Trends in Food Science & Technology 53 (2016) 102e112Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Trends in Food Science & Technology journal homepage: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/trends-in-food-science- and-technology Review Therapeutic potentials of bioactive compounds from mango fruit wastes Afifa Asif a, Umar Farooq a, *, Kashif Akram a, Zafar Hayat b, Afshan Shafi a, Farkhandah Sarfraz a, Muhammad Asim Ijaz Sidhu a, Hafeez-ur Rehman a, Sommayya Aftab c a Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan b Department of Animal Sciences, University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan c The Children's Hospital and the Institute of Child Health, Lahore, Pakistan a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: Background: Continues spread of infectious diseases which affect almost 50, 000 people every day have Received 18 February 2016 become a leading global problem and the main reason is the emergence of multi-drug resistance in Received in revised form bacterial strains. So this alarming condition has necessitated search of new and natural antimicrobial 27 April 2016 substances with higher bioactivity and no side effects. From the last decade, use of plant extracts as a Accepted 6 May 2016 Available online 10 May 2016 source of bioactive components (phytochemicals) has gained wide attention against synthetic antibiotic drugs. Scope and approach: The present review aimed at evaluating the bioactive components of mango kernel, Keywords: Mango kernel their extraction, mechanism of action, anti-microbial potential and other therapeutic roles against Mango peel various diseases. Pytochemicals Key findings and conclusions: Recent studies have shown that fruit's waste parts like mango peel and Antimicrobials agents kernel contain a noteworthy amount of bioactive component of therapeutic worth. These biologically Pathogens active components include mangiferin, flavonoids, catechin, phenolic acids, gallic acid and gallic acid Infectious diseases derivatives. The therapeutic importance of these compounds have evaluated through in-vitro and minimal pre-clinically but there is need to proper pre-clinical trials and afterward clinical trials for health claims and health benefits. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction predominant producers are India and Pakistan (Diarra, 2014). Because of its exotic flavour, succulence, and sweet taste mango is Mango (Mangifera indica L.), a member of Anarcadiaceae family, known as the king of fruits and is broadly utilized by consumers in have more than 70 genera, and 1000 varieties, is considered one of all stages of maturity throughout the world (Kittiphoom, 2012). the most important tropical fruits (Fowomola, 2010; Kansci, Apart from consumption as ripe fruit, mangoes are processed into Koubala, & Mbome, 2008; Kittiphoom, 2012; Kobayashi et al., several frozen, canned, dehydrated, concentrated and dried prod- 2013). Dates back in 4000 years ago, South-East Asia is thought to ucts prepared mainly from mango pulp. Juices, puree, leather, be the origin of this delicious fruit which is now being cultivated in squash, nectar, pickles, chutney, jam, slices, powder and ready-to- more than 90 countries throughout the world (Diarra, 2014). After serve beverages are some of examples of mango products having bananas, Mango is ranked as the third most integral tropical fruit considerable demand which is increasing for both domestic and crop where its cultivation accounts for 39 million tonnes in 2010. export markets (Ravani & Joshi, 2013). Besides direct consumption Mexico, Indonesia, India, Pakistan, Brazil, Philippines, Nigeria, and or industrial processing of mango pulp, significant quantities of Egypt are top mango producers. In the market of South Asia, the mango fruit wastes mainly in the form of peel and seed (kernel) are available (Massibo & He, 2008). The mango seed is the major waste of mango after processing, but it is a promising source of thera- peutic health benefits (Ashoush & Gadallah, 2011; Kittiphoom, * Corresponding author. 2012; Momeny, Rahmati, & Ramli, 2012). Depending on their E-mail address:
[email protected] (U. Farooq). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2016.05.004 0924-2244/© 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 2002. Mishra. to another host (Engering. kernel. 6. Bioactive compounds present in mango fruit waste year. calcium. Carle. & Slingenbergh. 68% kernel and 3% testa Darwhekar. sustainable and cost Yosuf. made to highlight the therapeutic potentials of bioactive com- Keerthana. antioxidative (Berardini kernel varies according to different varieties (Mirghani et al. 2005. Odunsi. 2008. sito-sterol (b-sito-ste- monella. processing technologies and food marketing systems (Racaniello.. Ribeiro et al. 2009. In order to generate Ndiege. 2000). Vejayan. 2004. & Devika. & Rao. 2008) (see Table 1). 2009). Mirghani. are present in mango kernel include phytosterols (stigma-sterol. 2004. thrust and peel and pulp. 2006. food borne pathogenic bacteria have phenols are also present in mango peel (Ajila et al. & & Elseviers. Goosens.. Sanchez et al. analgesic. The mango seed kernel contains 52e56% unsaturated fatty as infectious diseases cause around one-third of all mortality acids and 44e48% saturated fatty acids (primary stearic acid).. Cissell. 2005).. Ratan. The use of coin dumped under rocks (Engels et al. & Bavovada. 2014. 2008. The pectin obtained from mango peel possesses better gelling (Daszak. Berardini. Parasuraman. In the United States. bio-energy and various value added because of waterborne Cryptosporidium. phosphorus. 2005) anti-inflammatory (Andreu. Cunningham. Based on dry weight. Ferech. Hogerwerf. Stoilova.. huge migration to urban vicinities. proteins. These diseases are mostly caused by patho. Jones Ahmed. Although to manage the threat of infectious diseases. economical and effective (Table 2) (Barreto et al. mutagenic character process before the extraction of pectin increases its yield to about of bacterial DNA and continuous bacterial cells transformation 21%. 2011a. 2011. Vijaya. & side effects (Akthar. Williams. Quattara. skin rashes. 2010). 2000). where antimicrobial agents are the second most commonly accepted class of medicines in each 3. 2005. 2003). Shabani & Sayadi. 2004). peel and seed kernel In this scenario. Aibinu. pounds present in mango fruit wastes with particular reference to Gadallah & Abdel Fatah. The Chemical composition of mango peel varies depending upon extent of occurrence of different infectious diseases has been cultivar. Saumya. Mango seed consists of about 29% shells. mango contains about 20e60% seed of the et al. Kabuki et al. Composition of mango seed kernel and peel Waszkiewicz. Duthie.. 2013.. fla. & Skrzydlewska. Stichele. is also present in mango seed kernel. 2. methods have some limitations such as induction of antibiotic Mango contains congregation of several bioactive compounds associated diarrhea (Kremer & Zwane. renal collapse due to food products (Somda. Inyambukho. Ralet. Quattara. Adelowotan. borne Escherichia coli. exploration of natural. / Trends in Food Science & Technology 53 (2016) 102e112 103 different varieties. gallotannins. & Vercesi. A. carotenoids and poly- 2004). leucine. 2009. 2007). 2010). Habib. Nakaishi. and Reham (2007) demonstrated the et al. Vaghasiya various concentrations in different parts of mango fruit like seed. 2008. & Liamthong. 77% carbohydrate. antidiabetic (Ramesh. Bioactive components which & Odugbemi. The because of the presence of reducing sugars mango peel also utilized significant rise is experienced in long-standing diarrheal infection for fermentation process. Neogi. 2006).0% Abdullah. Patel. These situations has Carle. These so called plant based extracts as a natural treatment of microbial pathogens wastes parts have many applications in the development of ethno. about 10 billion infections emerge annually (Akinsulire et al. increasing globally (Kaur et al. 2014. 2005. Soong Percival et al. oral therapies. mineral imbalance in the body due to available antimicrobial drugs vonols. Mathew.. Kabbash. xanthones and benzophenone derivatives (Dancer. Mango seed kernel is high in minerals such as sodium. anticarcinogenic (Abdullah. 2013).. & Ho. 2004). are certainly considered as safe with low cost and no noticeable veterinary medicines (Alwala. 2013). Gargova. Mohammed. 2007). 2002). Sahu et al. & need of the time (Macarthur & DuPont. Bacillus. & Azam. Stoyanova. entire appointments to physicians. 2006). Massibo & He. Sal. & Qubaisi. Mirghani. et al. Curti. The prevention and control of these polyphenolic composition by measuring the various polyphenolic diseases becomes crucial for the survival of human being (Djeussi components in mango seed kernel. property as compared to citrus peel pectin (Koubala. Kansci. 2005. changes in food handling. & Alex. effective treatment of infectious diseases. 2009. gastrointestinal disturbance. But all these & He. Kumar. 2012). lipids. and the kernel as 45e75% of the whole seed several strategies including antibiotics. A number of polyphenols like alkylresorcinol. pectin.. Cellulose. distributed into soluble (16e28%) and insoluble (29e50%) fractions.. 2007). and Shah (2004) documented that mango from drug-resistant pneumococci and pneumonia etc. have been reported in mango fruit waste. haemorrhagic colitis. immunomodulatory (Diarra. Among various health benefits. Pithayanuku. Osundwa. 2008. Asif et al. Bhat. It is because peel contain a high quantity of pectin (10%e15%) and soaking of the increase in bacterial cells multiplication. tocopherols. 2007. 2007. David & Diemert. Eman. & Yosuf. 2001). genic agents particularly of microbes (Staphylococcus. & Thibault. campe-sterol and also contains vitamin K). different fruits including mangoes is of particular research interest 2007). and Clostridium) that are capable of being communicable rols). antimicrobial compounds without side effects is an indispensable Kno€ dler et al. 2006).. DuPont.. 2000. ash and 2. Various therapeutic potentials of mango fruit awareness and to gather information. A significant amount of total dietary fibre (45e78%). Patel. Ayurvedic medicinal system. 2003).. According to the World Health Organization (WHO).0% crude fibre is the average composition of mango seed 2000. A globally and prevail the primary source of death especially in large quantity of essential amino acids (lysine. 2012). These important compounds are distributed in Chanda. the present effort has been wastes have been investigated including antimicrobial (Alok. Schieber. and magnesium (Sandhu & Lim. 2000. & Schieber. hemicelluloses.0% protein. Among all the factors. 2011). Delgado.. 2000). Nair & Parmar. Degaga. whole fruit. 2. 2010) due to prolonged destitution. Adenipekun. & Chand. increase in pathogen and has been used as an important herb in the traditional and resistance against drugs (Ge et al. Wanzala. The bioactive compounds or the . Duthie. et al. Saeid. & Barlow. Salariya. Augustyniak. middle-ear diseases Rehman. & Kyle. Mango always been considered as a major cause of morbidity and mortality peel also contain considerable amount of reducing sugars and due to infectious diseases in humans (Djeussi et al. Woude et al.. their antimicrobial potential for efficient. 11% fat. infectious diseases are reported for 25% of Garnier. 2014. & Raju. The composition of mango seed (Berardini et al. Peel is a waste product of mango nutrient supplementation and other conventional methods have processing industry consisting 15e20% of mango weight (Massibo been in use (Di Cesare.. since centuries (Shah. 2004. 2006. Rodriguez et al. The presence of such valuable bioactive compounds generated the requirement or demand to discover a novel source of in the mango fruit waste indicated that it is not a waste instead it's a bioactive compound to prevent the growth of pathogens. Nithitanakoo. b).. Savadogo. and polyphenols (Soong & Barlow.. 2008.. 2007). Berardini. 2007. and valine) developing countries (Akinsulire. 2010). & Traore. food is present in mango peel (Ajila. 2013). 2014). Velho. antimicrobial potential of potassium. & Mathewson. micro- (Maisuthisakul & Gordon. neoformans Ethanolic S. E. Edwardsiella tarda. Extract Salmonella typhimurium. 2007) Extract 400 ppm methanol and 5% mango kernel extract Bacillus subtilis. Mango Extract type Inhibited microorganisms Action/Effect Reference waste powder/extract Mango kernel Methanolic Escherichia coli Inhibited the growth at a concentration of (Abdalla et al... Proteus morganii. 2013) (CFU)/mL comparable to conventional irrigant 5% NaOCl Aspergillus niger. P. aureus. b) Extract binding capacity of gallotannins Powder Vibrio vulnificus. S. S. 2010) 100 mg/ml Phosphate S. coli.. albicans. Flavobactrium Columnare Ethanolic Staphylococcus aureus Inhibition by Ultrastructural changes in (Jiamboonsri et al. Asif et al. M. aerugenosa Inhibition was achieved by using spread plate (Alok et al. stutgeri. aeruginosa Significantly Inhibit the growth ranged between (Mirghani et al. Nocardia asteroids. & Mishra. phenol contents in extract Klebsiella aerogenes. 2010) Klebsiella pneumonia. Gordonia bronchialis. aureus Antibacterial activity achieved because of Iron (Engels et al. aureus.3 mm zone of inhibition Mango peel Aqueous B. B. Inhibition zone ranged between 3. Clostridium botulinum. 2013) Total fungi and yeasts 97% total molds S. P. aureus. Candida albicans. 2011) Extract achieved at 2048 mg/mL it also modulate the effect of antibiotics. coli. Reduction of all tested microbial strains because (Vaghasiya et al. S. 0. Maximum zone of inhibition was achieved at a (Shabani & Sayadi. aeruginosa Inhibition ranged between 1. fluvialis. aeruginosa 8. Salmonella enteritidis. P...5 and 3.104 A. b) Extract Corynebacterium rubrum. Methanolic Alternaria alternata Inhibited the growth at a concentration of (Vega-Vega. Salmonella typhimurium. 2013) fluorescens. aureus. 2009) E. Vega-Vega. B. Pseudomonas aeruginosa. N. C. B. P. aureus. Listeria monocytogenes. Rakholiya. aeruginosa Inhibition was achieved against Gram positive (Prakash. E. V. E.. with 18 mm/Mycobacterium highest zone of monocytogenes. P. 2011) Extract bacterial cell morphology Mesophilic aerobic microorganism Reduction of 80% mesophilic plate count and (Vega et al.. P. aureus.17 mm and (Khammuang & Sarnthima. 2014) P. C. E. Baravalia. Salmonella typhi.40 and 2. 14 mm. B.. L. Citrobacter Inhibition ranged between 5 mm and 18 mm (Amgad et al. aeruginosa Inhibition ranged between 2. 2000) aerogenes. Silva- Extract 6. subtilis. faecalis concentration of 25 mg/mL S. Enterobacter aerogenes.. otitiscaviarum. Brenda.. 2012) freundii. testosterone. subflava. aureus. 2009) Extract 1. Proteus of the presence of high amount of tannins and vulgaris. Candida albicans. Salmonella typhi. E. Highest zone size were exhibited in the range of (Sahu. inhibition smegmatis. Pseudomonas aeruginosa. B.23 and 3. S. Citrobacter freundii S.. cereus. E.30 cm (Mirghani et al. aerogenes.2 g/liter Staphylococcus aureus E. 2011a. S. Putida. N. P. faecalis Significant reduction of colony forming units (Subbiya et al. albus. Zone of inhibition ranged between 9 mm and (Chanda. Proteus mirabilis. 2013) . megaterium. b) Campylobacter jejuni. Campylobacter jejuni Aqueous S. P. 2012) Extract and Gram negative microbes by using spread plate method S. 1250 mg ml1 and minimum bacterial Micrococcus flavus. Das. P. monocytogenes. Enterobacter aerogene. / Trends in Food Science & Technology 53 (2016) 102e112 Table 1 Effectiveness of various extracts of mango waste against various microorganism. aeruginosa. Streptococcus pyogenes E. coli. P. aureus Strains Minimum inhibitory concentration was (de Oliveira et al. B. subtilis. B. Shigella flexneri. B. farcinica. Cryptococcus luteolus.25 mg/mL Espinoza1. subtilis. 2013. P.1 mm 2011) Hexane S. Corynebacterium Rubrum. 2013) method at 10% concentration of extract B. P. Proteus mirabilis. pneumoniae.23 cm (Mirghani et al. aureus. 2011) syringae. harveyi. E.. Klebsiella Active against all tested strain at 2500 ppm (Kabuki et al. et al. coli. E. Enterobacter aerogenes. aeruginosa. L.. P. Mycobacterium senegalense. cereus.. Acetone S. 2011a. 2013a. Streptococcus pyogenes. cereus. coli. et al.. coli. V. Klebsiella concentration was >1250 mg ml1. coli.. subtilis. Minimum inhibitory concentration was (Rakholiya et al. Vibrio alginolyticus. pictoruim. coli. Proteus mirabilis. Kaneria. aureus. coli. Inhibition was achieved at a concentration of (Engels et al. S. subtilis. 2009) after 1 mM dilution Aeromonas hydrophila.16 mm/400 mg-19 mm/400 mg parahaemolyticus. V. aureus Inhibited the growth at a concentration of (Kaur et al. 22. cereus. 2000). The total polyphenolic contents of the mango kernel Mango Peel Mangiferin Xanthonoid extract was estimated to be 112 mg GAE/100 g. Scartezzini and Speroni (2000) mangiferin. Kweon. 2004) and hypothesized that Gallic acid propyl ester Phenolic acid the antimicrobial activity could be due to the presence of gallo.5 mg/kg whereas other flavonol glycosides pharmacologically active phytochemical suggested in the Indian (kaempferol) were only present in trace amounts. Degree of cyanins.0 mg/kg) and (static and dynamic) including pathogenic microflora quercetin 3-arabinoside (5. Mangiferin 3. 2005).. Among all xanthone (Luo et al. (2009) demonstrated the antimicrobial activity exhibited by gallotannins extracted from a Chinese plant. Sanchez et al.5. and vegetables. Bornman. acid. Ana- cardiaceae. ()-epigallocatechin.6 mg coumarin. 10. It provides a strong the glycoside the most commonly found glycosides are quercetin 3- protective shield to mango kernel against various forms of stresses galactoside (22. but the antibacterial compo- Epicatechin Catechin nents were not characterized.3. Tian et al.1 mg/kg). flowers. The extracts of Galla chinensis were tested against three 3. 2005. Gallic acid Phenolic acid Gallic acid methyl ester Phenolic acid tannins (Kabuki et al.6.. Catechins species of Gram negative (Escherichia coli. / Trends in Food Science & Technology 53 (2016) 102e112 105 polyphenolic contents in 100 g of mango seed kernel includes Table 2 20. Koubala et al. Wang. approximately up to 200 mg/dl (Duthie et al. fisetin. (2000) reported antimicrobial activities of an Proanthocyanidins Flavonoides ethanolic extract from mango kernels against 18 bacterial species Isoquercetin Flavonoides including foodborne pathogens. into different groups such as ()-epicatechin. Quercetin is known as a colouring compound because it gives tential.12. 2005). and 7. 4. Shi. Astragalin Flavonoides syringic acid and ellagic acid (Ajila.. Similarly Palmeira. 2001).7 mg caffeic Important bioactive compounds present in mango fruit waste parts (Ajila et al. 2007. A. 3. Isoquercetin Flavonoides These polyphenols includes mangiferin pentoside. catechin. and epi- nensis and Galla rhois extracts were also reported by other re. and astragalin (kaempferol-3-glucoside) actopyranoside has also been found in the mango (Berardini et al. & Gupta. and Carle (2000) reported the compounds have high heat stability and also known as C-glucosyl presence of quercetin and related glycosides in mango.” These et al. Zhang. tory concentrations and shown strong broad spectrum antibacterial (þ)-gallocatechin and ()-epicatechin gallate. It was found that the extract was Quercetin Flavonoides Fisetin Flavonoides composed primarily of polyphenols. Li.2 mg mangiferin. Shigella dysenteriae) and Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus (þ)-Catechin is a derivative of flavonoid and is further divided aureus. quercitin. Salmonella typhimurium. mainly divided into six classes on the basis of degree of oxidation. 2009). isoflavones. Flavonoids 3. Bacillus subtilis. Soong & Barlow. 11.1 mg unknown compounds (Masibo & Fruit waste part Bioactive compounds Chemical nature He. 2000).0 mg/kg). Gupta. Asif et al. Zhu. 2012.. catechin constitute about 50% of total polyphenolic composition of searchers (Ahn. Antimicrobial activities of gallotannins from Galla chi.7 mg tannin. Proanthocyanidins Flavonoides Gois. carotenoids and dietary fibre. antho.2. Anthocyanins Flavonoids are the most common type of polyphenols. and proanthocyanidins. & Tang.2 mg cinnamic acid. Galla chinensis. The other flavonoids 565 mg/100 g as compared to 203e326 mg/100 g in unripe mango present in various parts of mango include epicatechin.0 mg gallic acid. 2005..4. such as rutin (quercetin rutinoside) (Berardini of this reason informally known as “super antioxidants.4 mg ferulic acid. 1998. Tunchaiyaphum. 6.. 7.4. 3. & Trost. 2006). It might be a aglycon was 3. Schieber. The Epicatechin Catechin bioactive components present in mango waste parts (seed kernel Epigallocatechin Catechin Epicatechin gallate Catechin and peel) are given in Table 2 and also discussed in detail as Gallic acid propyl ester Phenolic acid followed: 3. These The recommended daily intake of anthocyanins for humans is classes include flavones. & Yoswathana. & Rao. diseases (Scartezzini & Speroni. Chen. flavanones. Quercetin Mangiferin is a xanthone that possess strong antioxidant po. Mangiferin thought to be more effective antioxidant than color to fruits. flavonols. Tannins and tannin like substances Mango Kernel Gallotannins Hydrolyzable tannins Mangiferin Xanthonoid Kabuki et al. whereas a novel anthocyanin 7-Omethylcyanidin 3-O-b-D-gal- isoquercetin. flavanols) are mainly responsible for the astringency of food of The total anthocyanin contents in ripe mango ranged from 360 to plant origin (Santos-Buelga & Scalbert.2 mg vanillin... They occur in plants in the other natural antioxidants like vitamin C and vitamin E and because form of glycosides. According to potential. The amount of the quercetin (Muruganandan. Ullrich.. Lee. (Rozema. Ahn. 2002). Lal. Eshtiaghi. Proanthocyanidins (a polymeric ripeness of mango also affects the total anthocyanin concentration. Kataria. A large amount medicinal system for treatment of a number of immunodeficiency of quercetin is also present in mango peel (Berardini et al. & Mangifera indica extract. belongs to mango family. 2002). 2010). 2002).1. quercetin 3-glucoside (16. In a subsequent study it was Epigallocatechin Catechin demonstrated that mango kernel extracts contain high amounts of Epicatechin gallate Catechin hydrolyzable tannins (Berardini et al.. Jaganmohan. 2013). 2000). & Park. . and Souza (2012) reported that mango peels contain a Epicatechin Flavonoides Quercetin Flavonoides considerable quantity of polyphenols. Haeder. Bacillus cereus) each for minimum inhibi. 20.dihydroxybenzoic acid Phenolic acid Dihydroxybenzoic acid Phenolic acid Ellagic acid Phenolic acid derivative 3. 2012. quercetin. Gaberscik. 2000). Ajila & Rao (2013) methyl ester. form stable complexes with proteins and some Gallic acid was acknowledged as the major polyphenolic compound carbohydrates of bacterial cell membrane. phytosterols. Kansci. gallic acid or ellagic acid units (Scalbert & Williamson.dihydroxybenzoic acid. gallic acid contains hydroxyl Aguilar. oxidative phosphorylation. 2000. 2003). Sairam et al. Gallic acid does not give and Chou (1998) demonstrated that tannins present in mango astringent taste because it does not form complex with protein.106 A. been demonstrated that high concentration of mango kernel . The phenolic compounds property because of its high content of sesquiterpenoids. 2006). and Reddy (2011) with addition that this high Gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negative bacteria (Kabuki et al. & Riley.g. Changes in the bacterial membrane by the more water-soluble compound and easily absorbed by the animals. Biosyn. copper. Kumar... hydrophobic end which is non-polar and hydro- 3. and 2000). These carotenoids possess high vitamin A activity and Due to the presence of various phytochemicals. The structural arrangement of different fatty acids. 2005). 2006). 2006). Dietary fibre possible procedure possessed by mango kernel extract to control the infectious diseases. the passing of substrates into cell (Cristani et al. Caillet. thetically these phenolic acids are formed by the oxidation of gal- loyl residues in ellagitannins (Scalbert & Williamson. Phenolic acids carcinogenic properties. 2007). 2006. Due to the decrease in permeability of groups and a carboxylic acid group in its structure. 2000).. strength of immune system are stimulated by the use of dietary doses of methanolic extract of mango kernel (Sahu et al. which is a cytoplasm (Burt. vitamin A capacity and anti-oxidant potential was because of the 2000). gallic acid etary fibre possesses strong anti-oxidant potential as compared to propyl ester. 2004. Hydrolyzable tannins are easily hydro. 2007). / Trends in Food Science & Technology 53 (2016) 102e112 3. Longbottom. 2010. & Ralet. 2001. 2006). & Smid. Turina. kernel extract. benzoic acid. There are two ends of bacterial cell membrane. Mauriello. (2004) reported the high amount of carotenoids in mango peel. Methyl and propyl gallate have pre.. The mango seed kernel also possesses antioxidant Soli. Methyl gallate The direct action on microbial metabolism by inhibition of iron. The ingestion of extract of mango kernel decreases intesti- selenium (Berardini et al. Mee. and benzoic acid propyl ester (Rastraelli et al. Dinesh. deficiency of the substrates required for Gallic acid derivatives methyl gallate and propyl gallate possess microbial growth or inhibition of extracellular microbial enzymes strong antioxidant efficiency. Hammer. It can also block the physiology of cell by coagulation of bound to a sugar molecule in the form of ellagitannins. Structurally. Ultee. decline in membrane po- The quantity of gallic acid found in mango kernel extract varied tential. 3. action of quercetin could prevent the secretion of toxins. Ellagic acid lipids and polysaccharides can be disrupted due to the passing of tannin in mango kernel extract in cytoplasmic membrane and cell Ellagic acid contains fused 4-rings in its structure and this wall (Burt. The hydrophobic end reacts with aliphatic side chain while the hydrophilic end of Gallic acid and its derivatives (e. gallic acid other natural anti-oxidants like tocopherol. & Singh. & Martin-Belloso. Zygadlo. Alberda.12. present in mangoes.. Mango peel contains a significant amount of dietary fibre and this fibre has high hydration capacity A large number of phenolic acids are found in mango but most (Koubala. 2009). Chung. pound form known as digallic acid.. 3. De-Souza. 2008). (Raybaudi-Massilia et al. & Lacroix. Boghra.10. Natural antimicrobial properties of mango fruit wastes Chen et al. ded phenolics to the mango peel fibre. & Perillo. 3.4. (Akthar et al.. could be through the immune system Dietary fibre now a day gaining a lot of attention because of its activation and microbicidal activity (David & Diemert. a com. 2014. Asif et al. side of phenols (present in mango kernel extract) (Goel. anti-oxidant and anti. 2006). the structures of membrane become alter and inhibit has the ability to react with one another to form an ester. Gallotannins are generally regarded as safe (GRAS) for the use in foods and food Antimicrobial actions of mango kernel extract might be due to products as food additives. It has positive health impacts like prebiotic. Various studies indicated that antibacterial activity and presence of large quantity of beta-carotene contents. deficiency of the ATP pool and loss of ions are caused by the from 23 to 838 mg/100 g depending on the method of extraction permeability of cell membrane (Di Pasqua. Thibault.8. ellagic acid) found either in membrane embeds with the hydrophobic benzene ring and polar the free or bound form with tannins as gallo-tannins and ellagi. Oussalah. 2000). The 3. 4. Hoekstra. 2000). 2004). Betts. Mechanism of action of antimicrobial activity of bioactive Hydrolyzable tannins are derivatives of phenolic acids but found in compounds present in mango waste low quantity than that of condensed tannins. its molecules membrane. Skandamis. Mosqueda-Melgar. Hoskins. Carotenoids 5. 2004. Lu. releasing ability of membrane (Lambert. Carson. 2013). mango kernel anti-oxidant potential. 2007). poly. It can bind The quantity of ellagic acid in mango kernel extract has been varied the toxins released to the external environment and also limit the from 3 to 156 mg/100 g GAE depending on the method of extraction functioning of trans-membrane beyond the plasma membrane (Soong & Barlow. Gallic acid and their derivatives philic end that is polar (Cristani et al. 1. & Da- Conceicao. Mango peel di- abundantly occurring phenolic acids includes gallic acid. and microelements such as zinc. can also explain the antimicrobial activity of mango kernel extract ventive potential against herpes simplex virus in vitro (Massibo & (Cushnie & Lamb. tannins respectively. Nolan. 2009.. phenols. & Sharma. 2012. indicated that this high anti-oxidant potential is because of boun- Structurally they are glucose esterified to form a polyol. Kets. De-Oliveira. The breakdown of the proton pump. & Nychas..11. Garnier. Raybaudi-Massilia. 2003). layers of phospho- 3. Puniya. & (Soong & Barlow. 2005. 2006). Schieber et al. nal morbidity by increasing the re-absorption of NaCl and water Kittiphoom. the leaking of bacterial cell membrane by decreasing the perme- lyzed by the action of digestive acid and/or enzymes. specific structure is present in mango whereas in other plants it is 2004). He. after 6 hydrolyzable tannins (Kim et al. The mecha- nism of action of mango kernel extract is explained in Fig. Similar findings were examined by extract showed a wide spectrum of antimicrobial efficacy against Varakumar.va-Fortuny... 2002). De-Barros. have the ability to transfer electrons and donate protons (Pietta.7.9. Coote. (2009) with higher antibacterial ef. The ethanolic and aqueous extracts of these plants mango seed kernel was an effective inhibitor against the patho. The most sensitive pathogen methanolic extract of mango kernel was most effective against inhibited by all the extracts was Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC pathogens especially E. indica) kernel extracts at various concentrations against some hu- Sairam et al. ficacy of mango kernel against Gram positive Bacillus subtilis and The methanolic extracts of seeds were utilized against 20 standards Gram negative Escherichia coli pathogens. results concluded that the mango kernel oil and extract could be Shabani and Sayadi (2014) performed an experiment to examine utilized as natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agents. 2005). So. In this experiment total bacterial count was study revealed that mango kernel extracts of all the varieties reduced by using combination of mango kernel oil and extract in showed broad spectrum antimicrobial potential against both Gram various concentrations. A. After the treatment duration. coli. Darwish. Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans. Patel. (Cristani et al. crobial and antioxidant potential was evaluated during the storage ble with that of the standard drug loperamide. This milk and potato chips.. showed significant anti-diarrheal activity compara. The mango seed extract . Similar results were also showed by another study Vaghasiya. by magnesium sulphate and castor oil in mice can be treated with In a study performed by Vega-Vega et al. supported by Alok et al. (2013) the antioxidant the aqueous and methanolic extracts of kernel of Mangifira indica. Because of this combination sunflower 27853. Asif et al. The antimi- of 250 mg/kg. 1. Bacillus Cereus. Results indicated that gallic acid was kernel extract significantly inhibited the growth of Streptococcus the major bioactive component identified in mango kernel extract. (2003) conducted a comparative experimental man pathogenic bacterial strains (Bcillus Subtilis. and El-Hamahmy (2007) performed an To evaluate the antibacterial and antioxidant efficacy of mango experiment to examine the efficacy of mango kernel extract and oil kernel extract Khammuang and Sarnthima (2011) conducted a against the total bacterial count in sunflower oil. Salmonella). 2005) (Akthar et al. march The study of Gadallah and Abdel Fatah (2011) showed that and tamarisk. pasteurized cow comparative research study while using four mango species. Escherichia coli). might be used as a potential antimicrobial. extract was needed (30%e35%) for the effective action of man. ethanolic mango kernel extracts showed the maximum zone of cillus subtilis) than Gram negative organisms (Escherichia coli and inhibition against Streptococcus pneumoniae. coli and mango kernel showed maximum resistance against spoilage as Klebsiella. (2013) who worked on antibacterial giferin against Gram-positive Bacillus pumilus and Gram-negative property of two different varieties of Indian mango (Mangifera Salmonella agona (Stoilova et al. Results of this study revealed that mango kernel extract oil oxidative stability also increased and improved its shelf life. The fresh cut fruit which was preserved in ethanolic extract of tracts did not show any inhibition against the growth of E. 2007) (Oussalah et al. Abdalla. study and reported that the diarrheal disorder which was induced Staphylococus aureous. aureus and Proteus vulgaris. were prepared in the ratio of 25 and 50 mg/mL. the antimicrobial activity of various plants including mango. Salmonella typhimurium. It is concluded from the results of study that methanolic extracts of mango kernel had significant impact on mango kernel extract showed both strong antioxidant and anti- intestinal transit and anti-diarrheal activity as compared to the microbial potency (inhibition of 80% of mesophilic plate count and aqueous mango kernel extract. / Trends in Food Science & Technology 53 (2016) 102e112 107 Mango Waste Extracts Reduce Change in Prevention of DNA Irritate the respiration Inhibit the cytoplasmic membrane structure and protein by reducing the extracellular contents by complex synthesis oxidative bacterial enzymes formation phosphorylation (Goel et al. 2006) 2010) Inhibition of microorganisms Fig. 97% of total molds). The antimicrobial genic microbes by performing a parallel control study on the activity was evaluated against pathogenic bacteria Streptococcus minced beef in refrigerated conditions. and Chanda (2011) conducted an experiment conducted by Mirghani et al. but both aqueous and methanolic ex. and antimicrobial potential of mango kernel extract was examined Both methanolic and aqueous extract were given orally in the dose by introducing the extract in fresh-cut mango flesh. The against Gram positive pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus and Ba. Mode of action of mango waste extracts against microbes. to analyse the antimicrobial effects of seeds of Mangifira indica L. Staphylococcus aureus. 2014) (De Souza et al. Combination of 5% oil and 400 ppm positive and Gram negative microbes. The results indicated that pyogenes. Strepto- methanolic extract of mango seed kernel was highly effective coccus pneumoniae. the results showed that the compared to control. Ayad. Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These results were also and 41 clinically isolated strains of bacteria. Methanolic mango period of 15 days under 5 C. So these results examined in vitro against MCF-7. faecalis planktonic cells. activity was showed against Aspergillus flavus by all the cultivars. Thai crops. average zone of inhibitions ranged from 1. Bavovada. (2007) evaluated the antimicrobial effects of zone of inhibition against P. faecalis. The greatest inhibition zone (18 mm) was against root canal biofilm of E. due to the addition of mango peel extract. Results indicated that To evaluate the anti-allergic and antimicrobial potential of some essential oils of cultivar Hindi showed broad spectrum anti. indica L. HCT-116 and HepG2 cancer cell indicated that mango waste (seed and peel) has strong therapeutic lines using MTT assay and the results showed significant effect with potential and can be used as nutraceutical for the treatment of IC50 ¼ 1.77. Kraczkiewicz-Dowjat. plant materials with minimum were taken as standard. antibiotics. when compared with normal group. (2013). sion method was accomplished with extracts and typical irrigants The in vitro antimicrobial effects of ethanol and methanol extracts across E. okra. various crops including mango. The outcomes tracts of mango peel against Alternaria alternate. Rakholiya. 2011).56 and 2. fungal potency against Candida albicans whereas no anti-fungal durian.76e3. (2010) also reported antimicrobial activity of meth. faecalis showed the considerable against Mycobacterium smegmatis. the mango kernel reduction of colony forming units (CFU)/mL and antimicrobial ac- ethanolic and methanolic extracts indicated satisfactory inhibitory tivity at par with 5% NaOCl was observed. and almost all strains of bacteria that infection to the body. considerably enhanced insulin level at the quantity of 100 and fungal efficacy of three different cultivars of Magnifera indica 200 mg/kg. (2013) monas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive (Bacillus to evaluate the antifungal activity of ethanolic and methanolic ex- subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria.23 cm. results indicated that ripe mango seed kernel was compared with tolbutamide 500 mg/kg. The experimental duration was of mango kernel indicated the average inhibition zones ranged consisting of 3 weeks. Gram positive and aciduric bacteria. In the study. vulgaris followed by Proteus morganii. This cultivar also revealed considerable anti. (2001) examined the antidiabetic effect of alco- wastes were used against 10 Gram positive. Along with antimicrobial stimulate the production of insulin in pancreas of Wistar rats and and antifungal activity immunostimulant and anti-carcinogenic have significant action across aloxone induced diabetes in Wistar activity were also measured.62e1.14 ml/ml. It was also considerable effect on hypoglycaemia in the normal rats (fasted) observed that mango seed showed higher antimicrobial potential after 3 h of drug application.40 to 2. . coconut.95e5. irrigants (2% chlorhexidine and 5% sodium hypochlorite) across fects of ethanol and methanol extracts of mango kernel across dentinal biofilm of E. & Wolska. In the current study mango peel rats. & Rivera. Therefore. Results revealed demonstrated that Lemak (variety of mango) provided comparably that the mango peel ethanolic extract exhibited the highest anti- greater antimicrobial effects among different types of mango with fungal activity at a concentration of 6.06) showed appreciable immunostimulant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Karthy and Ranjitha (2011) also antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus against norfloxacin. (phagocytic indices ¼ 1. huasa potato. Falc~ ao-SilvaSiqueira- mango kernel have strong antimicrobial potential. Asif et al. The study of Jiamboonsri. mango peel and seed were more effective against pathogens as The results revealed that mango seed kernel extract showed compared to unripe mango seed kernel and peel. was inhibited by the antibiotics and mango peel extracts). In this regard a study was conducted to evaluate the Escherichia coli and Vibrio vulnificus. Kurek. In the root canal biofilm of Enterococcus faecalis cause The properties of mango kernel oil like analgesic. Results activity which was measured by low Macrophage migration index. In as compared to mango peel. In this study ripe and unripe mango Ramesh et al. Diterpenoids Junior. (2013a. After the experimental trial. kernel extract was estimated and correlated with typical Amgad et al. respectively. 2. Kaneria. mango peel was also used along with these antibiotics. This study further approved the mytho. a comparative study was conducted by Tewtrakul. 10 Gram negative and 5 holic extract of mango seed kernel.25 mg/mL. revealed that. (2013a) studied the antimicrobial potential of Pithayanukul. mango seed kernel against the strains of Gram-negative (Pseudo. the extract of fungi. / Trends in Food Science & Technology 53 (2016) 102e112 showed antimicrobial potential against all the strains of bacteria inconvenient to be destroyed by the typical irrigants with no which were clinically isolated. Desai. Other therapeutic uses comparative study to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of mango wastes (seed kernel and peel). rambutan. reported that tannins (gallotannins) present in ethanolic extract of erythromycin and tetracycline (de Oliveira. Thammaratwasik. & de Melo Diniz. vus. hindi and cobaneya. Micrococcus fla- Staphylococcus aureus infection. the anti- teria and also inhibited the growth of Micobacterium tuberculosis biotic resistance of the tested culture was reduced (resistant culture (Garcia. germinated rice. Bocanegra-Garcia.e. the antimicrobial potential of Mangifera approaches to cure pathogenic bacterial infections. tamarind. tial but also play role to enhance the antimicrobial activity of the anolic extract of mango seed kernel against Staphylococcus aureus. 2011). In this study. adverse effects were investigated for root canal therapy by Subbiya logical utilization of Mangifira indica L. essential oil was used for the evaluation. (2012) investigated the in vitro antimicrobial ef. fan palm fruit and dioscorea tuber. Grudniak. and Ooraikul (2008). the extract of mango seed kernel El-Hawary and Rabeh (2014) examined antimicrobial and anti. The results trated the strong bactericidal activity against Gram-positive bac. Broth micro dilution and agar diffu- delegate fungi. jampadah. It was concluded that mango seed kernel extract including zebdeya. bacterial effect against both Gram positive (18e21 mm) and Gram Itharat. actions against all the examined strains.108 A. allergic and bacterial infections. Palma-Nicolas. The ethanolic extract from that were extracted from different varieties of mango plant illus. Similarly. However. Results of mango kernel extract utilization from 5 mm to 18 mm. another study was carried out by Vega-Vega et al. Rakholiya et al. aloxone induced diabetic rats. In this study negative (16e19 mm). demonstrated that mango seed possessed highest anti-allergic and The anti-carcinogenic potential of the peel essential oils were antimicrobial activity followed by banana peel. and Chomnawang (2011) supported aqueous extracts of mango (Mangifera indica L) peel (ripe and un- these results with additionally proposed that mango seed kernel ripe) and seed. The mango peel extracts not only possess antimicrobial poten- Kaur et al. Similarly. b) performed a 6.47) and Magnifera indica cobaneya hexosaminidase and antimicrobial potential against Bacillus subtilis. ripe and unripe seed extracts showed maximum Mirghani et al. banana. Chanda et al. Costa. jackfruit. 2012. for the advancement of new et al. The results revealed that the highest antimicrobial extract can be another effective remedial operator or collateral activity was observed in case of ripe peel extract with >15 mm zone healing besides penicillin G in the therapy of methylene resistant of inhibition against Gram positive bacterium i. Gram negative. Crop's waste parts (peel It was also demonstrated that peel essential oil of Magnifera indica and seed) were tested for anti-allergic against antigen-induced b- zebdeya (phagocytic indices ¼ 1. Iglesias. norathyriol. Delgado. longan. Gupta. cytotoxic property on the cells. The radicals results in the protection of human T lymphocytes. & Sultan. food is acquiring interest in the scientific society by reason of its Wolffram. increased the migration of endothelial cells which was the mango seed kernel was the highest. Rodriguez. 2003) and also induces apoptosis potential to prevent and control the various illnesses. (2008) demonstrated the effectiveness fed on diet supplemented with mango peel powder. 2000). Quercetin inhibits cell proliferation in colon carcinoma cell lines. Nakaishi. The anti-proliferative. triglycerides. (2007) performed a parallel-control and randomized decreasing the plasma total cholesterol. purified ellagic acid in high quantity. acid”. Ellagic acid has the potential to inhibit the binding of DNA. So it was concluded that mango Muruganandan. Abdullah et al. 2003). optimization of extraction and utilization of bioactive compounds Hernandez. Reda. 2005. there aglycone derivative of mangiferin. 2000. ability to protect Caco-2 cells from lipid peroxidation caused by Basha. against various diseases especially to prevent the growth of caus- ity (Andreu et al. The mango peel powder Stoner. Moreover. Lazze et al. and Lal (2005) found kernel extract come into sight to be higher cytotoxic to both es. According to Singh. to improve the was significant increment in high density lipoprotein and decline in transactivity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors lipid peroxidation. Reduction of hydroxal extract against breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7). It has been sug- of 15 and 30 mg/mL.induced lung tumorigenesis and mutagenic combat degenerative diseases like cardiovascular diseases and activities. In a study. protects the liver from oxidative damages. and Aspergillus flavus. Massibo and He (2008) suggested that addition of (MPP) has significant contents of total dietary fibre and total ca- ellagitannins (ellagic acid derivative) in a minute quantity in hu. 2006). Lamson and Brignall (2001) also performed study on ficacy might be enhanced because of its dual actions. also showed antihyperlipidemic potential by significantly Sahu et al. Quercetin by acting as waste extracts have significant curing and protection potential antioxidant performs anti-histamine and anti-inflammatory activ. anthocyanins present in mango The mango peel extracts possess hypoglycemic properties due kernel extract demonstrated strong therapeutic potential against to the presence of Mangiferin (xanthone) which is considered as a human diseases associated with oxidative stress such as coronary good antioxidant compound (Saleh. The scientists and researchers had correlated this tion. study. Mangiferin ef- breast cells. & Gibbins. However. blood glucose level (fasting). albumin. Lovegrove. The bioactive components (phytochemicals) containing plant and tyrosine protein phosphorylation in platelets (Hubbard. These because of presence of bioactive component. and LDL experimental trial on fish to evaluate the effectiveness of mango while increasing in HDL levels in diabetic rats. Another bioactive component. superoxide anion Saccharomyces cerevisiae.. 2000. It also possess antiviral and antioxidant efficacy. The synergism of the various mango polyphenols is signif- enhances the detoxifying enzymes activities (Rashmeet. there is need of Sanchez et al. jackfruit. 2003). studied due to its nutraceutical and pharmaceutical properties to nitrosodiethylamine. ative pathogens of infectious diseases. and Sinha (2009) mangiferin has also the mango kernel extract was more effective for immune responses strong antifungal potential against Thermoascus aurantiacus.. production and survivability of fish. Fathy. the mango kernel extract could strated that the major polyphenols (mangiferin and catechin) in the be a possible alternative to antibiotics with the advantage of cost . Srinivasan.. antioxidative and anti-inflammatory are mango kernel extracts inhibit activation induced cell death. & Percival. from mango fruit waste. and Walczak (2007) demon. & icant for maximum antioxidative activity. Reen. the streptozotocin-induced rats (diabetic) were Roberts-Thomson et al. El-Maraghy. Salimath.. mango peel extract possess health promoting potential due to the Mango kernel extract possess numerous physiological activities presence of mangiferin against diseases related to the impaired because of containing an important bioactive component “ellagic formation of new blood vessels (Daud et al. Kumar. Mol-4 human leukemia cells. Mangiferin breast cancer while using mango kernel extract as remedy. / Trends in Food Science & Technology 53 (2016) 102e112 109 immunomodulatory. heart disease and cancer (Duthie et al. Butt. cancer cell lines. that mangiferin possess both intra-pancreatic and extra-pancreatic trogen negative and positive breast cancer cell lines than to normal mechanisms to control the diabetic complications. mango. Conclusion and future prospective in mammary adenocarcinoma cell lines (Woude et al. El-Waseef. urine sugar. Gupta. rotenoids (Elhassaneen. Mango fruit (Mertens-Talcott. hydrogen peroxide and Fe2þ. They found that quercetin reduces the rate of lipid oxidation potential health benefit of the mango peel with its phenolic and by increasing the amount of glutathione. NR uptake gested that mangiferin reduces blood glucose levels by inhibiting and LDH release assays were used for further confirmation of the glucose absorption from the intestine. Mangiferin is a special polyphenol.. Sanchez-Reus. Anjum. 2010).. 2013). Results showed that mangiferin.. & Rao. which are related to serum protein. 2010).5 mg/g mango kernel polyphenols may react with H2O2 and prevent the (Berardini et al. & Ahmed. kernel extract on the immune responses. and tamarind and found that the antioxidant activity of giferin. Bhaskar. 2005. The results of mango kernel components quercetin and mangiferin and the revealed that due to the incorporation of mango peel powder. Augustyniak et al. respectively. gallotannin 15. platelet aggregation calcium mobilization.. so in this way quercetin flavonoid contents (Kima et al. Peng and Kuo (2003) reported that quercetin have the cholesterol and triglycerides as compared to the control (Gondi. 2014). 2003). After the results it was The therapeutic effect of mango peel and flesh extracts con- concluded that mango kernel extract enhances the ability of fish to taining bioactive molecules. a fact attributed to its high found to be dose dependent. and It has been reported from different studies that the mango peel Benedi (2003) documented by performing an experiment on extracts show antiproliferative effects (dose dependent) against mouse liver to examine the quercetin efficacy against lipid oxida. which has been extensively the DNA adducts formation of N-nitrosobenzylmethylamine and N. 2015). and cancer. Jagetia result of this experiment indicated that the extract promotes and Baliga (2005) found that mangiferin provided protection cytotoxicity in MCF-7 cells and MDA-MB-231 cells with IC50 values against radiation-induced sickness and mortality. 7. 2013) as well man diet provide effective target physiological function rather than as a potential source of minerals and antioxidants (Imran. Kumar. The results finally suggested that the polyphenolic contents. and extracts rich in man- avocado. Trichoderma reesei. as well as the individual phenolic be more resistant against pathogenic infection and strengthen the compound (mangiferin and quercetin) on endothelial cell migra- immune system. namely. A.. Molina. Soong and Barlow (2004) assayed the antioxidant tion responsible for formation of blood vessels was observed in a activity of a variety of fruit seeds. (2014) conducted an fenton reaction between Fe2þ and H2O2 because this reaction re- experiment to analyse the activity of ethanolic mango kernel sults in the formation of hydroxyl radicals. Asif et al. Talcott. The results indicated that Sharma. & Barakat. 2004). total (PPARs). 2. 444e450). & Singh. J. V.. G. Food and ghee (butter fat). 23e43. 102. E. American Journal of crude extract. Diemert prevention and self-treatment of traveler's References diarrhea.. World Journal of Dairy and Food Science. & Rabeh. (2003). C. Ahn. 001e007. Jiang. E. R. 62... L. BMC Complementary Akinsulire. kernel extract on human breast placebocontrolled study of SP-303 (Provir) in the symptomatic treatment of cancer (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines) and bioactive constituents in the acute diarrhea among travelers to Jamaica and Mexico. M. 49. G. S. Curti. T. Studies on the inhibitory spectrum Alwala. D. (2004). Mahmoud. A. A. M... peel extracts.. & Schieber. A. O. 223e253. Chung. Protective (Mangifera indica L.. E. 5.. 579e587. Some nutrients and antinutrients contents of mango chondrial lipid peroxidation antioxidant activity. 801e804. A. effects of Galla Rhois-derived tannins on intestinal bacteria. Emerging infectious diseases of be performed in detail through in-vivo research studies for the wildlife threats to biodiversity and human health. A. 1. inhibitory potential of Thai mango seed kernel extract against methicillin- (2007). & Elseviers.. Ratan. Klaiber. different mango peel varieties. essential oil on enterotoxin production. Cushnie. 13.. M. R. M. C. 12. Wilkinson. A. Influence of Origanum vulgare L.. Erben. & Vercesi.. (2004). Carle... W. (Magnifera indica) seed. 308e311.. J. F. T. 338e344. P. N. J. Kweon. tions in foods-A review. cv. A. A. Mango peel dietary fibre: composition and Tankeo. Microbiology. U. M. ‘Tommy Atkins’) effect of dietary mango (Mangifera indica L. P. H. Waszkiewicz. Abdullah.. spray ionization mass spectrometry. T. 2. Bioactive compounds property of two different varieties of Indian mango (Mangifera indica) kernel and antioxidant potential of food industry by-products in Egypt.. (2008). S. 55. 77. M. 13. 71.. International Journal of Food Microbiology. A. Djeussi. Martin. Dinesh. S. M. & Kyle. H. 70. the Nutrition Society. Patel. R. Phytomedicine. J. Changes in membrane 1. R..). S... Emerging Microbes and Infections. (2010). 3168e3174.. & Pfundstein.. David. J. Keerthana.. Wanzala. diabetic rats. & Gadallah. Ge. Duthie. N.. & Ndiege.. G. 497e503. S.. A. A. The role of poly- Chanda. 2585e2588. S. Journal of Natural Sciences Research. H. et al.. polyphenols on human T lymphocytes against Burt. Effect of antioxidant principles Ajila. Adenipekun. 12. Seukep. M. K. 37.. E. P. V. Aibinu. et al..). Molecules. S. African Journal of Food Science. Bocanegra-Garcia. M. and peel of mango (Mangifera indica L.. from Kenya. Sarpietro. Berardini. M. Lancet. Valuable components of raw and ripe ingredient for poultry: a review. 1e8. M. (2011b).. Aung.. G. T.) peel in streptozotocin-induced peels.. & Rivera. 343e356. C. 92. & Conrad. 1141e1152. In vitro antimicrobial activity of crude extracts from plants Bryophyllumpinna. J. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils El-Hawary. 84.. (2012). The Cristani.. Fruit and vegetable phenolic compounds in the diet as inhibitors of platelet function.. Lee. I.. O. & Park.. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. M. Darwish. 1e10. E. Hoskins. Antimicrobial activities of seed extracts of mango Applied and Environmental Biology. 2.. Inyambukho. methylcyanidin 3-O-b-D-galactopyranoside. J. Nakajima... Toxicology.. S. 36. P... Degaga. extract and oil from mango seed kernel. Pharmacological Research. S. Kaneria. Pithayanukul. De-Barros. tional Journal of Antimicrobial Agents... . Delgado. 439e443. Potential of mango (Mangifera indica L. 365.. A. Interaction of gut microflora and Food Chemistry. & Rao. 4. R.. 46. (2013). 58. B. G. 102e115. & Azam. A. K. J. 97. J. De-Oliveira. Pathogenehosteenvironment Andreu.. Y. K.. S. (2000). Science. (2011). L. I. 94. 4.. J. G. Osundwa. 48.. T. 35e42. Mohammed.. A. V. S. 934e942. Rodriguez. & Alex. R.. Kabuki. 103. Journal of Food Science and Technology. G. (2010). C. Diarra. H. 6. U. K.. M. Velho. J. T. Engering. 469e478. (2002).. P. R. (2005). A. T. H.. M. 26. Adelowotan. Ahn. Journal of Agricultural Goel. Schieber. R. Chemical profiling of crobial biotechnology (vol. fatty acids composition of microbial cells induced by addiction of thymol.. Journal of Applied Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. In vitro Barreto. 6. 55.. 443e449. Global trends in emerging infectious diseases. J. 583e594. G. (2005). Iron complexing interplay and disease emergence.). N. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. Rapid Communication Mass Spectrometry. & Rao. (2007).. H. Cunningham. R. S. V. Egyptian mango by-product 2: antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of membrane permeability and surface characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus. & Dosako. C. 79e106. S. Arai. (2011a). Ayad. P. S. J. Fathy.. A. F. M. S. Noumedem. 13. & Sharma. D.. Ajila. F. Akthar.. and eugenol in the growing media. Saeid. M. leaves. Beifuss. J. U. S. O... V. activity of mangiferin. Y. Y. D.. & Chou. Abdelkareem. Pierson. Characterization of bioactive isolated from mango (Mangifera indicaL. 4. E. / Trends in Food Science & Technology 53 (2016) 102e112 effectiveness. Difuntorum. Engels... Journal of Functional Foods. investigation of potential of each bioactive compound of mango Daud. 4. Butt. Outpatient antibiotic 18. Kumar. V. D. De Brito. Burli. Aguilar. I. Characterization and quantitation of polyphenolic compounds in bark. S. 209e215. Anjum. (2010). N. De-Souza. I. A. (2007). 6255e6270. 77. African Journal of Traditional Complementary and heart disease: implications as nutritional antioxidants. (2013). use in Europe and association with resistance: a cross-national database study. Antibacterial Elhassaneen. J. D. a naturally occurring glucosylxanthone. a new heteroaromatic polycyclic compound. Bhat. E. V. 444e450. M. Characterization of gallotannins and Gondi. Basha. Mirghani. J. and Alternative Medicine. ‘Tommy Atkins’ peels. Carle. 571e576. M. & G€anzle. no adverse effects and a natural mode of treatment effects of antimicrobial chemotherapy. Antibacterial activities of selected edible plants ex- associated bound phenolics.. M.. A. A.. et al. N. P. Hakami. C. pp. Thomson. 991e999. Wolffram. S. The Science of Nature-Natuwissenschaften. R. 3406e3411. Interna. C. 1e7. Jiamboonsri.Compositional quality of mango seed kernel. S. Nutrition. Touami. 2. (2015). A. Ferech.. 7-O. M. M. Schieber. Garcia. & Rao. 2208e2216. D. C. Nature.. Journal of Agriculture Jones. 5181e5186. 472e476. . Balk. D'Arrigo. P. J. M. K. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. & Mauriello.. A. Storeygard. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. limonene.. et al. J. J. kernel. A. P. 1141e1152. et al. A. Mandalari. M. S. J. Baravalia. 19. American extracts at various concentrations against some human pathogenic bacterial Journal of Food and Nutrition. J. M. Z.. Betts. Alok.. & Chand. S. (2005). I. A. H. U. These pre-clinical trials could Daszak. B. Mango extracts and the mango component man- giferin promote endothelial cell migration.. rent research.. 61e66.. 137. S. A. Kuwabara. anticancer and antimicrobial po- view. How antibiotics can make us sick: the less obvious adverse indica l. 287. A... (2013). 29e228. G. Utilization of mango peels and seed kernel powder in minced beef during refrigerated storage. I. Imran. A. A. L.. O. 2215e2223. L. G. P. (2007).... 167e173.. S. Castelli. J.. (2010).).. Antibacterial effect of mango kernel Ashoush. C. S. A. (2007). 5599e5610. M. antimicrobial activity of GSQ1530. Food Chemistry. Mechanism of inhibition of tannic acid and Jagetia. Roberts- kernel. (2008). M. D. Y. 16. Stichele. J. technology and education topics in applied microbiology and mi. a novel anthocyanin from mango Hernandez. Duthie.. 6300e6308. Gied.. R.. Fowomola. E. Jaganmohan. and Food Chemistry.. & Rao. 1e7. 28e32. Gittleman.. N. & Gibbins. K. Hull. antimicrobial action of gallotannins from mango kernels (Mangifera indica L. M. H.. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants. 60. A. K. S. S. A. Delgado.. U... Egyptian mango by-product Di Pasqua. E. T. L. & Rakholiya. Nutrition Research Re- Alternative Medicine. (2002). Inhibitory spectra and modes of Amgad. Food Chemistry. Food Chemistry. A. Eman. A.. R. & Reham.. G. 71. views. 1006e1011. & Abdel Fatah.... & Qubaisi. A.. Berardini. European Journal of Medicinal green tea from changes in the liver antioxidant abilities of different aged rats Chemistry. Di Cesare.. S. M. Radioprotection by mangiferin in Dbaxc57bl related compounds on the growth of intestinal bacteria.. Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids.. T. World Journal of Dairy and powders as sources of phytochemicals in biscuit. (2004).. 4. Levy. (2000). W.110 A. J... 54. et al. W. (2011). 279e288. (1998).) cv. G.. Preventive action of advances in antitubercular natural products. 14. Abdalla. Growth-inhibitory carvacrol. tracts against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. J.. S. International Journal of Food Microbiology. E. Characterization of novel antimicrobial compounds from mango (Mangifera Dancer. (2007). A. P. Lovegrove. M. Schieber. C.. W. 103. Ahmed. Mangifera indica peels: a common waste extracted from medicinal plants against the pathogenic microorganisms: a re.. I.. (2014).. & Lamb. G.. & Odugbemi. Chemical Science. (2010). M. I. R. (2005). (2005). C... peels from two Indian mango varieties. Spain: Formatex Research Center. C. S. (2006). R. In A. A. J.. A.. E. inhibits mito... (2013). Asif et al. Bhaskar. T. with tannins in feeds. S.. Food Chemistry. 451. A. & Baliga. Hewavitharana. J. E.. International Research Journal of Biological Science. E. M.. (2005). C. and mode of antimicrobial action of gallotannins from mango kernels (Man- Characterization and evaluation of repellent effect of essential oil of a Mangifera gifera indica L. (2005).. S. & Da-Conceicao. 990e993. G.. K. & Chomnawang. cinnamaldehyde. & G€ anzle. 1053e1060. Y. J. M. Salimath. Hogerwerf. Gastroenterology. 95. Bavovada. J. Trevisan. & Mathewson. & El-Hamahmy.. M. Goosens. H. & Slingenbergh. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry. 925e932. Fankam. B. Advances in Microbiology. (2011).. Proceeding of peels e strong natural source of antimicrobics. 611e619. Recent Augustyniak. product withimpressive immunostimulant.. Puniya... tency. pulp and kernels by high-performance liquid chromatography/electro. & Diemert.. Boghra. (2006). A. (2012). G. S. 6e10. J. G. L. World's Poultry Science Journal. M. A double blind. S. T. 1e23.. Chemical Toxicology. A. Voukeng. Interaction of four monoterpenes contained in essential oils with model resistant Staphylococcus aureus. 2215e2223.. M.. (2014). J. Essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential applica.. (2013). Biological Sciences and Pharmaceutical Research. A. Anti-diabetic benzophenonederivates from mango (Mangifera indica L. Hubbard. (2013).) seed kernels on oxidative stability of compounds from raw and ripe Mangifera indica L. effect of Mangifera indica L. A. activation-induced cell death. E. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. C. indica L. Abdullah. Food Science. S.) seed kernel as a feed Ajila. after getting pre-clinical evidences. Critchley. randomized. (2010). (2000). R. Ueda. (1998).. (2000). 2. (2014). M. & Walczak... 2745e2749.. E.. J. E. G. Gadallah. Engels. M. Cytotoxic effects of Mangifera indica L.. C. (2014).) kernel seeds.. 56. & Sultan. Food and Chemical mice: a preliminary study. E. Palma-Nicolas. Cur.. J. R. Plant polyphenols in cancer and tum and Kalanchoecrenata. The Journal of Infectious Disease... (Mangifera indica L. Micieli. S.. MendezeVilas (Ed. strains. El-Waseef. DuPont. & Ahmed. membranes: implications for their antibacterial activity. G. 85e96. Lu. Antimicrob Agents and Chemotherapy. intoxicated with ethanol. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. & Skrzydlewska. G. E. S. E. B. de Melo Diniz. R. P. Rastraelli. Phytochemistry. Lacorn. Bacteriology. Mango and it's by product utilizationea review. Mutation Research. Conrad. F. J. 3013e3019. Antioxidants and cancer. N. R.. M. 860e867. D. Planta Medica. Kesar against pathogenic and food spoilage microorganism. & Percival. H. 176. & Souza. H. 37. Moore.. S.. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. Flavonoids as antioxidants. 196e209. Extraction of phenolic com- improve viscoelastic properties of derived jams. Y. Alternative Microbial pathogens and strategies for combating them: Science.. 42. Revista Brasileira de Farm- orcinols from mango (Mangifera indica L.. Gois.) pulp.. J.. H. R. M... M.. & Pettit- 591e597. education (vol. D.. Caillet. AgueroAguero. M. (2010). Kaur. (Mangifera indica) and Ambarella (Spondias cytherea) peel extracted pectins Palmeira. Choi. Srinivasan.and polyols from mango (Mangifera indica L. Munakata. 429e436. 56. stem bark aqueous decoction used in Cuba as a nutritional supplement. Lv. Kurek. Rodriguez.. Torremolinos-Malaga (Spain): Formatex Research of ethanol-extract of Galla chinensis against Staphycoccus aureus. (2001). M. A. & Kno €dler.. D. Ribeiro. (2002).. J. J. 1118e1123.. J... C. R. & Bavovada. M.. Monaco. et al. Research. K. (2002). G. Me ndez-Vilas (Ed. & Wolska.. Carson. U.. and the putative mangiferin metabolite norathyriol on the transactivation of Mirghani. Prakash.. Shimizu. indica L: anacardiaceae) seed kernel. C.. D. Microbial pathogens and strategies for combating them: Science. 1398e1402. hydroperoxide in rat smooth muscle and hepatoma cells. et al. M. H. Center for global development. 121. A.) flesh and Odunsi. A. 37e42. R. International Journal of Food Health and Production.. chemical properties of dietary fibres prepared from ambarella (Spondias 2184e2187. inclusion of mango (Mangifera indica L. (2006). M.. 43.. J. Desai. P. Journal of Chemical Society of Pakistan. K. 309e319. M. L. 10...... mango (Mangifera indica) seed kernel extract against Methicillin resistant Muruganandan. Castro. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. S. Coote. Journal tiretroviral therapy era. S. J.. Selles.. Hammer. M. 2. activity of mango seed kernel by product. M. S. N.. (2012). Bauer. nificance to human health. F. J. technology and Medicine Review. Effect of microwave pretreatment on Rozema. Sanchez-Reus. Wenzig. Garnier. D. Polish Journal of Microbiology. Biochemical and physicochemical Journal of Food Processing and Technology. K. R. H. M. Skandamis. Food borne pathogens and Disease. Journal of Nutrition. Toxicological Science.. selected varieties of thai mango seed extract. P. I. Response of laying hens and growing broilers to the dietary peel. V. E. Pharmacy-Elixir International Journal. 75. & Beifuss. in caco-2 intestinal cells at physiological conditions. Salariya. M. T. J. L.). Tropical Animal Kittiphoom. P. M. Emerging infectious diseases. Me ndez-Vilas 535. & He. Yuasa. Nair. S. 165e173. (Ed. 762e766. acognosia Brazilian Journal of Pharmacognosy. V. Journal of Applied Science. (2000). 1300e1304. F. F. 54. Gupta. S. inflammatory cytokine production in mast cells. 12.. Queiroz.. P. (2001). 103e105. (2006).. R. (2008). X. Thibault. Food Chemistry. Mee. N. (2008). Antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory Ravani. Kasi. Savio. decoction extracts of residual parts (seed and peels) of Mangifera indica L.. tracts. & Gupta. (2003). K. M. (2007). & Sarnthima. M. 25.. R.. 139e150. A. 133. 497e500. III: quercetin. J. Campos. 2. P. D. M... De Queiroz. M. Momeny. M. E. K. S. R. 40. Journal 3e12. & Ranjitha. Stivala. 21e25. F. G.. culture. Z. free sugars.. H. G. G. Utilization of mango seed. Oussalah.. R. Peng. Lambert.. cytherea) and mango (Mangifera indica) peels.. Rathinam. In-vitro antibacterial activity and Education (pp.. Kathiresan.. 2. J. M. & Devika. C. Effect of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). B. R. H. 3. Anticandidal activity of Punica granatum exhibited in Preliminary investigation on the antibacterial activity of mango (Mangifera different solvents. (2012).. (2009).. A. 47e57.. 1e7. J. F.. Falc~ ao-Silva. P. & Yosuf. Soli. M. Effects of a natural extract from Mangifera indica L. Antioxidant and hep- 123e131. Kansci.. Flavonoid structure affects inhibition of lipid peroxidation Koubala. S. 346e370. 3037e3042. 54. Coletta. F. K. N.. of Biotechnology and Biomaterials. & Gordon.. Journal of Clinical Investiga- minimum inhibitory concentration and mode of action of oregano essential oil. Zhang. and walls of Escherichia coliO157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes. D.. & Riley.. & Mbome.. (2000).. Z.) of non-infectious diarrhea in HIV-infected individuals in the highly active an.. 5. (2013). Antidiabetic effect of kernel seeds extract of Mangifera indica (anacardiaceae). & Benedi. Garnier. Yosuf. B. Cho. Chin.. cytotoxicity and Roberts-Thomson. W. Trends in Post-Harvest Technology.. Antioxidant in mango (Mangifera indica L. (2013). 386e392. Antibacterial activity of Mangifera indica kernel extracts. Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of tation and VDT work-induced transient refractive alteration in healthy humans. J. J. S. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Alternative Medicine Review. Lipid content and in vitro Kim. (2003). C. & Simone. Sant'ana. Lamson. Wilkinson. & tion. Gidley. Food Chemistry. 796e798. F. Saumya.) seed kernel meal. Health. Wang. (2002). P. S. Utilization of mango Mathew. 50.. Cissell. & Liamthong. 1325e1335. M. B.. 9.. 157e180. Nutrition and Cancer. N. Isolation and quantitative analysis of Macarthur.. Gaberscik... J. (2004).. S. X. 190e193. Effect of mango seed kernel extract on the adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 oregano. H. Sciences.. Asif et al. Vejayan. (2012). H. Mallak. 55e67. L. L. (2005). C. (2004). 117. (2005). S. 385e393... Moon. Y.. (2004). & DuPont.. 9e15. Gonzalez-Gonzalez. J. cut fruits and fruit juices by traditional and alternative natural antimicrobials. Park. & Ramli. 4. (2011). 7. F. J. O. Suk. P. 6200e6212. Lee.. (2012). M. Kima. S. Leng. K. (2012). Journal of Tropical Medicine.. Molina. S. B.. P. Mishra. 73e76. C. (2011). 6. 5251e5255. M. and its protective effect on human umbilical vein endothelial cells under H2O2. 13. K. Kataria.. 453e462. (2008). et al. M. R. Kima.. Journal of Food Koubala. 707e710. Talcott. 850e856). J. Tolerance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea tree) oil. cells. H. M.. Mosqueda-Melgar. Vivyanne S. K. E. 103e115. K.. Effects of black current anthocyanoside intake on dark adap- Khammuang. & Thibault. I. & Trost.. A. H. 133. F. (2009). Gioia. D.. M.. Q. Vijaya.. & Brignall. M. Lounds-Singleton. of Agriculture and Food Chemistry. F. Mango bioactive compounds and related nutraceutical Raybaudi-Massilia. mangiferin on hyperglycemia and atherogenicity in streptozotocin diabetic rats.va-Fortuny. (2006). 11Z-heptadecadienyl)-res. R. & Shi. Neogi... B. J... J.. & Shah. Tabuchi. Hu. Food and Bioprocess Technology. A. Effects of the mango components mangiferin and quercetin 2669e2674. 77e81. Desai. Lin. 24. G.. pp... prevents and protects against ethanol-induced oxidative stress in compound. M.. Di Pierro. S. 21. T. P.. and ellagic acid synergistically influence proliferation. New Pietta. 850e856). Bornman. and its active antioxidant. Monteith. 113. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. M. T. & Ralet... Choi. S. 60. (2011).. 26. M. Anti. G. & Lacroix. & Martin- propertiesda review. & Stoner. H.. 136. Journal of Nutrition. oxidant and antiproliferative activities of mango (Mangifera indica L. Plant Mertens-Talcott. Percival.. Ralet. S. Journal of Agriculture and Antibacterial activity of mango kernel extracts. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation. Delgado. / Trends in Food Science & Technology 53 (2016) 102e112 111 Kansci. & Lal. Siqueira-Junior. G. 62. M. S. induced stress. E.. S. L. K. thymol and carvacrol. The role of the oil yield of mango seeds for the synthesis of a cocoa butter substitute. (2005).. M. D... Maisuthisakul. mangiferin. In A. I. Grudniak. M. Antimicrobial activity of Anthocyanins protect against DNA damage induced by tert-butyl. tion. Mango Protection. Z. G. L.... G. Reen. Physico.. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. G. Naddeo. A. Parasuraman. M. A. S. Agri. 16. antimicrobial activity of oil of some Indian medicinal plants. S. Talcott.. a flavonoid (2006).. U. Habib..Modulation of N-Nitro- Luo. Longbottom. C. Rashmeet. (2009).. C. L. (2006). 19. H. Kaneria. A. (2009). D. 332e341. Clinical Infectious Diseases. . I. (2013b). Kaneria. M. & apoptosis in MOLT-4 human leukemia cells. C. M. 1. 97. X. K. & Kuo. Pharmaceutical Biology. T. Nithitanakoo.. & Chanda. M. (2006).) cultivars liver of fischer 344 rats. Traditional Center.. In A. Kansci. Shin... Rakholiya. Iglesias. Zhang. A. Lal. (2001).. Koubala.. G. R.. S. & Shin. 644e655. Kraczkiewicz-Dowjat. S... S. Safety. C... (2013a). K. D. African Journal of Food. W.. Jun. R. J. var. Lim. Screening of antibacterial tannin compound from tissues in rats. Ayyalu. 63. S. (2008). B. I. (2011). & Raju.. S... 32.) peels. pounds from mango peels. Y. C. Nakaishi.. Huang. on energy state and lipid peroxidation of red blood mouse liver.. P. et al. L. Q. 1035e1042. Etiology and pharmacologic management phenolic antioxidants. & Bianchi. Chinese Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacology. E. Prosperi.. Q. aureus by extract of mango (Mangifera indica) peel. 1760. UV-B radiation in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems-an experimental and . S.. Ramesh. S. S. J Natural Products.). Major mango polyphenols and their potential sig. Cost-effective prevention of diarrheal diseases: a 60 cells are inhibited by mango (Mangifera indica) juice and mango juice ex- critical review. C. Rahmati. S. 91. C. M. 69. J. Shaw. (2013). D. J... 5. (2012). Journal of Applied Microbiology. 26. Darwhekar. A. Kobayashi. H. T. 13e17. P. Neoplastic transformation of balb/3t3 cells and cell cycle of Hl- Kremer.. 1e44. (2003). Kabbash. & Zwane. Biochemica et Biophysica Acta. de Oliveira. J. Control of pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms in fresh- Massibo. M. S. & Nychas.. Lazze. T.. V. Masibo. D. 1. R. Y. F.. 11260e11274. Haeder. S. U. Mangiferin jams.. (2010). (2012). A study of the Racaniello. peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor isoforms.. F. M. Technology Li. Lee.. 91. A. 1e6. (2007). Quercetin. J. S. Current Research in Kim. Journal of Nutrition.. & Chanda. Pizzala. A. 186e196.. S.. B.... Nutrition and Development. Food Reviews International. and savory essential oils against cell membranes adipocytes and in rats fed a high fat diet. (2009). Chinese cinnamon. Antibiotic resistance in bacteria peels as a source of pectin.. R. 8.. Rehman. R.. J. H.. Y. & Joshi. Mechanism of action of Spanish et al.. Modulation of drug resistance in Staphylococcus Antiinflammatory 5-(11Z-heptadecenyl) and 5-(8Z. J. D. 55. S. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. A. Latin American Applied Research. 115e133.. Zhao.. Low concentration of quercetin Foods Human Nutrition. Gallic acid inhibits histamine release and pro. Rakholiya. L. R. S. Ribeiro. 177. Gupta.. associated with food animals: a United States perspective of livestock produc. M. atoprotective activities of Thai mango seed kernel extract. M. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Science. H. S. A. 988e993. Pithayanuku. G. P. 1046e1055.. (2003). C. antibacterial therapeutics and strategies. M... (2008). protects the streptozotocin-induced oxidative damage to cardiac and renal Karthy. N. Belloso. & Chanda. B. Food Chemistry. A.. A. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. Y. Costa. V. 553e562. A. Quantification and somethylbenzylamine metabolism by black raspberries in the esophagus and purification of mangiferin from Chinese mango (Mangifera indica L. properties of four mango varieties and some quality characteristics of their Muruganandan. 5. Gupta. 69.. (2005). & He. A. J. I. Mandai. 1333e1342. K. “tommy atkins”) peels by high. & Ho.. S. Patel. 66. 194e198. Quattara. B. K. Saleh. A. Quattara. T. E. Scalbert. Chen. nology. B.. 113.. Antimicrobial resistance a global threat. (2000).. A. F. (2013). Review on some plants of Indian traditional Biotechnology. Y. & Carle. Monitor. Pushpangadan. G. 4. (2002). 4.. T. Herba Polonica (2003)... (2004). Sanchez. (2007). 107. Hoekstra. K. Nunez-Selles. Vargas-Arispuro. 1538e1547.. Bernal-Mercado. 41e47. Phyto. P. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technology. K. R. Woude. Characterization of polyphenols in dant properties of byproduct extracts of mango fruit. 130. occurrence. Williams. Gonz alez-Aguilar. K. 86. O. A. antimicrobial activities of consecutive extracts from Galla chinensis: the po- giferin and selected antioxidants against TPA-induced biomolecules oxidation larity affects the bioactivities. (2011). H. B.. A. C.. Dietary intake and bioavailability of poly. Ganesh. Eshtiaghi. 174. Pharmacological Research. / Trends in Food Science & Technology 53 (2016) 102e112 functional analysis of the evolution of UV-absorbing compounds. 935e1948.. C. L. Cruz-Valenzuela. products. 101e113. & Barlow. O. W. P. 35... Food Chemistry.. A. B. (2007). Interna. 200. (2013). (2000). Sharma. R.. Songklanakarin Journal of Sci- nectin and TNF-alpha. Food and Nutrition Science. Yang. chemical and pharmacological investigations on mangiferin. A.. P.. A. N. Stoyanova. Cancer Letters. Vega-Vega. T. S. Das. R. & Sinha. & Williamson. Patel.. P. M. activity of the polyphenol mangiferin. (2013). Essential Drugs Pharmacognosy Reviews.. A. 55. 127e139. performance liquid chromatographyeelectrospray ionization mass spectrom. the food-borne pathogen Bacillus cereusto carvacrol. 454e457. N. F. Soong. Kumar. V... Modulation of diabetes and Tewtrakul. Journal of Applied Botany mango puree concentrate by HPLC with diode array and mass spectrometric and Food Quality... self-assembly and membrane partitioning. Zygadlo. (2003). A. J..112 A. & Parmar. K. servative Dentistry. Vega-Vega. (2013). 467e473. Antioxidant and Fernandez. G. V.. & Ooraikul. S. Vivekanandan. Sukumaran.. Carotenoid Schieber. J.. & Chanda.. S. Shah. (2000). L. Journal of Food Chemistry. J. 1. R. 30. Journal of 3. M.. V. Food Chemistry. extract. V. Zhang.. A. Santos-Buelga. Food Chemistry.. B. Y. & Barakat. Y... M. K. N. & Luo. Mangifera indica (mango). X. Chen. analysis of mango kernel extracts on aquatic and animal pathogens. (2006). & Traore. 173e179. Antibacterial activity of Mangifera indica phenols. S. Ruíz-Cruz. A. kernel and (2003). Vaghasiya.. E.. The antimicrobial in vitro effects of different con.. Shankar. I.. 075e079. A. 4. S. 524e530. 411e417.. Z. Tian. & Mishra. 11e15.. African Journal of Scartezzini. A.. of Mango kernel starches (Mangifera indica L). 233e238.. 37e44. M.. Cruz-Valenzuela. S. Giuliani. A. A. Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of Sahu. 1. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. G. (2005)... Bernal-Mercado. Somda. G. I. S. Antioxidant enrichment and antimicrobial centrations of some plant extracts including tamarisk. C. Y. et al. Sahu. & Vijaya Sarathi Reddy. 51.. Kumar. Alberda. M. Fish and Shellfish Immu.. 2e12. P. 84. and anti-microbial activities of some Thai crops.... A. Effect of Mangifera indica kernel as a feed additive on immunity and resistance Stoilova. seeds against some human pathogenic bacterial strains. Patel. 5006e5011. M. S.) kernel and their effects on antioxidant activity.. Shabani. Gliszcynska-Swiglo.) wine and its antioxidant activity. Sudheer Kumar. Y... 77e83.. Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology. J.. J. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias. 809e818. The inhibition of the aqueous extract of Thermotolerant and alcohol-tolerant yeasts targeted to optimize hydrolyzation Chinese nutgall on five periodontal bacteria in vitro. et al. Identification of flavonol and xanthone composition of mango (Mangifera indica L. Subbiya. A.. Davison. M. Struijs. A. & Barlow. bioactive compounds from mango peels using green technology. Asif et al.. Ullrich. K. Nolan. Ultee. Zhu. physiologically relevant in humans. (2008). S. glycosides from mango (mangifera indica l. & Scalbert. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. (2011). (2010).. B. 23. (2009). V. & Speroni. G. 2073Se2085S. A. B. J. 23e43.. Gargova. . Structural characteristics and in vitro digestibility Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications. & Sarangi. A. (2013). Singh. A. ence and Technology. International Sandhu. V. M. E. M. Extraction of 565e573. A. P. Turina. Natural terpenes: 92e97. G. Srinivasan. Adaptation of pounds: nature. & Tang. 51. (2014). Mishra.. 80. Mohapatra. 71. Y. Kumar. H. A. E.. T. 16. B. acetone and protection of fresh-cut mango applying bioactive extracts from their seeds by- mango Kernel.. A. dietary intake and effects on nutrition and health. & Sairam. Varakumar.. S. Biophysical Chemistry. Smeets. Journal of Food Biochemistry. A. W..Quantification of gallic acid and ellagic (Man- tional Journal of Pharma and Bio Science. Protective effects of Mangifera indica L. & Carle. Reda. V. (2000). (2011). A. 255e257. J. et al. S. Hemalatha.. Re. & Smid. Antibacterial efficacy of Mangifera indica L. Antimicrobial and antioxidant to Aeromonas hydrophila in Labeorohita fingerlings. & Perillo. . A. Itharat. 205e211... J. S. Herba Polonica.... P. & Leon. Asian Journal of Biotechnology. K. 12. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry. of Conservative Dentistry. Li. R.. Y. J. 28e29. T. S.. (2000). man. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science. & Sayadi. S. R. 109e118. Evaluation of anti-diarrhoeal activity in seed extracts of Mangifera Ocimum sanctum L.. Proanthocyanidins and tannin-like com. 15788e15794. 10. leaves against Enterococcus faecalis dentinal biofilm. L. L. K. & Rietjens.. Brenda.. Padmavathy. S. Archive of Microbiology.. Savadogo. Mahalakshmi.. Y.. Tunchaiyaphum.. K. & Yoswathana. 97. (2014). B. 42. Cv. D. K. M. Das. N. Chinese Journal of Con- from mango peel for high bioethanol production. Y.. B. K. (2000). A. 88. Berardini. I.. etry. march.. Antimicrobial and antioxi- Schieber. Silva-Espinoza. Y... 1094e1117. K. N. medicine with antioxidant activity. Q.. 197e203. (2000). Kets. gifera indica L. S. Anti-allergic dyslipidemia in diabetic insulin-resistant rats by mangiferin: role of adipo. 42e48. A. Gustavo. Journal indica. Thammaratwasik.. 86. Ji. (2006). 122.. P. 161e166. Alink... Journal of the Science of the Food and Agriculture.. detection. Soong. 4. Multiple antibacterial and phytochemical selected fruit seeds. & Lim. Pradhan. Biphasic modulation of cell proliferation by quercetin at concentrations Journal. K.. (2009). Journal of Nutrition. A. and peritoneal macrophage activation in mice.. S. S. G. 4.. El-Maraghy.