Bicol University College of Nursing Legazpi CityPotential Insecticidal Activity of Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate), Allium Sativum Linn (Bawang), and Nepeta Cataria (Catnip) against Periplaneta Americana (American Cockroach) Researchers: Jayne Ann V. Yap Julie Ann Collantes Karissa R. Gentica Chapter I THE PROBLEM INTRODUCTION Over the centuries, human beings have encountered different kinds of problems in dealing the growing population of pests at the environment, fields or even at home. A pest is a plant or animal detrimental to humans or human concerns (as agriculture or livestock production)1. Alternative meanings include organisms that cause nuisance and epidemic disease associated with high mortality (specifically: plague). In its broadest sense, a pest is a competitor of humanity.2 Examples of these include those organisms which is a vector human disease, such as rats and fleas which carry the plague disease, mosquitoes which carry vector malaria, ticks which carry Lyme disease, and cockroaches brought dysentery, typhoid, gastroenteritis, as well as poliomyelitis. Though there were already researches conducted to minimize it, but still it becomes undefeatable. Health is responsible for the promotion of healthy environmental conditions and prevention of environmental related diseases through appropriate sanitation strategies. Cleanliness in the house means health in the whole family. Environmental sanitation is still a health problem in the country. This includes sanitation of public places and food sanitation as well. Environmental sanitation is still a health problem in the country today. Diarrheal diseases still rank in the leading causes of morbidity among the population. Other sanitation-related diseases are intestinal parasitism, infectious hepatitis, and dengue or hemorrhagic fever which can be controlled or eradicated by health programs on proper environmental health sanitation. Diarrhea occurs when insufficient fluid is absorbed by the colon. As part of the digestion process, or due to fluid intake, food is mixed with large amounts of water. Thus, digested food is essentially liquid prior to reaching the colon. The colon absorbs water, leaving the remaining material as a semisolid stool. If the colon is damaged or inflamed, however, absorption is inhibited, and watery stools result. It is most commonly caused by viral infections or bacterial toxins. In sanitary living conditions and with ample food and water available, an otherwise healthy patient typically recovers from the common viral infections in a few days and at most a week. Sanitation is very important to reduce cockroach infestations. Cockroaches need water and food to live. By limiting their access to these resources, you reduce their ability to survive and reproduce. It is difficult to make your home and other buildings completely unacceptable for cockroaches and rats, but you can minimize an existing infestation when improving sanitation. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) conducts and supports basic and applied research to better understand, treat, and ultimately prevent infectious, immunologic, and allergic diseases. For more than 50 years, NIAID research has led to new therapies, vaccines, diagnostic tests, and other technologies that have improved the health of millions of people in the United States and around the world. Bacteria and virus is transmitted through pest’s feet, other body parts or their urine and stool. If the pest makes contact with the host’s food, pathogens can be transferred to the food and later swallowed by the host. Another mode of transmission is when the disease agent or bacteria enters the body through cuts in the skin and through the linings of the eyes, nose and throat. Insects and other pest are known to be a carrier of viral infections and bacteria. One of the major responsibilities of public health system is to ensure the safety of food supply. Recently, professional organizations have emphasized the need to enhance public education about environmental sanitation. Public health is the effort organized by society to protect the health of its members. On all levels-local, national, and international-the major concerns of public health agencies are the assurance of wholesome food and clean water, adequate sanitation systems, the prevention or control of epidemic and endemic diseases, the delivery of health care to needy population groups, and the formulation of laws regarding health. This research was conducted to discover plant-derived product with pesticidal property that helps in minimizing and eradicating the proliferation of this pests. Pest control is the term used for it. It refers to the regulation or management of a species defined as a pest, usually because it is perceived to be detrimental to a person's health, the ecology or the economy. In Philippines, there are many medicinal plants that are poisonous to insects and pests. There is a necessity to find cheap pesticides for the diverse needs of agriculture, destruction at house hold pests and prevention of vectors of diseases that are prevalent to our country. It is an advantage to use botanical plants in creating a new pestmanagement agent because it is obvious of its abundant resources in the Philippines. On this ground work, we investigated the effects of GliricidiaSepium (Kakawate), Allium Sativum Linn (Bawang), and NepetaCataria (Catnip) for their insecticidal effect against cockroaches based also in some studies internationally and locally. Gliricidia sepium (kakawate) is a tree belonging to the family Leguminosae. It is an evergreen tree and bears flowers during the dry months of January to May. It was determined by Rabena (1996) that Gliricidia contains potent chemicals that drive away insects and pests. Gliricidia sepium is a small to medium-sized, thorn less tree which usually attains a height of 10-12 m. Branching is frequently from the base with basal diameters reaching 50-70 cm. The bark is smooth but can vary in colour from whitish grey to deep red-brown. Leaves are odd pinnate, usually alternate, sub opposite or opposite, to approximately 30 cm long; leaflets 5-20, ovate or elliptic, 2-7 cm long, 1-3 cm wide. Leaflet midrib and rachis are occasionally striped red. Flowers bright pink to lilac, tinged with white, usually with a diffuse pale yellow spot at the base of the standard petal, calyx glabrous, green, often tinged red. Fruit green sometimes tinged reddish-purple when unripe, light yellow-brown when mature, narrow, 10-18 cm long, 2 cm wide, valves twisting in dehiscence; seeds 4-10, yellow-brown to brown, nearly round. Allium sativum, commonly known as garlic, is a species in the onion genus, Allium. Its close relatives include the onion, shallot, leek, chive [3] andrakkyo.[4] Allium sativum is a perennial that can grow 2 feet high or more. The Garlic plant have 6-12 long, narrow and flat like grass leaves. The most important part of this plant for medicinal purposes is the bulb. The bulb consists of numerous bulblets, known as 'cloves' held between the papery membranes and enclosed within a whitish skin as a sac. Each bulb is made up of 4 to 20 cloves, and each clove weighs about 1 gram. The flowers rise direct from the bulb and are white in color. Allium sativum has an annual life cycle. this study aims to validate the insecticidal activity of these plants when combined together and applied to cockroaches. 50% Bawang and 25% Catnip leaf extract Ethanolic extract + 75% distilled water) c. T4 Baygon 25ml/g (Positive Control) 2. medicine. (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria (Catnip). How long do the cockroaches can sustain the effect of the insecticidal agent? .Nepeta Cataria is the botanical name of the plant more commonly known as catnip. It has long been known that living Nepeta Cataria plants are effective at repelling insects. but with grey-green foliage. (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria (Catnip) extraction on cockroach if treated with the following varying concentrations: a. The coarse-toothed leaves are triangular to ovate. Nepeta cataria is part of the Lamiaceae (more commonly known as the mint) family of plants. growing 2–3 feet (61–91 cm) tall and wide. Besides being appealing to cats. It is a herbaceous perennial. Allium sativum Linn. Statement of the Problem The study aimed to determine the insecticidal property of Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate). Hence. It resembles mint in appearance. field balm. 25% of Bawang and 50% of Catnip leaf Ethanolic extract) e.Specifically it answers the following questions: 1. members of the genus have been used by humans for food. and true catnip. What is the effect of Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate). using another methodology. T3 25ml/g (25% of Kakawate. Allium sativum Linn. T2 25ml/g (50% of Kakawate. T0 10 ml/g of distilled water (negative control) b. This study can be useful to the public through practicality and natural way of killing cockroaches. 25% of Bawang and 25% of Catnip leaf Ethanolic extract + 50% distilled water) d. The effectiveness of these plants as insecticide is widely accepted and is proven based on other studies. Other common names include catmint. and psychoactive effect. Which among the concentration is the most effective insecticidal agent? 3. T1 25ml/g (25% 25% of Kakawate. (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria (Catnip) extracts has no insecticidal effect against Periplaneta Americana (American Cockroach).Scope and Delimitation The study focused on the potential insecticidal activity of Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate). The extraction of the plant was conducted in the laboratory of Bicol University College of Science Building 3 with the use of a Soxhlet apparatus. Allium sativum Linn. (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria (Catnip) mature leaves were obtained within the locality of the researchers. Significance of the study The present health status of our country must be given attention for a proficient and productive Filipino people who would help in constructing a secure. Allium sativum Linn. The Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate). Allium sativum Linn. the duration of how long the pesticide will have an effect on the identified pest. The mature leaves also were manually collected. This study will benefit many people especially those who cannot afford expensive insecticides and this study can also be a big help to those . Allium sativum Linn. unified and well-ordered Philippine Republic. Null hypothesis: Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate). The study limits its coverage only in the potential effect of Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate). (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria (Catnip) as insecticide against Periplaneta Americana (American Cockroach). washed by distilled water and were cut into 1 inch long. Affirmative hypothesis: Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate). Allium sativum Linn. Hypothesis The study will test the potential activity of different concentrations of Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate). Allium sativum Linn. (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria (Catnip) extracts has insecticidal effect against Periplaneta Americana (American Cockroach). (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria (Catnip) as insecticide not including some specific chemicals found in the plant. (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria (Catnip) as insecticide to Periplaneta Americana (American Cockroach) at different concentrations. Another is the degree of effectiveness using the mature leaves. Allium sativum Linn. (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria (Catnip) as a potential insecticide. (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria (Catnip) leaves . Bawang and Catnip plant in their place. This study will help this department through giving information on the utilization of available plants more effective than expensive pesticides. Future Researchers. Gaps Bridged by the Study In the literatures reviewed there were no study conducted to use Gliridia Sepium (Kakawate). National Government. This study will provide knowledge in the effectiveness of Kakawate. Department of Environment and Natural Resources. Department of Health. This study will serve as a foundation of further studies on Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate). This study will help in developing awareness about using available resources in the locality to control pests. This study will also guide the community in the preparation and utilization of these three plants. It will be of great help to students. The findings and outcome of this study will be highly significant to the following. (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria (Catnip) extracts as an insecticidal agent in combating pests. This study will help this department to make the people informed about recent updates on alternative insecticide that can be used to reduce pest related diseases therefore conducive in promoting the health status of the Filipino people. Allium sativum Linn. therefore contributing in the improvement of the environment in the Philippines. Therefore. Community. Allium sativum Linn. Households. Allium sativum Linn. they may be more aware and provide through additional budget for the study of different alternative insecticides that can be used for the maintenance of the environment.people who have Kakawate. Nursing Students. As future health care givers this will provide knowledge in the utilization of Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate). The said research will make them fully aware of the importance of Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate). in search of better insight to experimental design of research. Bawang and Catnip as an alternative insecticide. This will serve as reference in their undertaking. (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria (Catnip) as potential insecticides upon further research. ^ a b c d e f g h Block. Allium sativum Linn. accessed 22 August 2012. Positive outcome would be benefited by the people to use the plant at lower or no cost at all. Thus. Allium sativum Linn. This study was a pioneering attempt to use the extracted Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate). 2. . ^http://www. Notes: 1.extraction as a cockroach insecticide. Though different ornamental plants have identified to control insect pests. (2010). 4. Garlic and Other Alliums: The Lore and the Science.ISBN 0-85404-190-7.com/EBchecked/topic/453421/pest 3. only few plants have been found out as a potential pesticide.britannica. The gender of the test organism was disregarded. The aforementioned synthesis gives a clearer view that this study would eventually test the effectivity of Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate). (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria (Catnip) plants were easily found within the locality. (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria (Catnip) as pesticide. ^Mirriam-Webster dictionary. ^ a b c d "AllergyNet — Allergy Advisor Find".net. Royal Society of Chemistry. E. Allium sativum Linn. (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria (Catnip) as an insecticide to cockroaches. the researchers were encouraged such experiment because Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate). Retrieved 2010-0414. Allallergy. leaflets 5-20. It was determined by Rabena (1996) that Gliricidia contains potent chemicals that drive away insects and pests. tinged with white. They are excellent bio fertilizers because they fix nitrogen in their roots and they synthesize such chemicals and store them in leaves. Many other chemicals were also discovered and they all contributed to the synergistic effect as a botanopesticide. Branching is frequently from the base with basal diameters reaching 50-70 cm. ovate or elliptic. narrow. calyx glabrous. flowers borne singly with 20-40 per raceme. thorn less tree which usually attains a height of 10-12 m. usually alternate. Furthermore. 10-18 cm long.1 Related Literature Botany: Gliricidia sepium is a small to medium-sized. approximately 20 mm long. this chapter brought forth a clearer view of background of studies in order to link past researches to the present one for a more profound result. Inflorescences appear as clustered racemes on distal parts on new and old wood. green. The bark is smooth but can vary in colour from whitish grey to deep red-brown. The thoughts process and techniques acquired from this chapter provided the researchers worthy insights to support the present investigation. sub opposite or opposite. Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate) is a tree belonging to the family Leguminosae. Standard petal round and nearly erect. keel petals 1520 mm long. The stem and branches are commonly flecked with small white lenticels. 1-3 cm wide. 4-7 mm wide. a toxic gas that is responsible in death of pests when sprayed as liquid mixture in rice farms. Trees display spreading crowns. Fruit green sometimes tinged reddish-purple when unripe. to approximately 30 cm long. light yellow-brown when mature. 2 .Chapter II Review of Related Literature and Studies This chapter intended to present the related literature and studies that have some bearing on the present pursuit of knowledge. Leaves are odd pinnate. Leaflet midrib and rachis are occasionally striped red. 5-15 cm long. often tinged red. 2-7 cm long. usually with a diffuse pale yellow spot at the base of the standard petal. It is an evergreen tree and bears flowers during the dry months of January to May. Flowers bright pink to lilac. Ethylene. jpg Constituents: Phytochemical studies have yielded a formosin (an isoflavan. nearly round. sprains and closed fracture. hepatoprotective. leaves and roots 2 along with three other known . gliricidin-6a. antimutagenic. pesticidal and viricidal. antidysenteric.stuartxchange.cm wide. yellow-brown to brown. pesticidal and viricidal) and a trihydroxyflavonone. reportedly antifungal). antioxidant. 2′O- methylsepiol. bactericidal.From the heartwood were isolated stigmastanol glucoside and 3′. 7. antioxidant. It is used for skin itching such as Dermatitis by applying the juice or decoction of leaves. bark or roots on the the skin as antipruritic. reportedly with anti-tumor capacity). Fresh leaves are also applied to the skin an insect repellent.2 http://www. hepatoprotective.4 Uses: Gliciridia Sepium has many uses according to the different folklores. It is also used as counterirritant by crushing the leaves and applying it as poultice for rheumatic pains. Sap of bark. tannin (considered potentially antidiarrheal. gliricidol-9A. antimutagenic. antidysenteric. valves twisting in dehiscence.3 Properties: Tannins are considered potentially antidiarrheal.com/Kakawati. medicarpin (pterocarpan.4′ dihydroxy-trans-cinnamic acid octacosylester constituents. bactericidal. formononetin (isoflavan). seeds 4-10.4′-dihydroxy-3′-methoxyisoflavin. gonorrhea. the bark and leaves are used to treat skin diseases. and the resulting paste is use to bathe the animals. colds. skin itches and sores. cough. It was known to Ancient Egyptians. Garlic is native to central Asia. The Garlic plants have 6-12 long. mixed with water. Allium. insecticide. The leaves of it have a fetid smell and a crashed leaves can be used to get rid of fleas and ticks of dogs and cattles. and Europe. Allium sativum Linn. like cattle and sheep may not tolerate it due to a salivary protein binding factor that binds the tannins. Although goats can consume large quantities of plants with tannins. Gliceridia S. Its close relatives include the onion. narrow and flat like grass leaves. shallot. In Guatemala.have been used for wound healing. is used as an insect repellent. and each clove weighs about 1 gram. The . Gliceridia S.9 Botany: Allium sativum Linn is a perennial that can grow 2 feet high or more. bruises. in times of scarcity. The juice from leaves is applied daily for one week to areas affected by external parasites. Africa. Aside from promoting healthy body. as antidote. Each bulb is made up of 4 to 20 cloves. In Latin America. as well as a frequent seasoning in Asia.7 With a history of human use of over 7. decreasing the infections from topical warble fly.000 years. fever. gangrene. The most important part of this plant for medicinal purposes is the bulb. and repeated every 7-14 days. the forage is fed to livestock. burns.6 and rakkyo. leek. The bulb consists of numerous bulblets. Leaves are ground up. fatigue. insect repellent. and has been used for both culinary and medicinal purposes. used for headache. commonly known as Garlic. In many folkloric regimens of other countries. known as 'cloves' held between the papery membranes and enclosed within a whitish skin as a sac. some animals. chive. has other uses. 5 Toxicity: Tannins: In South America. is a species in the onion genus.8 and has long been a staple in the Mediterranean region. Minerals such as selenium and enzymes like allinase.3%.stuartxchange. inulin. myrosinase. The odor is formed by the action of the enzyme allinase on the sulfur compound alliin. and others. allicin. 0.1-0.36% of a volatile oil these volatile compounds are generally considered to be responsible for most of the pharmacological properties of Garlic. S-allylmercaptocystein.allyl disulfide. vinyldithiines. volatile oil. Garlic contains a higher concentration of sulfur compounds than any other Allium species. ash.4%. Aged Garlic products lack allicin. trisulfide. Garlic contains at least 33 sulfur compounds like aliin. arginine and others. choline. which accounts for the fact that cooked Garlic produces neither as strong odor as raw Garlic nor nearly as powerful physiological effects.com/Bawang2. This enzyme is inactivated by heat.10 http://www. 0.9% . Allium sativum Linn has an annual life cycle. allylpropl. but may have activity due to the presence of S-allycysteine.flowers rise direct from the bulb and are white in color. fat. and others. peroxidases. ajoene. The bulb of the Garlic contains allicin. allypropyl disulfide. carbohydrates. Garlic contains 17 amino acids and their glycosides.7%. protein. Besides sulfur compounds. 1. 9. sallylcysteine. The sulfur compounds are responsible both for Garlic’s pungent odor and many of its medicinal effects.2%. 0.11 Properties: . myrosinase. diallyl.jpg Constituents: Allium sativum Linn contains 0. Syrup of Garlic is an invaluable medicine for asthma. early last century. As an antiseptic. A remedy for asthma. upon a pound of the fresh root. diluted with water. cut into slices. its use has long been recognized. Where this treatment has been given. In the late war it was widely employed in the control of suppuration in wounds. antimycotic. and in many instances fell victims to the disease. difficulty of breathing. being largely used for the purpose. whilst the English clergy caught the infection. hypotensive. diaphoretic. Vinegar and honey greatly improve this syrup as a medicine. antispasmodic. hoarseness. coughs. being of particular virtue in chronic bronchitis. to disperse hard swellings.12 Uses: Many marvellous effects and healing powers have been ascribed to Garlic. It is sometimes externally applied in ointments and lotions. In olden days. It is stated that during an outbreak of infectious fever in certain poor quarters of London. expectorant. which are applied to the wound. and allowed to stand in a closed vessel for twelve hours. promoting leucocytosis. will cover the pungent smell of the latter. that was formerly most popular. made by boiling the bulbs till soft and adding an equal quantity of vinegar to the water in which . the French priests who constantly used Garlic in all their dishes. and as an antiseptic. renewed daily. sugar then being added to make it of the consistency of syrup. Garlic was employed as a specific for leprosy. and put on swabs of sterilized Sphagnum moss. It was also believed that it had most beneficial results in cases of smallpox. A little caraway and sweet fennel seed bruised and boiled for a short time in the vinegar before it is added to the Garlic. It is made by pouring a quart of water. antiviral. antihelminthic. The raw juice is expressed. also pounded and employed as a poultice for scrofulous sores. visited the worst cases with impunity. and most other disorders of the lungs. It possesses stimulant and stomachic properties in addition to its other virtues. lowering lipids and inhibiting platelet aggregation. It is said to prevent anthrax in cattle. on account of its powers of promoting expectoration.Allium sativum Linn is an antibacterial. if cut small and applied to the soles of the feet in a linen cloth. it has been proved that there have been no septic results. is a syrup of Garlic. fibrinolytic. boiled hot. and the lives of thousands of men have been saved by its use. Amongst physiological results. field balm. and true Catnip. and kept in a jar.they have been boiled. . it has been proved to relieve whooping-cough if rubbed on the chest and between the shoulder-blades. Garlic has also been employed with advantage in dropsy. removing the water which may already have collected and preventing its future accumulation. with a spoonful of the syrup. Precautions: Anticoagulant Use: Reports have suggested that Garlic may decrease platelet aggregation and have antifibrinolytic activity. The syrup is then poured over the boiled bulbs. the freshly expressed juice. it will revive a hysterical sufferer. should be used with caution in patients on anticoagulant therapy. The successful treatment of tubercular consumption by Garlic has been recorded. it is reported that Garlic makes the eye retina more sensitive and less able to bear strong light. Other common names include catmint. It is stated that some dropsies have been cured by it alone. Nepeta cataria is part of the Lamiaceae (more commonly known as the mint) family of plants. diluted with equal quantities of water. Bruised and mixed with lard. which have been allowed to dry meanwhile. therefore. An infusion of the bruised bulbs. pounded with honey and taken two or three nights successively. and then sugared and boiled down to a syrup.13 Crushed Garlic or cut clove crosswise was also used for insect bites by rubbing it directly to the affected area. A clove or two of Garlic. 14 Nepeta cataria is the botanical name of the plant more commonly known as Catnip. The juice of Garlic and milk of Garlic made by boiling the bruised bulbs in milk is used as a vermifuge. or dilute spirit of wine. has been considered of good effect in epilepsy. Induction of Cytochrome P450-34A: Concern for patients on cyclosporine and protease inhibitors may increase the effects of hypoglycemic drugs. being inhaled antiseptically. If sniffed into the nostrils. Each morning a bulb or two is to be taken. given before and after every meal. is good in rheumatism. The light green stems are finely pubescent and 4-angled. The upper stems terminate in dense whorls of flowers on spike-like racemes about 1-6" long. There are 4 stamens that are about the same length as the upper lip. although the foliage has a pungent aroma that resembles a combination of thyme and oregano. while the lower lip is large and has 3 lobes. Each nutlet has a smooth curved surface that is lacking in sharp angles. The root system produces abundant rhizomes. and usually dull white. they are cordate with blunt tips or ovate with a cordate base. Each flower is about 1/3" (8-9 mm. This plant often produces clonal colonies from the rhizomes. and psychoactive effect. Their margins have large crenate teeth. members of the genus have been used by humans for food. The flowers don't have a noticeable fragrance. medicine. finely pubescent. and lasts about 1-2 months. and 4-angled. on rare occasions. Each flower is replaced by a seed capsule containing 4 ovoid nutlets. The upper lip is small and consists of 2 rounded lobes. while the 2 lateral lobes are much smaller.16 . The tubular calyx is light green and finely pubescent. In shape. 2-lipped.15 Botany: This is a perennial wildflower about 1-4' tall that branches occasionally. The middle lobe of the lower lip is the largest with a frilly outer edge. to which they are adjacent. It has 15 nerves along its length and 5 triangular teeth. The upper surface of the leaves is canescent (very finely pubescent) and a reticulated network of veins is clearly visible. It has long been known that living Nepeta cataria plants are effective at repelling insects.) long.Besides being appealing to cats. Usually the lower lip of the corolla has small pink or purple dots. The light green petioles are about 1" long. The opposite leaves are up to 4" long and 2" across. The corolla is tubular. The blooming period occurs during the summer or early fall. it is light blue-violet. tonic when cold.com/Kabling-parang. and to promote the action of other diaphoretics. It is also antispasmodic. Other compounds include camphor. increasing perspiration and is carminative and sedative.jpg Constituents: Sesquiterpenes and monoterpenes are abundant in the plant. It contains a volatile oil which is high in nepetalactone as well as nepetalic acid. thymol. as well as being structurally similar to the valeprotriates from valerian. emmenagogue. geraniol. and diuretic. In warm infusion it is used in febrile diseases as a diaphoretic. as well as to allay spasmodic action and produce sleep. citronellol. citral. nerol. The major constituents elucidated from Catnip essential oil include geranyl acetate.stuartxchange. The nepetalactone and related compunds are the ingredients that have the calming effect on humans and are used to induced sleep. nepetaside. Nepetalactones may possess the main cat-attractant activity. astringent and cooling.18 Uses: Nepeta cataria is diaphoretic and carminative in warm infusion.17 Properties: The herb has a camphor-like scent and is bitter. relaxing spasm. and humulene. pinene. tannins. cineol. linonen and camphor. carvacrol. including gas chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. iridoids. epinepetalactone. it is also given as a carminative and antispasmodic in the flatulent colic of children. and nepetalactones and beta-caryophyllenes have been identified by various methods. citronellyl acetate. citronellol. caryophyllene.http://www. and numerous other components. and as an emmenagogue or uterine . is decidedly a superior remedy in amenorrhoea. it has proved decidedly beneficial in amenorrhoea and dysmenorrhoea.tonic.keep the amount they get well controlled. and nervous irritability. 2 to 60 drops. The leaves are frequently used in fomentation as a local application to painful and inflammatory affections. hysteria. pregnant women. as cold or warm water. 2 drachms may be given for a dose in some liquid. and general home use. The classification of insecticides is done in several different ways: . Insecticides are used in agriculture. industry. The infusion is very efficient in allaying the irritability and nervousness of dyspeptics. febrile and exanthematous diseases to which infants and young children are subject. women who breastfeed and individuals with chronic medical conditions should consult with their healthcare professional before taking Catnip or any other herb. restlessness. They include ovicides and larvicides used against the eggs and larvae of insects respectively.22Nearly all insecticides have the potential to significantly alter ecosystems. A fluid extract of Catnip. The leaves are reputed beneficial in toothache. many are toxic to humans. The expressed juice of the herb.21 An insecticide is a pesticide used against insects. and many other nervous symptoms. given in doses of a tablespoonful 2 or 3 times a day. The use of insecticides is believed to be one of the major factors behind the increase in agricultural productivity in the 20th century. when masticated and applied to the decayed tooth. and skullcap forms an excellent agent for the cure of nervous headache. Of the dried leaves in powder. valerian. if they are over exposed. So even if your cat loves a bit of Catnip. and has likewise been successfully employed in nervous headache. the infusion (1 ounce of the recently dried herb to 1 pint of boiling water) may be drunk warm as freely as the stomach will permit. Specific Nepeta cataria.19 Toxicity: Although there are no known side effects or health hazards associated with recommended dosages of Catnip preparations.20 Excessive use of the herb may produce stupor and convulsions in domestic house cats. often restoring the menstrual secretion after other means have failed. medicine. and others are concentrated in the food chain. A warm infusion of saffron and Catnip is a very popular and beneficial remedy in colds. which are beneficial to the ecosystem. Mode of action is important in predicting whether an insecticide will be toxic to unrelated species. ticks. mosquitoes.23 Natural insecticides. silverfish. such as fish. flies. These include wettable and dustable powders. a gene that codes for a specific Baccilus thuringiensisbiocidal protein is introduced into a crop plant's genetic material. beetles. snails. pyrethrum and neem extracts are made by plants as defenses against insects. fleas. parasitic worm infections. moths. Efficacy is often related to the quality of pesticide application. Contact insecticides are toxic to insects brought into direct contact. with small droplets (such as aerosols) often improving performance. the plant manufactures the protein. . moths. Nicotine-based insecticides are still being widely used in the US and Canada though they are barred in the EU. additional applications. Systemic insecticides are incorporated by treated plants. at least of the same compound. such as nicotine. seed dressings. Then. which is commonly used. Insects killed by insecticides are ants.25 For instance. spider mites. granules. aphids. It also is important to note that some insecticides are harmful to other animals such as bees. Insecticides are available in many different forms.24 Plant-incorporated protectants (PIPs) are insecticidal substances produced by plants after genetic modification. are not required. Organic insecticides are synthetic chemicals which comprise the largest numbers of pesticides available for use today. cockroaches. and sulfur. Mode of action—how the pesticide kills or inactivates a pest—is another way of classifying insecticides. white flies. wasps. slugs. lice. oil-based liquid sprays. beetles and other pests. Insects ingest the insecticide while feeding on the plants. birds and mammals. caterpillars. which are now seldom used. thrips. emulsifiable concentrates. fogging concentrate. Inorganic insecticides are manufactured with metals and include arsenates. sprays. Since the biocide is incorporated into the plant. copper compounds and fluorine compounds. ultra-low volume (ULV) liquid and ultra-low volume sprays. oil solutions. gasses. salmonella. or boll weevil on cotton. unsealed food containers. . rancid meat. greenhouses. They adulterate food and spread pathogenic organisms with their feces and defensive secretions. Often animals are derided as pests as they cause damage to agriculture by feeding on crops or parasitizing livestock.28 'Pest' is a generic word for other terms such as: insect pests (of agriculture or human disease vectors). in drains.27alternative meanings include organisms that cause nuisance and epidemic disease associated with high mortality. sugarcane. inside cracks and crevices in kitchen cupboards. weeds and plant pathogens. such as codling moth on apples. such as. If left unchecked a cockroach infestation can rapidly expand its numbers in a few weeks or months to become major risk to health and safety. a pest is a competitorof humanity. warehouses and food storage sites. farms. Cockroaches are omnivorous by nature so they will eat almost any organic matter no matter how rancid. mosquitoes which disease. Cockroach pests and their eggs are spread throughout the community in food and other packaging. Although sanitation and hygiene are important deterrents. In its broadest sense. Once inside the home. households. 29 vector malaria. industrial plants. Insecticides also sometimes are used to control termites. buildings. they will seek out food scraps. vermin. such as. fruit trees. dysentery. even the cleanest homes become infested with cockroaches due to minute deposits of grease. corn. An animal could also be a pest when it causes damage to a wild ecosystem or carries germs within human habitats.Insecticides are used in home gardens. pet food. Insecticides are used on a wide variety of crops such as rice. sugar and grease deposits. such as rats and fleas which carry the plague disease. gastroenteritis and other stomach complaint organisms. glue and even book bindings. and ticks which carry Lyme Cockroaches are known carriers of serious diseases. behind refrigerators and dishwashers. 26 A pest is "a plant or animal detrimental to humans or human concerns (as agriculture or livestock production)". tobacco and potatoes and on horticultural plants. sugar and other food deposits in difficult to get at places. Examples of these include those organisms which vector human disease. . it is commonly found in homes. apartments. It is the most widely transported insect pest in the world. restaurants. such as. She carries an egg capsule containing 30 to 40 eggs. The German cockroach is the most prolific breeder among all cockroaches. inside wall cavities. with two dark stripes on back of head. kitchen and bathroom cupboards and under electrical. food processing plants. German cockroach infestations usually occur in bathrooms and kitchens. Their daytime harborage areas are usually near a food and moisture source. in larger installations with central heating or around machinery that produces heat. Infestations even occur in Alaska. Development from egg to adult can occur in 45 days. The German cockroach will breed rapidly throughout the year. A small initial infestation can become a major problem in a few months. The identification of each species is necessary to best determine likely harborage areas and an effective pest control program. beige to light brown in color. heating and cooking appliances. but favors a humid environment of around 80F or warmer. The normal life span of a female German cockroach is up to six months. German cockroach (Blatella germanica) The body of an adult German cockroach is about 1/2 inch in length.There are several cockroach pest species that infest domestic and commercial premises. behind baseboards. German cockroach are unable to survive in locations away from humans or human activity. Their eggs arrive in food containers. fridges. cracks and crevices in pantry. In warmer climates. during which they molt 6 times. They like to hide-out during the day in tight secure places. supermarkets and warehouses. cartons. stoves and other appliances or materials brought into a building. Their preferred daytime habitat locations include the sub-floor. incubation period . boilers and other heating appliances. The American cockroach will feed on a wide variety of plant and animal material.American cockroach (Periplaneta Americana) The American cockroach is largest of the cockroach pest species. in ideal conditions they quickly reach plague proportions.5 years. The female life span up to 1. reddish brown in color with a yellowish band behind the head. Oriental cockroach (Blatta orientalis) The body of an adult oriental cockroach is about 1 inch in length. in sewers and other warm. dark brown to black in color. basement. fridge motors. each egg sac contains 16 eggs.5 to 2 inches in length. dark. They avoid cold areas but will thrive outdoors in temperatures above 80F. but can also climb garbage chutes. Oriental cockroaches prefer to feed on starchy foods. Most often found in dark basements or cellars. incubation period of eggs 6 to 8 weeks. sewer and water pipes to the upper floors in high-rise buildings. Indoors they often congregate around hot water pipes. The female lives up to 2 years. moist locations. deposits up to 18 egg-sacs in lifetime. The body of an adult American cockroach or "water bug" is 1. attic or sub-floor areas of the building. An infestation will rapidly expand in ideal conditions. Prime areas of interest are often pet food bowls and food waste storage areas. Australian cockroach (Periplaneta australasiae) The Australian cockroach is reddish brown and looks similar to American cockroach but is smaller at 1. This worldwide specie prefers a vegetarian diet. particularly during the warmer climates when temperatures are regularly above 80F. development period is 12 months. An infestation can rapidly expand in ideal conditions. These cockroaches are generally prevalent in areas where winters are relatively mild. They are opportunistic fliers and will infest anywhere adequate heat. Peterson and Coats. in their on Natural Insect Repellents: Activity against Mosquitoes and Cockroaches in Iowa. The female cockroach lives up to 6 months. humidity and food supply is available. United States of America research found out that extracts from the Catnip plant (Nepeta cataria) and the Osage . air-conditioners or other equipment emitting heat constantly. However. Schultz. It is known to eat holes in clothing and even book covers. incubation period of eggs 40 days. in colder climates they are prevalent in greenhouses and near large heating apparatus. particularly during the warm summer months with temperatures regularly above 80oF. undergoing 7 molts.is 1 to 2 months. Chronic household infestations usually emanate from the roof void.30 Related Studies International In 2006. The Australian cockroach has yellow strips on the outer edge of the front wings.25 inches (35mm) in body length. more intensely than to the Catnip essential oil. N. this trend in repellency by the Catnip oil significantly decreased over the 180-minute test period. but did not show the negative relationship between percentage repellency and time. German cockroaches were most responsive to the E. These results show that Catnip essential oil is a potent mosquito repellent. Elemol. Akhter. Peterson and Coats study is related to the present study because the latter has the same plant that is being used.31 Schultz. .Ndiethyl-mtoluamide (DEET). Mosquitoes responded initially with high percentage repellency to surfaces treated with Catnip essential oil. and Sultana (2008) conducted a study on the Insecticidal. a sesquiterpene extracted from the fruit of the Osage orange. Their research contains the result on German cockroach (Blattella germanica). and house fly (Musca domestica) contact irritancy to Catnip essential oil.Z-nepetalactone. Ambreen. and its major components. shows excellent promise as a mosquito repellent with comparable activity to DEET in contact and residual repellency.E-nepetalactone. Nazli. responding to surfaces treated with the predominant Catnip isomer. From the residual repellency study. Z. Of the two nepetalactone isomers evaluated. DEET. House flies showed similar trends in contact irritancy. Z. retaining excellent repellency throughout the 3-hour bioassay. Both species showed high percentage repellency values when exposed to filter paper treated with Catnip essential oil or the individual nepetalactone isomers. Solutions with elemol and DEET exhibited greater significance in contact repellency compared to Catnip essential oil. but does not provide the same residual effects as the commercial standard.Z isomer. Both study used cockroach as the test organism but not the same specie (Blatella germanica) compared to this study (Periplaneta americana). elemol.E-nepetalactone and E. were evaluated for repellency to the northern house mosquito (Culex pipiens) and are presented here. compared with the commercial standard. Two mosquito bioassays were used to measure percentage and contact repellecy.orange (Madura pomifera) fruit have repellent properties. Solangi. Catnip and Osage orange essential oils. Nematicidal and Antibacterial Activities of Gliricidia sepium inKarachi. and a sesquiterpene found in Osage orange. Elemol. and DEET initially had lower percentage repellency values than Catnip essential oil. (Liliaceae) against adults.66 g/kg and 26. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). maculatus.coli. Pseudomonas spp. and essential oils from Allium sativum L. Solangi. Denloye in his study on Bioactivity of Powder and Extracts from Garlic. S. fistulosum. maculatus F. Vigna unguiculata (L.typhi. Also the 48 hr L C5 0 values obtained show that aqueous extracts of the test plant species. Klebsillia spp. fistulosum have potentials for protecting stored cowpea from damage by C.Pakistan. S.. maculatus.29 g/kg for A. There was no significant difference in the toxicity of vapours from the two test plant species against C. Mosquito’s repellent activity has been studied against Aedes aegypti.11 g/L (A. The 48 hr L C5 0 values for the powder against the test insect species were 9.aureus. Allium sativum Linn (Alliaceae) (Alliaceae) and Spring Onion. In 2010. showed the best result against Escherichea coli.411 g/L (A. fistulosum. . They found out on the basis of 48 hr median lethal toxicity (L C5 0). respectively. maculatus than the corresponding ethanol extracts. the repellency was 74%. sativum) and 0. Ambreen. fistulosum) were more toxic to C.) Walp (Leguminosae) seeds in Lagos. test plant powders and extracts from A. Akhter.32 Nazli. sativum and A. and larvae of Callosobruchus maculatus F.33 Denloye study is also related to the present study because it also uses the same plant. eggs. the maximum repellency was 78% compared with the citronella oil. The study shows that A. extracts.. Nematicidal property of extract was observed in different concentration against Meloidogyne incognita nematode showing 60% mortality. sativum gave lower values. and Sultana study is also related to the present study because it also uses the same plant. (Alliaceae) and A. fistulosum L. Nigeria focused their research on by investigating bioactivity of powders. Allium fistulosum L. Using well diffusion method the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract against E. sativum and A. 0. maculatus adults than those from A. although A. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) on against Callosobruchus Cowpea. Both study aims to terminate the pests. They found out that the Ethanolic extract of Gliciridia sepium has nematicidal and antibacterial property. sativum were more toxic to C. and Torres (2008) conducted a study on Comparison and characterization of Garlic (Allium sativum Linn) Bulbs extracts and their effect on mortality and repellency of Tetranychus urticae koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) in Chile.88%) and diallyl trisulfide (10. The Ethanol extract of Allium sativum (Garlic bulb) was evaluated for larvicidal activities against the filarial mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus.34 Hincapié. Another similarity of this study is that it also aims to terminate the pests. In 2010.3.2 and 184.1188. Extracts were characterized using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). 2.35 .Hincapié. Nwachukwu and Ibeh. The supercritical fluid extraction technique allows for obtaining extracts at low temperature using high pressures. The Allium sativum extract were obtained using as solvents CO2in supercritical conditions (CSC). urticae. The larval mortality was observed after 24 h treatment. respectively). Kalu. The LC50 values calculated for the second.70 ± 1. Mites were bred on bean plants (Phaseolusvulgaris L. Both study use the same process of extraction which is soxhlet extraction. Culex quinquefasciatus in Nigeria found out that Garlic exhibited significant activity and could be considered as potent natural larvicidal agent. finding vinyl dithiins (63.18 ± 0.4%) as the main compounds in the CSC extract. supercritical fluids allow for obtaining extracts with a higher concentration of biologically active compounds against T. avoiding compound degradation and making possible solvent separation by exposing the extract at room temperature.) in a laboratory environment in Laureles Campus. ethanol and petroleum ether using soxhlet and soaking methods and soaking in water. Colombia.8206 mg g-1 at 24.4105. Eroegbusi. The lowest mean lethal concentrations (LC50) were obtained with the CSC method (8. Medellín. diallyl disulfide (10. Mortality was evaluated putting 10 mites in P. vulgaris 3 cm diameter leaf discs previously submersed in the extract.54 ± 2.8 ppm respectively. and Torres study is also related to the present study because it also uses the same plant. 48 and 72 h.11%). 5. Ofoegbu. 165. The main conclusion is that. López. Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana. in their study on the Larvicidal activities of ethanol extract of Allium sativum (Garlic bulb) against the filarial vector. in comparison with other techniques of extraction from Garlic bulbs used in this study. López. third and fourth larval instars were 144. He found out that the application of Kakawate reveals a significant efficacy after using it for 4 weeks.inflammatory property which cannot be ruled-out. Coumarins isolated from Kakawate leaves using petroleum ether show bioactivity. a lactone named coumarin. Eroegbusi. he isolated the active component of the Kakawate leaves and made it a suitable pesticide. the increased on the number of scabies lesions were noted after two (2) weeks and four (4) weeks is also significant with a p value of 0. Laguna.000.000. Kakawate leaves are macerated and soaked overnight. the decrease of scabies lesion after one (1) week reveals that this decoction has an anti. This was actually more expensive than synthesizing the compound in the laboratory which only costs P24. percentage recovery yielded 5. identification and antimicrobial assay of the active components of Kakawate (Gliricidia sepium) leaves in Los Baños. In his study. Both study aims to protect the environment and also the health of the people. Bioassay of pure PEF2 compound at 0. However.50/gram.10/g.Kalu. Using petroleum ether as solvent. Related Studies Local Lao (2011) conducted a study on the efficacy of Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate) decoction on the treatment of scabies among selected residents of Titay in Zamboanga Sibugay. Coumarins inhibited the growth of fungus Tricophyton mentagrophytes. MWF1 and PEF2. PEF proved to be 100% effective. While MWF1 was not effective in killing termites.02 g/mL caused 95% termite mortality 4 hours after feeding and 100% mortality after 8 hours. Findings showed that column chromatography of crude petroleum ether extract yielded two pure compounds.C9H6O2. Ofoegbu. The cost of extracting Coumarins from Kakawate is P31. 37 . with the structure . characterization. In 2000. Rabena conducted a study on the Isolation. The pre-treatment and the post-treatment scores after 1 week shows a decreasing the number of scabies with p value of 0.35% of the total fresh weight. Further tests confirmed that PEF2 is cyclic ester.36 Lao study is also related to the present study because it also uses the same plant. Hence. Nwachukwu and Ibeh study is also related to the present study because it also use the same plant. Based on their preliminary screening.no treatment served as the . The powder form of application of both medicinal plants was not as effective as the decoction applied as spray. The alagaw extract (Treatment 1) gave a promising response compared to the other preparations. they were ineffective against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.] leaves against wound pathogens in Muñoz. using a larger population of experimental animals should be conducted to establish the efficacy of both medicinal plants against poultry lice. The antimicrobial activity of the Kakawate extract is not comparable with that of the antimicrobial activity of the chloramhenicol. could be potential sources of new antimicrobial agents. 39 In 2011. Their medicinal use in infections associated with these two species is not recommended. The antibacterial activity of the plant extract is not as good as that of the positive control. it could be concluded that both alagaw and Kakawate exhibited some promise as potential insecticide for poultry. However. Her study was conducted to investigate and compare the antifungal activity of tam tamarind and Garlic extracts against anthracnose in bananas. His study showed that Gliricidia sepium (Jacq. However. Garcia conducted a comparative study on the antifungal effects of tamarind (Tamarindus indica) and Garlic (Allium sativum) extracts on banana anthracnose in Laguna.In 2007. The response to the Kakawate extract (Treatment 3) although lower in efficacy compared to the alagaw extract. further trials. Gacusan conducted a study on the Antibacterial activity of Kakawate [Gliricidia sepium (Jacq. and Mateo (1995) conducted a Preliminary screening on the efficacy of Kakawate (Gliricidia sepium) and alagaw (Prema odorata) against poultry lice (Gonoides dissimilis) in Sorsogon. and T0. extracts of the plants were prepared as T1 – tamarind and T2 – Garlic while T3 – commercial pesticide. Nueva Ecija. was active against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococci B hemolytic and did not show antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. The plant extract was effective against the two grain positive bacteria.) Walp. Their study used the coumaphos (Asuntol) as drug reference and as expected it had a 100 percent officacy in controlling chicken lice.) Walp. The ethanol extract of Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp. This in vitro study substantiated the antimicrobial activity of Kakawate plants used in folkloric medicine. Using the 100mg: 1 L ratio. Philippines. 38 Cadag. the difference may not be significant. Gacusan. these plant extracts may be used by farmers as substitute to commercial fungicides in the natural prevention of the postharvest diseases of bananas. followed by T3 and T1. even better than T3 and much better than T1. the samples treated with T2 were the best. off-flavor. In terms of cost and a negative effect on the environment. Statistics revealed that VQR. However. Based on these results. it can be concluded that the treatment with Garlic (T2) is better than the treatment with tamarind (T1) in preventing anthracnose in bananas. it is recommended that a study on the specific concentrations of Garlic and tamarind which are best for treating the disease be made as well as considering naturally occurring diseases of bananas. while the rest of the parameters showed that T2 was still the best treatment. for all the tests used. Gaps Bridged by the Study In the literatures reviewed there were no study conducted to use Gliridia Sepium (Kakawate). DDI. marketability. off-odor. Synthesis of the State-of-the-art The above mentioned related literature and studies indeed provided meaning in making the present study significant for it added background knowledge and serves as the basis of the study. After inoculation with Colletotrichum sp. five (5) banana samples were dipped in all the treatments and were observed for nine (9) days. After the nine days of treatment. Generally. aroma. degree of shrivelling. the anthracnose which started to develop on the third day was least in T2 next in T3 and T1 while T0 showed the highest incidence of the disease.controls. and Garcia were also related to the present study because it also use the same plant. analysis and interpretation of findings. these related literatures and studies served as a guide in the present study. Furthermore. 40 The study conducted by Rabena. Firmness. spores. T2 was found to be the best treatment. color index. T2 was comparable to T3 in terms of off-odor and color index. T2 had the best quality banana samples. T2 was found to be comparable or even better than the commercial fungicide (T3). For the peel quality and pulp quality ratings. which provided considerations in the data collection. (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria (Catnip) leaves . Cadag & Mateo. Likewise. Moreover. Allium sativum Linn. incidence of disease. and sweetness are significantly different. Allium sativum Linn. The aforementioned synthesis gives a clearer view that this study would eventually test the effectivity of Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate). Change agents could sufficiently introduce innovations if they knew the folkways and mores which control the philosophical. religious and political systems including the tradition and custom of the people. the researchers were encouraged such experiment because Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate). Folk beliefs are co-existent and inseparable from religion and both are responsible in molding the personality and character of their respective community believers. The gender of the test organism was disregarded. Providing culturally congruent care was the primary goal of this care theory. Thus. indigenous) care from the cultures and comparing it with professional care. (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria (Catnip) as an insecticide to cockroaches. this theory emphasizes the importance of discovery of generic (folk. Many of these old beliefs still prevail in the thinking of the rural folk no matter whether we argue that they become modern in orientation and outlook. Positive outcome would be benefited by the people to use the plant at lower or no cost at all. (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria (Catnip) plants were easily found within the locality. ethical. Folk beliefs are ancient and like the Philippines. Nurses must work towards explications of care use and meanings so culture. Theoretical Framework This study adapts Leininger’s Sunrise model: Cultural Care Diversity and Universality Theory. This study was a pioneering attempt to use the extracted Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate). (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria (Catnip) as pesticide. care.extraction as a cockroach insecticide. Though different ornamental plants have identified to control insect pests. Allium sativum Linn. although . beliefs and literature can provide accurately reliable basis for planning effectively implementing culturespecific care to identify any universal or common features about care. values. Leininger states that care is the essence of nursing and the dominant. local. only few plants have been found out as a potential pesticide. She emphasizes that human caring. Allium sativum Linn. Indeed. distinctive and unifying feature of nursing. we are still in grip of the traditional culture. language expressions. With the new studies nowadays. negotiation or both. These social factors are addressed within environmental contexts. Leininger’s Sunrise model: Cultural care Diversity and Universality Theory Conceptual Framework Directed by the theory of Transcultural and the problems of the study. kinship and social systems. The Sunrise model presents three intervention modes. illnesses and rehabilitation of life of the people.Culture care preservation and maintenance. it is largely culturally derived. and ethno history. . process and patterns.a universal phenomenon varies among the culture it its expression. conceptual framework was established. culture care accommodation. Leininger’s model depicts that health and care are influenced by elements of the social structure such as technology. religious and philosophical factors. and culture care restructuring and repatterning. culture. researchers were becoming cognizant in the importance of available resources within our locality in order to maintain health to prevent cure. Allium sativum Linn. The leaves were washed by distilled water.Herbal medicines had long relied on animal studies to establish the science of its treatment modalities. The extracts with different concentrations were divided into four treatments. By the use of Soxhlet apparatus we were able to extract mainly the content of the leaves. Allium sativum Linn. Allium sativum Linn. (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria (Catnip) plants for years as herbal plant. varied concentration and its toxicity. People have utilized the medicinal value of Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate). (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria (Catnip) leaves extract was evaluated as a potential insecticide for cockroach. The extracts were placed on a sterile bottle. Allium sativum Linn. (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria (Catnip) that has a higher effectivity level on the cockroaches. The evaluation was done by knowing the chemical components and the certain concentration of Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate). The study used fresh leaves that were manually collected. . long established in the folklore of healing has found new interest in its application to animal health with ongoing ethno veterinary studies and projects on livestock and small animals. With this. (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria (Catnip) leaves extract as a pesticide through the abomination of cockroaches and roof rats. Aside from the above findings. Philippine alternative medicine provided another contrast herbs. the effectiveness of Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate). the researchers found out the effectiveness of Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate). Fresh extracts were prepared throughout the period of experiment to ensure consistency of the treatments. . Allium sativum Linn. Difference between the effects of Gliricidia Sepium. and Nepeta cataria leaf extracts in cockroach. and Nepeta cataria leaf extracts in cockroach. and Nepeta cataria leaf extracts against Periplaneta Americana.Comparison of effects of the Gliricidia Sepium. Allium sativum Linn. Allium sativum Linn. Potential insecticidal activity of Gliricidia Sepium. destroying. many flowered.it is a juice obtain through the the use of Soxhlet apparatus using Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate). with a pointed tip and rounded base. The standard is reflexed and pale-yellow in the median part. growing 2–3 feet (61–91 cm) tall and wide. deciduous tree.43 Ethanolic extract. (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria (Catnip) leaves. Flowers are pink. Extract -is a substance made by extracting a part of a raw material. Bulbs are broadly ovoid. They are showy and fragrant. Racemes are numerous on leafless branches. 4 to 6 centimeters long. consisting of several. The pods .500 totals are associated with human habitats. (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria (Catnip) extract. densely crowded. 3 to 10 meters high. with a truncate calyx.is a smooth. 2 to 4 cm in diameter. 2 centimeters long. Allium sativum Linn. Umbels are globose.Conceptual Paradigm Definition of Terms Bawang. Insecticides-are substances or mixture of substances intended for preventing. The small two-lipped flowers are white and finely spotted with pale purple. Leaves are linear and flat. greenish white.44 Gliridia Sepium (Kakawate). oblong-ovate. repelling or mitigating any insect or pest. The plant blooms from late spring through autumn. containing many flowers. Allium sativum Linn.41 Catnip. It resembles mint in appearance.42 Cockroaches -are insects of the order Blattaria or Blattodea. of which about 30 species out of 4.A substance is extracted from a raw material oten using a solvent such as ethanol. About four species are well known as pests. Extracts may be sold as tinctures or in powder form. 30 to 60 cm high. Sepas are oblong. Kakawate.is a herbaceous perennial. slightly tinged with purple. Leaves are 15 to 25 centimeters long with 13 leaflets which are opposite. angular and truncated tubers. The coarse-toothed leaves are triangular to ovate. often by using a solvent such as ethanol or water. but with grey-green foliage.a low herb. are narrowly oblong to oblanceolate.net.com/botanical/mgmh/g/Garlic06.net/medicinal-plantKakawate-cacao-gliricidia-sepium.co. (1990). Schuler.com/herbsremedies/Catnip/toxicity.illinoiswildflowers.php?t=116265#ixzz2MLy38LnU 16 http://www.html 20 http://naturalspedia.. G. S. http://www.stuartxchange.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Publicat/Gutt-shel/x5556e07.za/herb-catmint.html 12 http://www. ISBN 0-8493-8980-1.com/npp/Catnip.com/Bawang. containing 6 to 8 seeds.neda.45 Potential Activity.htm 3.html 15 http://www. Inc.drugs-forum. 8 ^ Ensminger.htm 17 http://www.fao. Retrieved 2010-04-14. Allallergy.ISBN 0-85404-190-7.com/forum/showthread. 7 ^ a b c d "AllergyNet — Allergy Advisor Find".html 14 http://www.net/medicinal-plantKakawate-cacao-gliricidia-sepium.com/Bawang.agripinoy. Simon & Schuster's Guide to Herbs and Spices. http://www. 1994.ageless. Foods & nutrition encyclopedia. http://www. 10 to 14 centimeters long.com/Kakawati. Simon & Schuster. 750 9 ^ a b Simonetti.agripinoy.herballegacy.Garlic-source.stuartxchange. AH (1994).drugs.html#ref2 18 http://www.html 6 ^ a b c d e f g h Block.henriettesherbal.html 13 http://botanical.is a plant or animal detrimental to humans or human concerns (as agriculture or livestock production) alternative meanings include organisms that cause nuisance and epidemic disease associated with high mortality.46 Notes: 1. Pest.asp?DataID=549 2.The inherent ability or capacity for growth and development of an effective concentration of a substance in a chemical system. Garlic and Other Alliums: The Lore and the Science. E.stuartxchange. ISBN 0-671-73489-X.com/ 11 http://www. Volume 1. about 2 centimeters wide.com/Motteshard_Chemical. (2010). http://www. ed.ph/knowledge-emporium/details.htm .com/eclectic/kings/nepeta.html 4. 10 http://www. p.gov.info/weeds/plants/Catnip.html 5.htm 19 http://www. Royal Society of Chemistry. http://www. CRC Press. org/jmpr/abstracts/abstracts/abstracts2010/18Mar/K alu%20et%20al.hindawi.php?id=410 37 http://agris.html 31 http://pubs.ph/research/abstract.org/wiki/Pest_(organism) 30 http://www.com/journals/psyche/2010/958348/ 34 http://www.adzu.br/abstract?cj08033 35 http://www. ABC Science Online.org/wiki/Nepeta_cataria .htm 22 ^ a b "Nepeta cataria information from NPGS/GRIN". 23 ^ a b c d Missouri Botanical Garden: Nepeta cataria(Catmint) .com/about_5581590_insecticide_.wikipedia. L.fao. accessed 22 August 2012.ehow.org/doi/abs/10. 2001).xml%3BPH2008C00039 39 http://agris.org. 28 ^ http://www. 2007.do?f=1997%2FPH%2FPH97001.Instructables. 25 ^ a b Kingsley.1021/bk-2006-0927.academicjournals.xml.ars-grin.10.stuartxchange.fao.termite.org/agrissearch/search/display.fao. Retrieved February 14.co. 26 http://www.wikipedia.html 42 http://en.2013 24 ^ "DIY Kitty Crack: ultra-potent Catnip extract".do?f=2008%2FPH%2FPH0810. 2011.do?f=2001/PH/PH01003.britannica.acs. Danny (September 3.PH2001100554 38 http://agris. accessed 1. 2009.ageless.pakbs. 2009.com/EBchecked/topic/453421/pest 29 http://en. www.org/agrissearch/search/display.ch013 32 http://www.bioline.xml%3BPH9710921 40 ^Garcia.za/herb-catmint. June 3. Retrieved February 14. 10 (2): 96-107 41 http://www. Retrieved 2008-04-07. "Catnip sends mozzies flying".com/cockroach-pest-control. A comparative study on the antifungal effects of tamarind (Tamarindus indica) and Garlic (Allium sativum) extracts on banana anthracnose.com/Bawang. Journal of Nature Studies.pdf 33 http://www.htm 36 http://som.org/pjbot/PDFs/40(6)/PJB40(6)2625.gov.html#ixzz2MM7adEaJ 27 ^ Mirriam-Webster dictionary.21 http://www.edu.org/agrissearch/search/display. com/Kakawati.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extract 45 http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest_(organism) .org/wiki/Cockroach 44 http://en.html 46 http://en.wikipedia.stuartxchange.43 http://en. This includes the research design.25% of Kakawate. Five treatments were used in the study with concentration in dilution as the focus to the effectivity of the leaf extract as an insecticide for cockroaches. collection and extraction of Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate). preparation of cockroaches. The experimental setup was prepared in the house of the researcher.CHAPTER III RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY This chapter presented the different steps used in the study. This experimental design used a group of test animals as substance of the study which were studied once but subsequent treatment applied were replicated to determine the course of change. The substance in the study had undergone random process. Research Design Experimental Design was used in the study. 50% Bawang and 25% Catnip leaf extract plus 75 ml distilled water Treatment 2. Allium sativum Linn. The laboratory conditions were controlled to unsure homogenous experiment through the use of cockroach as an experimental insect. Allium sativum Linn. and administration of the extracted solution. Treatments will be made as: Treatment 0. data gathering procedure and the statistical treatment of data.Baygon Preparation of Gliricidia sepium . specifically a Completely Randomized Design (CRD).50% of Kakawate. (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria (Catnip) leaves. 25% of Bawang and 50% of Catnip leaf extract plus 50 ml of distilled water Treatment 4. Test insects were randomly selected with identical sizes. 25% of Bawang and 25% of Catnip leaf extract plus 50 ml of distilled water Treatment 3. and Nepeta cataria Leaf extract .25% of Kakawate.No treatment Treatment 1. Different concentrations of Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate). (Bawang) and . the organisms were divided into five groups. The test organisms were housed in a aquarium-like container for cockroaches. each cage was consisting of ten pests. the extract was transferred into a sterile bottle. Allium sativum Linn. The leaves were checked with some parasites or worm stepping on it. Fresh extract were prepared throughout the period of experiment to ensure homogeneity of the treatments. Then. Then. Allium sativum Linn. so. The sex of the organisms is not used as a preference in selecting these pests. Table 1. These extracts were obtained by using a Soxhlet apparatus. Moreover the aquarium-like container was cleaned to maintained sanitation. Dirt and other extraneous material were thoroughly removed first by washing it with distilled water. Allium sativum Linn. (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria (Catnip) leaves that were used in the study were collected manually and locally in the morning at 8:00 am. Fifty cockroaches were randomly treated with the treatments.Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate). (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria (Catnip) would be used in 50 cockroaches. Allium sativum Linn. Preparation of the Test Organism Cockroaches with any age were used as the test pests in the study and with the same sizes produced. Fresh and mature Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate). After assortment they were randomly allotted to different treatment group. (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria (Catnip) leaves were gathered and were removed from the different stems. Experimental Layout R1 T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T0R1 T1R1 T2R1 T3R1 T4R1 R2 T0R2 T1R2 T2R2 T3R2 T4R2 R3 T0R3 T1R3 T2R3 T3R3 T4R4 Administration of Treatment The prepared extract of Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate). 1. this statistical tool was used to determine whether the sample mean treated vary from the grand mean which was expected due to varying single cases from the sample. Determine the degree of freedom of difference (df) from each other source of variation Total of = Total number of observation Error of = total of. 1. Group the data and the sample block total. Outline the analysis of variance 3. Statistical Treatment Analysis To analyse and interpret the data gathered. Other reaction of the test organism to the sprayed solution was also recorded.Nepeta cataria (Catnip) were sprayed by means of sprayer. The formula was: M=∑ X/N Where: M = mean ∑ = Summation X = time the cockroach and/or rats died N = total number of observation The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Time interval from the start of spraying until the death of the test animal was recorded. Each spray is equivalent to 1ml extract. the time the cockroach and the rats died to different extract into different treatment were treated through the mean technique after it were quantified. treatment total. and the treatment means. (Bawang) and Nepeta cataria (Catnip) extract into medicine glass then measured it through a medicine dropper. Analysis of variant (ANOVA) 3. 2. Allium sativum Linn. in order to be sure that you have a constant volume every spray. And Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) The means. suitable statistically tools namely. the next was the different concentration of Gliricidia sepium (Kakawate). The mean 2. The calibration was made by spraying first the distilled water for testing.treatment of . This procedure based in the comparison of the range subset of the sample means with a calculated least significant range. DMRT was used in comparing treatment means. Duncan’s Multiple Range Test was a test intended to guide groupings means that were not significantly different among them. calculate the sum of squares (ss) as follows: Correction Factors (CF) = grand total Total number of observation = ∑ x2 Rt Total ss = Ex2 . as the number of replication. This least significant range increases with the number of sample means in the subset. All the data was analysed using ANOVA to determine the difference among the test concentrations. Using X’s to designate the individual measurement for each plot.c. It belongs to the several class of multiple comparison procedure to use range statistics and to compare set of means.f.4. . Treatment MS = Treatment ss T (r-1) Error MS = Error ss T (r-1) DMRT.