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NAME : SAFIUDDIN BIN JOHARI CLASS : 4 BESTARI TITTLE: THE PROCESS OF PEWTER PRODUCTION IN INDUSTRY INDEXNO CONTENTS PAGE 1 TITLE 3 0 INTRODUCTION 2 2THE200~ .2 INTRODUCTION 3-4 3 OBJECTIVE 5 4 INFORMATION 5-13 5 DISCUSSION 13 6 CONCLUSION/REFERENCE 14 TITLE The process of pewter production in industry 1. A History of Pewter The first known record of a pewter article was the discovery of a bottle in an Egyptian tomb believed to date back to l45OBC.the birth of the Worshipful Company of Pewterers. In these early times pewter contained lead which gave the metal the dark appearance associated with old pieces. By then. From the fourteenth century pewter manufacture grew rapidly and almost every market town of any size would have a pewterer in its craft guild.D. by the Romans but it wasn't until the 13th century that significant production began. pilgrim badges and other ecclesiastical items. and when analysed was found to be comparable with early 19th century pewter. which is still going strong to this day. It is a flask shaped utensil with hinged lid and two handles. 3 3THE200~ . Pewter was introduced into Britain around the 2nd century A. In 1474 the London Pewterers 'purchased' from King Edward IV a royal charter for the legal control of pewter manufacture . Today's lead free pewter is capable of being brightly polished which gives it its long lasting appeal. pewter was beginning to be widely used for items such as chalices. everyday items. candlesticks.0 i. buttons . bowls. plates. Tableware and holloware accounted for the majority of pewter manufacture from then until the late nineteenth an twentieth centuries when other materials took over the role of pewter. OBJECTIVE To know what is pewter? To investigate the composition.Further developments took place until. It seems strange that now only the tankard and Spirit Flask are the major items of pewter in manufacture. iii. by the seventeenth century there was scarcely a household in Britain that did not possess some items of pewter. properties and uses of pewter How pewter is made ? 4 4THE200~ . although in recent years there has been a noticeable trend in development of products away from these. ii. 2. whilst being the fourth most precious metal in common use today. Properties and Uses of Pewter 3.0 INFORMATION 3. To investigate the process of pewter production in industry 3.Our pewter is an alloy of tin. and tin.2. tin being the main component at 92% (or in some cases 95%).1 What is Pewter ? An alloy consisting predominately of tin. Tin in its pure form. Metals that have been alloyed with tin include copper. antimony and copper. is too soft for practical use. antimony. Copper and antimony are therefore added as hardening agents. 3.1 Composition • 96% tin • 3% copper 5 5THE200~ . but alloyed with some other metal(s) to make it stronger and harder.iv.2 Composition. • 1% antimony Tin: Sn The major constituent of all pewters. Modern pewters generally contain between 0.2 Properties Physically. Usually contains between 90 and 98% Copper: Cu Like antimony copper improves the casting qualities has a slight hardening effect and helps retain the antimony in the molten pewter.5% Antimony: Sb Improves the casting qualities and has a considerable hardening effect.2. pewter is a bright. shiny metal that is similar in appearance to silver. often present between 0.5 and 8 % 3. Like silver. It is a 6 6THE200~ . it oxidizes to a dull gray over time if left untreated.25 and 2. Pure tin is soft which is why it needs to be mixed with other metals. being soft enough to carve with hand tools.3 Uses of Pewter Pewter finds application in the manufacture of articles such as bowls. pewter cannot be used to make tools. Given this inherent softness and malleability. Some types of pewter pieces. 3. Duplication by casting gives excellent results. It also takes good impressions from punches or presses. such as candlesticks." Pewter has a low melting point (around 225 to 240°C).very malleable alloy.3 HOW PEWTER IS MADE 7 7THE200~ . and these items are sometimes referred to as "holloware. were turned on a metal lathe. depending on the exact mixture of metals. tea services and candlesticks. 3. The main uses in making of souvenirs.2. the major source of supply being the Far East and South America. 1. After cooling and thorough stirring the metal is poured into ingot moulds. melts at a relatively low temperature (232 C). Tin is completely non-toxic. has good formability. and readily forms alloys with other metals.Pewter is made by melting the tin in a cast iron melting pot. Copper dissolves in molten tin at relatively low temperatures once dissolved the antimony is added again this dissolves easily without the melt going much above 400C. It is a relatively soft metal and it is for this reason that it is alloyed with other constituents before being used as pewter. ALLOYING The alloys are made up in large iron-melting pots and. being heavier it sinks into the melt. has very good fluidity when molten. after melting and thorough mixing. Sheet pewter is made by casting billets which are scalped off then progressively reduced in thickness by passing through rollers. the alloy is cast into ingots for 8 8THE200~ . 3. the calculated weight (percentages are by weight) of copper is added to the molten tin.4 Pewter Manufacture The major constituent of pewter is tin which is produced from tin ore. 2. During the reduction process. whether it be for casting ingots or for sheet materials . it is essential that the supply of raw materials is consistent from batch to batch. This is mainly due to a reduction in crystal size and 9 9THE200~ .In the alloying of pewter it is important that the mix is accurately controlled both on quantities and temperature for repeatability. ROLLING The slabs of pewter in their 'cast form' will have a rough surface and the upper surface will have considerable shrinkage marks and depressions.producing cast pewterware or slabs for subsequent rolling into sheets. The upper and lower surfaces are therefore machined off. The slabs are then passed through banks of rolling mills which progressively reduce the thickness. the pewter softens quite considerably from its original 'cast' hardness. It is important that the rolls of these mills are polished to a high finish and every care must be taken to keep the sheet clean to avoid letting dirt or other foreign substances into the surface. Once manufacture procedures have been established in a pewter workshop. Using various solder alloys for the many varied items made nowadays. by which flat sheet can be easily formed into hollow vessels. SOLDERING Pewtersmiths are experienced in soldering which makes it one of the most important techniques in the pewter workshop. 10 10THE200~ . the spinner works the pewter discs onto former chucks which come in many and various shapes and sizes. the pewtersmith has to use his skill in bringing the components to a soldering lamp. the joints are extremely difficult to detect. SPINNING Spinning is a metal-forming technique. When carried out with skill and the correct materials. 4. done on a suitable spinning lathe. as it is the standard method of joining individual components to form an assembly.distribution caused by the rolling and reducing action. or in certain circumstances the lamp to the component . The rolling and reduction continues until the desired sheet thickness is reached. 3. Using formers or burnishers. which are then clamped together. Gravity casting into permanent metal moulds is the traditional and most widely-used technique of producing cast pewterware. Impressions are formed in two thick circular sheets of rubber. a very common method of producing small items quickly. CASTING Casting is the oldest method of producing pewterware and in some countries it is still the dominant method. whilst the mould is rotated at high speed. The 11 11THE200~ . particularly where the profile or surface finish of the inside is relatively unimportant. Molten pewter is poured into the central hole of the top sheet. Slush casting is a method of making hollow castings without the complexity of using cores. This makes it an ideal method for reducing the weight of a handle or other attachment to a main article without upsetting the balance or feel. today. The top sheet has a central hole which connects with runways in the rubber which lead to the impressions. accurately and to a high standard of finish and complexity. Rubber mould casting by the centrifugal method is.5. It is the finish that determines the final appearance and characteristics of a piece of work. FINISHING Finishing is the last process in the production of a piece of pewterware. using a rouge based compound. too many to fit into this short introduction. stitched mops dressed with abrasive compounds are used to cut away the surface. sometimes mirror. When the metal has cooled. The skills mentioned have been handed down over the centuries and the craftsmen of 12 12THE200~ . Firstly. This is then followed by the final polishing on swansdown mops.pewter is forced along the runways into the cavities by the centrifugal force. This gives an extremely fine. finish and brings out the colour of the metal. 6. almost immediately. but is by no means a technique tacked on to the end of the other processes. 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