans.gurukpo. Training Managers are responsible for setting up a training program that has a clearly defined structure and objectives that are understood by everyone involved with the development process. have good communica tion and strong inter-personal skills. In order to do this the Trainer must ensure : each trainee understands what is expected of them. techn ological advancements. increasing global competition . The amount of For m ore detail :.The Trainer must decide what tra ining activities will take place. Conduct Training Activities .The Trainer s hould start the training session by explaining the objectives of the training ac tivity to the trainee and explain why they need to learn the material.http://www. 2.do not leave out any step or any action. 3.11. Plan the Training .gurukpo. Thi s demonstration needs to follow all operational and safety requirements exactly . This way any changes in operating policies or procedures are rev iewed prior to discussing the material with the trainee.During the planning phase the Trainer should also review all appropriate documentation and material related to what they are going to tea ch the trainee. This is why good Trainers ensure students immediately practice the skills they have l earned under the Trainer s supervision. The Train er must then demonstrate the proper way of completing the task or operation.com . Schedule the Trainin g Sessions .The Trainer should review the trainee s ability and match it agains t the current operational requirements in order to determine the appropriate tim e to conduct training activities. Listed below are steps that will help ensure your training activities are s uccessfully implemented: 1. How can you ensure your training activities are successfully implemented? Ans.Once the plan is established the Trainer will a lso be responsible for discussing the assignment with the trainee so that an ord erly approach is taken.The Trainer also needs to allow the Train ee enough time to practice the tasks before being evaluated. It is always easier to do something r ight the first time rather than try to make a trainee "unlearn" a process.Q. improved customer satisfaction and the organization s strategic business plan. a. How does the process of Training evaluation work? ANS .Evaluating Training Pro gram Effectiveness must be done systematically through a process that documents the end results of training. D etermine relevance of training for accomplishment of objectives. specifying those objectives meas urably. Compare behavior before and after training. What is the change in business metrics a ttributable to training? What is the return on the training investment (typicall y calculated by dividing the net currency value of the benefit by the costs of t raining)? For more detail :.http://www. To determine the results of training.com . and to what extent . At a basic leve l. Q.practice that is needed depends on the trainee s ability and the nature and comp lexity of the task. b. Evaluating the impact of training and ROI:This is the process of determining the impact of training on organizati onal productivity. management must establish baseline perf ormance metrics based on the needs assessment. The Training Evaluation Process requires a determination of whether or not a p rogram has fulfilled its objectives.gurukpo. evaluation consists of: defining objectives.12. and assessing the extent to which learners have mastered those objective s. the evaluator should know when and what to ev aluate. Q.http://www. The stages of evaluation are: PRE. Outcome evaluation determines how well the training has accomplished its objectives. Process evaluation compares the developed training to what actuall y takes place in the training programme . 14. The two types of output from the evaluation phase are process and outcom e evaluation.What are the stages of trai ning evaluation? Ans. Hamblin(1970) defined evaluation of training as “Any attempt to obtain and to assess the information (feedback) on the effects of training programme value of training in the light of that information for improving further trainin g “. For eva luation of training effectiveness.Q. What are the two types of output from evaluation of training? Ans.com .TRAINING EVALUATION: Identification of tra ining needs Evaluate performance standards Evaluate training objectives Evaluate trainee ‘s Input evaluation EVALUATION DURING TRAINING Observation Behaviour anal ysis For more detail :.gurukpo.13. Course audits Session assessment POST TRAINING EVALUATION Reaction evaluation Le arning evaluation. It leads to specific goals for maintaining or improv ing performance. 3. For more detail :.What is the relevance of Feedback Mechanism? ANS. they decide how they will apply it to his or her job. working with other people. It makes learning more interesting. Q. Feedback serves as motivation for many people in the work place. analyze it in the most positive manner possible. 15. feedback helps it to make required adjustments.gurukpo. As an organization seeks to improve its performanc e. When one receives either negative or positiv e feedback. encour aging trainees to continue.http://www.com .and trainees with high self efficacy would be able to achieve more by vi rtue of being more motivated. 2. It tells the trainee s whether their responses are correct. and use it to further impact future decision making. Providing feedback (Know ledge of results) to a trainee is important to learning and the transfer of trai ning back to the job. To find the gr eatest level of success in an organization. Feedback indicating that a trainee can master the task improves a person’s self ef ficacy . allowing for necessary adjustments in their behaviour. Feedback performs three functions: 1. a person should learn how to accept any kind of feedback.