BIBLIYA Ang Bibliya, Biblya (ponemikong baybay), o Biblia (mala-Kastila at maka-Griyegong pagbabaybay) ay isang kalipunan ng mgaitinuturing na Banal na Kasulatan sa Kristiyanismo. Bagaman isinulat lamang ito ng mga tao, itinuturing din itong "mismong salita ng Diyos." Inilalarawan ang Bibliya bilang isang napakalaking aklat, naglalaman ng ilang maituturing na mga nakalilitong mga pananalita, may mga gawing pambihira ang mga tauhan ng Bibliya kung ihahambing sa mga gawi ng mga mamamayang nabubuhay sa pangkasalukuyan, partikular na ang sa ika-21 daantaon. Isang aklat ng sarisaring mga bagay ang Bibliya na kinalalagakan ng Lumang Tipan, Bagong Tipan, at Apokripa. Isang tala ng isang "sinaunang pangako" ng Diyos sa Israel o mga Hudyo ang Lumang Tipan. Tinatalakay naman sa Bagong Tipan ang "katuparan" ng Kristiyanismo sa pamamagitan ng katauhan at mensahe ni Hesus. Sa gitna ng Luma at Bagong mga Tipan, nagsasalaysay ng kasaysayan at mga diwa ang Apokripa. Bagaman hindi isang pangunahing aklat na pangkasaysayan, nagbubunyag ang Bibliya ng mga kalinangan at mga kaganapan sa kasaysayan na nakaapekto sa Jerusalem, ang tinaguriang Banal na Lupain, mula sa ikatlong milenyo bago dumating si Hesukristo magpahanggang sa pagkawasak ng Jerusalem noong 70 A.D. Katulad na lamang ng Aklat ng Genesis na nagpapatanaw ng pamumuhay ng mga Sumerio ng Mesopotamya, na isa sa mga pinakamaagang kabihasnan sa mundo. Nagpapahiwatig naman ang salaysay hinggil sa Tore ng Babel ng kung anong uri ng mga templo ang itinatayo noong mga panahong iyon. Sa ilang mga bahaging aklat ng Bibliya, nasaksihan ng mga manunulat ng Bibliya ang mga pangunahing mga pangyayari sa bayan ng Israel, Ehipto, Asiria, at iba pang mga pook, mga kaganapang itinuring ng mga manunulat na ito bilang mga "gawain ng Diyos." Isang kalipunan ng mga aklat ang Bibliya - nasa mga animnaput' anim - at naisulat sa loob ng mahabang panahon. Bagaman nagsasalaysay ito ng mga kuwento kung paano gumawa ang Diyos ng mga hakbang upang itama ang mga kamalian sa mundo, hindi ito lubos na basahin lamang bilang mga pangkaraniwang mga salaysay, tulad ng ibang mga kuwento. Sapagkat sinulat ang mga aklat ng Bibliya sa ibang kapanahunan, na naiiba sa pangkasalukuyang panahon. Nararapat na isaalang-alang ng bumabasa kung ano ang ipinapaliwanag ng mga orihinal na may-akda ng bawat aklat, at dapat unawain ng mambabasa kung ano ang kahulugan nito ngayon, ang kaugnayan sa kasalukuyan. Sinasabi pa ri na ang puso at kaluluwa ng Bibliya ay ang sarili nitong kasaysayan o salaysay. Bilang dagdag, isa itong tunay na mahabang salaysayin hinggil sa isang partikular na mamamayan, kung paano tinawag ng Diyos ang mga taong ito, at ang layunin ng Diyos para sa mga ito: ang pagdadala ng biyaya at pagbabasbas ng Diyos sa lahat ng mga tao sa mundo. Isang sinaunang kuwento tungkol sa Diyos, sa mundo, at sa mga mamamayang tinawag ng Diyos ang Bibliya. Nasagip ang Bibliya mula sa nakaraan, at naisulat, upang mabasa ng mga tao ng kasalukuyan at makapagbigay ng kahulugan sa kanilang mga buhay at pamumuhay. Nagkakaisa ang lahat ng mga bahagi ng Bibliya bilang magkakaugnay at iisang paglalahad lamang. Bagaman hindi ito isang aklat na madaling basahin, sapagkat may mga pangungusap o talataang mahirap unawain, nagsisilbing isang gabay sa pagiging malapit sa Diyos ang Bibliya. Sinasabi pa rin na mauunawaan ang Bibliya kung aalamin ng isang tao ang mga tauhang nasa mga pahina nito, kung uunawain ang tagpuan at kapanahunan nito, at kung susundan ang banghay o balangkas nito. Nahahati ang Bibliya sa tatlong pangunahing pangkat: ang Lumang Tipan (o Matandang Tipan, Matandang Testamento, at Lumang Testamento), ang Bagong Tipan (o Bagong Testamento[6]), at ang Apokripa (o Apocrypha). Sa Ingles, tinatawag na testament ang salitang tipan[6] kaya't may saling Old idinagdag naman ang paghahati-hati pa ng mga kabanata. "mataimtim na kasunduan. at naglalarawan ng uri ng ugnayang mayroon noon ang Diyos at ang mga sinaunang mga Israelita at unang mga Kristiyano.C. Muslims believe the Qur an to be the verbal book of divine guidance and direction for mankind.). Hinati ng mga Masoret ang Ebreong Kasulatan sa mga talata.org/wiki/Bibliya QUR AN The Holy Qur an (pronounced [qur a n]. learned the Qur an by heart. recited and written down by Muhammad's companions after every revelation dictated by Muhammad. Qur n. Jeremias 10:11. SOURCE: http://tl. 7:12-26. lahat-lahat. at noong mga ika-13 siglo ng Karaniwang Panahon (C. Sa mga panapanahon.Testament para sa Lumang Tipan at New Testament para sa Bagong Tipan. magkakaiba ang pagtanggap ng mga Kristiyano sa bahaging ito ng Bibliya. Sa pangkalahatan. repeatedly recited in front of Muhammad for his approval or the approval of other Sahabas Muhammad . may kabuuang 1. Ang paghahati sa Bibiya na may mga kabanata at talata (may 1. tens of thousands.E nang nakompleto nina Nehemias at Malaquias ang kanilang aklat. inilathala ni Robert Estienne ang edisyong Lating Vulgata (Latin Vulgate sa Ingles). ngunit nakatulong ng malaki ang bagay na ito makalipas ang ilang daantaon. tinatanggap naman sa Kristiyanismo ang dagdag pang 27 mga aklat na nasa Bagong Tipan. Most of Muhammad's companions. literally the recitation ) is the central religious verbal text of Islam.E. at tinatawag ding inter-testament sa Ingles (inter-testamento o nasa gitna ng mga tipan o testamento) sapagkat nalalagay sila sa pagitan o nasa gitna ng Lumang Tipan at Bagong Tipan ayon sa pagkakahanay na kronolohikal o pangkapanahunan. Followers of Islam further believe that the Qur an was memorized. beginning in 610 CE. Apokripa ang taguri sa 14 pang mga aklat na natitira. na nangangahulugang "kasunduan". mula Henesis hanggang Apokalipsis (o Aklat ng Pahayag). Nang dakong huli." o "tipan".wikipedia. animnaput-anim na aklat ang bumubuo sa Bibliya. Halos 60 mga taon nang dakong huli nang ibahagi ni San Juan ang kaniyang aklat at tatlo pang mga sulat para makompleto ang kanon ng Bibliya. Islam holds that the Qur an was repeatedly revealed from Allah to Muhammad orally through the angel Jibr l (Gabriel) over a period of approximately twenty-three years.189 kabanata at 31. Al-Coran or Al-Qur n. the year of his death. Koran. Arabic: al-qur n.102 talata ang Saling Haring James) ay hindi ginawa ng orihinal na mga manunulat. ang bumubuo sa itinuturing na mga banal na panitikan ng Hudaismo: ang Tanakh.610 mga taon ang sangkot sa pagkakagawa ng Bibliya. Binubuo ang Lumang Tipan ng 39 na mga aklat. Hinango ang testament ng Ingles at ang testamento ng Tagalog at Kastila mula sa testamentum ng wikang Latin. noong 1555. na ginagamit pa magpasahanggang ngayon. Pinasimulan ni Moises ang pagsulat ng Bibliya noong 1513 B. hanggang sa naisulat ng apostol na si San Mateo ang kaniyang makasaysayang dula. when he was forty. and consider the original Arabic verbal text to be the final revelation of God.E. Naidagdag ang ilang sagradong mga isinulat sa pagtatapos ng 443 B. and concluding in 632 CE. ang kauna-unahang Bibliya na may kumpletong mga kabanata at mga talata. Nagkaroon ng pagitan ang pagsulat ng Bibliya nang halos 500 taon.C. Walang ibang aklat tulad ng Bibliya na matagal ang lumipas bago nakumpleto. Daniel 2:4b 7:28). also sometimes transliterated as Quran. Bilang karagdagan. Samakatuwid. Tatlumput-siyam ang Ebreo at 27 naman sa wikang Griyego kasama na ang iilang bahagi na isinulat sa Aramaiko (Ezra 4:8 6:18. the Quraish dialect aka Fus'ha (Modern Standard Arabic). Along with the Odyssey. and often emphasizing the moral significance of an event over its narrative sequence. These started. a sequel to the Iliad. Although the story covers only a few weeks in the final year of the war. The present form of the Qur an text is accepted by most scholars as the original version compiled by Abu Bakr. and. regarded in Islam as the first prophet. the third Caliph. and as the culmination of a series of divine messages. the Tawrat (Torah or Pentateuch) of Moses. beautiful. illustrious descriptions. Muhammad's widow and Umar's daughter. in part. Hafsa. started noticing differences in the dialect of the Qur an. Set in the Trojan War. and because of the fact that it is so well written and perhaps one of the first "books" (epics) ever written down. Historical events are related to outline general moral lessons. also attributed to Homer. and the Injil (Gospel) of Jesus. he requested Hafsa to allow him to use the Qur an text in her possession to be set as the standard dialect. The Iliad contains approximately 15. Before returning that Qur'an text to Hafsa. The Odyssey (Greek: . Muslim tradition agrees that although the Qur an was authentically memorized completely by tens of thousands verbally.approved and also compiled it in written form while he was alive. Indeed it is the second the Iliad being the first extant work of Western . the ten-year siege of Ilium by a coalition of Greek states.wikipedia. The "Odyssey" is a magnificient piece of literature that we find absolutely spectacular in the fact of its potential for helping us understand pre-history of many ancient cultures. The authorship of the poem is disputed.[13][14] the Zabur (Tehillim or Book of Psalms) of David. it tells of the battles and events during the weeks of a quarrel between King Agamemnon and the warrior Achilles. Odýsseia) is one of two major ancient Greek epic poems attributed to Homer. the Qur an was still established textually into a single book form shortly after Muhammad's death by order of the first Caliph Abu Bakr suggested by his future successor Umar. presenting alternative accounts and interpretations of events. and is written in a literary amalgam of several Greek dialects. sometimes offering detailed accounts of specific historical events. was entrusted with that Quran text after the second Caliph Umar passed away. and awe-inspiring work of ancient Greece. The Qur'an assumes familiarity with major narratives recounted in Jewish and Christian scriptures. Muslims regard the Qur an as the main miracle of Muhammad. It combines the horridness and sometimes mundaneness of war into a epic poem filled with art. as proof of his prophethood. according to Islamic belief. SOURCE: http://en. the Iliad is among the oldest extant works of Western literature. When Uthman. summarizing some. the Iliad mentions or alludes to many of the Greek legends about the siege. It is. Uthman immediately made several thousands of copies of Abu Bakar's Qur anic compilation and ordered all other texts to be burned. IPA: [i liás]) is an epic poem in dactylic hexameters.700 lines. The poem is fundamental to the modern Western canon. the other work traditionally ascribed to Homer.org/wiki/Qur%27an#Content ILIAD AT ODYSSEY The Iliad is a powerful. The Iliad (Ancient Greek: . The Qur'anic verses contain general exhortations regarding right and wrong and the nature of revelation. and a myriad of wonderful literary images. dwelling at length on others. This process of formalization of the orally transmitted text to Abu Bakar's Qur'anic text is known as the "Uthmanic recension". The Qur'an describes itself as a book of guidance. in some cases. and continued with the Suhuf Ibrahim (Scrolls of Abraham). with the messages revealed to Adam. traditionally attributed to Homer. and its written version is usually dated to around the eighth century BC. Iliás. competing for Penelope's hand in marriage. http://en. The struggle culminates in the great battle of Kurukshetra. Arshia Sattar states that the central theme of the Mahabharata. instances of family loyalty and duty taking precedence over what is right. It is widely considered the preeminent work of Italian literature.org/wiki/Iliad.wikipedia. perhaps a rhapsode (professional performer). and the subsequent end of his dynasty and ascent of the Pandava brothers to heaven. In his absence. morality and virtue. the Mnesteres (Greek: ) or Proci. The original poem was composed in an oral tradition by an aoidos (epic poet/singer). The Odyssey was written in a regionless poetic dialect of Greek and comprises 12. as well as the Ramayana. and man is heading toward the complete dissolution of right action. in which great values and noble ideas have crumbled. and is seen as one of the greatest works of world literature. the kingdom ruled by the Kuru clan. The two collateral branches of the family that participate in the struggle are the Kaurava and the Pandava. Duryodhana. It continues to be read in the Homeric Greek and translated into modern languages around the world. the Greek-speaking coastal region of what is now Turkey. It helped establish the Tuscan dialect in which it is written as the Italian standard. it is assumed he has died. It also marks the beginning of the Hindu age of Kali (Kali Yuga).wikipedia. and the story's conversion to a written work inspire continual debate among scholars. The poem's imaginative and allegorical vision of the Christian afterlife is a culmination of the medieval world-view as it had developed in the Western Church. in which the Pandavas are ultimately victorious. In the English language as well as many others. somewhere in Ionia.org/wiki/Odyssey MAHABHARATA The core story of the work is that of a dynastic struggle for the throne of Hastinapura. Purgatorio.htm. The battle produces complex conflicts of kinship and friendship. The poem mainly centers on the Greek hero Odysseus (or Ulysses.110 lines of dactylic hexameter.wikipedia. and that events seem to depend as much on the choices made by women and serfs as on the actions of fighting men. SOURCE: http://library. as he was known in Roman myths) and his long journey home following the fall of Troy. The Divine Comedy (Italian: La Divina Commedia) is an epic poem written by Dante Alighieri between 1308 and his death in 1321. SOURCE: http://en. is respectively Krishna's and Rama's hidden divinity and its progressive revelation. It was probably composed near the end of the eighth century BC. The details of the ancient oral performance. It is divided into three parts. the eldest Kaurava. Among the most impressive elements of the text are its strikingly modern non-linear plot. the fourth and final age of mankind.literature. and was intended more to be sung than read. On the surface the poem describes Dante's .org/19300/data/homer.org/wiki/Mahabharata#Historical_context DIVINE COMEDY http://en.thinkquest. It takes Odysseus ten years to reach Ithaca after the ten-year Trojan War. the Inferno. Both Duryodhana and Yudhisthira claim to be first in line to inherit the throne. and his wife Penelope and son Telemachus must deal with a group of unruly suitors. the word odyssey has come to refer to an epic voyage. as well as the converse. The Mahabharata itself ends with the death of Krishna. Although the Kaurava is the senior branch of the family. is younger than Yudhisthira. the eldest Pandava. and Paradiso. 1040 July 10. At the surface level. among them was "Hruodland. after being exiled. recorded by historian and biographer Einhard (Eginhard) in his Life of Charlemagne (written around 830). Rodrigo Díaz was educated in the royal court of Castile and became the alférez. The story told in the poem is based on a historical incident. 778. which testify to its enormous and enduring popularity in the 12th to 14th centuries. especially the teachings of Thomas Aquinas. potentially much closer to the date of the first written version of the epic. The epic poem is the first and most outstanding example of the chanson de geste. SOURCE: http://en. The first indication that popular legends were developing about this incident comes in a historical chronicle compiled about 840.wikipedia. escorting a rich collection of booty gathered during a failed campaign in Spain. or chief general.org/wiki/El_Cid THE SONG OF ROLAND The Song of Roland (French: La Chanson de Roland) is the oldest surviving major work of French literature. was a Castilian nobleman. The first printed edition to add the word divine to the title was that of the Venetian humanist Lodovico Dolce. which contains a text of some 4. A second indication. a literary form that flourished between the eleventh and fifteenth centuries and celebrated the legendary deeds of a hero. is that (according to somewhat later historical sources) during William the Conqueror's invasion of England in 1066 a "song about Roland" was sung to the Norman troops before they joined battle at Hastings: . Dante draws on medieval Christian theology and philosophy.travels through Hell. was attacked by Basques. He is considered the national hero of Spain SOURCE: http://en. The oldest of these versions is the one in the Oxford manuscript.wikipedia. were "common knowledge" (vulgata sunt). in which the rearguard of Charlemagne's retreating Franks. the poem is understood to be fictional. 1099). and Heaven. the trapped soldiers were slaughtered to a man. Originally the work was simply titled Commedia and was later christened Divina by Giovanni Boccaccio. Purgatory. known as El Cid Campeador. a military leader and diplomat who.org/wiki/Divine_Comedy EL CID CAMPEADOR Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar (c. and his most valuable asset in the fight against the Moors. conquered and governed the city of Valencia. but at a deeper level it represents allegorically the soul's journey towards God.004 lines (the number varies slightly in different modern editions) and is usually dated to the middle of the twelfth century (between 1140 and 1170). including Roland. published in 1555 by Gabriele Giolito de' Ferrari. which mentions that the names of the Frankish leaders caught in the ambush. of Alfonso VI. Prefect of the Marches of Brittany" (Hruodlandus Brittannici limitis praefectus). In this engagement. At this deeper level. It exists in various different manuscript versions. the Battle of Roncevaux Pass on August 15. social. A version of the analect. is the author. so that the man s warlike example would arouse the fighters. Although fragmentary. who sang very well. as used to be argued. and even described very different social practices and ritual environments. SOURCE: http://answers.com/question/index?qid=20081113001504AAbFgeH BOOK OF THE DEAD The "Book of the Dead" is the usual name given to the ancient Egyptian funerary text called the "Spells of Coming (or Going) Forth By Day.org/wiki/The_Song_of_Roland BOOK OF THE DAYS The Book of the Days by Confucius (Kung-Fu-Tze). which suggests an origin in northern France. have held that the real origin of this version of the epic lies much further south." is evidently of Norman origin ("Turold. The dialect of the manuscript is Anglo-Norman. and represents the additions of many generations of school heads. rather than marching north to subdue the Saxons. and cultural environments. they joined battle. called "Turoldus. rode on a swift horse before the Duke singing of Charlemagne and Roland and Oliver and the knights who died at Roncevaux. Calling on God for aid. written on bamboo strips from before 55 BCE. the particular "Song of Roland" that we have in the manuscripts.wikipedia. some critics. in the poem. and Charlemagne. as is its authorship. there can be no surprise that even the earliest surviving version of the poem does not represent an accurate account of history. Due to the changing political. returns to Spain and avenges the deaths of his knights. especially as the best manuscript is written in Anglo-Norman French and the Latinized name of its author or transcriber. The Song of Roland marks a nascent French identity and sense of collective history traced back to the legendary Charlemagne." a local variant of Old Norse "Thorvald). SOURCE: http://en.Then a song of Roland was begun. Some traditional relationship is. or drew from. who is named in the final line. but it is evidence that he was one of the many poets who shared in the tradition. This book is one of the examples of the Works of Confucius. Roland becomes. the nephew of Charlemagne. William's jongleur." In view of the long period of oral tradition during which the ambush at Roncevaux was transformed into the Song of Roland. notably the influential Joseph Bédier. different heads of the Confucian school chose to praise or denigrate different of their predecessors. nothing is known about him besides his name. We cannot even be sure that the "song" sung by Taillefer was the same as. Some believe that Turoldus. This cannot be treated as evidence that Taillefer." The Book of the Dead was intended to assist the deceased in . Taillefer. however. As remarked above. was discovered 1970 s. however. the dating of the earliest version is uncertain. However.yahoo. the version could shed considerable light on the textual tradition of the Analects if its readings were ever fully employed in a critical edition. the Christian Basques become Muslim Saracens. likely. This work suggests that the text of the Analects as we have received them is heavily accreted. was the "author of the Song of Roland". The is the book that became the one of the basis of Christian Religion. while almost certainly genuine Middle-Eastern folk tales.001 or more. He begins to marry a succession of virgins only to execute each one the next morning. from the first English language edition (1706). but remained popular in its own right until the Roman period. Upon discovering his wife's infidelity. Scheherazade. and his alleged court poet Abu Nuwas. The main frame story concerns a Persian king and his new bride. scholarship generally dates the collection's genesis to around the 9th century. common protagonists include the historical caliph Harun al-Rashid. lit. Eventually the vizier. eager to hear the conclusion. offers herself as the next bride and her father reluctantly agrees. Persian: Hez r-o yek ab) is a collection of Middle Eastern and South Asian stories and folk tales compiled in Arabic during the Islamic Golden Age. In particular. which are often intermingled with real people and geography.wikipedia. burlesques and various forms of erotica. Shahryar. meaning "king" or "sovereign") and his wife Scheherazade (from Persian: .org/wiki/Book_of_the_Dead ONE THOUSAND AND ONE NIGHTS One Thousand and One Nights (Arabic: Kit b 'alf layla wa-layla. but does not end it. while others. The next night. About one third of the chapters in the Book of the Dead are derived from the earlier Coffin Texts.001 nights. she begins (and only begins) a new one. The tales vary widely: they include historical tales. magicians. especially the frame story. Ja'far al-Barmaki. many tales were originally folk stories from the Caliphate era. Some of the best-known stories of The Nights. The stories proceed from this original tale.the afterlife and comprised a collection of hymns. the king. the vizier's daughter. It is often known in English as the Arabian Nights. possibly meaning "of noble lineage") and the framing device incorporated throughout the tales themselves. What is common throughout all the editions of the Nights is the initial frame story of the ruler Shahryar (from Persian: . and legendary places. On the night of their marriage. and the king. Scheherazade begins to tell the king a tale. The Book of the Dead itself was adapted into The Book of Breathings in the Late Period. were not part of The Nights in Arabic versions. translators and scholars across the Middle East and North Africa. The work as we have it was collected over many centuries by various authors. some are framed within other tales. not always rationally. Egyptian and Mesopotamian folklore and literature. love stories. but were interpolated into the collection by Antoine Galland and other European translators. The Book of the Dead was most commonly written on a papyrus scroll and placed in the coffin or burial chamber of the deceased. So it goes on for 1. Numerous stories depict djinn. postpones her execution once again. The Book of the Dead was the product of a long process of evolution starting with the Pyramid Texts of the Old Kingdom through the Coffin Texts of the Middle Kingdom. Indian. while others include 1. The tales themselves trace their roots back to ancient and medieval Arabic. SOURCE: http://en. despite the fact that these figures lived some 200 years after the fall of the Persian Empire in which the frame tale of Scheherazade is set. his vizier. as soon as she finishes the tale. Some editions contain only a few hundred nights. Persian. particularly "Aladdin's Wonderful Lamp". cannot find any more virgins. The king is thus forced to postpone her execution in order to hear the conclusion. while others begin and end of their own accord. Sometimes a character in Scheherazade's . poems. "Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves" and "The Seven Voyages of Sinbad the Sailor". has her executed and then declares all women to be unfaithful. tragedies. comedies. Thousand Tales) which in turn relied partly on Indian elements. whose duty it is to provide them. spells and instructions to allow the deceased to pass through obstacles in the afterlife. which rendered the title as The Arabian Nights' Entertainment. Though the oldest Arabic manuscript dates from the 14th century. are most probably drawn from the Pahlavi Persian work Haz r Afs n (Persian: . SOURCE: http://en. SOURCE: http://en. The different versions have different individually detailed endings (in some Scheherazade asks for a pardon. so much in the latter case that the novel intensified the sectional conflict leading to the American Civil War. Life Among the Lowly is an anti-slavery novel by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe. also helped create a number of stereotypes about black people. long-suffering servant faithful to his white master or mistress. and in one case during a detailed description of human anatomy according to Galen and in all these cases turns out to be justified in her belief that the king's curiosity about the sequel would buy her another day of life. "House of Fame". Structurally. resulting in a richly layered narrative texture." The book. the "pickaninny" stereotype of black children. These include the affectionate. The narrator's standards for what constitutes a cliffhanger seem broader than in modern literature. or dutiful. in some parts of the full text Scheherazade stops her narration in the middle of an exposition of abstract philosophical principles or complex points of Islamic philosophy.tale will begin telling other characters a story of his own. a Connecticut-born preacher at the Hartford Female Academy and an active abolitionist. and the second best-selling book of that century.000 copies of the book were sold in the United States alone. the novel had a profound effect on attitudes toward African Americans and slavery in the United States. In recent years. in some the king sees their children and decides not to execute his wife. The tales are told as part of a story-telling contest by a group of pilgrims as they travel together on a journey from Southwark to the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket at Canterbury Cathedral. including "Troilus and Criseyde". which Chaucer is said to have come across during his first diplomatic mission to Italy in 1372. Chaucer peoples his tales with 'sondry folk' rather than Boccaccio's fleeing nobles. and the Uncle Tom. "So this is the little lady who made this big war.org/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights#Synopsis CANTERBURRY TALES The Canterbury Tales is a collection of stories written in Middle-English by Geoffrey Chaucer at the end of the 14th century. Published in 1852. and even more the plays it inspired. While in many cases a story is cut off with the hero in danger of losing his life or another kind of deep trouble. many of which endure to this day. "Parliament of Fowls". In the first year after it was published. and particularly of the Church. and that story may have another one told within it. Uncle Tom's Cabin was the best-selling novel of the 19th century. The book's impact was so great that when Abraham Lincoln met Stowe at the start of the Civil War. following the Bible. the Canterbury Tales was Chaucer's magnum opus.wikipedia. Lincoln is often quoted as having declared. 300. the negative associations with Uncle .wikipedia. It is credited with helping fuel the abolitionist cause in the 1850s. focused the novel on the character of Uncle Tom. Stowe. In a long list of works. the poem bears the influence of The Decameron. He uses the tales and the descriptions of the characters to paint an ironic and critical portrait of English society at the time. or. in some other things happen that make the king distracted) but they all end with the king giving his wife a pardon and sparing her life. dark-skinned "mammy". The sentimental novel depicts the reality of slavery while also asserting that Christian love can overcome something as destructive as enslavement of fellow human beings. a long-suffering black slave around whom the stories of other characters both fellow slaves and slave owners revolve. However.org/wiki/The_Canterbury_Tales UNCLE TOM S CABIN Uncle Tom's Cabin. who escapes from slavery to save her young son (and eventually reunites her entire family)." Because Christian themes play such a large role in Uncle Tom's Cabin and because of Stowe's frequent use of direct authorial interjections on religion and faith the novel often takes the "form of a sermon." and also believed that only women had the moral authority to save the United States from the demon of slavery. "What a thing it is to be a Christian." SOURCE: http://en. One way Stowe showed the evil of slavery was how this "peculiar institution" forcibly separated families from each other. Clare to "look away to Jesus" after the death of St. While later critics have noted that Stowe's female characters are often domestic clichés instead of realistic women. sometimes even changing the story's voice so she could give a "homily" on the destructive nature of slavery (such as when a white woman on the steamboat carrying Tom further south states. Through characters like Eliza. another major theme of Uncle Tom's Cabin is the moral power and sanctity of women. "The most dreadful part of slavery. This theme is most evident when Tom urges St. which is the exploration of the nature of Christianity and how she feels Christian theology is fundamentally incompatible with slavery.Tom's Cabin have.org/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin#Major_themes . to an extent. over-arching theme. who is seen as the "ideal Christian".wikipedia. or Little Eva." Uncle Tom's Cabin is dominated by a single theme: the evil and immorality of slavery. she emphasizes the connections between these and the horrors of slavery. overshadowed the historical impact of the book as a "vital antislavery tool. Because Stowe saw motherhood as the "ethical and structural model for all of American life."). for example. is its outrages of feelings and affections the separating of families. Clare's beloved daughter Eva. George Shelby eulogizes Tom by saying. Stowe shows how she believed women could save those around them from even the worst injustices. such as the moral authority of motherhood and the redeeming possibilities offered by Christianity. Stowe pushed home her theme of the immorality of slavery on almost every page of the novel. to my mind. While Stowe weaves other subthemes throughout her text. Stowe's novel "reaffirmed the importance of women's influence" and helped pave the way for the women's rights movement in the following decades. After Tom dies. Stowe's puritanical religious beliefs show up in the novel's final.