1HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved www.huawei.com WCDMA Radio Network Coverage Planning REVISION 2.0 2 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 2 All rights reserved l Upon completion of this course, you will be able to: [ Know the contents and process of radio network planning [ Understand uplink budget and related parameters [ Understand downlink budget and related parameters 3 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 3 All rights reserved Chapter 1 WCDMA Radio Network Planning Process Chapter 1 WCDMA Radio Network Planning Process Chapter 2 R99 Link Budget Chapter 2 R99 Link Budget Chapter 3 HSDPA Link Budget Chapter 3 HSDPA Link Budget Chapter 4 HSUPA Link Budget Chapter 4 HSUPA Link Budget 4 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 4 All rights reserved WCDMA Radio Network Planning Process l Radio Network Planning (RNP) Process [ Step1 : Radio network dimensioning [ Step2 : Pre-planning of radio network [ Step3 : Cell planning of radio network 3G radio network planning can be divided into three phases. They are shown in above figure, and consist of dimensioning, pre-planning and cell planning. According to the above figure, the output result of radio network dimensioning stage serves as the input condition of the pre-planning, and the pre-planning is based on the network dimensioning and also checks the network dimensioning result. The site quantity can be adjusted according to the pre-planning result in order to obtain the reasonable sites. If the existing sites are considered in the selection of theoretical sites during the pre-planning, the pre-planning result will be more practical, thus facilitating the cell planning. 5 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 5 All rights reserved WCDMA Radio Network Planning Process l Step1 : Radio network dimensioning [ Radio Network Dimensioning is a simplified analysis for radio network [ Objective: To obtain the network scale ( approximate NodeB number and configuration) [ Method: Select a proper propagation model, traffic model and subscriber distribution, and then estimate the NodeB number, coverage radius, E1 number per site, cell throughput, cell edge throughput and so on. Dimensioning provides the first and most rapid evaluation of the network element number as well as the associated capacity of those elements. The target of dimensioning phase is to estimate the required site density and site configurations for the area of interest. Dimensioning activities include radio link budget and coverage analysis, capacity evaluation and final estimation of the amount of NodeB hardware and E1, cell average throughput and cell edge throughput. 6 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 6 All rights reserved WCDMA Radio Network Planning Process l Input & output of radio network dimensioning Capacity Related Spectrum Available Subscriber Growth Forecast Traffic Density Coverage Related Coverage Region Area Type Information Propagation Condition QoS Related Blocking Probability Indoor Coverage Input ü number of NodeB ü carrier configuration ü CE configuration ü Iub configuration ü !! Coverage Probability The service distribution, traffic density, traffic growth estimates and QoS requirements are already essential elements in dimensioning phase. Quality is taken into account here in terms of blocking and coverage probability. 7 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 7 All rights reserved WCDMA Radio Network Planning Process l Step2 : Pre-planning of radio network [ Based on RND (step 1), radio network pre-planning is intended to determine theoretical location of sites some implementation parameters, such as antenna type / azimuth / tilt / altitude / feeder type / length ! cell parameters, such as transmission power of traffic channel and common channel, orthogonal factor, primary scrambling code! Wireless network dimensioning intends to obtain the approximate UTRAN scale. Based on the network dimensioning, geography and traffic distribution, the network is pre-planned in detail by using planning software and digital map. Based on the network dimensioning and site information, the initially selected WCDMA site is imported into the planning software, and coverage is estimated by parameters setting. Then an analysis is made to check whether the coverage of the system meet the requirements. If necessary, the height and tilt of the antenae and the NodeB quantity are adjusted to optimize the coverage. And then the system capacity is analyzed to check whether it meets the requirement. 8 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 8 All rights reserved WCDMA Radio Network Planning Process l Step2 : Pre-planning of radio network - prediction [ Based on RND result, sites location, implementation parameters and cell parameters, we should predict coverage results such as best serving cell, pilot strength, overlapping zone [ We should carry out detailed adjustment (such as NodeB number, NodeB configuration, antenna parameters) after analyzing the coverage prediction results [ Finally ,we obtain proper site location and parameters that should satisfy coverage requirement 9 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 9 All rights reserved WCDMA Radio Network Planning Process l Step2 : Pre-planning of radio network - prediction Coverage by transmitter: Display the best server coverage Coverage by signal level: Display the signal level across the studied area Overlapping zones: Display the signal level across the studied area 10 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 10 All rights reserved WCDMA Radio Network Planning Process l Step3 : Cell planning of radio network " site survey [ We have to select backup location for site if theoretical location is not available [ Based on experience , backup site location is selected in search ring scope , search ring =1/4R [ We should consider other factors when we select the backup sites radio propagation factor # situation / height / surrounding Implementation factor # space / antenna installation / transmission / power supply commercial factor # rent 11 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 11 All rights reserved WCDMA Radio Network Planning Process l Step3 : Cell planning of radio network " Monte Carlo simulation [ Simulation is oriented to simulate the running situation of networks under the current network configuration so as to facilitate decision-making adjustment [ U-Net use Monte Carlo simulation to generate user distributions (snapshots) randomly [ By iteration, U-Net get the uplink/downlink cell load, the connection status and rejected reason for each mobile 12 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 12 All rights reserved WCDMA Radio Network Planning Process l Step3 : Cell planning of radio network " Monte Carlo simulation [ Generate certain quantity of network instantaneous state i.e.snapshot Here, some UEs or terminals are distributed based on a certain rule (such as random even distribution) at each $snapshot% [ Obtain connection performance between terminals and UTRAN by incremental operation Here, it is required to consider the possibility of multiple connection failure (uplink/downlink traffic channel maximum transmit power, unavailable channels, low Ec/Io and uplink/downlink interference 13 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 13 All rights reserved WCDMA Radio Network Planning Process l Step3 : Cell planning of radio network " Monte Carlo simulation [ Measure and analyze results of multiple $snapshots% to have a overall understanding of network performance Handover Status: Display areas depending on the probe mobile handover status Pilot quality (Ec/Io): Displays the pilot quality across the certain area Pilot pollution: Displays pilot pollution statistics across the certain area 14 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 14 All rights reserved WCDMA Radio Network Planning Process l The following takes coverage probability for an example to further understand how Monte Carlo simulation is performed 100% 100% 100% 100% 20% 20% 60% 60% 0% 0% 75% 75% 40% 40% 60% 60% Simulation result 1st snapshot 3rd snapshot 2nd snapshot 15 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 15 All rights reserved NodeBs Distribution 16 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 16 All rights reserved Simulation Plot " pilot strength ( RSCP ) 17 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 17 All rights reserved Simulation Plot " pilot quality ( Ec/Io ) 18 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 18 All rights reserved Coverage probability of speech ( CS 12.2kbps ) 19 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 19 All rights reserved Coverage probability of video call ( CS 64k ) 20 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 20 All rights reserved Coverage probability of PS 128kbps service 21 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 21 All rights reserved Coverage probability of PS 384kbps service 22 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 22 All rights reserved Chapter 1 WCDMA Radio Network Planning Process Chapter 1 WCDMA Radio Network Planning Process Chapter 2 R99 Link Budget Chapter 2 R99 Link Budget Chapter 3 HSDPA Link Budget Chapter 3 HSDPA Link Budget Chapter 4 HSUPA Link Budget Chapter 4 HSUPA Link Budget 23 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 23 All rights reserved Cell Breathing Capacity, Coverage, Quality l Capacity & Coverage [ ↑ Users à ↑ Cell Load à ↑ Interference Level à ↓ Cell Coverage [ ↑ Cell Coverage à Cell Load ↓ à Capacity ↓ l Capacity & Quality [ ↑ Users à ↑ Capacity à ↑ Interference Level à ↓ Quality [ ↑ Quality ( BLERtar ↓ ) à ↓ Capacity l Coverage & Quality [ ↑ Quality ( AMR ↑ ) à ↓ Cell Coverage Capacity Quality Coverage COST Higher Cell Load à Smaller Coverage Radius Capacity"coverage (typical case: cell breathing) Capacity"quality (typical case: lowering BLER through outer loop power control) Coverage"quality (typical case: lowering the data rate of the connections with much path loss through AMRC) 24 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 24 All rights reserved Process of Link Budget l Goal of link budget [ to obtain the cell radius [ to estimate NodeB number that could satisfy coverage requirement Coverage Dimensioning start Link Budget Cell Radius NodeB Coverage Area NodeB Number Coverage Dimensioning End NodeB number =Total coverage area/NodeB coverage area Propagation model PL R R 2 3 8 9 R Area = 2 3 2 3 R Area = In the coverage dimensioning, the link is estimated according to elements such as planned area, network capacity, and equipment performance in order to obtain the allowed maximum path loss. The maximum cell radius is obtained according to the radio propagation model and allowed maximum path loss. And then the site coverage area is calculated. Finally, the site quantity is calculated. Of course, the site quality is only for the ideal cell status, and some additional sites will be needed in actual terrain environment. 25 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 25 All rights reserved UE Transmit Power UE Antenna Gain NodeB Antenna Gain SHO Gain against fast fading SHO Gain against Slow fading Slow fading margin Fast fading margin Interference margin Body Loss Cable Loss Penetration Loss Maximum Allowed path loss UPLINK BUDGET Antenna Gain P a th L o s s CableLoss Antenna Gain NodeB Sensitivity Penetration Loss Uplink Budget Principle NodeB reception sensitivity SHO Gain Margin Loss sitvity ceptionSen NodeB in ceM Interferen in M Fastfading in M SlowFading SHOGain CableLoss n AntennaGai NodeB nLoss Penetratio BodyLoss n AntennaGai UE onPower Transmissi UE loss UplinkPath Allowable Maximum Re _ arg arg arg _ _ _ _ _ − − − − + − + − − + = Link dimensioning intends to estimate the system coverage by analyzing the factors of the propagation channels of the uplink signal and downlink signal. It is the link analysis model. 26 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 26 All rights reserved Element of Uplink Budget 1. UE_TransmissionPower ( dBm ) ð The UE maximum transmit power is determined by the power class of the UE, which is specified by the 3GPP standard ð The Class 3 UE, with maximum power 24 dBm, and Class 4 UE, with maximum power 21 dBm, are normally considered due to their popularity in the market ð The UE cable loss, connector loss, and combiner loss are quite negligible, hence a 0 dB loss is assumed here Grade of UE power !TS 25.101 ) +2/-2dB +21dBm 4 +1/-3dB +24dBm 3 +1/-3dB +27dBm 2 +1/-3dB +33dBm 1 Tolerance Nominal maximum output power Power Class With a higher maximum power rating, the maximum path loss is increased accordingly. This allows the operator to plan cells with a relatively larger coverage. 27 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 27 All rights reserved Element of Uplink Budget 2. Body Loss ( dB ) [ For voice, the body loss is 3 dB [ For the rest services , the body loss is 0 dB 3. Gain of UE TX Antenna ( dBi ) [ In general, the gain of UE antenna is 0 dBi 4. EIRP ( dBm ) [ UE EIRP (dBm) [Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power] = UE Tx Power (dBm) - Body Loss (dB) + Gain of UE Antenna (dBi) The 0 dBi antenna gain is considered here with respect to the internal antenna of mobile phones. Given the maximum power, the losses, the antenna gain, the body loss, the UE equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP) can be computed as above. The EIRP is used in the final link budget computation. 28 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 28 All rights reserved Element of Uplink Budget 5. Penetration Loss ( dB ) [ Indoor penetration loss means the difference between the average signal strength outside the building and the average signal strength of first floor of the building [ The penetration loss is related to building type, incidence angle of the radio wave and so on. In the link budget, assume that the penetration loss obey the Log-Normal distribution. The penetration loss is related to mean value of penetration loss and standard deviation [ In terms of service coverage performance, micro-cells provide an effective solution for achieving a high degree of indoor penetration When indoor coverage is required to coverage by outdoor macro NodeBs, building penetration loss needs to be considered. Building penetration loss is related to such factors as incidence angle of the radio wave, the building construction (the construction materials and number and size of windows), the internal building layout and frequency. Building penetration loss is highly dependent on specific environment and morphology and varies greatly. For instance, the wall thickness in Siberian tends to be larger than that of Singapore in order to resist coldness and hence the former&s building penetration loss is correspondingly larger. In addition, sometimes vehicular coverage may be required and consequently vehicular penetration loss also needs to be included in link budget process. typical vehicular penetration loss is around 8dB. 29 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 29 All rights reserved Element of Uplink Budget 6. NodeB_AntennaGain ( dB ) 7. Cable loss ( dB ) ð Cable loss in link budget include: - Cable loss between NodeB and antenna - Jumper loss between NodeB and antenna - Connectors loss between NodeB and antenna 20 6 Sector 18 3 Sector 18 2 Sector 11 Omni Gain of Antenna (dBi) Sector Type C a b l e L o s s 7/8 inch cable: 6.29dB/100m@2100MHz 5/4 inch cable: 4.56dB/100m@2100MHz Antenna gain: It refers to the ratio of the square of the actual field of an antenna at a point in the space to the square of the field of an ideal radiation unit at the same point in the space, namely power ratio. It is the gain in the main transmit direction. In general, the gain is related to the antenna pattern. If the central lobe is narrow and the back lobe and side lobe are small, the gain is high. If the transmit direction is centralized, the antenna gain is high. For an Omni directional antenna, the gain in all the directions is the same. Front-to-back ratio: It refers to the ratio of the maximum gain in the principal direction to the gain in the reverse direction. It describes the directing feature. If it is high, the directed receive performance of the antenna is high. Beam width: It refers to the separation angle between the main transmit direction of the power and the point with 3 dB of transmit power reduced, and the area is called an antenna lobe. Tilt: It refers to the tilt angle of a directional plate antennal. It is used to control interference and improve coverage. Polarization: The vector direction of the electrical field in the direction with the highest radiation. A dual polarized antenna can provide diversity over a single antenna, thus saving one antenna. In general, there are two or more lobes in an antenna pattern. The largest lobe is the central lobe, and others are side lobes. The separation angle between the two half-power points of the central lobe is the lobe width of the antenna pattern, namely, half-power (angle) lobe width. If the central lobe is narrow, the directivity is high, and the anti-interference capability is high. 30 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 30 All rights reserved Element of Uplink Budget l Path Loss and Fading [ Path Loss'fading due to propagation distance [ Long term (slow) fading ' caused by shadowing [ Short term (fast) fading 'caused by multi-path propagation Radio propagation in the land mobile channel is characterised by multiple reflections,diffractions and attenuation of the signal energy. These are caused by natural obstacles such as buildings, hills, and so on, resulting in so-called multipath propagation. Furthermore, with the moving of a mobile station, the signal amplitude, delay and phase on various transmission paths vary with time and place. Therefore, the levels of received signals are fluctuating and unstable and these multi-path signals, if overlaid, will lead to fading i.e. short term fading. The mid-value field strength of Rayleigh fading has relatively gentle change and is called $Slow fading% i.e. long term fading. And it conforms to lognormal distribution. 31 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 31 All rights reserved Element of Uplink Budget 8. Slow Fading Margin [ Slow Fading --- Signal levels obey Log-Normal distribution [ Slow Fading Margin depends on Coverage Probability @ Cell Edge The higher the coverage probability is, the more SFM is required Standard Deviation of Slow Fading The higher the standard deviation is, the more SFM is required Received Signal Level [dBm] P r o b a b i l i t y D e n s i t y F threshold Coverage Probability @ Cell Edge: P COVERAGE (x) = P [ F(x) > F threshold ] Coverage Probability @ Cell Edge: P COVERAGE (x) = P [ F(x) > F threshold ] SFM required Without SFM With SFM Propagation models predict only mean values of signal strength , the mean value of signal strength fluctuates. The deviation of the mean values has a nearly normal distribution in dB, The variation in mean values is called log-normal fading. Probability that the real signal strength will exceed the average one on the cell border is around 50%,for higher than 50% coverage probability an additional margin has to be introduced. The margin is called slow fading margin. Slow Fading Margin (SFM) is related with coverage probability in cell edge and standard deviation of slow fading. The equation is described as following: The standard deviation is a measured value that is obtained from various clutter types. It basically represents the variance (log-normally distributed around the mean value) of the measured RF signal strengths at a certain distance from the site. Therefore, the standard deviation would vary by clutter type. Depending on the propagation environment, the log-normal standard deviation can easily vary between 6 and 8 dB or even greater. Assuming flat terrain, rural or open clutter types would typically have lower standard deviation levels than the suburban or urban clutter types. This is due to the highly obstructive properties encountered in an urban environment that in turn will produce higher standard deviation to mean signal strengths than that experienced in a rural area. Standard Deviation of slow fading is related with morphology ,frequency and environment. For instance: ading ionofSlowf dardDeviat S CellEdge obability Covergae Q in M SlowFading tan ) @ Pr 1 ( arg 1 × − = − 32 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 32 All rights reserved Element of Uplink Budget 9. SHO Gain against Slow Fading [ Soft Handover --- handover between different NodeBs [ Softer Handover --- handover between cells in a NodeB [ SHO reduces slow fading margin compared to the single cell case [ SHO gain against slow fading can improve the coverage probability SHO Gain against slow fading= SFM without SHO SFM with SHO SHO Gain Against SFM 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 98% 95% 92% 90% 85% Standard deviation=11.7 Path loss slope=3.52 Area coverage probability (dB) Combined Slow Fading Margin=Slow Fading Margin SHO Gain against Slow fading SHO gain over slow fading is also known as the Multi-Cell gain because in soft handover more than 1 branch exists and hence the coverage probability increases which would result in the decreasing of required slow fading margin. Suppose that soft handover has 2 branches, and the orthogonality of the two radio link branches on slow fading is 50%. We can calculate the slow fading margin required with soft handovers based on the former assumptions, and compare it with the slow fading margin required without soft handover to get the SHO gain over slow fading. SHO gain over slow fading is dependent on the required area coverage probability, the propagation path loss slope and the STD. The following table gives the calculated SHO gain over slow fading and the propagation path loss slope equals to 3.59. 33 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 33 All rights reserved Uplink case: UE moves towards the edge of the cell Element of Uplink Budget 10. Fast Fading Margin [ Fast power control to enhance weak signal caused by Rayleigh fading to mitigate interference and enhance the capacity to promote power utilization efficiency [ Fast fading margin required to guarantee fast power control the factors affect FFM include channel model, service type, BLER requirement Fast Fading Margin= Eb/No without fast PC - Eb/No with fast PC In WCDMA, user signals should be received at the NodeB with equal power all the time and for downlink the transmitted TCH power should be as small as possible while maintaining the required Qos. This implies that fast fading are compensated by the power control algorithm, which requires additional headroom at both UE and NodeB in order to let UE and NodeB following the power control commands at cell edge. 34 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 34 All rights reserved Element of Uplink Budget 11. SHO Gain against Fast fading [ SHO gain against fast fading reduces the Eb/No requirement [ SHO gain against fast fading leads to a gain for reception sensitivity [ SHO gain against fast fading exists for both uplink and downlink !Typical value of SHO gain against FFM is 1.5dB" [ SHO gain against fast fading is combined with FFM in Huawei link budget SHO Gain Against Fast Fading = Eb/No without SHO Eb/No with SHO Combined Fast Fading Margin=Fast Fading Margin SHO Gain against Fast fading 35 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 35 All rights reserved UL Load N o i s e R i s e ( d B )Interference Curve in Uplink Element of Uplink Budget 12. Interference Margin in Uplink [ Interference Margin is equal to Noise Rise [ Higher cell loading leads to heavier interference [ Interference margin affects cell coverage ( ) [ ] dB Log NoiseRise UL η − ⋅ − = 1 10 10 50% UL Load !3dB 60% UL Load !4dB 75% UL Load !6dB Interference margin is the required margin in the link budget due to the noise rise caused by system load (the noise rise due to other subscribers ).The higher the system load, the larger the interference margin. 36 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 36 All rights reserved Element of Uplink Budget 13. NodeB_ReceptionSensitivity [ Reception Sensitivity @ NodeB [ : thermal noise (-108dBm/3.84MHz) [ : noise figure of NodeB (1.6dB for NodeB, 7dB for UE) [ : Processing Gain PG N E NF N sitivity ceptionSen b th − + + = 0 / Re th N NF PG ) ) ( / 3 8 4 0 l o g ( 1 0 k b p s R P G = 10 (dB) PS384k 18 (dB) PS64k 25 (dB) AMR12.2k Processing Gain Receiver sensitivity is mainly dependent upon noise figure and Eb/No and service bearer rate R (kbps). The calculation formulas of S_BS and S_UE are: S_BS = Thermal Noise Power + Noise Figure of NodeB + Eb/No + Processing Gain S_UE = Thermal Noise Power + Noise Figure of UE + Eb/No + Processing Gain * R is the service bearer rate. 1Thermal Noise Power (Nth) Thermal noise Power is the noise density generated by environment and equals to With K being Boltzmann&s constant 1.38*10^(-23) and T the temperature in Kelvin. When T is 293 in Kelvin (20 in Celsius), K!T is (-174dBm/Hz), W is 10!log (3840000), and Nth is (- 108dBm/3.84MHz.) 2Noise Figure (Nf) Noise figure is the additional amount of noise generated by a receiver. For UE of 2100MHz, typical noise figure is 7dB. For Huawei&s NodeB, latest noise figure is 1.6dB. It should be noticed that noise figure of NodeB is equipment related and may be different for various vendors. 3Processing Gain (PG) Processing gain is related with the service bearer rate, and the detail formula is present below: Processing Gain = 10 !log (3840 / R (Kbps)), R is the service bearer rate. 37 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 37 All rights reserved Element of Uplink Budget 13. NodeB_ReceptionSensitivity [ Eb/No is required bit energy over the density of total noise to maintain service quality [ Eb/No is obtained from link simulation [ Eb/No is related to following factors Service type Multi-path channel model User speed The target BLER Signal after despreading W R P o w e r d e n s i t y ( W / H z ) Frequency (Hz) Signal after spreading 6 dB 2.3 dB RA120 5.4 dB 2.5 dB TU3 1.00% CS64k 6.8 dB 2.8 dB RA120 6.3 dB 2.8 dB TU3 0.10% CS64k 8.3 dB 4.5 dB RA120 7.8 dB 5.4dB TU3 1.00% AMR12.2k Downlink Eb/N0 Uplink Eb/N0 Channel Model BLER Service 38 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 38 All rights reserved Downlink Budget Principle sitvity ceptionSen UE in ceM Interferen in M Fastfading in M SlowFading SHOGain n AntennaGai UE BodyLoss nLoss Penetratio CableLoss n AntennaGai NodeB onPower Transmissi NodeB thloss DownlinkPa Allowable Maximum Re _ arg arg arg _ _ _ _ _ − − − − + + − − − + = P a th L o s s CableLoss Antenna Gain UE Sensitivity Penetration Loss NodeB Transmit Power UE Antenna Gain NodeB Antenna Gain SHO Gain against fast fading SHO Gain against Slow fading Slow fading margin Fast fading margin Interference margin Body Loss Cable Loss Penetration Loss DOWNLINK BUDGET Maximum allowed path loss UE reception sensitivity Antenna Gain SHO Gain Margin Loss Link dimensioning intends to estimate the system coverage by analyzing the factors of the propagation channels of the forward signal and reverse signal. It is the link analysis model. If the parameters such as transmit signal power, gain and loss of the transmitter and receiver, interference power, and quality threshold of received signal are known or estimated, the allowed maximum path loss used for ensuring the quality of received signal can be calculated. The allowed maximum coverage radius can also be obtained based on the propagation model. The BS quantity and cell quantity can be estimated by comparing the area of the planned area and the coverage area of a single cell. 39 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 39 All rights reserved Element of Downlink Budget 1. Noise Rise in downlink [ Wherein, is non-orthogonality factor, is the interference ratio of other cell to own cell [ Interference margin is equal to noise rise ( ) No CL P f No No I I No No I NoiseRise DL Max other own total / η α ⋅ × + + = + + = = α f Interference Margin 0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 IM(dB) CL(dB) =0.6, = 1.78, PMax=20W, α f 9 . 0 = DL η 40 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 40 All rights reserved Case Study : R99 link budget 41 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 41 All rights reserved Case Study : R99 link budget 42 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 42 All rights reserved Chapter 1 WCDMA Radio Network Planning Process Chapter 2 R99 Link Budget Chapter 3 HSDPA Link Budget Chapter 4 HSUPA Link Budget 43 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 43 All rights reserved Link Budget Difference between HSDPA and R99 Items Coverage Requirement Traffic Model Simulation KPI Network Load Other Parameters HSDPA Special HSDPA Cell edge throughput requirement HSDPA traffic model Cell Average Throughput and Cell Edge Throughput 90% Power control margin need not be considered. SHO gain should not be considered for HSDPA. Number of HS-PDSCH, HSDPA power, etc. R99 Continuous coverage target service requirement CS+PS Traffic Model Connect Success Rate, Coverage Probability, Pilot Pollution Proportion and SHO 75% Power control margin should be considered. SHO gain should be considered. // 44 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 44 All rights reserved HSDPA Deployment Strategy Hot Spot & Dense Urban Urban Suburban & rural Initial Phase Mature Phase Focus on: n HSDPA Performance Focus on: n HSDPA coverage n no impact on R99 R99 HSDPA+R99 f 1 f 2 R99+HSDPA R99 R99+HSDPA HSDPA+R99 f 1 f 2 R99+HSDPA HSDPA+R99 R99+HSDPA Initial phase, we adopt a separate carrier shared by HSDPA&R99, this will not only lower the impact on the existing R99 network, but also improve the spectrum utilization efficiency. In the mature phase, more and more high bit rate PS service will happen, adopt second carrier in Urban shared by R99 and HSDPA. 45 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 45 All rights reserved HSDPA Link Budget Categories n HSDPA Throughput Requirement HSDPA+R99 HSDPA+R99 R99 Green field n Guarantee R99 CS Traffic Capacity n Not Change R99 Coverage n HSDPA Throughput Requirement n R99/R4 Capacity, Coverage Requirement R99 requirement should be met first, and then HSDPA throughput ! R99 and HSDPA requirement should be met simultaneously ! 46 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 46 All rights reserved HSDPA Link Budget Principle l Goal of HSDPA link budget [ The HSDPA link budget is usually based on the R99 link budget to get the cell edge throughput in downlink [ The HSDPA cell edge throughput need to be calculate depend on simulation results, which is closed to related with cell edge Ec/No [ For HSDPA , soft handover gain and fast fading margin should not be considered in link budget , since neither power control nor soft handover in HS-PDSCH channel n Simulation Conditions --Channel model-TU3 --5 codes 47 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 47 All rights reserved HSDPA Link Budget Principle l According to R99 uplink budget result and HSDPA power allocation, calculate cell edge throughput R99 network uplink budget uplink path loss Downlink coupling loss Ec/Io at cell edge HSDPA power Cell edge throughput Simulation results (downlink pathloss = uplink pathloss+1.37) If ASSET or SPM is adopted ( ) ) 10 log( 10 10 _ max Nt NF CoupleLoss DL DL DSCH HS P f P No Ec " " + × × + × = − η α 48 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 48 All rights reserved HSDPA Link Budget Principle l According to R99 cell radius and HSDPA power allocation, calculate cell edge throughput R99 network cell radius Downlink path loss Downlink coupling loss Ec/Io at cell edge HSDPA power Cell edge throughput Simulation results ( ) ) 10 log( 10 10 _ max Nt NF CoupleLoss DL DL DSCH HS P f P No Ec " " + × × + × = − η α 49 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 49 All rights reserved Process of HSDPA Link Budget l According to cell edge throughput requirement and HSDPA power allocation, calculate HSDPA cell radius Cell edge throughput Downlink coupling loss Ec/Io at cell edge HSDPA Power HSDPA Cell radius Simulation result Downlink path loss 50 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 50 All rights reserved Process of HSDPA Link Budget l According to cell edge throughput requirement and cell radius, calculate HSDPA power Downlink coupling loss HSDPA Power Cell radius Cell edge Ec/Io Downlink path loss Cell edge throughput Simulation results 51 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 51 All rights reserved HSDPA Link Budget Principle l The main step of HSDPA link budget is present below: [ According to the cell radius comes from R99 dimensioning, the downlink coupling loss can be calculated [ Cell edge Ec/No will be carry out base on equation below: ( ) ) 10 log( 10 10 _ max Nt NF CoupleLoss DL DL DSCH HS P f P No Ec " " + × × + × = − η α total power of HS-DSCH channel non-orthogonality factor neighbor cell interference factor downlink coupling loss downlink load factor including R99 and HSDPA service max transmission power of downlink thermal noise power spectral density , typical value is -108.16dB receiver noise figure, typical value is 7dB DSCH HS P − α f CoupleLoss DL _ DL η max P Nt f N 52 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 52 All rights reserved Case Study " HSDPA link budget l Assumption: [ Downlink maximum path loss: 129.06 dB [ Cable loss : 0.5 dB [ NodeB antenna gain : 18dBi [ Penetration loss : 20dB ( required in indoor coverage ) [ Body loss : 0 dB [ Slow fading margin without soft handover gain against SFM : 13.1 [ Channel type: TU3 [ Non-orthogonality factor: 0.5 [ Adjacent cell interference factor: 1.78 [ HSDPA code resource: 5 [ Cell radius: 0.36 Km [ UE Category: 8 [ Max transmitter power of downlink: 20000 mw [ Total power of HSDPA: 6000 mw (30% downlink power allocation) 53 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 53 All rights reserved Case Study " HSDPA link budget l According to the assumption above, the DL_Coupling Loss for HSDPA is calculated below: [ PL_DL : Downlink maximum path loss [ Lf_BS : Cable loss [ Gain_antenna : NodeB antenna gain [ Lp : Penetration loss [ Lb : Body loss : 0 dB [ SFM nsho : Slow fading margin without soft handover gain against SFM [ Base on the simulation result, the cell edge throughput for HSDPA can be obtained as 173.80 Kbps 144.66 20 13.1 0 18 - 0.5 129.06 _ _ _ _ = + + + + = + + + − + = Lp SFM Lb antenna Ga BS Lf DL PL ss CouplingLo DL NSHO ( ) dB P f P No Ec Nt NF CoupleLoss DL DL DSCH HS 2 . 10 ) 10 20000 * 9 . 0 * ) 78 . 1 5 . 0 ( 6000 log( * 10 ) 10 log( * 10 10 7 16 . 108 66 . 144 10 _ max − = + + = + × × + = + − − " " η α 54 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 54 All rights reserved Chapter 1 WCDMA Radio Network Planning Process Chapter 2 R99 Link Budget Chapter 3 HSDPA Link Budget Chapter 4 HSUPA Link Budget 55 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 55 All rights reserved Link Budget Difference between HSUPA and HSDPA The procedure of HSUPA link budget is almost the same with HSDPA. The cell edge throughput is also depended on the simulation results The main difference between HSUPA and HSDPA is that power control , soft handover and UE power back off are needed to be considered in the cell edge Ec/No evaluation HSUPA Soft (er) Handover -SHO gain should be considered Fast Power -fast fading margin should be considered UE Power Back off -UE power back off is considered due to multi- codes transmission of HSUPA HSDPA No Soft (er) Handover - No SHO gain should be considered No Fast Power Control - No fast fading margin No Power Back off of UE The multi-code operation of HSUPA causes significant time variation of power resulting in a large peak-to-average ratio (PAR). The large PAR puts extra constraints on the power amplifier (PA) of the UE. In particular, the PA has to have a large linear operating range. This is needed to meet the minimum requirement on the adjacent channel leakage power ratio (ACLR) specified by 3GPP TS25.101 In order to meet this requirement, a certain power back off factor, also referred to as the maximum power reduction (MPR), has to be introduced to lower the operating point of the PA. As a result, when computing the link budget, the UE ERIP needs to be adjusted by the MPR. 56 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 56 All rights reserved HSUPA Deployment Strategy Hot Spot & Dense Urban Urban Suburban & rural Initial Phase Mature Phase Focus on: n HSPA Performance Focus on: n HSPA coverage n no impact on R99 R99 HSPA+R99 f 1 f 2 R99+HSPA R99 R99+HSPA HSPA+R99 f 1 f 2 R99+HSPA HSPA+R99 R99+HSPA Initial phase, We adopt a separate carrier shared by HSPA&R99, this will not only lower the impact on the existing R99 network, but also improve the spectrum utilization efficiency. In the mature phase, more and more high bit rate PS service will happen, adopt second carrier in Urban shared by R99 and HSPA. nFor Existing 3G operator: Upgrade existing 3G network to support HSUPA Objective: Upgrade existing 3G networks to better support the rollout of new 3G services and create new source of revenue. Radio Planning: Respect current network grid structure (i.e. cell radius) Respect actual loading of current R99 (or R99/HSDPA) network. Move part of UL PS services from R99 to HSUPA Utilize spare UL load (where UL load is less than design target). nFor Greenfield operator: Introduce HSUPA in a new 3G network Objective: As a new entrant in a 3G market, launching HSDPA/HSUPA service in day one to cope with the fierce competition. Radio Planning: Perform dimensioning for both R99 and HSDPA/HSUPA services to meet throughput requirement (@cell edge and overall cell average) while still giving priority to conventional 3G services such as voice. 57 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 57 All rights reserved HSUPA Link Budget Principle l HSUPA radio link budget principle is similar to that of R99 [ UE power back off is considered due to multi-codes transmission of HUSPA l Cell radius or HSUPA cell edge throughput can be obtained [ Cell radius è HSUPA cell edge throughput [ HSUPA cell edge throughput è Cell Radius UE maximum transmission power UE Antenna Gain NodeB Antenna Gain SHO gain over FFM SHO gain over SFM Slow Fading Margin Fast Fading Margin Interference Margin Body Loss Cable loss Penetration loss Maximum Allowed path loss HSUPA LINK BUDGET NodeB receiver sensitivity Antenna Gain SHO gain Margin Loss UE power backoff 58 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 58 All rights reserved HSUPA Radio Link Budget Procedure l According to cell radius, calculate cell edge throughput Max. allowed path loss of HSUPA Min. signal reception strength @NodeB Min. signal Ec/No@ NodeB Cell edge throughput Simulation results Cell radius antenna Ga FFM IM SFM Lp UL PL P UE Pout NodeB strength reception Signal Min backoff _ _ _ @ _ _ _ + − − − − − − = ) _ ( ) _ _ _ ( BS Lf Nf Nt strength reception signal Min No Ec + + − = Given cell radius, the maximum allowed path loss of HSUPA can be calculated based on propagation models. According to HSUPA link budget procedure given before, cell edge NodeB receiver signal strength is obtained. Similar with that of HSDPA cell edge throughput calculation, the achievable HSUPA physical layer throughput at certain Ec/N0 and BLER is interpolated through existing simulation results. HSUPA Mac layer throughput equals to the product of physical layer throughput and (1- SBLER). From simulation result of HSUPA given in the former page, both channel model and SBLER have impact on the relationship between Ec/N0 and HSUPA physical Layer throughput. In addition, HSUPA UE category and NodeB capability also influence the mentioned simulation result. For TTI of 10ms, the maximum physical layer throughput is Approximately 2Mbps. For Huawei&s NodeB V18, only 10ms TTI is supported. 2ms TTI could be supported by hardware upgrade. 59 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 59 All rights reserved Case Study " HSUPA link budget l Assumption: [ Uplink maximum allowed path loss: 127.69 dB [ Cable loss : 0.5 dB [ NodeB antenna gain : 18dBi [ Penetration loss : 20dB ( required in indoor coverage ) [ Slow Fading Margin : 7.54dB [ Fast Fading Margin : 0dB [ NodeB Noise figure ; 1.6dB [ Channel type: TU3 [ Cell radius: 0.36 Km [ Max TCH Tx Power@UE : 24dBm [ Power back off : 1.5dB [ Interference margin : 3dB for 50% uplink load factor 60 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 60 All rights reserved l According to the assumption above, the Ec/No for HSUPA can be calculated below: [ Pout_UE : max TCH Tx power @ UE side [ Pbackout : power back off [ PL_UL : uplink maximum path loss [ Gain_antenna : NodeB antenna gain [ Lp : penetration loss [ SFM : Slow fading margin [ FFM : fast fading margin [ Nt : thermal Noise density (e.g. -108.16dBm/Hz) [ Nf : Noise figure @NodeB side [ Lf_BS : Cable loss l Base on the simulation result, the cell edge throughput for HSUPA can be obtained as 255.6 Kbps 67 . 11 ) 5 . 0 6 . 1 16 . 108 ( 18 0 3 54 . 7 20 69 . 127 5 . 1 24 ) _ ( _ _ _ − = + + − − + − − − − − − = + + − + − − − − − − = BS Lf Nf Nt antenna Ga FFM IM SFM Lp UL PL P UE Pout No Ec backoff Case Study " HSUPA link budget 61 www.huawei.com Thank You